THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK
THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK (2015 - 2025) “Going “Goingfor forresults resultsand andimpacts” impacts” “Sustaining CAADP Momentum” “Going for results and impacts” TABLE OF CONTENTS Preamble ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Acronyms and abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Sustaining CAADP momentum ................................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Time for bold decisions and action to deliver results and impacts ............................................................. 4 2. THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Rationale and scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Structure of the CAADP Results Framework ........................................................................................................ 7 3. USING THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................................ 10 3.1 General .............................................................................................................................................................................. 10 3.2 The “Frontline Dashboard” of key change and impacts desired by 2025 ................................................. 11 3.3 Using the CAADP Results Framework at country level .................................................................................... 13 3.4 Using the CAADP Results Framework at regional and continental levels ................................................ 14 3.5 Monitoring, reporting and capacity development ........................................................................................... 15 3.6 Support to countries: roles, responsibilities and the CAADP Results Framework reporting architecture .................................................................................................................................................. 4. 5. 15 EXPECTED VALUE ADDITION OF THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK TO EXISTING REPORTING TOOLS AND SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................................................................... 17 ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 18 ANNEX 1 – Table 1a: Level 1 impact indicators ...................................................................................................................................... 18 ANNEX 1 – Table 1b: Level 2 production and productivity outcome indicators ....................................................................... 19 ANNEX 1 – Table 1c: Level 3 systemic capacity indicators ................................................................................................................. 21 © 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency PREAMBLE The Sustaining CAADP Momentum exercise, undertaken in 2012-13 in order to look back at the 10 years of Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) implementation, concluded that the CAADP vision is just as valid as it was in 2003 and that significant progress has been made in building systems and capacity for planning, prioritisation and formulation of investment programmes. CAADP has also mobilised multi-institutional and multi-sectorial interest and commitment to agriculture development. Looking ahead to the next decade of CAADP implementation, a key challenge is therefore HOW to accelerate implementation with a view to achieving the CAADP vision and goals. The first decade of CAADP implementation (2003-2013) was one of self-discovery, innovation and re-establishment. It produced some critical achievements and lessons, which have enabled Africa to move into the second decade with the conviction and ability to bring about sustainable CHANGE in African agriculture, and to ensure this change delivers tangible contributions to economic growth and inclusive development, especially with regard to eliminating hunger and malnutrition, reducing poverty, and making prosperity a reality for the people of the continent. To respond to the call for results and impacts, the Sustaining CAADP Momentum exercise has led to the development of the CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK. This has brought in a strong element of evidence-based accountability, learning and improved implementation models, which ensure value for money. The CAADP Results Framework is an inherent part of CAADP implementation. It will provide all those involved with standard, tangible parameters to benchmark progress in agricultural performance. This will reinforce the culture of results-based programming and performance monitoring. Use of the results framework will improve the quality of planning and decision making at the continental, regional and country levels. The CAADP Results Framework provides Africa and its partners with a solid presentation of the goals and priority actions of the agricultural development agenda. It gives the political and technical impetus to foster alignment in collaboration with partners. It provides indicators with baseline data, as well as targets to be achieved over the next five to ten years. The adoption of the Results Framework will also compel players and stakeholders at all levels to reflect on and respond to emerging issues, including climate change, globalised food and energy systems, population growth and urban migration trends in Africa, nutrition, and improvements in governance. Implementation of the CAADP Results Framework is vital. In this respect, the framework is a “living component” of the efforts to enhance capacity in order to effectively deliver the desired results and sustainable growth. This is why 2014, which is also the African Union Year for Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition, is a crucial part of finalising the development of the CAADP Results Framework through country and regional grounding, adaptation and putting the framework into operation within existing CAADP implementation processes. For this purpose, the African Union Commission and the NEPAD Agency, in collaboration with the Regional Economic Communities, places this document in your hands – country players and stakeholders and all those working on or supporting change in African agriculture – for improved performance. H.E. Rhoda Peace Tumusiime, Dr Ibrahim Assane Mayaki, Commissioner, Chief Executive Officer, Rural Economy and Agriculture, African Union Commission NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency 2015 “Going for results and impacts” 2 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AfDB AgPER African Development Bank Agriculture Public Expenditure Review APRM AU Africa Peer Review Mechanism African Union CAADP CGIAR Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme International Centre for Agricultural Research COMESA CSO Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa Civil society organisation EC European Commission FAO FDI Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Foreign direct investment GDP IFAD Gross domestic product International Fund for Agricultural Development IFPRI IMF JSR 3 International Food Policy Research Institute International Monetary Fund Joint Sector Review MDG Millennium Development Goals M&E Monitoring and evaluation MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework NARS NEPAD National Agricultural Research System New Partnership for African Development NEPAD Agency NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency NGO NSB Non-governmental organisation National Statistical Bureau ODA Overseas development assistance PPP ReSAKSS Public-private partnership Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System SACAU Southern African Confederation of Agricultural Unions SADC SLM S&T Southern Africa Development Community Sustainable land management Science and technology UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Programme USD (US$) United States dollar © 