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AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
emerging ceramics & glass technology
MAy 2015
Chalcogenide glass microphotonics:
Stepping into the spotlight
Glass-ceramics’ 60-year evolution •
Peering into the past – Telescope glass •
St. Louis/RCD highlights •
th
Meetings: 11 CMCEE, Cements Division •
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Sustainable use of
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contents
May 2015 • Vol. 94 No. 4
feature articles
Chalcogenide glass microphotonics: Stepping into the spotlight . . . . . . . . . . 24
Juejun Hu, Lan Li, Hongtao Lin, Yi Zou, Qingyang Du, Charmayne Smith, Spencer Novak,
Kathleen Richardson, and J. David Musgraves
Integrated photonics on flexible substrates and on-chip infrared spectroscopic sensing
expand new applications for chalcogenide glasses beyond phase change data storage and
moldable infrared optics.
An analysis of glass–ceramic research and commercialization . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Maziar Montazerian, Shiv Prakash Singh, and Edgar Dutra Zanotto
Distinct properties of glass–ceramics give them unique applications in domestic, space,
defense, health, electronics, architecture, chemical, energy, and waste management.
cover story
Peering into the past: What early telescopes reveal about glass
technology and scientific evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
April Gocha
Corning Museum of Glass curator Marvin Bolt discusses how studying early telescopes
provides a glimpse into the evolution of science, birth of glass science, and world history.
Chalcogenide glass microphotonics:
Stepping into the spotlight
Credit: Juejun Hu
– page 24
Nonlinear elasticity of silica fibers studied by in-situ Brillouin light
scattering in two-point bend test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Michael Guerette and Liping Huang
In-situ Brillouin light-scattering shows that an expression including the fifth-order term is
required to capture both minimum in compression and maximum in tension in the elastic
modulus of silica glass.
meetings
GOMD-DGG 2015: Glass & Optical Materials Division and Deutsche
Glastechnische Gesellschaft Joint Meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
11th CMCEE: International Conference on Ceramic Materials and
Components for Energy and Environmental Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6th Advances in Cement-based Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Meeting highlights: ACerS St. Louis Section/Refractory Ceramics
Division’s 51st Annual Symposium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
columns
Deciphering the Discipline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
feature
An analysis of glass–ceramic
research and commercialization
Credit: Schott North America
– page 30
departments
Peter Robinson
Industry or research? Engineering alternative commercial careers
News & Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
resources
Ceramics in Energy . . . . . . . . . 15
New Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classified Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Display Advertising Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
ACerS Spotlight . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
50
52
53
55
Ceramics in the Environment . . . . . . 16
Advances in Nanomaterials. . . 17
Research Briefs. . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1
AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
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Editorial and Production
Eileen De Guire, Editor
ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815
[email protected]
April Gocha, Associate Editor
Jessica McMathis, Associate Editor
Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor
Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer
Editorial Advisory Board
contents
May 2015 • Vol. 94 No. 4
Connect with ACerS online!
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Finn Giuliani, Chair, Imperial College London
G. Scott Glaesemann, Corning Incorporated
John McCloy, Washington State University
C. Scott Nordahl, Raytheon Company
Fei Peng, Clemson University
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Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society
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Board of Directors
Michael Alexander, Director 2014–2017
Keith Bowman, Director 2012–2015
Geoff Brennecka, Director 2014–2017
Elizabeth Dickey, Director 2012–2015
John Halloran, Director 2013–2016
Vijay Jain, Director 2011–2015
Edgar Lara-Curzio, Director 2013–2016
Hua-Tay (H.T.) Lin, Director 2014–2017
Tatsuki Ohji, Director 2013–2016
David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian
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Top Tweets
Have you connected with @acersnews on Twitter? Here are some recent top posts:
Star power
Check out ACerS member Valerie Wiesner in this Women’s History Month profile from @NASA!
http://bit.ly/1FezckH
Supersonic security
Glass fibers weave ballistic panels to protect supersonic vehicle from @MorganAdvanced
http://bit.ly/1O5RBnR
At least you’re getting paid?
The top 10 worst jobs In science (via @PopSci)
http://bit.ly/1E5icLa
American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic
technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2015. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly,
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ACSBA7, Vol. 94, No. 4, pp 1–56. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents.
2
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
news & trends
Apple’s gold made stronger
with ceramics
following in any combination: boron
carbide, diamond, cubic boron nitride,
titanium nitride (TiN), iron aluminum
silicate (garnet), silicon carbide, alumi-
Apple’s newest product offering—
the Apple Watch—is certain to be no
less popular than the rest of its fleet.
Fortune estimates that the company
could sell anywhere from 8 million to
41 million units.
The most basic watch starts at $349.
The Apple Watch Edition, a.k.a., the
gold one, sells for somewhere between
$10,000 and $17,000.
“The Edition collection features
eight uniquely elegant expressions of
Apple Watch,” states the Apple website.
“Each has a watch case crafted from
18-karat gold that our metallurgists
have developed to be up to twice as
hard as standard gold. The display is
protected by polished sapphire crystal.
And an exquisitely designed band provides a striking complement.”
But according to the company’s patent filings, the watch “uses as little gold
as possible.” Apple’s application reveals
that the extrastrong gold timepiece is an
alloy—a metal-matrix composite (MMC)
combined with a ceramic powder. The
mixture, which according to the filing
is 75% gold and 25% ceramic reinforcement, is compressed into a die to
achieve near net shape and is heated to
sinter the metal and ceramic together.
“… the metal-matrix composite can
include in addition to gold any of the
From slurry to sintering,
count on Harrop.
Credit: Apple
The gold behind the Apple Watch Edition
is not pure—it earns strength and durability from ceramic materials.
num nitride, aluminum oxide, sapphire
powder, yttrium oxide, zirconia, and
tungsten carbide. The choice of materials used with the gold in the metal-
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news & trends
Materials research and
research centers get leg up
from NSF funding
The National Science Foundation
recently announced that it will present
a dozen Materials Research Science and
Engineering Centers (MRSECs) with
awards of $1.6 million to $3.3 million
Credit: National Science Foundation
matrix composite can be based upon
many factors, such as color, desired
density (perceived as heft), an amount of
gold required to meet design/marketing
criteria, and so on.”
What many might see as purely a
cost-cutting measure is really a matter
of material performance—the addition of ceramic particles to the MMC
makes Apple’s gold “twice as hard” (400
Vickers hardness), more scratch resistant, and less dense. Given the beating
a watch can take, a cheaper, stronger,
lighter, and more scratchproof model is
an advantage for Apple. n
NSF will award $56 million to 12 Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers
to support cutting-edge research.
for multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary materials research and education.
The 12 MRSECs will receive a total of
$56 million in NSF funding.
“These awards are representative
of the exquisitely balanced and highly
multidisciplinary research portfolio
Business news
New wing at Corning Museum of Glass
opens (cmog.org)…AGC plant in Athus,
Belgium, to close (agc.com)…FEI joins
University of Ulm and CEOS on SALVE
project research collaboration (fei.com)
…Alcoa completes acquisition of Tital
(alcoa.com)…$2M in support launches
Siemens Energy Large Manufacturing
Solutions Laboratory (siemens.com)…
APC International opens U.S. piezoelectric powder-manufacturing facility
(americanpiezo.com)…China’s Fuyao
Glass plans to raise up to $950M in
IPO (fuyaogroup.com)…Carbo mothballing its ceramic proppant facility
in Georgia (carboceramics.com)…
Bayer MaterialScience buys composite
materials specialist (materialscience.
bayer.com)…3M files patent infringement lawsuit to protect dental ceramic
coloring technology (3M.com)…Japan
Display confirms new plant, source says
4
for Apple (j-display.com)…Alcoa to
acquire RTI International Metals (alcoa.
com)…Kyocera named 2014 Top Global
Innovator by Thomson Reuters (kyocera.
com)…Schott suffers fire at Duryea
plant (schott.com)…Ferro acquires
laser-marking industry leader TherMark
(ferro.com)…FCO Power develops SOFC
for residential fuel cells in apartments
(ecobyfco.com)…Corning Gorilla Glass
helps take Gionee slim smartphones to
next level (corning.com)…H.C. Starck’s
tantalum supply chain compliant with
Conflict Free Smelter Program (hcstarck.
com)…Air Products and Suzuki Shokan
to develop hydrogen fueling for Japan’s
material-handling market (airproducts.
com)…Goodfellow introduces comprehensive custom manufacturing services
(goodfellowusa.com)…Kerneos and
Elmin acquire European Bauxites
(kerneos.com) n
spanning all of the division-supported
research areas,” says NSF Division of
Materials Research director Mary Galvin
in an NSF press release. “These multidisciplinary awards, in particular, will
promote areas such as next-generation
quantum computing, electronics and
photonics, and bio- and soft-materials.”
