Portable Collections Program Day of the Dead Kwanzaa Acknowledgments Beth Alberty Gloria Cones Kayla Dove Elizabeth Reich Rawson Dawn Reid Angela Yang Developer Emily Timmel Graphic Design Charita Patamikakorn Case Fabricator Ellen Leo Special Thanks Lisa Brahms Keri Goldberg Pearl Rosen Golden Nicki Hoff-Lilavois Funding This project is made possible by a grant from © 2008 Brooklyn Children’s Museum 145 Brooklyn Avenue Brooklyn, New York 11213 718-735-4400 ext. 170 www.brooklynkids.org For information about renting this or other Portable Collections Program cases, please contact the Scheduling Assistant at 718-735-4400 ext. 118. Table of Contents Checklist: What’s in the Case? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Information for the Teacher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 How to Handle Museum Objects Teaching Students How to Look at Museum Objects About Day of the Dead Information about the Objects in the Case Activities to do with your Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Activity 1: Introduction to Day of the Dead Activity 2: Day of the Dead Printmaking Activity 3: Day of the Dead Poetry Activity 4: Building a Day of the Dead Altar Activity 5: Making Papel Picado Activity 6: Making Calacas Puppets Program Extensions Resources and Reference Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Vocabulary Words Correlation with New York State Learning Standards Where to Find Out More about Mexican Culture in New York City Bibliography and Web Resources Recipes checklist What’s in the Case Objects Plastic Papel Picado Day of the Dead Catrina Jointed Papier-Mâché Skeleton Papier-Mâché Skull Copal Incense Paper Marigold Flowers Vase Guadeloupe Votive Candle Miniature Day of Dead Box Tin Mariachi Dog Skeleton Figurine Day of the Dead | 4 checklist What’s in the Case Books Winter, Jeanette. Calavera Abecedario. Orlando: Harcourt Books, Inc., 2004. Lowery, Linda. Day of the Dead. Minneapolis: Millbrook Press, 2004. Ancona, George. Pablo Remembers. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books, 1993. Media Flickering Lights: Days of the Dead, DVD Mexico Putomayo, CD Day of the Dead Photos Other Posada Prints World Map Day of the Dead | 5 information for the teacher Title Here Welcome! he activities and resources in this case focus on how people celebrate Day of the Dead in general T and the rich folk art traditions of the holiday in particular. Day of the Dead is one of Mexico’s most beloved holidays. The objects in this case are intended to introduce Day of the Dead to your students and guide them in an exploration of the celebration. he study of Day of the Dead can extend in many directions, including immigration, cross-cultural T comparison of Halloween and Day of the Dead celebrations, artists of Mexico and of course, more in depth study of Mexico and its people. We have included some suggestions on how to make these curriculum connections to serve as starting points for following your own and your students’ interests. Integrated classes were taken into consideration when developing these activites, making many suited for students with special needs. For your convenience, you can download this guide from our website: www.brooklynkids.org. he objects in this case are real, some from the Museum’s collection and others purchased from T stores that import Mexican products for Day of the Dead. Though they are not all antique and some may look like toys, it is important to emphasize to your students that, like all museum objects, these are to be handled carefully. Day of the Dead | 6 information for the teacher How to Handle Museum Objects How to Look at Museum Objects Learning to respectfully handle objects from the Museum’s permanent collection can be part of your students’ educational experience. Please share these guidelines with your class, and make sure your students follow them in handling objects in the case: Objects have the power to fascinate people with their mere physical presence. Holding an object in their hands forms a tangible link between your students, the person who made it, and the object’s place of origin. This sense of physical connection makes it easier for students to think concretely about the ideas and concepts you introduce to them in your lessons. Students may handle the objects, carefully, under your supervision. Hold objects with two hands. Hold them by the solid part of the body or by the strongest area rather than by rims, edges or protruding parts. Paint, feathers, fur, paper, and textiles are especially fragile and should be touched as little as possible. Remember that rubbing and finger oils can be damaging. Objects also have the power to tell us about their origins and purpose, provided we are willing to look at them in detail and think about what those details mean. Encourage your students to examine an object carefully, touch