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency 1INTRODUCTION 1.1 SUSTAINING CAADP MOMENTUM Implementation of CAADP has over the last decade enabled countries to address some of the key transformational issues in agricultural development. Additional to improving the development planning processes, countries are placing growing attention to strengthening and aligning policy design processes, through, for instance, making the policy design processes transparent and inclusive as well as linked to evidence-based analysis. There is also growing attention and action to strengthen and align institutional and human capacity to achieve highest levels in planning and implementation efficiency and effectiveness Looking forward into the next decade, African Union (AU) member states, through the various Heads of State and Government platforms, have stressed that value addition from Box 1: The Sustaining CAADP the Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP) will be required Momentum exercise provides mostly in strengthening implementation capacity and delivering desired results and impacts. resolute confirmation that the Impacts imply ensuring improved agricultural performance and how this translates into im- CAADP vision is just as valid and provements in livelihood parameters, including wealth and job creation, poverty alleviation, compelling now as it was in 2003 food and nutrition security and, ultimately, the resilience and prosperity of the people of the continent. The Sustaining CAADP momentum exercise carried out over several months in 2012-13 using highly consultative and analytical tools and approaches, examined different levels of CAADP action and experience to identify major achievements and lessons from the first decade of CAADP. The exercise also took into account changing or emerging issues, such as trends in global food and energy prices and growing attention to climate change and nutrition. The Sustaining CAADP momentum has further noted that ability, capacity and mechanism to design and plan programmes and projects, as well as tracking performance are integral and essential parts to the capacity to deliver results. The AU Joint Conference of Ministers of Agriculture, Rural Development, Fisheries and Aquaculture, held from 28 April to 2 May 2014 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, endorsed the Sustaining the CAADP Momentum Results Framework as a key tool for translating Africa’s agricultural development goals into tangible targets: tracking, monitoring and reporting on progress as well as facilitating mutual learning and accountability. The Ministers further supported the Results Framework as a tool for: a) fostering alignment and coordination and rallying multi-sectorial efforts towards common goals; b) accompanying further planning and new programmes; c) building Africa’s capacity for knowledge and data generation and management to support evidence-based planning and implementation; and d) strengthening multi-institutional platforms for regular peer reviews, mutual learning and mutual accountability. The Ministers committed to an Agricultural Review Process to be conducted every two years, and a mid-term review of the 2015-2025 CAADP key goals to be conducted after five years. 1.2 TIME FOR BOLD DECISIONS AND ACTION TO DELIVER RESULTS AND IMPACTS For Africa to accelerate the pace for agriculture transformation, CAADP stakeholders have identified some of the key aspects in terms of: a) what actions to continued doing; b) what should be stopped; and c) what should be started (new actions), as follows: “Going for results and impacts” 4 a) Examples of good things that are happening and should continue to happen, as identified by African stakeholders include: sustaining their renewed attention to agriculture as a priority sector; increasing investment in the agricultural sector; improving and sustaining an enabling environment for the private sector; mainstreaming gender, youth and nutrition issues into agricultural programmes; sustaining regional integration efforts; developing and making use of African-owned country-led initiatives to unleash the continent’s development potential; and continuing to nurture the peer learning culture. b) Examples of things Africa should stop doing include: playing beggar in the global food system; selling arable land for fuel at the expense of agriculture and local people’s livelihoods; paying lip service to agricultural investment instead of acting on pledged investments; public sector crowding out of other stakeholders; implementing policies that benefit urban consumers at the expense of rural producers; unsustainable land use and selling land without due diligence; accepting donor financing regardless of the agenda; and over-dependence on donors for agricultural investments instead of investing national budgets into agriculture for the long-term sustainability of agricultural development. c) Examples of things that are not happening that Africa should start doing include: more aggressive African agribusiness entrepreneurship on the domestic and global markets; governments should accurately value the natural resources needed for agricultural production, such as land, water and labour; developing policies that promote value addition in agricultural production through investment in agro-processing technologies, infrastructure and skills; agriculture should be more people-centred and driven; CAADP should be more about empowering people to unleash their own potential; promoting transparency and accountability at all levels; reviewing plans annually, monitoring results and factoring in improvements; and increasing awareness about promoting nutrition and food security. The CAADP Results Framework will help countries to internalize the drive to identify and address, within local circumstances, the change “in-the-way-we-do-business” aware that delivering results and impact is a matter of not simply doing more of the same things. 5 © 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency 2 THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK 2.1 RATIONALE AND SCOPE The CAADP Results Framework is the instrument that establishes expected results and impacts, and is therefore a guide to developing, planning and implementing investments programme in the 2nd decade of CAADP. It also ensures the tracking, monitoring and ongoing formative evaluation of existing projects and programmes. Moreover, the CAADP Results Framework is about strengthening national systemic capacity in the long term for sustainable development (Box 2). The Results Framework provides specific benchmarks and milestones for Africa’s agricultural development agenda as well as the basis for aligning and harmonizing programmes and initiatives in agriculture. Box 3: In the CAADP Results Framework, Africa is setting priorities and determining what to continue, what to abandon, and what to start doing – with a focus on results and impacts The CAADP Results Framework will be useful in connecting within and across levels, sectors and thematic areas, as well as for state and non-state institutions including civil society, private sector organisations and development partners. All of these stakeholders will find the Results Framework to be a key tool in pursuing results-based planning and implementation. It will provide an important basis for developing effective alliances and partnerships. The Results Framework is an integral part of country CAADP implementation processes, and national level players and stakeholders therefore take central responsibility for its implementation. At the regional and continental levels, the internalisation and use of the CAADP Results Framework will be led by the Regional Economic Communities (RECs), the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency) and the African Union Commission (AUC). The Results Framework also provides key parameters and scope to enhance collaboration and partnerships with local and international partners. ODA and FDI partnerships, as well as bilateral