The MRSEC at Columbia
University is the newest of the NSFfunded research centers and, according
to the release, will have two interdisciplinary research groups (IRGs). “One
of the research groups will study how
2-D materials interact to create new
physical phenomena to potentially be
integrated into electronic devices, and
the other research group may establish a new type of periodic table by
using molecular clusters to assemble
materials, which could generate new
electronic and magnetic materials of
technological importance.”
The other 11 centers “represent
melting pots of cutting-edge materials
science and engineering.” Many already
have well-established IRGs and will add
second, third, and fourth groups devoted to the study of materials in a host of
applications, including artificial muscles
and self-healing materials, superconductors and energy storage, solid-state electronics and low-power switches, optoelectronics and spintronic devices, and
materials with bioinspired function.
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
Group suggests seven strategies to advance women in
science
One of the biggest conversations
about careers in science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics is STEM’s
lack of diversity.
And because attracting, inspiring, and
training the next generation of STEM
professionals is vital to future advancements in ceramics and glass, it is an
issue that ACerS is dedicated to addressing through expanded outreach initiatives, including the Ceramic and Glass
Industry Foundation.
Much of that conversation focuses on
ways to advance women in science. Even
though women have come a long way,
research shows that there is still plenty
of room for improvement.
A working group of 30-plus academic
and business leaders organized by the
New York Stem Cell Foundation has
put forth seven strategies to address
financial support, psychological and
cultural issues, and collaborative and
international initiatives they believe will
advance women in an often imbalanced
STEM landscape.
“We wanted to think about broad
ways to elevate the entire field, because
when we looked at diversity programs
across our organizations we thought that
the results were okay, but they really
could be better,” says Susan L. Solomon,
cofounder and CEO of the New York
Stem Cell Foundation and member of
the Initiative on Women in Science
and Engineering Working Group, in a
news release. “We’ve identified some
very straightforward things to do that are
inexpensive and could be implemented
pretty much immediately.”
1. Implement flexible family care spending
Make grants gender neutral by permitting grantees to use a certain percentage of grant award funds to pay for
childcare, eldercare, or family-related
expenses. This provides more freedom
for grantees to focus on professional
development and participate in the scientific community.
2. Provide “extra hands” awards
Dedicate funds for newly independent
young investigators who also are primary
caregivers to hire technicians, administrative assistants, or postdoctoral fellows.
3. Recruit gender-balanced review and
speaker selection committees
Adopt policies that ensure that peer
review committees are conscious of
gender and include a sufficient number
of women.
4. Incorporate implicit bias statements
For any initiative that undergoes external
peer review, include a statement that
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
Credit: Maia Weinstock; Flickr CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
They also will have a more defined
focus on education, particularly at the
Columbia MRSEC, where the university
and its partners will work to develop
outreach activities for K–12 schools in
the area.
For more information, go to www.
mrsec.org. n
LEGO’s female scientist set advanced
sales last summer, but what can be done
in terms of real-world advancement for
women in STEM?
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describes the concept of implicit bias to
reviewers and reiterates the organization’s
commitment to equality and diversity.
5. Focus on education as a tool
Academic institutions and grant makers must educate their constituents and
grantees on the issues women face in science and medicine. For example, gender
awareness training should be a standard
component of orientation programs.
6. Create an institutional report card for
gender equality
Define quantifiable criteria to evaluate
gender equality in institutions on an
annual basis. For instance, report cards
may ask for updates about the male to
female ratio of an academic department
or the organization’s policy regarding
female representation on academic or
corporate committees.
7. Partner to expand upon existing searchable databases of women in science, medicine, and engineering
Create or contribute to databases that
identify women scientists for positions
and activities that are critical components for career advancement.
“The issues in science, technology,
engineering, and medicine are the kinds
of challenges that we as a society face, and
we need to have 100 percent of the population—both genders—have an opportunity
to participate,” Solomon says.
The paper, published in Cell Stem
Cell, is “Seven actionable strategies for
advancing women in science, engineering, and medicine,” (DOI: 10.1016/j.
stem.2015.02.012). n
Glass fibers weave supersonic
strength into ballistic panels for
world’s fastest vehicle
The current land speed record rests at
763 mph, but if the Bloodhound Project
has its way, the record will not be resting
for much longer.
The team of United Kingdom-based
engineers is working on a new supersonic rocket-powered car they hope will
obliterate the world record by rocketing
to 1,000 mph.
6
Credit: BLOODHOUND SSC—1,000 mph car; YouTube
news & trends
An engineer at Morgan Advanced
Materials holds a projectile used to test its
glass-fiber composite ballistic panels.
According to the website,
Bloodhound can accelerate from 0 to
1,000 mph in a mere 55 seconds thanks
to its whopping 135,000 hp—the equivalent hp of more than 84 of the most
powerful Lamborghinis. At those speeds,
the car will experience 20 tons of drag,
and, if it were fired directly into the
air, the car would reach an altitude of
25,000 feet.
The Bloodhound team says that the
car uses solid aluminum wheels because
standard rubber tires would peel off at
speeds of about 400 mph.
Engineers forged Bloodhound’s solid
aluminum wheels so that the aluminum
grains “radiate out like the spokes of
a wheel.” But rotating at up to 10,200
rpm, or 170 rps, and experiencing
50,000 radial g of force at the rim, the
wheels still could fail.
So, to protect vehicle and driver
hurtling thought the Kalahari dessert at
those ridiculously fast speeds, Morgan
Advanced Materials engineered glass
composite ballistic panels that will protect the car’s carbon composite cockpit
sides from all assaults.
The panels are composed of millions
of glass fibers woven together into a
strong mat that can absorb the energy
of projectiles bombarding the cockpit at
speeds of up to 980 m/s.
To test the ballistic panels,
Morgan’s engineers blast a simulated
piece of Bloodhound’s wheel at the
panels. That piece is the largest size
they say could break off from the solid
aluminum wheels.
How did the glass hold up? See for
yourself at bit.ly/1BQExw8. n
NIST awards $26 million to
American manufacturing centers
Creating and retaining jobs, turning
losses to profits, and implementing processes that improve the efficiency and
output of American manufacturers is not
something that can be done overnight. It
also is not something that can be done
without the backing of the private and
public sectors.
The National Institute of Standards
and Technology recently reaffirmed its
commitment to small- and medium-sized
manufacturers through the awarding
of cooperative agreements to 10 nonprofit organizations and universities
who oversee Hollings Manufacturing
Extension Partnership (MEP) centers
located throughout the U.S. (Colorado,
Connecticut, Indiana, Michigan, New
Hampshire, North Carolina, Oregon,
Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia).
The 10 will receive a 60% bump in
funding—$26 million total—to design
new services and increase the number of
manufacturers served by MEP programs.
“We are excited to award new agreements that bring increased funding levels
to better meet the needs of manufacturers
in these 10 states,” says acting undersecretary of Commerce for Standards
and Technology and acting NIST director Willie May in a NIST press release.
“These awards will allow the centers to
help more manufacturers reach their
goals in growth and innovation, which
will have a positive impact on both their
communities and the U.S. economy.”
These funds do have a pretty impressive ROI for U.S. taxpayers. According
to NIST, MEP generates $19 in new
sales for every federal dollar that is
invested—an annual increase of $2.5
billion—and each federal investment of
$2,001 creates one manufacturing job.
Congratulations to the award recipients:
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
An new dimension
in Dilatometry
NanoEye
An new dimension
in Dilatometry
Credit: Canadian Pacific; Flickr CC BY-NC 2.0
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NIST has awarded $26 million to help give American manufacturers an edge.
•Colorado: Manufacturer’s Edge
(Boulder)—$1,668,359;
•Connecticut: CONNSTEP Inc. (Rocky
Hill)—$1,476,247;
•Indiana: Purdue University/Indiana
MEP (Indianapolis)—$2,758,688;
•Michigan: Industrial
Technology Institute/Michigan
Manufacturing Technology Center
(Plymouth)—$4,299,175;
•New Hampshire: New Hampshire
Manufacturing Extension Partnership
(Concord)—$628,176;
•North Carolina: North Carolina
State University/North Carolina
Manufacturing Extension Partnership
(Raleigh)—$3,036,183;
•Oregon: Oregon Manufacturing
Extension Partnership
(Tigard)—$1,792,029;
•Tennessee: University of Tennessee,
Center for Industrial Services/Tennessee
Manufacturing Extension Partnership
(Nashville)—$1,976,348;
•Texas: The University of
Texas at Arlington/Texas
Manufacturing Assistance Center
(Arlington)—$6,700,881; and
•Virginia: A.L. Philpott Manufacturing
Extension Partnership/GENEDGE
Alliance (Martinsville)—$1,722,571.
