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Миниконтрольная
по лабораторным занятиям
Что такое ВИЧ и СПИД, в чем отличие?
Какая роль у рецептора CCR5?
Каким образом происходит генотипирование
с использованием ПЦР?
С чем связывают высокую частоту
мутантных аллелей в попляции европы по
сравнению с популяциями африки и азии?
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Lecture 11. Let’s do some biotechnology
Chipmuntula? Tarantamunk?
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation
of an organism's genome using biotechnology. New DNA may be inserted in
the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest
using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by
synthesizing the DNA, and then inserting this construct into the host organism.
Genes may be removed, or "knocked out", using a nuclease. Gene targeting is
a different technique that uses homologous recombination to change an
endogenous gene, and can be used to delete a gene, remove exons, add a
gene, or introduce point mutations.
What methods we could use?
What is purpose?
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Creates new crops and farm animals
Make bacteria that can make medicines
Grow human body parts
Prevent genetic diseases, change humans
What are Genetically Modified Foods?
GMO
An organism that is generated through genetic engineering is considered to be a genetically modified
organism (GMO). The first GMOs were bacteria in 1973 and GM mice were generated in 1974.
Insulin-producing bacteria were commercialized in 1982 and genetically modified food has been sold
since 1994. Glofish, the first GMO designed as a pet, was first sold in the United States December in
2003.
Genetically modified (GM) foods possess specific traits such as tolerance to herbicides or resistance
to insects or viruses.
By most estimates, up to 70% of the processed foods at your local grocery store contain at least one
ingredient that’s been genetically altered.
Fishy Strawberries?
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The flounder’s antifreeze gene is copied and inserted into a small plasmid
taken from a bacteria cell.
The plasmid containing the flounder gene is put into a second bacterium.
This second bacterium is used to infect the strawberry cell. The flounder’s
antifreeze gene enters the strawberry’s DNA.
The new GM strawberry cell is grown into a GM strawberry plant which can
be bred many times.
Golden rice
Solving global problems
Golden rice is genetically modified rice that now contains a large amount of Avitamins. Or more correctly, the rice contains the element beta-carotene which
is converted in the body into Vitamin-A. So when you eat golden rice, you get
more vitamin A.
Advantages:
The rice can be considered a particular advantage to poor people in
underdeveloped countries. They eat only an extremely limited diet lacking in the
essential bodily vitamins. The consequences of this restricted diet causes many
people to die or become blind. This is particularly true in areas of Asia, where
most of the population live on rice from morning to evening.
Green fluorescence protein
And it’s modifications
One does not simply
make transgenic animal
But anyway
Let’s think about good and bad
things, that could happen.
Pros
Crops:
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Better taste and quality
Less time to ripen.
More nutrients, more food, and stress tolerance
Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides
New products and growing techniques
Pros
Animals:
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Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency
Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk
Improved animal health and diagnostic methods
Environment:
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"Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides
Conservation of soil, water, and energy
Better natural waste management
More efficient processing
Society:
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More food for growing populations
Cons
Safety:
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Potential human health impact: allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance
markers, unknown effects
Potential environmental impact: unintended transfer of transgenes through
cross-pollination, loss of flora and fauna biodiversity
Access and Intellectual Property:
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Domination of world food production by a few companies
Increasing dependence on Industralized nations by developing countries
Cons
Ethics:
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Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values
Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species
Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa
Stress for animal
Labeling:
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Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., U. States)
Mixing GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts
For self reading
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Lac operon
Restriction enzymes
Cloning
Gene therapy
Several questions
Should parents be allowed to custom build their children?
Will it lead to happier parents and children?
Will it lead to healthier people?
Will it lead to more beautiful people?
Will it lead to there being more differences between rich and poor people?
Should scientists tamper with the genes of unborn children to cure
genetic disease?
Is it right?
Is it unnatural?