and multilateral initiatives such as the New Alliance for Food Security, Grow Africa and GAFSP, should align with the CAADP Results Framework Box 4: Through CAADP, there has been greater appreciation of multi-sectorial aspects and cross-sectorial interdependences in African agriculture, and practical ways of dealing with these aspects have been identified. To deliver set agricultural performance goals and targets during the second decade of CAADP, it is clear that the following policy and change strategies and progress will be the key to success in agriculture: - progress in industrialisation, especially with regard to agriculture-based value addition industry - functioning regional markets playing a key part as optimal drivers of national agricultural and economic The CAADP Results Framework is an integral part of the AU Agenda 2063 and is designed to help define the agricultural “space” in that Agenda. It indicates growth - increased purpose-built capacity (quality and quan the level and rate of agricultural performance and the tity) for innovation, S&T and skills development policy, strategy, and capacity development actions that are required for the sector to contribute to achieving the 2063 Agenda goals. The Framework is particularly important for the continent’s broad-based economic growth and inclusive development aspirations. “Going for results and impacts” 6 The CAADP Results Framework helps countries to internalise and drive these issues and to change “the way we do business”. Some of these bold actions will be embedded in sectorial and thematic programmes of action. In the next decade, for instance, the burning thematic issues include: women and youth; nutrition and agriculture; food systems and value chains; climate change and sustainable land and water management; and inclusive development. It is also recognised that decentralised decision making processes that empower actors from sub-national right down to community levels will be key to ensuring the impact of agricultural growth reaches wider and local communities, including smallholder farmers. In the agricultural sector, this will be pursued under Level 3 (in the Results Framework) - institutional capacity development. 2.2 STRUCTURE OF THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK The Results Framework is relevant and applicable primarily at country level for the preparation and implementation of the second decade of CAADP (2015-2025). The issues, priorities and strategies that define the CAADP Results Framework are characterised by four main aspects, namely (a) the compelling desired at all level to see tangible results and impact from agriculture on the socio-economic wellbeing of the continent’s populations, especially women and youth and rural communities; (b) need to pursue a two-pronged approach which interactively facilitate interventions on systems and capacity transformation, on one hand, and enhanced productivity and value addition, on the other; and (c) deliberate orientation towards strategies and approaches for capacity development including human capital development, science and technology and institutional development and (d) need to bring to the fore a regional integration (trade and markets) agenda as an integral and essential component to sustainable national level solutions. In this context, the CAADP Results Framework (see Figure 1) combines a logical flow of three levels of results setting out the WHY (Level 1), WHAT (Level 2)and HOW (level 3) of consolidating and stepping up CAADP implementation. Level 1: Summarises top-level results aimed at achieving real social and economic change in the continent. This level highlight higher level socio-economic growth and inclusive development goals, namely (a) wealth creation and (b) poverty alleviation; (c) improved food and nutrition security; (d) improvements in reach and quality of productive safety nets; and (d) ecosystem and social system resilience. Related indicators as well as continental level targets are elaborated in Tables 2 to 4. It is the significance of agricultural contribution to these result areas which will demonstrate the phrase “agriculture-led growth and development”. Improved agricultural performance is expected to contribute to achieving these goals, while recognising that other sectors of the economy also contribute to these goals. Level 2: concerns the intermediate-level results required in terms of agricultural productivity and competitiveness and inclusive growth. It describe changes that would lead to the desired level of agricultural performance, both in terms of production, productivity, competitiveness and regional integration, as well as effectiveness and efficiency in all related production systems. This also means that it is the success and improved performances in the priority areas identified in this level which will determine agricultural contribution to Level 1 results and impacts. Level 3 results: describes the HOW as a combination of various capabilities needed to accelerate agricultural growth and to broaden its impact; it present the key policy, institutional, and capacity outcomes required to trigger the changes in level 2, thereby helping to achieve level 1 goals. It is at this level that CAADP implementation over the next 10 years is expected to make the strongest contribution. 7 © 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency The three levels, together, reflect a Pan-African framework for transformational change, policy reforms and institutional development. The set of specific, common and measurable indicators listed in Tables in Annex 1 allows country and regional implementation entities, relevant stakeholders and their partners to individually and collectively rationalise and assess alignment of agricultural policy and strategic priorities and to monitor programme performance and progress in an evidence-based and transparent manner. The Results Framework therefore serves as the “visionary beacon”. At continental level, the CAADP Results Framework clarifies a collective vision and shared standards of practice, which are to be translated at the national and regional levels into localised priorities, goals and targets. The CAADP Results Framework serves as a set of benchmarks against which national and regional level efforts will be pitched, by way of using the Results Framework as a guide to set targets, identify actions and define indicators when (a) initiating planning of policies, strategies, programmes and budgets, and b) measuring performance in terms of efficiency of execution, effectiveness of implementation and achievement of outcomes. The overarching CAADP Results Framework is designed to provide guidance at the level of: a) planning (strategy, programme design and budgeting); b) performance (“efficiency” in execution and implementation, largely accounting for change in agriculture policies and institutions, and strengthening and aligning capacity); and c) results (referring to the actual outcomes and impacts of a development intervention, including goods, services and value addition underpinned by increases in agriculture production, productivity, food and nutrition). Figure 1: CAADP 2015-2025 Results Framework Figure 1: CAADP 2015-2025 Results Framework Impact to which CAADP contributes (indirect link) Level 1 – Contribution of agriculture to economic growth and inclusive development Economic opportunities and prosperity – jobs and poverty alleviation Increased contribution to wealth creation Improved food security and nutrition for all Increased access to productive safety nets Increased ecosystem resilience and sustainability Assumption: Countries follow an agriculture-led, inclusive growth strategy for social and economic change. Level 2 – Agricultural change and sustained inclusive agricultural growth Changes in African agriculture resulting from CAADP implementation Main assumptions: Systemic capacity for transforming agriculture as envisaged in Level 3 results is attained 2.1 Increased agricultural