it gently, and look at its design and decoration. Have them describe its shape, size, and color. Ask them questions about what they see, and what that might tell them. For example: •How was the object made? What tools might the artist have used? •What materials did the artist use? Where might he or she have gotten those materials? •How does the object feel? Is it heavy, light, smooth, or rough? Do not shake objects or the Plexiglass cases that houses them. Temperature differences, direct sunlight, and water can be very harmful to certain objects. Please keep the objects away from radiators and open windows, and keep them secure. •How is the object decorated? What might the decorations mean? •What does the object tell you about the person or people who made it? Day of the Dead | 7 information for the teacher Day of the Dead Title Here ay of the Dead, Dia de los Muertos [DEE-ah D day lohs MWEHR-tohs], is a holiday celebrated on November 1st (All Saints Day) and November 2nd (All Souls Day) in Mexico, and in some parts of Central and South America. Day of the Dead is also celebrated by many Mexican Americans in the United States. The Mexican American population is one of the fastest growing groups in the United States, especially in California, Texas, and New York. In Mexico, this festival is considered to be one of the most important holidays of the year. Although it is associated with the dead, the holiday is not portrayed or thought of as morbid or depressing, rather it is a joyous celebration reminding us to enjoy life while we can because death can catch us at any time. It is a time to celebrate and honor the lives of loved ones who have died. Death is not an end but rather a beginning to a new stage in life. People celebrate Day of the Dead constructing and decorating ofrendas [OH-fren-dahs] or home altars, to honor loved ones who have died. Decorations may include copal incense, candles, gifts, bright flowers, papel picado [pah-PEHL pee-KAH-doh], pictures of saints, and photographs and offerings of the decease’s favorite food and drink. In rural areas of Mexico, tombs and gravestones in cemeteries are cleaned and freshly painted and on November 2nd, family members visit the gravesites of their loved ones. They decorate graves with flowers, and enjoy picnics consisting of favorite foods of the Day of the Dead | 8 deceased. Most families will celebrate in the cemetery all night, picnicking, singing, laughing, and remembering their loved ones. There are many special foods and decorations that are prepared especially during this time. Sweet breads called Pan de Muerto [PAHN DAY MWEHR-tohs] (bread of the dead)—a round bread decorated with shapes of skulls and crossbones—and Mona bread (doll bread)— shaped like a person lying with their arms folded across their chests—are baked. Calacas [kah-LAH-cahs] or skeletons made of papiermâché, clay, wood or paper wear modern dress and depict subjects from everyday life such as bicycle riders, brides and grooms, musicians, even pets. These can be placed on ofrendas to depict what the deceased used to enjoy doing. Sweet skulls made of sugar, called calaveras [kah-lah-VAY-rahs] are given as gifts. It is common to find names of the dead, or even the living, painted on the sugar skulls as a funny gift. The traditional flower of Day of the Dead is the marigold, which is spread on paths and used to decorate ofrendas and the cemetery. The pleasant aromas of foods, copal incense, and marigolds help attract and guide the souls home. information for the teacher Calavera poems describe a person’s death in a funny way. Literally, the term calaveras refers to the skull or skeleton but is also a literary form of satirical verse and a graphic art form of caricature. Funny drawings of skeletons were made popular by the engraver and illustrator Jose Guadalupe Posada (1852-1913). His most famous drawing was a satirical engraving of La Catrina [lah kahTREE-nah], a female skeleton dressed in fancy clothes poking fun at the upper class (the rich die too). ay of the Dead is a cherished holiday D tradition because families celebrate with and honor the deceased on this day. It is a holiday when the whole family comes together, both living and dead. It is a time for the departed to join the living to celebrate life. Words in boldface have been included in the Vocabulary Words section on page 32. Day of the Dead | 9 information for the teacher Information About Objects In The Case Plastic Papel Picado (“perforated paper”) is the Mexican art of cutting paper into elaborate designs. The designs are commonly cut from tissue paper using a guide and small chisels, creating as many as forty banners at a time. Common themes include birds, floral designs, and skeletons. They are commonly displayed for Easter, Christmas, and the Day of the Dead, as well as during weddings, quinceañeras, and christenings. Day