To learn more about the centers or
the awards, go to www.nist.gov/mep/
awards-support-manufacturing.cfm. n
University of Arizona to offer new Master of Engineering in
Innovation, Sustainability, and Entrepreneurship degree
The University of Arizona will launch a
new Master of Engineering in Innovation,
Sustainability, and Entrepreneurship
(ME-ISE) degree in fall 2015.
According to the university’s website,
this “technical MBA” will offer a combination of business-oriented classes and engineering courses to help engineers bridge
the gap between innovative ideas and sus-
tainable economic development strategies.
“The world is changing in terms of
the need for new products and technologies that can be designed to be
sustainable throughout their entire
life cycle, from manufacturing through
ultimate disposal,” says Bob Rieger,
associate director of the program. “The
Master of Engineering in Innovation,
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
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MA01803-3305,
01803-3305,
USA
Burlington,
USA
Tel.:(+1)
(+1)781
781272
2725353
5353
Tel.:
[email protected]
[email protected]
7
www.netzsch.com
www.netzsch.com
news & trends
Sustainability and Entrepreneurship
degree from the University of Arizona is
designed to teach those skills and tools
to the material science community.”
Rieger, who is understandably eager
to talk about the new ME-ISE degree,
was kind enough to respond to a
request for more detail.
Q. Why now?
A. We believe the disciplines associated
with the field of materials science, like all
advanced technologies, are reaching a critical juncture. Identification of innovative
technologies that can be commercialized,
development into sustainable products, and
the myriad legal, competitive, and regulatory
issues surrounding this have become increasing complex. In order to be first to market
with new products in today’s world, you
need to move fast. This means the luxury of
exploring every innovation and conducting
every test imaginable before deciding whether
there is a chance of commercial success is no
longer a workable business model. Rather,
tion, water use and management, energy
generation, and advanced manufacturing.
Being situated in the southwest, these issues
have been important for a historically long
period. The ability to study and manage
materials development from their initial
extraction through to an advanced, innovative product is the result of our history and
investment in faculty and physical laboratory and prototype manufacturing resources.
In addition, the College of Engineering has
acknowledged expertise through their offering of engineering management and systems
integration curricula developed by industry
partners, such as Raytheon Corporation.
in addition to superior technical skills, you
also need the business skills to rapidly sift
through many innovations to identify those
that have the greatest chance of success.
Concurrently, you need to be evaluating the
regulatory, intellectual property, sustainable
manufacturing, and competitive landscapes.
Both technical and business tools exist that
allow an individual to predict and optimize
these issues without having to perform laborious tests. The new ME-ISE degree at the
University of Arizona teaches these skills
and tools. This is very important for those
people wishing to start their own companies
(entrepreneurs) and those responsible in a
structured corporate environment for developing new products (intrepreneurs).
Q. When do you plan to begin
offering the ME-ISE degree?
A. We are currently in the process of
accepting applications for our inaugural
class to begin in fall 2015. The course of
study consists of 30 credit hours, roughly
split between technical classes and business and management classes. One unique
feature of our program is that while it is
designed as a residence program, it also has
an online counterpart. At present, approximately 70% of the content is available
online, with the remaining to be activated
within the next 18 months. We feel this
online component makes the ME-ISE degree
attractive to the working professional.
To learn more about the ME-ISE
degree, go to www.sses.arizona.
edu/me-ise. n
Q. Why the University of Arizona?
A. The University of Arizona is uniquely
situated, both academically and geographically, to offer the ME-ISE degree. Our
School of Material Science and Engineering
within the greater College of Engineering
hosts centers of excellence in resource extrac-
Credit: John Carleton; Flickr CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
Voxel8 introduces the world’s
first 3-D electronics printer
The University of Arizona’s new master of engineering degree will help materials
scientists stack up in the business world.
8
Jennifer Lewis and her Harvard
research group have been 3-D printing a
vast array of materials—including tissue
constructs, strain sensors, and cellular
composites. Now Lewis’ group is pioneering 3-D printing in a new direction:
electronics.
The group is the first to develop and
market a 3-D printer that can incorporate conductive inks and plastics into
3-D printed electronics through its spinoff company, Voxel8. The company—
founded by former Lewis lab graduate
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
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students Michael Bell and Travis Busbee—uses core technology
based off of a decade of research in Lewis’ lab.
“Voxel8 exists to disrupt the design and manufacture of
electronic devices by providing new functional materials with
a novel 3-D printing platform,” according to the company’s
website.
Voxel8’s printer incorporates interchangeable printheads
that pneumatically dispense multiple materials. Its highly conductive silver ink has a bulk electrical resistivity less than 5.0
× 10–7 Ω∙m, which the company says is more than 5,000 times
more conductive than standard carbon-based inks used in
3-D printing and 20,000 times more conductive than the best
conductive-filled thermoplastic filaments.
In addition to the ink’s conductive superiority, it can be
printed at room temperature through a 250-μm nozzle, affording compatibility with a wide range of materials. And the ink
does not require a supportive substrate. “Our inks can hold
their shape, span large gaps, and connect to electrical devices,
such as TQFP chip packages, without short circuiting,” the
website states.
Payment of $8,999 will fast-track buyers to the front of the
line to get the first of the 3-D electronics printers and early
access to new materials, according to the website.
The website also hints that the team is not done with the
printer’s capabilities yet: “Our initial efforts have focused primarily on conductive inks. However, we have many new materials in the pipeline for future release, starting with advanced
matrix materials. The modularity of our cartridge system will
allow designers and engineers to use the same printer to print
many materials with widely varying electrical and mechanical
properties … Voxel8 will leverage ink designs from the Lewis
research group, including those that enable 3-D printing of
resistors, dielectrics, stretchable electronics and sensors, and
even lithium–ion batteries.”
For more information, visit www.voxel8.co. n
A functional electronic quadcopter 3-D-printed with the new
Voxel8 electronics printer.
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
See us at Ceramics Expo, Booth 210
9
acers spotlight
Society and Division news
Welcome to our newest
Corporate Member!
ACerS recognizes organizations that
have joined the Society as Corporate
Members. For more information on
becoming a Corporate Member, contact
Megan Bricker at mbricker@ceramics.
org, or visit www.ceramics.org/corporate.
Niokem Inc.
Waynesville, N.C.
www.niokem.com
What's new in ancient glass research?
Alcoa refractories manager and ACerS Past President, Fellow, and
Distinguished Life Member George MacZura dies at 85
George MacZura, who made his career developing innovative
refractory aluminas and cements at Alcoa, died on March 13 at the
age of 85.
After graduating from University of Missouri-Rolla (now the
Missouri University of Science and Technology) in 1952, MacZura
accepted a position with Alcoa’s chemical research plant in East St.
MacZura
Louis, Ill. He expected to work for a few years, gain some experience,
and move on to new opportunities. Instead, “a few years” became 44
years, he recounts in a 1999 ACerS Bulletin article. “As it turned out, there was always
a new challenge in research that intrigued me and [the move] never happened.”
Over the course of his career, he traveled to more than 50 countries to introduce
new products and teach customers how to use them. At the time of his retirement in
1997, he held the position of international refractories market development manager.
MacZura led the first Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories
(UNITECR) in 1989 and served as the first president of UNITECR.
MacZura was a member of the Refractories Ceramics Division. In addition to
serving as Society president 1992–1993, he was an ACerS Fellow and was elevated
to Distinguished Life Member in 2009. MacZura received the St. Louis Section’s
Theodore J. Planje Award, the Pittsburgh Section’s Albert Victor Bleininger Memorial
Award, and the National Institute of Ceramic Engineers’ ACerS/NICE Greaves–
Walker Award. n
Credit: Vlasta2; Flickr; CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Ceradyne founder and ACerS Distinguished Life Member
Joel Moskowitz dies at 75
May 17, 2015 | 8:30 a.m. – 5:20 p.m.
Hyatt Regency Miami
Explore glass's past and present
during this one-day workshop
hosted by ACerS Art, Archaeology,
and Conservation Science Division,
following the American Institute for
Conservation meeting.