production and productivity 2.2 Increased intra-Africa regional trade and better functioning national and regional agriculture and food markets 2.3 Expanded domestic agro-industry and value chain development 2.4 Improved governance and management of natural resources for sustainable agricultural production Level 3 – Strengthening systemic capacity for effective execution and delivery of results (Conducive policy environment; systemic capacity development; improved technologies and access to knowledge and information) Added value of CAADP support and interventions to institutional change and CAADP operational effectiveness measured at this level Assumptions: Leadership ensures a conducive and stable policy environment, including a sustained increase in agricultural investments 3.1 Effective and inclusive policy design, implementation and evaluation capacity (policy practice) 3.2 Effective and accountable institutions including human capital development 3.3 Strengthened capacity for evidence-based programme planning, implementation and review 3.4 Improved multisectorial coordination, partnerships and accountability in the agricultural institutions 3.5 Increased public and private investments in agriculture 3.6 Increased capacity to generate, analyse and use data, information and knowledge including monitoring performance, research and innovations in agriculture CAADP INPUTS: IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES; KNOWLEDGE POOLS; CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT, PEER REVIEW MECHANISMS “Going for results and impacts” 8 Table 1 provides a detailed explanation of the three levels and their interrelationships. Table 1: Summary of the Results levels and general description Results level Level 1: WHY? (IMPACTS) Defines ultimate IMPACTS in terms of socio-economic and food and nutrition transformation changes in African society. These are high-level results reflecting medium- to longterm changes in inclusive prosperity and ecosystem resilience. These IMPACT levels are not wholly attributed to agriculture; moreover, most of the contributions of agriculture are indirect. The question, therefore, is to what extent and at what rate agriculture is contributing to achieving these impacts. Level 2: WHAT? (OUTCOMES) Defines results in terms of agricultural production, productivity, competitiveness and regional and global integration. Identifies the intended (priority) agriculture-specific results (outcomes) that in turn contribute to IMPACTS (Level 1). Defines the goals of agricultural interventions. Defines goals in terms of food systems and nutrition outcomes. Level 3: HOW? Defines results in terms of systemic capacities to effectively finance and implement agricultural policies and programmes at the national level, including the mainstreaming of nutrition. This level also defines the priority results areas that constitute “CAADP implementation support”. Sets out the CAADP-specific results areas through implementation, implementation support, and interventions at the national, regional and continental levels. CAADP implementation support will pursue results in the six results areas defined for this level. This can also be interpreted as the CAADP-specific value addition to agricultural change and improved performance. Achieving the results in these seven areas will enable countries to strengthen and align planning and implementation capacity, i.e. improving the execution and delivery (effectiveness, efficiency and appropriateness) of results. It will also strengthen the enabling environment (especially with regard to policies). 9 Description Adapting and achieving Level 1 and Level 2 targets are the responsibility of national and regional level institutions. Achievement of Level 1 and Level 2 targets by countries will indicate progress made in strengthening the regional and international competitiveness of African agriculture and its overall impact on the continent’s socio-economic growth, development, food systems and nutrition. This directly concerns AGRICULTURAL SECTOR CHANGE and PERFORMANCE. The targets in Levels 1 and 2 are meant to serve as continental level benchmarks. The issues involved reflect priority areas and overarching principles and values that also make defining and implementing transboundary and regional programmes a feasible and viable option. Countries will use these targets in benchmarking the setting and evaluation of national level goals and targets CAADP implementation support will provide technical guidance including historical and foresight analysis to help countries determine feasible country-specific growth levels and rates (financing, implementation, etc.) to achieve the visionary targets in the time given. Level 3 defines organisational and human ABILITY and CAPACITY to plan and execute agricultural development policies and programmes at the national level. Level 3 defines the interventions and results areas specific to CAADP implementation support; CAADP implementation will address one or a combination of results areas defined in Level 3. Delivering on the six results areas identified for this level will enable and empower countries to achieve appropriate, effective and efficient performance in the agricultural sector (i.e. Level 2) and will thereby contribute to impact issues (Level 1) © 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency 3. USING THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK 3.1GENERAL 3. USING THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK 3.1 Framework GENERALis an integral part of country CAADP implementation. Implementing the Framework therefore imThe CAADP Results plies integrating its CAADP featuresResults and principles intoisCAADP implementation exercises and processes at allImplementing levels. In this way, The Framework an integral part of country CAADP implementation. the the Results Framework helps to catalyse, provideimplies for, encourage anditsfacilitate: Framework therefore integrating features and principles into CAADP implementation exercises and processes at all levels. In this way, the Results Framework helps to catalyse, provide for, encourage and facilitate: • Formulation and design of strategies, programmes, and investments; • • • Objectivity and clarityand of purpose monitoring performance and results; • Formulation design ofinstrategies, programmes, and investments; • and Objectivity and claritysystem of purpose in monitoring performance and results; A sound evidence-based to pursue accountability; • A sound and evidence-based system to pursue accountability; Alignment and harmonisation, which enhance coherence in development efforts. • Alignment and harmonisation, which enhance coherence in development efforts. The CAADP RF as an integral part of programme design and monitoring of execution and delivery Integrating the CAADP RF Integrating the CAADP RF Figure 2: Entry points for the Results Framework in the country CAADP implementation process At the regional and continental levels, the CAADP Results Framework will, within the principle of At the regionalsubsidiarity, and continental the organise CAADP Results Framework will, within the principle of subsidiarity, help to better organise help levels, to better implementation support and ensure the relevance and effectiveness implementation and ensure the relevance andwill effectiveness this support. The Results Framework will also foster regional ofsupport this support. The Results Framework also foster of regional and continental agricultural development policies, strategies and programmes that support optimal national solutions. The Results Framework is The Results and continental agricultural development policies, strategies and programmes that support optimal national solutions. applicable to all institutions, programmes and projects working on and supporting agricultural Framework is applicable to all institutions, programmes and projects working on and supporting agricultural development initiadevelopment initiatives, from state through