of the Dead Catrina Jose Posada created a famous print of a figure that he called the Calavera de la Catrina (Calavera of the Elegant Lady), as a parody of a Mexican upper class female. Posada’s image of the lady skeleton and large hat has become associated with the Day of the Dead, and Catrina figures often are a prominent part of modern Day of the Dead observances. Jointed Papier-Mâché Skeleton A calaca is a figure of a skeleton used for decoration during Day of the Dead. It is common to find the names of the dead, or even the living, painted on the skull. What is this skeleton’s name? Papier-Mâché Skull Artistic representations of the skull are prominent decorations during Day of the Dead. This whimsical skull is smiling, as this is a happy holiday. Copal Incense Copal incense is made from the dried resin of the copal tree. The incense is somewhat smoky when burned and has a pine like scent. The incense has been widely used since Pre-Columbian times (before the arrival of European influence in the 16th century). It is burned year round in Mexican churches and is popularly used on ofrendas during Day of the Dead to help attract the souls of the dead home. Please do not open or light the incense. Paper Marigold Flowers Mexican Marigold flowers, known as cempasúchil [sem-pa-SOO-cheel], are often referred to as the Flower of the Dead. They are used extensively in alters for their pungent aroma. Throughout rural regions of Mexico, there will often be a trail of its petals from the main thoroughfare to the entrance of a home for the dead to follow home. Day of the Dead | 10 information for the teacher Vase A vase is used to hold the marigolds. Guadeloupe Votive Candle Candles are lit on the ofrenda in memory of the deceased. This candle features Our Lady of Guadalupe, the patron saint of Mexico. Her image has become a symbol of Mexican identity. Miniature Day of Dead Box Calacas are often shown wearing festive clothing, dancing, and playing musical instruments to indicate a happy afterlife. Dioramas like these are a popular form of Mexican folk art. Mariachi Tin Figure This calaca is a Mariachi musician. Mariachi is a type of musical group, originally from Jalisco, Mexico. A mariachi band consists of at least three violins, two trumpets, one Mexican guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar) and one guitarrón (a small-scaled acoustic bass). Mariachi trios are popular entertainment in Mexican restaurants. Dog Skeleton Figurine Day of the Dead is a time to honor and celebrate family and friends who have died. Beloved pets are not forgotten during this holiday. This small figurine depicts a dog skeleton playing with a ball. You can learn more about these and other objects from around the world by visiting our Collections Central Online database at www.brookynkids.org/emuseum. Day of the Dead | 11 Activities to do with your students ACTIVITY 1 Introduction to Day of the Dead Grades: All Related Objects Papel Picado Catrina Skeleton Skull Copal Incense Marigolds Vase Candle Miniature Day of Dead Box Tin Mariachi Dog Skeleton By watching an introductory video and comparing what they see to objects from the case, students will become more familiar with the colors, symbols, and smells of Day of the Dead. During the late fall just around Halloween, Mexican Americans are busy getting ready to celebrate Day of the Dead. Many items for the festivities can be found in our City’s Mexican neighborhoods. Bakeries prepare special treats and stores sell specialty Day of the Dead items. Your students may see Day of the Dead items and imagery around the city but not realize they are for a holiday other than Halloween because of their visual similarity. Guiding Questions: 1. What is a ceremony? 2.What is death? Do you know of any one who has died? .Every society has ceremonies or special things they do about death. Do you know any 3 traditions which honor or remember ancestors or people who have come before us? .How does Day of the Dead compare with Halloween? Do you see any similarities? 4 Do you see any differences? Day of the Dead | 12 Activities to do with your students Materials Blackboard OR chart paper TV and DVD player What Can Objects Tell Me? worksheet Pencils and Paper What To Do 1. Begin with an object study. Place objects out for students to examine closely. Distribute the What Can Objects Tell Me? worksheet and invite students to come up to the objects. Discuss the ways we can learn from objects just by examining them closely. What kinds of objects are these? What do you see? What do they depict? How are they decorated? What colors are used? Are these happy or sad objects? Why do you think they are used? For what kind of occasion? 