U.S. Freight GHG Emissions by Consuming Industry Segment
(Paper No. 13-4191)
Authors
Larry O’Rourke
Kelsey Read
Eliza Johnston
ICF International
Laurence.O’[email protected]
ICF International
[email protected]
ICF International
[email protected]
About This Paper
This paper estimates GHG emissions from freight transport consumed
by U.S. industries. GHG emissions are allocated to detailed industry
sectors. The methodology described here uses ton-mile estimates by
mode and commodity, allocates these ton-mile flows to producing
industries in the U.S. Input-Output Tables and estimates the
consuming industries based on the relationships in the I-O table. GHG emissions are estimated using ton-mile emission factors. The
results provide detailed data on the consumption of freight services
and the energy intensity of these services by industry sector.
Introduction
Key Data Sources
Ton-mile Emissions Factors
•Commodity Flow Survey, Bureau of Transportation Statistics &
Census Bureau – Average shipment distance by commodity and mode
used to estimate ton-miles
•Emission factors for truck, rail and domestic air were based on
estimates from the EPA Climate Leaders Program.
•Vessel Entrances and Clearances Database, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers – Estimate top origin-destination pairs for marine freight
moving from international FAF regions and the average shipment distance •T-100 Domestic and International Air Carrier Data, Bureau of
Transportation Statistics – Data used to estimate average air shipment
distance from FAF foreign regions to U.S. destinations
•Transborder Surface Freight Data – Used to estimate average shipment
distance of truck and rail shipments between Mexico, Canada and the U.S.
•Freight Analysis Framework, FHWA – Used to estimate freight tonnage
by commodity & mode for foreign and domestic shipments
Freight Analysis Framework
2010 Provisional Database
This paper provides an analysis of the industry sector breakdown of
GHG emissions from inbound freight transportation in the United
States. Much of the research already present in this field examines
freight related emissions by mode or by the commodity being
shipped. This study augments this research by estimating freight
related emissions by ton-mile and assigning them to industry sectors
that consume the freight.
•TTS marine emissions factors for domestic transport for inland towing
were used.
•International marine transport emission factors for ocean going vessels
are from the U.S. GHG Protocol. •Pipeline emissions were estimated per ton from the U.S. Transportation
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, EPA. •Domestic air emissions factors rely on data from the U.S. GHG Inventory.
•International air transport emission factor is lower based on the longer
average distance for international shipments.
•Multimodal emission factors were estimated using a combination of
moves by different modes.
1.6
Estimate ton-miles
Match the SCTG codes to I-O codes
Domestic 1.5427
1.2
International
1.0
Pipeline Ton-Mile Emissions:
0.9272
•All Others
(personal
consumption
expenditures)
Water
Utilities
For Hire Truck
•Beverage and
Tobacco Product
Manufacturing
Private Truck
Petroleum and
Coal Products
Manufacturing
Rail
30%
•Animal
Production
Multiple Mode and Mail
Other and Unknown
20%
Pipeline (Tons)
Chemical
Manufacturing
2%
2%
3%
3%
3%
Transportation
Equipment
Manufacturing
Private fixed
investment
•Nonmetallic
Mineral Product
Manufacturing
Combined
Government
11%
3%
Food
Manufacturing
26.2054
International: 26.2054
0.8
4%
7%
5%
7%
•Construction
•Chemical
Manufacturing
•Private fixed
investment
•Food
Manufacturing
Construction
0.6
0.2979
0.2979
0.4
0.0254
0.0177
0.0254
0.0163
0
Air
•2002 Benchmark Input-Output Accounts – Data on ton-miles shipped
by mode for each commodity (from FAF) was matched from SCTG codes
to I-O commodity codes. For this step, in many cases multiple I-O codes
needed to be combined to match SCTG codes. After matching the SCTG
codes to I-O codes, the 2002 Benchmark I-O Use table was used to assign
commodity ton-miles to the industry sectors that consumed the freight
being transported.
•Retail
Air
Domestic:
Truck
Rail
Marine
0.1254
0.1254
0.2979
0.2979
Multimodal
Other
CO2E Emissions Share by Mode
•Air
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
Emissions Share from International Trade
•Many companies have significant control over their inbound supply
chain. Businesses have the ability to influence GHG emissions
associated with freight transportation through their purchasing
decisions.
•The data shows which industries have the most potential to have an
impact on reducing GHG emissions from freight transportation.
Machinery Manufacturing
Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
•The top industries in order of importance are personal consumption
expenditures (retail), construction, food manufacturing, combined
government, private fixed investment, transportation equipment
manufacturing, chemical manufacturing, petroleum and coal
products manufacturing, utilities, and nonmetallic mineral product
manufacturing.
Food Manufacturing
6%
52%
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
Utilities
4%
Chemical Manufacturing
Combined Government
•Multiple
Mode
and Mail
16%
Private Fixed Investment
Construction
•Rail
Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
Acknowledgement
Personal Consumption Expenditures
•Private Truck
•For Hire Truck
•Combined
Government
Summary
Crop Production
6%
•Transportation
Equipment
Manufacturing
80,000
Computer and Electronic Product Manuf.
5%
•Other and
Unknown
Personal
Consumption
Expenditures
Primary Metal Manufacturing
10%
2002 Benchmark Input-Output Accounts
•Petroleum and
Coal Products
Manufacturing
Percent Share of CO2E Emissions from
International Freight Movement by Industry
•Water
•Pipeline
Use 2002 Benchmark I-O Use table to assign commodity ton-miles to
the industry sectors that consumed the freight being transported
Translate ton-miles into Kgs of CO2 equivalent emissions
Nonmetallic
Mineral Product
Manufacturing
•Utilities
1%
Estimate average emissions factors specific to the mode (and in
some cases domestic or international shipments)
CO2E Emissions Associated with Freight Services
Consumed by Industry Sector
1.4
Methodology
Estimate the average miles traveled for each commodity
CO2E Emissions by Industry Sector
1.8
0.2
Obtain estimates of tons of freight by commodity moved in the U.S.
from the Freight Analysis Framework 2010 provisional data
CO2E Emissions for Top 10 Industries
by Mode – Million Kilograms
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
The research described in this paper was supported by the Environmental Defense Fund.