to non-state programmes and efforts. Once again, the Results tives, from stateFramework through tocan non-state and Once again, the be used both ex-ante, in be usedprogrammes both ex-ante, in efforts. preparing strategies andResults plans, Framework and ex-post,can in developing M&E and other tools to measure and enhance performance. preparing strategies and plans, and ex-post, in developing M&E and other tools to measure and enhance performance. As with the CAADP vision, the four thematic priorities defined in the CAADP, commonly referred to as the CAADP pillars, are just as relevant and valid now as they were in the circumstances leading up to 2003. The CAADP pillar issues form the central thread of the CAADP Results Framework and therefore remain “Going for results and impacts”11 10 As with the CAADP vision, the four thematic priorities defined in the CAADP, commonly referred to as the CAADP pillars, are just as relevant and valid now as they were in the circumstances leading up to 2003. The CAADP pillar issues form the central thread of the CAADP Results Framework and therefore remain the “pillars” that guide and support efforts to deliver increased production and productivity. The Sustaining CAADP Momentum Results Framework expands on the four CAADP pillars across the three levels of the Results Framework. Pillar 1 focuses on land and water management, with results that are largely captured at Level 2 in relation to production, productivity and improved management of natural resources. Pillar 2 places the emphasis on market access, and has relevant results that are also captured at Level 2. The focus in Pillar 3 on food security, nutrition and social protection relates to key Level 1 results, which now include wealth creation and resilience. Pillar 4 is basically about effective science and technology systems, and is one of several thrusts required for sustainable and systemic capacities for the effective delivery of results in Level 3. 3.2 THE “FRONTLINE DASHBOARD” OF KEY CHANGE AND IMPACTS DESIRED BY 2025 The dashboard comprises a small set of composite indicators that enable higher level monitoring of progress and performance at both political and technical levels. Dashboard indicators provide a smaller set of data that show the status of a country, region or continent, and can therefore be used for more regular management reporting purposes, such as cabinet meetings, ministerial meetings, the AU Summit and other annual accountability reports. In this regard, at the AU Joint Conference of Ministers of Agriculture, Rural Development, Fisheries and Aquaculture held from 28 April to 2 May 2014 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ministers were convinced that if there is the political will to do so, hunger can be eliminated by 2025. Factors that define political will were identified as: i) adequate budget allocation combined with appropriate policies and plans to ensure efficient and effective use of allocations; ii) inter-sectorial coordination, given the interconnections between agriculture and other sectors; iii) partnership alignment/coordination; iv) access to land, credit and other inputs; v) programmes to bring youth and women into agriculture; vi) technical innovations that are relevant and accessible to smallholder producers; vii) knowledge sharing; viii) dealing with corruption at border posts; and ix) a critical mass of trained human resources. Member States agreed to closely monitor progress on the four dimensions as a way to gauge the extent to which stated commitments to support agriculture are being put into operation. On this basis, the ministers resolved to: a) At least double the rate of inclusive growth in agricultural production and productivity, and to maintain annual sector growth in agricultural GDP at a minimum of 6%. Ministers resolved to put in place measures and mechanisms for ensuring equal access to opportunities including land, productive assets, knowledge, information and skills for women, youth, pastoral groups and other socially disadvantaged groups b) Endorse the Science Agenda for Agriculture in Africa (S3A) to increase the level of ATFP annual growth through technology generation, dissemination and adoption, and skilled human resources c) Endorse the Guiding Principles on Large-Scale Land-Based Investments (LSLBI) in Africa, prepared by the Joint AUC-AfDB- ECA Land Policy Initiative, which is aimed at helping Member States to derive optimum benefits from such investments d) Triple Intra-African Trade, fast-track the establishment of the Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) and the transition to a continental Common External Tariff (CET) scheme. 11 © 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency The AU Joint Conference of Ministers of Agriculture, Rural Development, Fisheries and Aquaculture endorsed the Sustaining the CAADP Momentum Results Framework and resolved to recommend that the AU Assembly should endorse the following commitments on the Africa Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation Goals to be achieved by 2025 (3AGTGs 2025). These targets therefore form the Dashboard Headline Indicators for governments, Heads of States, African institutions and stakeholders, and development partners: I. Commitment to the principles and values of the CAADP process a) Participatory and evidence-based policy practice and planning b) Effective partnerships between state and non-state actors c) Commitment to assess country CAADP M&E and mutual accountability processes every two years II. Commitment to enhancing investment financing in agriculture a) Re-commitment to allocate at least 10% of public spending to agriculture b) Create necessary conditions to attract increased private sector investments in agriculture III. Commitment to ending hunger in Africa a) Increased food availability by: • At least, double productivity, through among other interventions, increased access to inputs, irrigation and mechanisation • At least double the current level of annual growth in agricultural total factor productivity • At least halve post-harvest losses (PHL) b) Improve nutrition by bring down stunting in children to 10% and underweight to 5% IV. Commitment that agriculture contributes at least 50% to Africa’s overall poverty reduction target a) Sustain annual agricultural GDP growth of at least 6% b) Create job opportunities for at least 30% of youth in agricultural value chains c) Increased number of women and youth entering accessing agri-business economic opportunities V. Commitment to boost intra-African trade in agricultural commodities and services a) Triple intra-Africa trade in agricultural commodities and services VI. Commitment to enhancing resilience in livelihoods and production systems to climate variability and other related risks a) At least 30% of farming/pastoral households are resilient to climate and weather relates risks VII. Commitment to the CAADP Results Framework and to an agricultural review process to be conducted every two years. By their nature, these indicators are composite and will be desegregated for monitoring and analysis. “Going for results and impacts” 12 3.3 USING THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK AT COUNTRY LEVEL 3.3.1 National level actions to internalise and use the CAADP 10-Year Results Framework The CAADP Results Framework has been designed recognising that various tools and processes exist at the national level for monitoring and evaluating agricultural progress and performance. Furthermore, many countries are moving on with their National Agriculture and Food Security Investment Plans (NAIPs). The CAADP Results Framework is expected to function as an integral part of these existing systems and tools. Using the CAADP Results Framework will inherently involve strengthening and aligning these systems and tools into systemic evidence-based accountability and capability in agriculture, including the linkages between agriculture, food systems and nutrition. As already suggested, each