2. Introduce these objects as belonging to the Mexican holiday Day of the Dead. Explain that the class is going to learn about the holiday and have a Day of the Dead classroom celebration. (If this case is not part of a greater unit on Mexico and Mexican Americans, this may be a good place to introduce where Mexico is and how people from Mexico live in the United States including right here in New York City. Show a map and pin point Mexico and New York). 3. Play the DVD. Remind students that they may see things in the video with similar colors, shapes or designs as the objects on the table. (Younger students or students with special needs may be more receptive to a class reading of Pablo Remembers, by George Ancona instead of the video). 4. After watching the video (or reading the book), invite students to share their impressions of Day of the Dead. Ask them if it is what they expected. Did they notice how any objects were used during the Day of the Dead? (Younger students may benefit from the video being paused when something similar is on the screen so you can point out an object and how it’s being used or the pause can indicate when students should try to “spy” an object similar to one on the table). Special Considerations Talking about death in a celebratory way may be challenging for students who just experienced a personal loss or for students with special needs. For students having difficulty, ask them about happy memories of their pet, friend, or family member who died. Encourage these students to verbally express themselves or draw a picture of how they feel. Day of the Dead | 13 Day of the Dead What Can Objects Tell Me? Look at each object closely. What kinds of things can we learn about an object just by examining it closely? What do objects tell us about the people who made them? Use this chart to record everything you discover. Object Describe the colors, shapes, and patterns you see. What things does the object remind you of? © 2008 How do you think someone might use this object? Day of the Dead Object Describe the colors, shapes and patterns you see. What things does the object remind you of? © 2008 How do you think someone might use this object? Activities to do with your students ACTIVITY 2 Day of the Dead Printmaking Grades: 3-5 Related Objects Catrina Jose Guadalupe Posada was a Mexican printmaker known for his playful skeleton etchings. His calavera prints were meant as social commentary, poking fun at the powerful and wealthy as well as the poor. Posada’s etchings and his style of prints are still a staple in Day of the Dead imagery and decoration. By viewing examples of the Mexican artist’s work, students will explore the differences between the Mexican or Day of the Dead concept of death with their own and that depicted during Halloween. Students will create a Posada style etching. Guiding Questions 1. Describe La Catrina? Is it a man or a woman? How can you tell? What else can you tell me about La Catrina? Do you think she’s stylish? How so? 2.What do you think is funny about La Catrina? Does this object make you laugh, why? 3.What is unique about Posada’s illustrations? What do all of his illustrations have in common? Day of the Dead | 16 Activities to do with your students Materials Sample Posada prints (supplied) Sample activity etching (to be prepared by teacher to use as demonstration) Printing black ink Printing rollers for children 8” x 5” foam boards 8” x 5” color construction paper Pencils Paper What To Do 1. Set up the room so that students sit in groups to share art supplies. 2. Introduce the artist Jose Posada to your students while showing a series of Posada prints (including the famous Catrina) to your students. Tell your students that these were meant to be funny and ask them to look closely and point out what is funny to them about the skeleton drawings. Remind them that Day of the Dead is a joyful celebration. 3. When you show the Catrina, explain who she is and how popular she is for Mexicans at this time of year. Hold up the Catrina from the case and explain that Posada’s images are so popular they have been reproduced in many forms for Day of the Dead decorations. Pass the Catrina around for all to see. 4. Tell your students that they will be making their own calavera print in the style of Jose Posada. Demonstrate how to create an etching plate by drawing with pencil on foam to leave or make indentations. Pass around a sample for students to examine. Suggest students draw a sketch or sample of their design on scrap paper before etching their design into the foam. Remind students that their prints will be backwards, so words should be avoided. Guide students by telling them that the indentations they can feel will show up in their prints. 5. While students are planning their design, give each table a set of rollers, printing ink, construction paper, and a pile of foam boards. 