Register at ceramics.org.
10
Joel Moskowitz—the man known for saving the lives of soldiers in
combat—lost his battle against cancer on March 15 at the age of 75.
Originally from Brooklyn, N.Y., Moskowitz studied ceramic engineering at Alfred University. In 1967, after working for a few years as a
research engineer at Interpace Corporation, he and a business partner
pulled together $5,000 to start the company that became Ceradyne.
Moskowitz
The business grew to become an international, publicly traded
company employing nearly 3,000 at locations in the United States,
Canada, China, and Germany, with annual revenues of $500 million. In fall 2012,
3M (St. Paul, Minn.) acquired Ceradyne in a deal valued at approximately $860 million. With the sale, Moskowitz retired from his position as CEO of the company he
led for 45 years.
Ceradyne was founded to develop, manufacture, and market advanced structural
ceramics for defense, industrial, and consumer applications, and is best known for
its boron carbide ceramic armor for soldiers and vehicles. “We’re saving American
lives,” Moskowitz often remarked in interviews.
Moskowitz was instrumental in launching The Ceramic and Glass Industry
Foundation, the Society’s philanthropic arm dedicated to education and workforce
development. As founding chair of CGIF, he helped define its mission and vision.
He was an enthusiastic ambassador, advocate, and supporter for the CGIF.
Moskowitz joined ACerS in 1958 and was elevated to Distinguished Life Member
in 2012. n
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
MCARE 2015 attracts global leaders in alternative energy
(From left) Do-Heyoung Kim, MCARE 16 Secretary General; Zhong
Lin Wang, Plenary Speaker; Xavier Obradors, Plenary Speaker;
and Yoon-Bong Hahn, MCARE 2015 and 2016 Co-Chair.
Materials Challenges in Alternative & Renewable Energy
(MCARE) 2015 was held February 24–27 in Jeju, South
Korea. This interdisciplinary conference was designed to bring
together leading global experts, providing a unique opportunity
for communication and collaboration in the field of advanced
materials for new and renewable energy.
MCARE 2015 consisted of 10 symposia, including a Young
Scientists' Forum of Future Energy Materials and Devices.
Conference organizers received a total of 380 abstracts—
including 140 invited papers, 4 plenary lectures, 14 keynote
talks, and 121 invited talks—which contributed to the high
quality and level of presentations. The meeting attracted
around 400 attendees, half of which hailed from outside
Korea, from 26 countries. n
and glass products. Although the new Manufacturing Division
will encompass the former Whitewares and Materials Division,
its focus will be on meeting the much broader needs of today’s
manufacturers who produce or use ceramic and glass materials. In addition to enhancing networking opportunities, the
Manufacturing Division will address new processes and techniques, sustainability, and business and environmental issues.
Further, the Division plans to provide quality technical
information through meeting programming, technical content
in ACerS publications, and short courses and workshops to educate industry personnel and promote recruitment and hiring of
engineers into ceramic and glass manufacturing companies.
“Bringing ceramic and glass manufacturing back into the
spotlight has been a strategic goal of the Society for a long time,"
Carty says. "And launching it at the new Ceramics Expo in April
was perfect timing since the audience there is primarily from
industry. We look forward to pairing the Division and the Expo
together for a long time and helping them both grow in size and
influence in the ceramics and glass manufacturing community.”
ACerS forms new Manufacturing Division
to meet industry needs
ACerS has formed a new Manufacturing Division to address
the needs of members and prospective members worldwide
who work in the ceramics and glass manufacturing industry
and its supply chain.
William Carty, Alfred University, will serve as inaugural
chair of the new Division. Carty proposed the new Division
so that manufacturing companies and their employees have a
more defined Division within the Society. Carty and several
supportive members from industry began by developing a
plan for transforming the inactive Whitewares and Materials
Division into a new Manufacturing Division, a proposal that
the Board of Directors has endorsed.
The new Division will address information needs of the
ceramic and glass manufacturing industry, including manufacturers; suppliers of raw-material; and producers of forming and
finishing equipment, kilns, furnaces, quality-control instrumentation, and all other devices used to manufacture ceramic
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
See us at Ceramics Expo,
Booth 340
303-433-5939
11
acers spotlight
Society and Division news (continued)
ACerS president Kathleen Richardson echoes Carty's comments and adds, “I see the new Division as a much needed bridge
between academia and industry and as a way that the two communities can engage. As both an academic and a business entrepreneur, I see many opportunities for interaction, and I encourage all
members to get involved in the Manufacturing Division.”
Members of the Whitewares and Materials Division voted
on the new name and mission, and the vote was overwhelmingly in favor of the change. Members of the Whitewares and
Materials Division will automatically become members of the
new Manufacturing Division. The Division also elected a new
slate of officers:
Chair: William Carty, Alfred University
Chair-Elect: Nik Ninos, Calix Ceramic Solutions
Vice-Chair: Ed Reeves, Reeves Consulting
Secretary: Keith DeCarlo, Blasch Precision Ceramics Inc.
Final Board approval took place on March 25, 2015. The
Manufacturing Division executive committee will hold an
initial planning meeting at Ceramics Expo in Cleveland,
Ohio, April 29, 2015, where it will host a small lunch with
industry representatives.
Get involved: Join for free! Become a member of the
Manufacturing Division at no charge for one year and
help set the direction during this important inaugural year.
Contact Marcia Stout at [email protected] or
614-794-5821 to join. n
ACerS and GOMD announce 2015 lecture awards
ACerS and the Glass and Optical
Materials Division will honor its 2015
lecture award recipients during the joint
meeting of ACerS GOMD–DGG, May
17–21, Miami, Fla. For more information, visit ceramics.org/meetings.
Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers
of Glass Science Lecture
Wednesday, May 20, 8 a.m.
Sabyasachi Sen, professor of materials science, University
of California, Davis,
Structural aspects of relaxational dynamics in glasses
and supercooled liquids.
Previous literature has
Sen
primarily treated dynamic
processes associated with viscous and
diffusive transport in glass-forming liquids as macroscopic phenomena. These
phenomena are often investigated using
bulk relaxation experiments that typically lack a direct understanding of atomicscale processes. NMR spectroscopy has
the unique ability to combine timescale
and structural information to probe the
mechanisms of molecular relaxation
dynamics in glasses and viscous liquids.
Sen will present an overview of recent
work from his laboratory involving
the application of NMR spectroscopic
techniques to address the nature and
timescale of various thermally driven
12
configurational changes in a wide variety
of inorganic and organic glasses and
supercooled liquids and their relationship to macroscopic relaxation and transport processes.
Sen obtained his Ph.D. in geochemistry from Stanford University. He
has held positions at the University of
Wales Aberystwyth (United Kingdom),
and Corning Incorporated (Corning,
N.Y.). He joined the Materials Science
and Engineering Department at the
University of California, Davis in 2004.
He has authored and coauthored more
than 150 scientific papers and 7 U.S.
patents. Sen’s research interests include
the application of state-of-the-art spectroscopic and diffraction techniques to
understand structure and dynamics in
amorphous materials, including glasses
and glass-forming liquids, fast ion conduction in crystalline solid oxide electrolytes, battery materials, and ionic liquids.
Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers
of Glass Technology Lecture
Thursday, May 21, 8 a.m.
Steven B. Jung, chief technology officer,
Mo-Sci Corporation, The
present and future of glass in
medicine.
Glass already is used
in medical applications
from cancer treatment
Jung
to tissue regeneration, but the future
of medical glass will require advances
in chemical composition, shape, form,
and processing to continue to improve
treatment options. The beauty of glass
is that it can obtain almost any characteristic—durable, degradable, solid,
porous, and more. The uniqueness of
the material properties of glass ultimately makes way for innovative medical devices. Jung’s talk will focus on
present advances in hard- and soft-tissue
regeneration and why glass materials
will remain a viable and growing option
for the future of healing.
Jung received a Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from the Missouri
University of Science and Technology
(Rolla, Mo.), where he studied bioactive
glass scaffolds for hard- and soft-tissue
regeneration. He is an inventor on 11
U.S. patents and about 50 pending U.S.
and international patents in biomaterials. Jung is currently chief technology
officer at specialty and healthcare glass
manufacturer Mo-Sci Corporation
(Rolla, Mo.).
Stookey Lecture of Discovery
Monday, May 18, 8 a.m.
N. B. Singh, University of Maryland,
Baltimore County, Development of multifunctional chalcogenide and chalcopyrite crystals
and glasses.