CAADP country team will need to strengthen or develop a results framework for their NAIP. In the next decade, the priority will be mobilising private sector investment, associated catalytic public sector finance, and requisite institutional and policy developments. The ex-ante applications of the country Results Framework include consolidating and clarifying implementation aspects of the investment plans with theory of change analysis and political economy analysis. Ex-post applications are in strengthening M&E and performance management tools. The continental Results Framework and national Results Framework feed into one another as living documents. Specifically, the CAADP Results Framework will serve as a guide and tool to: • Examine and align goals and targets (results and impacts) and associated performance indicators in the NAIPs; • Help countries to refine and focus NAIPs set performance targets; • Rally unity of purpose around a common national agenda and deliverables; • Examine, refine, strengthen and align existing national level tools and systems for monitoring, evaluating and facilitating learning and for strengthening accountability. This is not a re-planning exercise, but an integral part of fostering and consolidating implementation of the NAIPs in the following aspects: a) With regard to Level 1: Positioning agriculture in overall national social and economic growth, and the (inclusive) devel opment trajectory – i.e. agriculture-led social and economic development. b) With regard to Level 2: Determining what level of performance is desirable and required to achieve the growth rate needed to contribute appropriately to Level 1. c) With regard to Level 3: Expressing the transformational change with requisite theory of change analyses essentially in terms of systematic capabilities, action and policy reforms in order to unlock the potential of commercial agriculture. Incorporating the following components will strengthen the Implementation Plan: • Specific policy and institutional reforms needed to address particular problems/opportunities • Financial analyses of investments that are separate from economic analyses 13 © 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency • A NAIP Results Framework to guide implementation and performance management. The functioning and use of the CAADP Results Framework will be defined around four main interrelated components, namely: (a) data generation, which will also cover alignment and harmonisation of the indicators; (b) analysis, evaluation and learning; (c) reporting; and (d) support for new planning and for accountability discussions and analysis. Implementation should therefore be integrated into national statistics and agricultural performance monitoring systems, for instance: a. Preparing, reviewing and rolling over NAIPs; b. Designing strategies/programmes for implementation; c. Establishing partnerships and coalitions for action; d. Mobilising resources and structuring investment deals; e. Monitoring and evaluating, assessing, learning from practice; f. Adapting and re-planning for the next cycle. 3.3.2 The CAADP Results Framework in relation to existing national agriculture accountability and performance review systems Within the context of NAIP implementation, key national tools and processes that are expected to provide the core basis for implementation of the CAADP Results Framework include: • The Agriculture Public Expenditure Review (AgPER) and the Joint Sector Review (JSR); • National budget and associated instruments; • Agricultural performance monitoring systems; • The CAADP M&E and Mutual Accountability Framework; • The Africa Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) review process and report, and the APRM National Programmes of Action (NPoAs) designed to implement APRM recommendations. 3.4 USING THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK AT THE REGIONAL AND CONTINENTAL LEVELS At the regional and continental levels, under the leadership of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs), the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency) and the African Union Commission (AUC) and their cooperating partners, the CAADP Results Framework will: a) Provide priority areas, targets and indicators that define “CAADP implementation support” at Level 3 in the Results Framework; b) Serve as the central “yardstick” to standardise and benchmark as well as facilitate, guide and compel alignment and har monisation of strategies and programmes by all players and stakeholders, including regional farmers’ organisations, the private sector, civil society, knowledge-research institutions and multilateral and donor partners. Reporting will include the “Going for results and impacts” 14 annual CAADP Outlook Report, currently prepared through ReSAKSS, and will rationalise various technical reports on CAADP and African agriculture, including the CAADP Trends and Outlook Report. Tables 3.1 to 3.6 provide results areas that will be tracked through monitoring systems and tools. The Results Framework will also provide alignment and performance guidance for various initiatives, including: • Africa’s international agricultural development initiatives: partnerships and alliances, such as Grow Africa, New Alliance and CGIAR Initiatives, the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP), Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN), and REACH, etc. • A Science Agenda for Agriculture in Africa: CAADP investments at the regional and continental levels (e.g. CAADP Knowl edge and Information Support (KIS) Systems, ReSAKSS, tertiary and vocational training initiatives) will have their Results Frameworks and M&E tools based on the CAADP continental Results Framework. It is expected that the Science Agenda for Agriculture in Africa (S3A) effort will help and guide countries to review the priorities and plans in agriculture research • Land policy and governance: The country NAIPs and associated investments may have to address land issues in more depth in terms of strengthening land rights in accordance with the AU Framework and Guidelines, the AU Principles and Guidelines for Large-Scale Land-Based Investments, and the voluntary guidelines for responsible large-scale investments. 3.5 MONITORING, REPORTING AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT Many of these M&E systems exist in one form or another at the national level. However, in most countries these aspects are grossly under-capacitated, fragmented, under-funded and often not aligned to providing long-term comprehensive monitoring and analysis. At the regional level, the CAADP Results Framework will enhance and guide the Regional Economic Communities’ reports to Member States through the Council of Ministers Meetings and Regional Heads of State and Government Summits. At the continental level, reporting will include alignment of the current Annual Trend and Outlook Report (ATOR), which is produced under the auspices of IFPRI (ReSAKSS). The first consolidated technical Continental Annual Report based on this CAADP Results Framework will be produced at the end of 2015. Various technical and political platforms and forums will be an integral part of the reporting and accountability system. These include the African Union Heads of State and Government Summit, the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Orientation Committee, the CAADP Partnership Platform Meetings, and farmer and other non-state organised forums. 