6. Demonstrate the next steps of painting and stamping their designs. Day of the Dead | 17 Activities to do with your students Instruct students to first cover their rollers in the black ink and then roll to cover their foam board print. Show students how to place their construction paper onto their painted board and then using a clean roller gently roll on the back of the construction paper to transfer their print. 7. Once students have completed their printing, have students put finished pieces aside to dry. Day of the Dead | 18 8. After prints have dried, display them. Have students look at each others’ prints and talk about the similarities they have with Posada’s La Catrina. Activities to do with your students ACTIVITY 3 Day of the Dead Poetry Grades: 3-5 Related Objects: None Students will write a calavera poem. The poetic verse that often accompanies calavera prints are also called calaveras. They add a sarcastic and funny context to the print. Calavera poems are a staple during the Day of the Dead holiday. By reading various calavera poems, students will explore the differences between the Mexican or Day of the Dead concept of death with their own or that depicted by Halloween. Guiding Questions 1. How do calavera poems make you feel? Are they funny to you? Why? 2.Why do you think people started writing calavera poems? Materials Sample Calavera Poems handout Pencils Paper What To Do 1. Introduce calavera poems: short funny poems about a person’s death. Give students the Sample Calavera Poems handout. 2. Read the poem “Death Went and Sat Down One Day” to the class. Have a classroom discussion about the poem: What is funny about this poem? What does the poem tell you about the person it was written about? 3. Help students become more comfortable writing a calavera poem. Write one of the sample calavera poems on the board and underline parts of the poem (such as “sat down”, “cold tortillas” etc). Have students change the underlined words to alter the poem. Ask volunteers to write their version of the poem on the board for others to see. 4. To begin writing their own calavera poem, ask students to think about something special about themselves (What sports do they like to play? What is their favorite toy? What is their favorite food? etc). Using this special trait as a theme, encourage students to write a calavera poem about themselves. Dead of the Dead | 19 Activities to do with your students 5. When students have completed their poems, ask for volunteers to read their poems aloud. Or, compile student poems into a class book. Reflection Questions How did it feel to write a poem about death? What did it feel like to write a calavera poem about yourself? Try these alternatives • Instead of or in addition to writing a calavera poem about themselves, ask students to write one about a famous person or character in a book. • Ask students to draw a funny scene about death and then write a calavera poem about what’s happening in the drawing. • Create a class mural of a funny scene about death. Day of the Dead | 20 Day of the Dead Calavera Poems Death went and sat down one day, sat down in a sandy place, and ate lots of cold tortillas just to try and gain some weight. Roses are dead and violets are too If you kiss me you will be too George ate ice cream He never stopped He ate and ate and ate His body froze off Here comes the water Down the slope And my skull Is getting wet © 2008 Activities to do with your students ACTIVITY 4: Classroom Day Of The Dead Fiesta Making Papel Picado Grades: All Related Objects Papel Picado Colorful paper banners, called papel picado can be found hanging in homes and stores during any Mexican fiesta or celebration. Usually made of tissue paper but sometimes of more durable plastic, the cut banners are hung together like a string of flags. For the Day of the Dead, the designs feature skeletons, skulls, crosses, and tombstones. Materials 11” x 14” colored sheets of tissue paper Sample papel picado to be done by teacher before class (see instructions on following page) Scissors (safety scissors for special needs students) String or yarn Glue (or tape) Day of the Dead | 22 Activities to do with your students What To Do 1. Display papel picado from the case and introduce papel picado to your students. Explain that they’ll be making papel picado decorations to decorate the classroom. Ask students: How do you think the artist made these? 2. Demonstrate how to begin making papel picado. Refer to the following step-by-step instructions: A. Fold a sheet of tissue paper in half five times. B. Cut shapes away from the edges of the folded sheet. C. Unfold to reveal the final design. Day of the Dead | 23 Activities to do with your students 3. Provide templates, tissue paper, scissors, string and glue at each work station. 