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
During the past few decades, much research
has developed glass and single-crystal materials for optical applications for visible and
near–infrared wavelengths. However, for midwave and long-wave infrared regions, efficient
materials continue to be needed. Singh will
Singh
summarize his research efforts to identify these
materials and characterize their performance for a variety of
applications. The talk will focus on growth and performance of
bulk and quasi-phase-matched materials for laser development
and acousto-optical hyperspectral imaging.
Singh is a Fellow of ASM, International Society of Optics
and Photonics, Optical Society of America, and Royal Society
of Chemistry. Before his position at the University of Maryland,
Singh was a senior consulting engineer at Northrop Grumman
Electronic Systems (Baltimore, Md.). His research interests
include development of bulk, thin-film, and nanoengineered
materials, acousto-optic imagers and spectral sensors, dielectric
materials, structures for mid-infrared lasers, organic materials
for nonlinear optical applications, wide bandgap materials for
microelectronics, and radiation detector materials.
George W. Morey Award Lecture
Tuesday, May 19, 8 a.m.
Jianrong Qiu, chair professor, South China University
of Technology, Control of the metastable state
of glasses.
Glass’s metastable state and topological network structure provide the material with good
homogeneity, variable composition, and ease of
shaping and doping. Qui’s research focuses on
Qiu
enhancing the properties of glass by manipulating its metastable nature through precise control of microstructure. In his talk, Qui will highlight recent research on
the design and control of optical properties of glass through
fast cooling, crystallization, and phase separation, including
demonstration of ultra-broadband near-infrared emission for
optical amplification and tunable lasers. The talk also will
introduce results of 3-D printing of nanostructures or microstructures inside glasses by femtosecond lasers.
Qiu received his Ph.D. from the noncrystalline solids group
at Okayama University (Japan). Qui’s research has focused on
understanding the nature of glass and development of techniques for realization of novel glass functions, with current
research in functional glasses, femtosecond laser interactions
with glass, and inorganic luminescent materials. He has published more than 500 papers in fundamental areas of glass
science and technology. Qiu is currently chair professor of
Cheung Kong Scholars Programme at South China University
of Technology (China).
Norbert J. Kreidl Award for Young Scholars
Tuesday, May 19, noon
Michael J. Guerette, postdoctoral researcher, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Structure and nonlinear elasticity of silica
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
glass fiber under high strains.
Guerette has developed in-situ high-resolution Raman and Brillouin light-scattering techniques to study structural signatures and elastic
moduli of silica glass fiber under tensile and
compressive strains. His work has established
Guerette
a two-point bend test to determine the neutral
axis of a bent fiber by traversing the apical cross-section, which
allows for more accurate calculations of strain and stress of
a bent fiber. Guerette’s results contribute to a fundamental
understanding of the structure and elastic properties of glasses
under high strain conditions, which is of critical importance
for developing strong glasses.
Guerette received a B.A. in physics from the University of
Southern Maine (Portland, Maine), where he studied optical
techniques for materials characterization, and a Ph.D. in materials engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy,
N.Y.). He is researching structure and property relationships
of silica glass that are subjected to extreme temperature, pressure, and strain. Guerette uses extreme conditions as synthesis
parameters and subsequent testing environments to allowed
him to gain a unique understanding of the evolution of structure and properties of this archetypal glass former. n
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13
acers spotlight
Award deadlines
Southwest Section to hold
June meeting
Mark your calendars for the 2015
meeting of the Southwest Section of
The American Ceramic Society, June
3–5, 2015, at the Radisson Hotel Fossil
Creek in Fort Worth, Texas. The program, “Training a New Generation
of Ceramic Employees,” will include
industry plant trips and technical sessions. A companions’ program for families with children also will be offered.
Registration information will be available soon at ceramics.org. n
In memoriam
William C. Spangenberg
Albert E. Paladino
Henry E. Hagy
John G. Matchulat
Some detailed obituaries also can be
found on the ACerS website,
www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam.
Students and outreach
Start engineering the winning
mug, disc, poster, or talk for
MS&T15 contests
Do you have an exciting research
project? A winning design for a super
strong ceramic mug or disc? Start your
preparations now to compete in the
Material Advantage student contests
at MS&T15, October 4–8, Columbus,
Ohio. The contests will include:
•Undergraduate Student
Poster Contest
•Undergraduate Student
Speaking Contest
•Graduate Student Poster Contest
•Ceramic Mug Drop Contest
•Ceramic Disc Golf Contest
For more information, contact Tricia
Freshour at [email protected]. n
14
Deadlines for upcoming nominations
May 15, 2015
Glass and Optical Materials Division’s Alfred R. Cooper Scholars Award
This $500 award encourages and recognizes undergraduate students who have demonstrated
excellence in research, engineering, or study in glass science or technology.
Electronics Division’s Edward C. Henry Award
This award is given annually to an author of an outstanding paper reporting original work
in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society or the Bulletin during the previous calendar
year on a subject related to electronic ceramics.
Electronics Division’s Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship
The purpose of this $2,000 tuition award is to encourage academic interest and excellence
among undergraduate students in ceramics/materials science and engineering. The 2015
essay topic is "Electroceramics for telecommunications."
July 1, 2015
Engineering Ceramics Division’s James I. Mueller Award
This award recognizes the accomplishments of individuals with long-term service to the
Division or work in engineering ceramics that has resulted in significant industrial, national,
or academic impact. The awardee receives a memorial plaque, certificate, and honorarium of
$1,000. Contact Mike Halbig at [email protected] with questions.
Engineering Ceramics Division’s Bridge Building Award
This award recognizes individuals outside of the United States who have made outstanding contributions to engineering ceramics, including expansion of the knowledge base and
commercial use thereof, contributions to visibility of the field, or international advocacy. The
award consists of a glass piece, certificate, and an honorarium of $1,000. Contact Soshu
Kirihara at [email protected] with questions.
Engineering Ceramics Division’s Global Young Investigator Award
This award recognizes an outstanding scientist based on contributions to scientific content
and to visibility of the field, and advocacy of the global young investigator and professional
scientific forums. Candidates must be ACerS members, 35 years of age or younger, and
conducting research in academia, industry, or at a government-funded laboratory. The award
consists of a glass piece, certificate, and $1,000. Contact Andy Gyekenyesi at Andrew L.
[email protected] with questions.
September 1, 2015
ACerS 2016 Class of Fellows
Nominees need to be at least 35 years old and have been members of the Society at least for
the past five years continuously. The nominee also must have letters of support from seven
sponsors who are ACerS members. Be sure to adhere to nomination and support letter length
guidelines—nominations that do not conform will be returned. Scanned and faxed signature
forms are permitted in lieu of original mailed signature forms. Previously submitted nominations may be updated, as long as they do not exceed length limitations.
Additional information and nomination forms for these awards can be found at
ceramics.org/awards, or by contacting Marcia Stout at [email protected]. n
ACerS members save more.
For members-only discounts, including savings of up to 34%
on shipping, join now at ceramics.org.
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
ceramics in energy
Researchers from the
University of Luxembourg and
Japanese electronics company
TDK report progress in photovoltaic research—they have developed
a highly conductive oxide film
that will help solar cells harness
more of the sun’s energy.
Their undoped zinc oxide film
boasts increased infrared transparency and creates a higher current
that could make for more efficient devices.
According to a university news
release, the findings, published in
Progress in Photovoltaics, represent
the first one-step process to prepare these films and the first time
the prepared films are stable in air.
“The films made at the
Researchers from the University of Luxembourg and TDK have developed a highly conductive
oxide film that will help solar cells harness more of the sun’s energy.
University of Luxembourg have
been exposed to air for one and
half years and are still as conductive as when they were fresh
prepared,” says Susanne Siebentritt, professor and head of
the photovoltaics lab at the University of Luxembourg, in the
release. “It is a fantastic result, not only for solar cells, but also
for a range of other technologies.”
In previous attempts to create a more conductive solar film,
impurities—such as aluminum and its free electrons—were
added to pure zinc oxide. But additional electrons mean more
absorption of infrared light, and less light means less solar
energy can pass through the film to generate current.
The Luxembourg–TDK team modified the process so that
the pure, undoped zinc oxide film would have fewer, fastermoving free electrons even without the addition of aluminum.
The team used low-voltage radio frequency (rf) biasing during deposition to make the films more conductive. “The films
prepared with additional rf biasing possess lower free-carrier
concentration and higher free-carrier mobility than Al-doped
ZnO (AZO) films of the same resistivity, which results in a
substantially higher transparency in the near-infrared region,”
states the paper’s abstract. “Furthermore, these films exhibit
good ambient stability and lower high-temperature stability
than the AZO films of the same thickness.”