3.6 SUPPORT TO COUNTRIES: ROLES, RESPONSIBILITIES AND THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK REPORTING ARCHITECTURE Effective implementation of the Results Framework at the national, regional, continental and global levels calls for action by several groups of actors. It thus requires a roadmap that ensures inclusiveness, clarity of roles and a shared understanding of key tasks and outputs, all for the sake of coherence, consistency and coordination. This section therefore outlines roles and responsibilities at the 15 © 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency continental, regional and country levels and describes how the different actors can contribute to achieving impacts, outcomes and results associated with the RF. More specifically, the purpose of the roadmap is to guide the AUC and the NPCA in their roles as facilitators and coordinators, the RECs in mobilising and supporting their member states, and national governments and their civil society and private sector partners in fostering collective action and mutual accountability. 3.6.1 The Role of the AUC and the NPCA in RF implementation The AUC will, as per its mandate, convene the policy platforms and processes to facilitate continental level dialogue and policy decisions. It will foster appropriate inputs into these platforms and processes based on products from the NPCA and RECs. It will facilitate desired continental political leadership and action to adopt the CAADP principles in general, and accountability in particular, as desired for implementation of the CAADP Results Framework. The NPCA, as an implementation agency of the African Union, will facilitate expert technical support to member states and RECs to help them to internalise and use the CAADP Results Framework to guide the development of country-/region-specific targets and indicators. The NPCA will facilitate coordination in the implementation of the Framework at all levels. The NPCA will use the CAADP Results Framework to guide work on the Joint Sector Reviews (JSR) at the national level. The CAADP Results Framework will also serve as a guide for the report on CAADP implementation for Ministerial meetings and Heads of State and Government Summits. 3.6.2 The role of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) Within the context of fostering regional and transnational collaboration and partnerships (technical, financial, markets, trade), the RECs will adopt and use the CAADP results framework in benchmarking goals and targets and identifying and programming regional integration priorities and goals. The RECs will internalise and own the Results Framework as a means of enhancing their own programming and implementation performance as well as promoting peer review, benchmarking, and mutual learning processes in their member states. “Going for results and impacts” 16 4. 4 EXPECTED VALUE ADDITION OF THE CAADP RESULTS FRAMEWORK TO EXISTING REPORTING TOOLS AND SYSTEMS EXPECTED VALUE ADDITION OF THE CAADP RESULTS FRAME The implementation of the CAADP Results Framework requires the transition of participating institutions WORK TO EXISTING from current to new reporting landscapes (see Table 2). The Inception Phase (2014-2015) includes, as one of its main work streams, actions to determine reporting systems and The The implementation of the CAADP Results Framework requiresappropriate the transitionreports, of participating institutions fromplatforms. current to new expected (see value addition a refined set ofincludes, targets; as b)one a rationalised set of indicators targeting, reporting landscapes Table 2). Theincludes: Inceptiona) Phase (2014-2015) of its main work streams, actions to determine among others, Ministries of Finance, Agriculture and Health; and facilitated evidence-based and objective accountability systems. appropriate reports, reporting systems and platforms. The expected value addition includes: a) a refined set of targets; b) a rationalised set of indicators targeting, among others, Ministries of Finance, Agriculture and Health; and facilitated evidence-based and objective accountability systems. Table 2: Transitions National level from current to new reporting landscapes for CAADP Current reporting landscape (before Results Framework) Various government and non-government technical reports on agricultural development (internal and external) AgPERs Ministry of Finance economic performance reports and budgets Periodic National Development Assessment Reports (job creation, poverty alleviation; food security; etc.) CAADP Implementation Support Report produced by the REC Secretariat and submitted to the Regional Council of Ministers Meetings Regional level CAADP Annual Outlook and Trends Report (currently produced annually under the auspices of IFPRI) Continental level Numerous reports on African agriculture (thematic, geographical, etc.) normally produced independently by various African and international organisations, including World Bank, FAO and NGOs Commentaries and opinion pieces (most often very limited in scope and information) New reporting landscape (with Results Framework) Same reports, rationalised in terms of which parameters are monitored, and incorporating more standardised use of indicators CAADP Implementation Support Report produced by the REC Secretariat and submitted to the Regional Council of Ministers Meetings – with reporting parameters aligned to Levels 1, 2 and 3 of the CAADP Results Framework Thematic analytical pieces on issues of regional interest (historical and/or foresight analysis) as input to high-profile dialogue and policy debate processes CAADP and African Agriculture Annual Report: Progress and Impact - Part 1: Results-based CAADP Implementation Support Report (focusing on Level 3 parameters in the Results Framework) - Part 2: Agriculture and Africa’s socioeconomic growth and development (focusing on Level 1 and 2 parameters), including available nutrition related indictors Thematic analytical pieces (historical and/or foresight analysis) - as input to high profile dialogue and policy debate processes Table 2: Transitions from current to new reporting landscapes for CAADP Through various reports, progress against Results Framework indicators will be reviewed and examined, and learning will be facilitated at the annual CAADP Partnership Platform. Various reports will be adapted to feed into national, regional and continental bodies, including the Regional Ministers and Heads of State and Government Meetings, the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Orientation Committee (HSGOC), and the African Union Heads of State and Government Summits. 17 © 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency Through various reports, progress against Results Framework indicators will be reviewed and examined, and learning will be facilitated at the annual CAADP Partnership Platform. Various reports will be adapted to feed into national, regional and continental bodies, including the Regional Ministers and Heads of State and Government Meetings, the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Orientation Committee (HSGOC), and the African Union Heads of State and Government Summits. 5.ANNEXES 5. ANNEXES ANNEX 1 – Table 1a: Level 1 impact indicators ANNEX 1 – Table 1a: Level 1 impact indicators LEVEL 1 – DEVELOPMENT IMPACT – Contribute to Africa’s social and economic development Results area 1.1 Wealth and Job creation Indicators Data sources 2015 baseline 1.1.1 Change in the poverty gap ratio (%) at $1/day PPP (PGR) (disaggregated by gender) World Bank1, UNSTATS Millennium Development Goals Indicators2 Poverty line of US$38 and a SSA regional poverty gap of 20.95% (World Bank; 2010) 1.1.2 Agricultural GDP share of GDP World Bank 13.67 (2012) 1.1.3 Number of youth entering agricultural generated jobs 1.2.1 Change in the Global Hunger Index FAO, WHO, UNICEF, WFP 1.2.2 Prevalence of underweight children under five years World Bank, UNSD, FAO, WHO 1.2.3 Dietary diversity IFPRI; FAO; WHO 1.3 Enhancing resilience in 1.3.1 livelihoods and production systems to climate variability and other related risks Existence of functional systems at country level to help communities and households to respond to and bounce back after stresses and shocks IFPRI3, EM-DAT 1.4 Environmental and ecosystem resilience Change in biological diversity: trends in abundance and distribution of species; genetic diversity of animals, plants and fish species UN Convention on Biological Diversity Indicators4, 2012; Milestone (@5 years) Target (10 years) Malabo Commitment IV: Agriculture contribute at least 50% to the overall poverty reduction targets Sustain annual agricultural GDP growth of at least 6% 1.2 Food and nutrition security 1.4.1 Create job opportunities for at least 30% of the youth in agricultural value chains 19.43 (2012) Malabo Commitment III: End hunger in Africa by 2025 Stunting down to 10% Children underweight down to 5% Malabo Commitment VI: At least 30% of farming/pastoral households are resilient to climate and weather related risks 1 See: http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm See: UNSTATS Millennium Development Goals Indicators See 2013 GHI Report: http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ghi13.pdf page 20. 