4. When students have completed their designs demonstrate how to fold the top edge down and glue a string in the fold so that the decorations can be hung. 5. Once glue is dry, hang the papel picado around the classroom (they can be tied together to make one long banner or hung individually around the room). Try this alternative Colored Xerox paper or wrapping paper are good alternatives to tissue paper for younger children and students with special needs. Day of the Dead | 24 Activities to do with your students ACTIVITY 5: Classroom Day Of The Dead Fiesta Building a Day of the Dead Altar Grades: All Related Objects Papel Picado Catrina Skeleton Skull Copal Incense Marigolds Vase Candle Miniature Day of Dead Box Tin Mariachi Dog Skeleton The most important and central aspect of Day of the Dead is remembering those who have passed away. By exploring the objects in the case, students will learn about the main components of an ofrenda and then design a classroom altar for a person or group of people that they want to remember. Students will build this altar using the objects from the case and additional objects that they make or bring from home. Guiding Questions Do you know what an altar is? Where have you seen one? Dead of the Dead | 25 Activities to do with your students Materials Chalkboard or Chart Paper What To Do Part I: Introduction and Dedication 1. Before class, designate a place in the classroom where the altar can be located. (This can be a flat surface like a table or a place that has shelves like an empty bookcase.) 2. Introduce the concept of la ofrenda and its importance and prominence in Day of the Dead festivities. 3. Lead a discussion on who the class would like to dedicate the altar to. Let them know they can choose an important person in history (George Washington), a group of people (soldiers who have died in war), or lost loved ones (beloved pets). Let the class come up with ideas and list them. Have the class vote on who they would like the ofrenda to be dedicated to. Part II: Homework 4. Give students time in the library or at home to bring photos or drawings of the people they would like to dedicate the altar to. Part III: Creating the Altar 5. Ask students to gather around the altar area. 6. Beginning with the objects in the case, have students place items one by one on the altar area. Review the importance or meaning of each object when it’s placed (alternate: if you’ve done a good review of parts of the altar, you can make riddles as to what object to place: I help guide the dead home because of my sweet scent (copal incense or flowers). Remind students that they need to keep in mind where they would like to place their drawings/photos. 7. Once all the objects are in place have each student place their drawing or photo on or around the altar. (If not enough room on altar area, drawing/photos can be hung on the wall around altar area.) 8. Things may be added to the altar such as a glass of water, papel picado, and calacas from the subsequent lesson. On the day of your fiesta, food may be added as well. Special Considerations Making a personal altar dedication may be difficult for students who just experienced a loss or for students with special needs. Instead guide your class to dedicate the altar to a group of people (soldiers who died in war, Holocaust victims, etc) Day of the Dead | 26 Activities to do with your students ACTIVITY 6: Classroom Day Of The Dead Fiesta Making Calacas Puppets Grades: All Related Objects Catrina Skeleton Skull Miniature Day of Dead Box Tin Mariachi Dog Skeleton A calaca is a figure of a skeleton used for decoration during Day of the Dead. Students will make their own skeleton decoration. Materials Calavera Abecedario by Jeanette Winter Heavy card stock paper Long wood sticks (chopsticks or skewers) Brass fasteners Skeleton template copied and hole punched for students Crayons Scissors (safety scissors for special needs students) Glue Glitter Craft supplies: Feathers, puffballs, and metallic papers Tape Dead of the Dead | 27 Activities to do with your students What To Do 1. Read Calavera Abecedario by Jeanette Winter. 2. Talk about how during Day of the Dead skeletons are often modeled after real people engaged in every day activities such as riding a bike, playing music or working at a profession such as a doctor or fireman. Tell them that they are going to make their own skeletons. Ask them to think about who they want their skeleton to represent: La Catrina? The President? A doctor? A fireman? A favorite TV character? 3. Distribute scissors, brass plated fasteners, glue, glitter, crayons, and other craft supplies to each work area for students to share. 4. Give each student a skeleton template and ask them to cut out the parts of the template and assemble with the brass fasteners. 5. Once students complete assembling their skeletons, ask them to write the name of the person on the back of the skeleton. Have students decorate their skeletons using the supplies provided. Remind them to consider how they’d like to reflect the person they’ve chosen to represent. 