The result is a pure film with conductivity comparable to
those that contain aluminum, but with better transparency and
fewer electrons standing in the way of absorption, says lead
author Mate�j Hála.
The paper is “Highly conductive ZnO films with high nearinfrared transparency” (DOI: 10.1002/pip.2601). n
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
15
Credit: Susanne Siebentritt; University of Luxembourg
Highly conductive, undoped oxide film will help solar cells harness more sunlight
ceramics in the environment
Optimized microstructure
removes cold-start emissions
Although catalytic converters significantly reduce vehicle emissions, they
efficiently work only when warm. The
time required to heat up catalytic converter substrates is called the “light-off”
period, and it is estimated that this time
period (which lasts for ~30 seconds
and up to several minutes) accounts for
~70% of total automobile emissions.
Reducing these cold-start emissions is
a top priority in the face of tighter emission standards.
Corning’s innovators have developed
a new product, Flora, with an “optimized
material microstructure” that is designed
to decrease cold-start emissions.
Ken Twiggs, Corning’s innovation
program manager for substrates, says in
a telephone interview that Flora contains the same cordierite material that
the company has modified to improve
16
Secondary electron image showing a glass spherule formed in high-voltage flashover
experiments to examine the effect of ash contamination on electrical insulators.
Laboratory experiments mimicking
volcanic lightning also produced glass
spherules.The spherules’ composition
consisted of primarily silicon, with lesser
amounts of aluminum, calcium, and
iron, the authors report in the paper.
The researchers speculate that these
spherules, called lightning-induced volcanic spherules (LIVS), form in the eruptive
atmosphere from volcanic ash when it is
heated rapidly during lightning discharge.
The intense heat of the discharge, which
can reach temperatures of up to 30,000 K,
melts and fuses the particles, which quickly cool and form glass.
The open-access paper, published in
Geology, is “Lightning-induced volcanic
spherules” (DOi: 10.1130/G36255.1). n
thermal performance by increasing the
material’s porosity. Although that usually
means consequently decreasing strength,
the experts at Corning were able to
maintain strength and performance even
with increased substrate porosity.
The material heats up considerably faster than existent substrates, reducing the
light-off period. According to Corning,
the new Flora material reduces the mass
of the substrate so that it warms up 20%
faster than existing ceramic substrates.
“The novel material reaches operating temperature quicker than standard substrates, so catalytic converters
can clean exhaust emissions earlier
without increased fuel or additional
precious metal,” according to a
Corning press release. n
Corning’s new
Flora substrates
have increased
porosity to reduce
cold-start automobile emissions.
Credit: Corning
In addition to the ways humans have
figured out how to make glass, glass
forms naturally—for example, from volcanic activity, meteorite impacts, and
lightning strikes. All of these events can
produce not just glass, but small glass
spheres, or spherules.
New research suggests that natural
glass spheres also are born during another
natural phenomenon—volcanic lightning.
An international team of scientists
studied volcanic ash deposits from two
recent eruptions: Mount Redoubt, Alaska, in 2009, and Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland,
in 2010. Both well-documented eruptions
were accompanied by volcanic lightning.
The scientists found small glass
spherules—on average, about 50 μm in
diameter—in ash deposits collected from
both volcanos. Although the spherules
were few in abundance, composing less
than 5% of examined deposits from
Mound Redoubt and even less from Iceland (there scientists identified only two
spherules), the findings suggest that glass
balls can form from volcanic lighting.
Credit: Kimberly Genareau
Volcanic lightning zaps ash into glass
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
advances in nanomaterials
Nanomaterials’ grain boundaries absorb defects, lengthen life of nuclear fuel
Although previous research has suggested that nanocrystalline ceramics
would be more radiation tolerant than
bulk (microcrystalline) samples of the
same material, the team’s newly published research confirms these suspicions
and, importantly, provides the mechanism by which it happens—through
reduced accumulation of point defects.
Point defects normally form in a
material upon irradiation. But accumulation of defects within nuclear fuel
negatively affects its behavior and performance and, thus, directly impacts its
potential life cycle. Decreasing the accumulation of defects, therefore, would
increase nuclear fuel lifetime.
Castro and the team studied precisely how defects evolve in response to
irradiation, measuring the location and
migration of individual defects in microcrystalline and nanocrystalline samples
of 10-mol%-yttria-stabilized zirconia.
According to Castro, the team used zirconia because it has a similar structure
to nuclear fuel uranium dioxide.
“We saw very little damage in the
nanocrystalline samples, and significant
damage in the microcrystalline sample.
This is because the grain boundaries in
Credit: R. Castro; UC Davis
The cost to reload nuclear fuel in a
typical 1,000 MWe nuclear reactor that
refuels on an 18-month cycle is a staggering $40 million, according to the Nuclear Energy Institute. Therefore, making
fuel last longer can save a lot of money,
increase plant efficiency and output, and
improve safety of nuclear energy.
New research from Ricardo Castro,
ACerS member and materials science
professor at University of California,
Davis, and a team of his colleagues is
providing important insight into how
nanomaterials behave under irradiation, findings that may help significantly
extend the life of nuclear fuels.
The research team, which recently
published its findings in Scientific Reports,
also includes ACerS members John Drazin from UC Davis and Terry Holesinger
and Blas Uberuaga from Los Alamos
National Laboratory.
The team examined how nanocrystalline nuclear fuels compare to their
microcrystalline counterparts. Although
composed of the same material, nanocrystalline and microcrystalline samples have
significantly different grain sizes, a feature
that the team found greatly impacts the
material’s properties after irradiation.
Electron micrographs of microcrystalline and nanocrystalline samples of yttria-stabilized
zirconia, which develop defects in response to irradiation. V indicates vacancy defect, I
indicates interstitial defect. Scale bar shows individual grain size.
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
the sample act as sinks for interstitial
defects,” Castro says in an email. “That
is, nanomaterials accumulate less defects
during radiation—a key element to
enhance lifetime of nuclear fuel.”
“Since more defects means to shorter
lifetime, one can expect longer life for
nanocrystalline uranium dioxide fuels
as compared with regular micrograined
fuels,” Castro says.
The type of defects was different,
too: Although microcrystalline samples
had interstitial and vacancy defects, the
nanocrystalline samples accumulated
only vacancies, which clustered to minimize energy.
“In nanocrystalline samples, the probability of the defect ‘finding’ a boundary is much higher, because grains are
smaller,” Castro explains. “Boundaries
are stable sinks for the interstitials, but
produced vacancies are shared between
boundary and bulk, since they can form
metastable clusters in the bulk. Therefore,
in nanocrystalline samples, one cannot
find interstitial defects in the crystal—only
vacancies. In the microcrystalline samples,
we find both, and in much higher concentrations (since only a few defects can
actually find a boundary).”
Castro explains that the amount of
radiation they exposed the test materials
to was equivalent to 4.5 years of service
life in reactors, despite the fact that nuclear fuels are typically replaced within one
year in actual service because of damage
considerations and safety precautions.
“Since zirconia also finds structural
applications, the results can also be used
to predict nanoeffects in [nuclear fuel
storage conditions, too,] such as core
barrels and dry casts. As a reactor vessel,
the tested radiation would be equivalent
to 21 million years. So again, nanomaterials would be able to resist much longer
than microcrystalline samples.”
The open-access paper is “Radiation
tolerance of nanocrystalline ceramics:
Insights from yttria-stabilized zirconia”
(DOI: 10.1038/srep07746). n
17
research briefs
Limpets—a kind of mollusk—are the
latest creatures to inspire advances in
materials science research. Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers recently discovered that some
limpet shells contain unique biological
photonic structures that are the first
known to be made from inorganic,
mineralized structures.
The research zoomed in on one
particular variety of fingernail-sized
snail, the blue-rayed limpet. Blue-rayed
limpets feature a drab shell adorned
with brilliant blue stripes, which make
the tiny snails stand out even in murky
water of the kelp beds they call home
along the coasts of Norway, Iceland,
the United Kingdom, Portugal, and the
Canary Islands.
Although other creatures—such as
beetles, butterflies, and birds—also display bright hues, those colors come from
photonic structures within the creatures’
shells, scales, or feathers that are composed primarily of organic materials.