4 See: http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=AHTEG-SP-IND-01 2 3 “Going for results and impacts” 18 ANNEX 1 – Table 1b: Level 2 production and productivity outcome indicators ANNEX 1 – Table 1b: Level 2 production and productivity outcome indicators LEVEL 2 – OUTCOME – Sustained inclusive agricultural growth Results area Indicators 2.1 Increased agricultural production and productivity 2.2 Increased intraAfrican Regional Trade and better functioning national and regional agriculture and food markets Data source 2.1.1 Agricultural value added per Published annually by the World Bank for each country 2.1.2 Cereals yields per hectare World Bank, 2012 2.1.3 Food production index FAOSTAT5, FAO6, World Development Indicators /Nation Master.com; World Bank, hectare WTO7 2012, from WTO International Trade Statistics 2.2.2 Africa’s agriculture-based WTO8 2012, WTO International Trade Statistics 2.2.3 Level and share of intra-regional World Bank, World Development Indicators intra-regional trade in agricultural commodities contribution to global trade World Bank, World Development number of employees by gender in Indicators SMEs engaged in post-harvest processing and distribution of agricultural commodities and services Statistics available: (a) Employees in agriculture (% of total employment); (b) Employers in agriculture (% total employment) 2.3.1 Change in volume of business and 2012, based on country data available from the World Bank; there is no regional aggregation See: http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/home/E See: http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/ess-fadata/en/#.U6GJVfmSw8g See: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/tradebyregion_e.htm 8 See: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/tradebyregion_e.htm 5 6 7 20 19 Milestone (@5 years) Target (10 years) 1520.93 2.2.1 Growth in the volume and share of trade in key commodities 2.3 Expanded domestic agro-industry and value chain development Baseline © 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency Malabo Commitment V: Triple intra-African trade in agricultural commodities/services Create job opportunities for at least 30% of youth in agricultural value chains Results area Indicators Data source 2.3.2 Growth in local agricultural value World Bank , 2012 added per worker (could also consider agricultural value added as a % of GDP) Baseline A 2012 baseline - SSA: agriculture value added per worker at 2005 constant prices is US$765/worker (World Bank) Milestone (@5 years) Target (10 years) Inclusive public-private partnerships for at least five priority agricultural commodity value chains with strong linkages to smallholder agriculture A 2012 baseline – SSA: agricultural value added as a % of GDP from World Bank is 14.4% 2.4 Improved management, governance and sustainable use of natural resources for agricultural production 2.4.1 Annual increase in area under sustainable land and water management FAO9 Convention on Biological Diversity 2.4.2 Decrease in soil nutrient mining, i.e.: Average soil erosion in GLASOD erosion degree, Average land degradation in GLASOD erosion degree, Average carbon content in the topsoil as % of weight 2.4.3 Reduction of greenhouse emissions from the agricultural sector (including forest degradation) FAO Convention on Biological Diversity 2012, baseline values for area of land in Africa under water management is 9 million ha/ 5% of total cultivated area (from FAO10) 200811 See also FAO, OECD, UNICEF, UNFCCC, World Bank FAO (2011) e.g. (N.B. all values in Gigsgrams): Burning - Crop residues: 3,568.42 Cultivation of organic soils 7,570.92 Manure left on pasture 221,352.50 Rice cultivation - 26,536.00 2.4.4 Progress towards implementing voluntary guidelines on responsible governance of tenure of land, forests and fisheries 9 See: http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/home/E See: http://www.fao.org/africa/areas-of-activities/land-water/en/ See: http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/E/ES/E 10 11 21 “Going for results and impacts” 20 Results area Indicators Data source 2.4.5 Ecosystem capability index (i.e. Baseline Milestone (@5 years) Target (10 years) Convention on Biological Diversity measurement of ecosystem integrity and ecosystem goods and services) ANNEX 1 – Table 1c: Level 3 systemic capacity indicators LEVEL 3 – OUTPUT – Transformational change as a result of CAADP: conducive environments; systemic capacity Results area Indicators Data source Baseline (2013) 3.1 Effective and inclusive 3.1.1 Existence of operational and policy design and inclusive policy review mechanisms implementation and dialogue platforms processes 3.2 Efficient and accountable institutions & better governance of natural resources, including land & water 3.2.1 Existence of institutionalised mechanisms for mutual accountability and peer review 3.3 Strengthened capacity 3.3.1 Existence of evidence- and resultof evidence-based agricultural planning, implementation and review processes based plans, programmes and projects aligned to the country’s development priorities 3.3.2 Institutionalised M & E mechanism for the agricultural sector12 3.4 Improved coordination, partnerships and 12 3.4.1 Growth in agriculture-related public private partnership initiatives that are successfully undertaken (Must be harmonised and coordinated across all stakeholders) 22 21 © 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency Milestone (5 years) Target (10 years) Results area Indicators Data source 3.5.1 (Annual) Growth in the share (%) of public expenditure allocated to agricultural sector National Sources, IFPRI 2011, IMF 2012 3.5.2 Growth in domestic private investment in agriculture and agribusiness National Sources, IFPRI 2011, IMF, WB 3.5.3 Increase in the ease of doing business in agriculture index13 National Sources, IFPRI 2011, IMF, WB 3.5.4 Ratio of public agricultural sector expenditure to agricultural GDP (returns on investment) National Sources, IFPRI 2011, IMF Baseline (2013) Milestone (5 years) Target (10 years) multi-sectorial approaches in agriculture 3.5 Increased volume and quality of public and private investment in agricultural value chain 3.6 Increased statistical capacity to generate data (monitor) analyse and strengthen capacity for research and innovation in Africa 3.6.1 Existence of functional systems for generating and managing agricultural and statistical data and information 3.6.2 Existence of a functional NARS for promoting the generation, dissemination and use of appropriate technologies and innovations 3.6.3 Public investment in agricultural research as a percentage of GDP from the agricultural sector. 13 Sub-indices include those that measure the cost of compliance, for example. 23 “Going for results and impacts” Malabo Commitment II: Allocating at least 10% of annual public spending to agriculture NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency P.O Box 1234 Halfway House Midrand, 1685 Johannesburg South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 11 256 3600 www.nepad-caadp.net www.facebook.com/nepad.caadp www.twitter.com/nepad_caadp © 2015; The CAADP Results Framework (2015-2025); NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency
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