5. Assist the students in taping the back of their skeletons to a wooden stick. Day of the Dead | 28 Day of the Dead Make a Calaca! © 2008 Activities to do with your students Activity Extensions Social Studies Other •Have students research the history of Halloween and Day of the Dead. Have the students write an essay or draw two pictures to show the differences and similarities. •Have a Day of Dead Celebration: •Teach students basic Spanish sayings: Buenos Dias, Gracias, etc. See: www.learn4good.com/kids/learning_spanish_ online/free_lessons_for_children.htm •Visit 4th and 5th Avenues in Sunset Park, Brooklyn and have lunch in this largely Mexican American neighborhood. •Introduce other famous Mexican artists to your class such as Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. Have them write a short biography about one of these Mexican painters. See: www.pbs.org/weta/fridakahlo/life/index.html http://www.geocities.com/ljacoby_2000/ rivera.html Literacy •Have students interview their parents or guardians about someone special in their lives who has passed away (parent, pet, friend) and write a report of their interview. Art •Have students illustrate their calavera poems. Day of the Dead | 30 The altar is complete, the room is decorated, and students have their very own calaca. It’s time to celebrate Day of the Dead. Consider making Pan de Muerto and Mexican hot chocolate to serve to the students or having a Pan de Muerto or Mexican hot chocolate making demonstration. Play music and enjoy the sweets and don’t forget to give some to the dead who will be visiting (place on altar). If the altar is for a cause (children who have died with cancer, people who have died from aids, or lost pets) consider having children raise money during the unit (can drive, penny drive, etc.) and then present your class’ donation on the fiesta day. Enjoy! Resources & Reference Materials Vocabulary Words Dia de los Muertos Spanish for the Mexican holiday Day of the Dead. Ofrendas Altars constructed to honor loved ones during the Day of the Dead holiday. Copal Incense Tree resin that when burnt produces a sweet smell believed to guide spirits of the dead back home during Day of the Dead. Papel Picado Mexican colorful cut paper (can also be plastic) banners used to decorate homes, shops, and streets. Pan de Muerto A round bread for Day of the Dead decorated with bone shapes and sprinkled with sesame seeds or sugar. Mona Bread A special bread for Day of the Dead shaped like a person lying with their arms folded across their chests and decorated with red sugar. Marigold The traditional flower of Day of the Dead. Calacas Skeletons depicting subjects from everyday life. Calavera Literally means “skull” in Spanish, but it is also used to refer to a lot of things relating to the dead: songs, poems, drawings, candy skulls, and more. Calavera Poems A satirical or funny poem describing a person’s death. Jose Guadalupe Posada Famous Mexican engraver and illustrator known for his skeleton drawings and prints. La Catrina Artist Jose Guadaloupe Posada’s most famous engraving depicting a female skeleton dressed in fancy clothes. Day of the Dead | 31 Resources & Reference Materials Correlations with New York State Learning Standards The activities in this guide meet the following New York State learning standards: The Arts Standard 2: Students will be knowledgeable about and make use of the materials and resources available for participation in the arts. Standard 4: Students will understand the cultural contributions of the arts. Social Studies Standard 1: Students will demonstrate their understanding of major ideas, eras, themes, developments and turning points in the history of the United States and New York. Standard 3: Students will demonstrate their understanding of the geography of the interdependent world in which we live—local, national, and global—including the distribution of people, places, and environments over the Earth’s surface. ELA (English Language Arts) Standard 1: As listeners and readers, students will collect data, facts, and ideas; discover relationships and concepts; and use knowledge generated from oral, written and electronically produced texts. Standard 2: Students will read and listen to oral and written texts from American and world literature and relate texts to their own lives. Standard 3: Students will listen, speak and write about their experiences and respond to those presented by others. Standard 4: Students will participate in group meetings in which the student displays appropriate turn-taking behaviors, offer their own and solicit another’s opinion. Day of the Dead | 32 Resources & Reference Materials Resources & Reference Materials You can supplement your unit on Day of the Dead with a trip to the Brooklyn Children’s Museum. We offer programs on a variety of cross-cultural topics. For a listing of programs currently available, please