To investigate the interesting
color of blue-rayed limpets’ stripes,
researchers first examined the shells
Research News
Silver–glass sandwich structure acts as
inexpensive color filter
Northwestern University researchers have
created a new technique that can transform
silver into any color of the rainbow. Their simple
method is a fast, low-cost alternative to color
filters currently used in electronic displays
and monitors. The filter’s secret lies within its
“sandwichlike” structure. The team created
a three-layer design, where glass is wedged
between two thin layers of silver film. The silver
layers are thin enough to allow optical light to
pass through, which then transmits a certain
color through the glass and reflects the rest of
the visible spectrum. By changing the thickness
of the glass, the scientists filtered and produced
various colors. By making the bottom silver
layer even thicker, the scientists found that the
structure also acts as a color absorber, because
it traps light between the two metal layers.
The team demonstrated a narrow bandwidth
18
from the outside.
Scanning electron
micrographs of
the shells’ surface
showed no structural differences in
the striped regions.
Using focused
ion beam milling,
the researchers
then cut out a
cross-section of the
shell and examined
the underlying
nanoarchitecture
A blue-rayed limpet’s shell still shines underwater.
using 2-D and 3-D
structural analyses.
green light, acting as an optical interferThe findings show that about 30 μm
ence filter. And the colloidal spheres
below the shells’ striped surface, the
served to “absorb transmitted light that
shell-standard uniform composition
would otherwise desaturate the reflected
of stacked calcium carbonate platelets
blue color,” according to an MIT press
changed. There, the researchers found
release. The zigzags reflect only blue
wider zigzagged layers of calcium carbon- light, while the remaining light spectrum
ate that were underlaid with randomly
travels through the shell, where it is
arranged spherical colloidal particles.
absorbed by the colloidal particles, makFurther analysis of the zigzags’ spacing the blue look bluer.
ing and angles revealed that they were
“Therefore the absorbing particles
optimally arranged to reflect blue and
underneath the limpet’s multilayer archi-
superabsorber with 97% maximum absorption,
which could have potential applications for
optoelectric devices with controlled bandwidth,
such as narrow-band photodetectors and lightemitting devices. For more information, see
www.mccormick.northwestern.edu.
pace. Vortexes can form when a magnetic field
is applied, but the material’s ultrathin design
permits only one row of vortexes to fit within
a nanowire, which traps the vortexes in place
and prevents current disruption. For more
information, see www.jhu.edu.
Ultrathin nanowires can trap electron
‘twisters’ that disrupt superconductors
Silicon microfunnels increase the
efficiency of solar cells
Superconductor materials are prized for their
ability to carry an electric current without
resistance, but this valuable trait can be crippled
or lost when electrons swirl into tiny tornadolike formations called vortexes. These disruptive
minitwisters often form in the presence of
magnetic fields, such as those produced
by electric motors. To keep supercurrents
flowing at top speed, Johns Hopkins University
scientists have figured out how to constrain
troublesome vortexes by trapping them within
extremely short, ultrathin nanowires. These thin
nanowires form one-way highways that allow
pairs of electrons to zip ahead at a supercurrent
The closely packed arrangement of cones in
the eyeball has inspired a team of researchers
at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin to replicate
something similar in silicon as a surface
for solar cells and investigate its suitability
for collecting and conducting light. Using
conventional semiconductor processes, the
researchers etched micrometer-sized vertical
funnels shoulder-to-shoulder in a silicon
substrate. Using mathematical models and
experiments, they tested how these types of
funnel arrays collect incident light and conduct
it to the active layer of a silicon solar cell. The
researchers found that funnel-shaped silicon
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
Credit: MIT
Striped mollusks hide unique photonic structures that may inspire future displays
tecture are not the direct origin of the
blue color, which is caused by the multilayer architecture,” the authors write in
the paper. “The particles rather provide
an absorbing background for the multilayer filter to enhance the spectral purity
of the reflected blue light.”
According to the paper, the chemical
composition of the colloidal particles
remains unknown.
In addition to representing the first
known biological photonic structures
that are composed of inorganic structures, the authors make another interesting point: The limpet shells are able to
incorporate photonic structures without
compromising structural integrity.
“It’s all about multifunctional materials in nature: Every organism—no
matter if it has a shell, or skin, or feathers—interacts in various ways with the
environment, and the materials with
which it interfaces to the outside world
frequently have to fulfill multiple functions simultaneously,” Mathias Kolle,
coauthor and MIT mechanical engineering professor, says in the press release.
“[Engineers] are more and more focusing
on not only optimizing just one single
property in a material or device, like a
brighter screen or higher pixel density,
but rather on satisfying several … design
and performance criteria simultaneously.
We can gain inspiration and insight
from nature.”
The researchers speculate that their
findings could be used to develop
similar smart architectures in customdesigned materials.
“Let’s imagine a window surface in
a car where you obviously want to see
the outside world as you’re driving, but
where you also can overlay the real world
with an augmented reality that could
involve projecting a map and other useful information on the world that exists
on the other side of the windshield,”
Kolle says in the release. “We believe
that the limpet’s approach to displaying color patterns in a translucent shell
could serve as a starting point for developing such displays.”
The open-access paper, published
in Nature Communications, is “A highly
conspicuous mineralized composite
photonic architecture in the translucent shell of the blue-rayed limpet”
(DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7322). n
Long-term measurements of
ultrastable glass flow cut short
with new process
structures increase light absorption better than
a carpet of nanowires. Further, the arrangement
of funnels increases photo-absorption by about
65% in a thin-film solar cell fitted with such an
array and is reflected in considerably increased
solar cell efficiency, among other improved
parameters. For more information, see http://
www.helmholtz-berlin.de.
reactions. In tests involving half of the catalytic
reaction that takes place in fuel cells, the team
discovered versions with about 10% boron and
nitrogen were efficient in catalyzing an oxygen
reduction reaction, a step in producing energy
from feedstocks , such as methanol. For more
information, see www.news.rice.edu.
rare earths are recovered from the magnesium
through vacuum distillation. In the second step,
another material is used to bind with and extract
the heavier atomic weight rare earths, such as
dysprosium. For more information, see www.
ameslab.gov.
Aerogel catalyst shows promise for
fuel cells
Graphene nanoribbons formed into a threedimensional aerogel and enhanced with boron
and nitrogen are excellent catalysts for fuel
cells, even in comparison with platinum,
according to Rice University researchers.
The team chemically unzipped carbon
nanotubes into ribbons and then collapsed
them into porous, three-dimensional aerogels,
simultaneously decorating the ribbons’ edges
with boron and nitrogen molecules. The new
material provides an abundance of active sites
along the exposed edges for oxygen reduction
New process recycles valuable rareearth metals from old electronics
Scientists at the Critical Materials Institute
(Ames, Iowa) have developed a two-step
recovery process that makes recycling rareearth metals easier and more cost effective.
Building on previous research work done at
the Ames Laboratory, the team has developed
a two-stage liquid-metal extraction process
that uses differences between the solubility
properties of elements to separate out rareearth metals. In the liquid extraction method,
scrap metals are melted with magnesium.
Lighter atomic weight rare earths, such as
neodymium, bind with magnesium and leave
the iron scrap and other materials behind. Then
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
Researchers from Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona (Spain), University of Rome La Sapienza (Italy), and
Politecnico Milano (Italy) have devised a
technique to rapidly manufacture “old”
glass to mimic glasses aged naturally for
millennia and measure viscosity to get a
glimpse into very-long-term glass relaxation behavior.
Glass is a rigid material with an
amorphous structure. The question is
whether it behaves like a really viscous
liquid, or whether it ceases completely to
flow at low temperatures. Current glass
theories predict that a glass’s liquidlike
molecules stop flowing at a certain low
temperature, but from a practical perspective, very high viscosities are nearly
impossible to measure.
“We managed to measure relaxation
times as large as thousands of years,
previously inaccessible to experimental
determinations, demonstrating the
lack of structural arrest at temperature
well below the glass transition point
or, equivalently, the lack of the viscos-
Patented zeolite tech could significantly
cut carbon dioxide emissions
A new provisionally patented technology from
a New Mexico State University researcher
could revolutionize carbon dioxide capture and
have a significant impact on reducing pollution worldwide. Through research on these
zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, or ZIFs, the
researcher has synthesized a new subclass of
ZIF that incorporates a ring carbonyl group in
its organic structure, giving it a vastly greater
affinity and selectivity for separating and adsorbing carbon dioxide and a more chemically
and thermally stable structure. In a simulation
study, the new ZIF structure adsorbed more
than 100 times more carbon dioxide than other
19
Credit: T. Scopigno; University of Rome
research briefs
New research shows that glass viscosity does not diverge at a certain low temperature, contrary to current glass theories.
ity divergence, calling into question
our understanding of the glassy state”
says Tullio Scopigno, coordinator of
the research and thermodynamics and
photonics professor at the University of
Rome, in a university press release.