see our website at www.brooklynkids.org, or contact the Scheduling Assistant at 718.735.4400 ext. 118. Other Places to Visit Bibliography and Web Resources The following museums and organizations have exhibits or programs related to Day of the Dead and/or Mexican and Mexican American culture. The following books and websites have provided source material for this guide and may also help you to enrich your experience with the objects in the case. El Museo del Barrio 1230 Fifth Avenue (at 104th Street), Manhattan 212.831.7272 www.elmuseum.org Books National Museum of the American Indian One Bowling Green, Manhattan 212.514.3700 www.nmai.si.edu Check their online exhibition schedule to see what is on display in New York and look for the annual Day of the Dead celebration in early November. The Hispanic Society of America 613 W. 155th Street at Broadway, Manhattan 212.926.2234 www.hispanicsociety.org Don Paco Lopez Panaderia 4703 4th Avenue, Brooklyn 718.492.7443 www.donpacolopez.com Mexican bakery that bakes Pan de Muerto, Mona bread and sells Day of the Dead holiday treats. The bakery also features an ofrenda in their store during Day of the Dead. The bakery may visit to do demonstrations or allow a class visit to watch the bakers bake. Carmichael, Elizabeth and Chloe Sayer. The Skeleton at the Feast: The Day of the Dead in Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991. Explores Day of the Dead through popular culture and folk art. Websites www.azcentral.com/ent/dead A fun site providing background information on the history and symbols of the Day of the Dead. The site provides photos of different altars, a teacher’s curriculum guide and lists of recommended books. www.mexconect.com/mex_feature. daydeadindex.html Lists numerous helpful web links to artists and other websites focusing on Day of the Dead. www.dayofthedead.com Website with information about the celebration in different regions of Mexico including, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Morelos. Also includes regional recipes, poetry, and photos. www.pbs.org/foodancestors Offers a description on the history and cultural traditions of the Day of the Dead with a special focus on foods commonly used during the celebration. Day of the Dead | 33 Resources & Reference Materials www.art.unt.edu/ntieva/news/vol_7/ issue3/96falp10.htm The North Texas Institute for Educators on the Visual Arts offers suggestions for classroom activities focusing on the Day of the Dead including the creation of classroom altars. www.inside-mexico.com/titere.htm This site includes children’s recipes, arts and crafts, and a list of teacher suggested classroom activities. elibrary.unm.edu/cswr/posada Offers information on Posada’s life and artistic career with a gallery of some of his work. www.tucsonchildrensmuseum.org/ education.shtml Contains Day of the Dead curriculum information, objectives, activities, and resources for different grade levels. Day of the Dead | 34 Resources & Reference Materials Recipes Pan de Muerto Mexican Hot Chocolate 1. Preheat the oven to 400˚F degrees. • • • • • • 2.Grease a large cookie sheet. 3.Mix the following ingredients in a large bowl until smooth: • • • • • • • 2 cups all-purpose flour 2 teaspoons baking powder 2 tablespoons sugar 1/4 teaspoon salt 1 egg 2/3 cup milk 1/4 cup vegetable oil • 10 drops anise extract 4. Mold most (7/8ths) of the dough into one large round shape. With the rest of the dough, mold the bones for the top: a round knob to represent the skull and strips of dough rolled in between your fingers to make bones. Place the skull in the center with the strips of bones laying across it. 1 1/2 ounces unsweetened chocolate 1/4 cup granulated sugar 1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon Dash of salt 3/4 cup water 2 cups milk • Cinnamon sticks 1. Combine chocolate, sugar, cinnamon, salt, and water in a medium saucepan over low heat, stirring constantly, until chocolate is melted and mixture is smooth. Heat to boiling; reduce heat and simmer uncovered, stirring constantly for four minutes. 2. Stir in milk, heat through but do not boil. Remove from heat and whip chocolate mixture with a wire whisk or molinillo (The molinillo is the Mexican chocolate “whisk” or “stirrer.” It is made of turned wood and it is used to froth warm drinks such as hot chocolate until foamy). 3.Pour into mugs and place cinnamon stick in cups for a tasty stirrer. Makes 2 to 3 servings. Large supermarkets or specialty stores often carry powdered Mexican hot chocolate already sweetened and flavored with cinnamon. 5. In a smaller bowl, mix these ingredients for the topping: • brown sugar • 1 tablespoon all-purpose flour • 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon • 1 tablespoon melted butter 6.Sprinkle the topping on the dough. 7. Bake for 20 to 25 minutes. 8.Serve warm. Day of the Dead | 35
© Copyright 2024