“To this purpose, we had to prepare
millenary glasses assembling the molecules one by one, and controlling their
age with very high precision. It’s like
obtaining perfectly aged wines without
having to wait for maturing,” he says.
Scientists used physical vapor deposition to form ultrastable glass rapidly.
The research team then measured the
glass’s viscosity using optical and synchrontron radiation techniques, which
allowed them to measure very high viscosity values.
The research suggests that glass viscos-
similar structures. With negligible difference
in adsorption of other gases, such as nitrogen
and hydrogen, the material also can separate carbon dioxide from gas mixtures more
selectively. For more information, see www.
newscenter.nmsu.edu.
rendering it innocuous. The research team’s
experimental and computational results suggest
that the extraordinary activity of NU-1000 comes
from the unique zirconium node and the MOF
structure that allows the material to engage with
more of the nerve agent and to destroy it. For
more information, see www.northwestern.edu.
Catalyst destroys common toxic nerve
agents quickly
Northwestern University scientists have
developed a robust new material, inspired
by biological catalysts, that is extraordinarily
effective at destroying toxic nerve agents. The
material, a zirconium-based metal–organic
framework (MOF), degrades in minutes one
of the most toxic chemical agents, and it is
predicted to be effective against other agents,
too. The catalyst is fast and effective under a
wide range of conditions, and the porous MOF
structure can store a large amount of toxic gas
as the catalyst does its work. The MOF, called
NU-1000, has nodes of zirconium—the active
catalytic sites—that selectively hydrolyze
phosphate–ester bonds in the nerve agent,
20
Cheap, environmentally friendly solar
cells produced by minimizing disruptive
surface layers
New research from A*STAR Institute (Singapore)
demonstrates that high-performance solar cells
can be produced using inexpensive materials
cupric oxide and silicon by minimizing the
copper-rich and interfacial insulating layers in
the interface between the materials. On paper,
copper(II) oxide and silicon are a perfect pair
for producing high-performance solar cells. In
practice, however, their performance has been
disappointing because of charge recombination,
or the tendency of holes and electrons to
recombine, which limits production of electricity
in the cell. One cause of this problem is the poor
ity does not diverge at a certain temperature, contrary to what current theories
predict. “Scientists have demonstrated
experimentally that glass in equilibrium
flows visibly at finite temperatures, putting into question one of the pillars of
the theory on the vitreous state of glass,”
states a Barcelona press release.
The results have practical implications
for developing more stable pharmaceutical compounds and more thermally stable
organic LEDs based on the amorphous
state, according to the release.
The paper, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
is “Probing equilibrium glass flow up
to exapoise viscosities” (DOI: 10.1073/
pnas.1423435112). n
Materials perform prestochango in preform-to-fiber
transformation
Researchers at MIT have performed
a materials magic trick. With a highly
technical wave of a wand, they have, for
the first time, fabricated multifunctional,
multimaterial fibers that have a composition completely different from their
starting materials.
quality of the interface between copper oxide
and silicon as the result of silicon oxide on the
silicon surface. The A*STAR researchers realized
that increasing pressure during the deposition
stage of solar cell fabrication enhances crystal
and interface quality, thereby reducing charge
recombination rate. Using this tactic, the team
successfully produced a high-quality solar cell
that had a low charge recombination rate. For
more information, see www.research.a-star.edu.
Hydrogen atoms pattern
magnetic graphene
Theories and experiments have suggested that
either defects in graphene or chemical groups
bound to graphene can cause it to exhibit
magnetism. However, to date, there was no
way to create large-area magnetic graphene
that could be easily patterned. Now, scientists
from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory have
found a simple and robust means to magnetize
graphene using hydrogen. The scientists
placed graphene on a silicon wafer and then
dipped it into cryogenic ammonia with a bit of
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
The method of drawing thin fibers
from a thick block of starting material,
called a preform, is nothing new—it is
how fiber optics are made. But never
before has the composition of the fiber
differed from that of the preform.
The MIT researchers have transformed a preform made of abundant
and inexpensive aluminum and silica
into high-quality, pure, crystalline silicon
fibers coated with silica.
“It opens new opportunities in fiber
materials and fiber devices through
value-added processing,” Yoel Fink, professor of materials science and electrical
engineering and head of MIT’s Research
Laboratory of Electronics, says in an
MIT press release.
The researchers were testing ways of
incorporating metal wires within fibers.
When they tested aluminum, the results
seemed amiss. “When I looked at the
fiber, instead of a shiny metallic core, I
observed a dark substance; I really didn’t
know what happened,” says lead author
Chong Hou.
Fink adds, “My initial reaction might
have been to discard the sample altogether.” Luckily, the researchers spared
the results from the trash bin and instead
examined the material more closely.
Careful analysis revealed that the
material was pure crystalline silicon—the
stuff of computer chips, solar cells, and
other semiconductor devices.
The release explains, “At the high
temperatures used for drawing the fiber,
lithium. The process added hydrogen atoms
to make the material’s surface ferromagnetic.
Magnetic strength could be tuned by removing
hydrogen atoms with an electron beam, letting
the scientists write magnetic patterns into
graphene. The process allowed generation of
large arrays of magnetic features, which would
be particularly useful in applications from
information technology to spintronics. With
further fine-tuning, this technique could lead to
a storage medium with a single hydrogenatedcarbon pair storing a single magnetic bit
of data, a roughly greater than million-fold
improvement over current hard drives. For
more information, see www.nrl.navy.mil.
about 2,200 degrees Celsius, the pure aluminum core reacted with the silica, a form
of silicon oxide. The reaction left behind
pure silicon, concentrated in the core of
the fiber, and aluminum oxide, which
deposited a very thin layer of aluminum
between the core and the silica cladding.”
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Why a material’s behavior changes as
it gets smaller
Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh,
Drexel University, and Georgia Institute of
Technology have engineered a new way to
observe and study atomic-scale deformation
mechanisms in nanomaterials. In doing so,
they have revealed an interesting phenomenon
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
21
research briefs
Credit: Jose-Luis Olivares; MIT
cific structures within fibers.
According to the release,
“Fink adds that this is ‘a
new way of thinking about
fibers, and it could be a way
of getting fibers to do a lot
more than they ever have.’
As mobile devices continue
to grow into an ever-larger
segment of the electronics
business, for example, this
technology could open up
new possibilities for electronics—including solar cells and
microchips—to be incorporatGraduate student Chong Hou holds a bag of drawn
ed into fibers and woven into
silicon fibers that are as thin as 100 μm in diameter.
clothing or accessories.”
John Ballato, ACerS member and
The resulting silicon-core fibers can be
director of the Center for Optical
used to fabricate electrical devices inside
Materials Science and Engineering
fibers. “We can use this to get electrical
Technologies at Clemson University
devices, such as solar cells or transistors,
(who was not involved in the research),
or silicon-based semiconductor devices,
says in the release, “Optical fibers are
that could be built inside the fiber,” Hou
central to modern communications
says in the release.
and information technologies, yet the
Bypassing the need to start with a
pure silicon preform means a less expen- materials and processes employed in
their realization have changed little in
sive method to generate silicon-core
40 years. Of particular importance here
fibers. The team says the method can be
is that the starting and ending core
used to generate materials beyond silicomposition are entirely different. Precon, too, in addition to fabricating spein a well-known material—the group is the first
to observe atomic-level deformation twinning
in body-centered cubic tungsten nanocrystals.
Under a transmission electron microscope,
the researchers welded together two small
pieces of individual nanoscale tungsten crystals
to create a wire about 20 nm in diameter.
This wire was durable enough to stretch and
compress while the researchers observed
the twinning phenomenon in real time. The
team also developed computer models that
show the mechanical behavior of the tungsten
nanostructure at the atomic level. This
information will help researchers theorize why it
occurs in nanoscale tungsten and plot a course
for examining this behavior in other materials.
For more information, see www.news.pitt.edu.
Optical fibers light the way for
brainlike computing
Researchers from the University of Southampton
(U.K.) and Nanyang Technological University
(Singapore) have demonstrated how neural
22
networks and synapses in the brain can be
reproduced, with optical pulses as information
carriers, using special fibers made from
chalcogenides. Using conventional fiberdrawing techniques, scientists produced
microfibers from chalcogenide (glasses based
on sulfur) that possess a variety of broadband
photoinduced effects, which allow the fibers to
be switched on and off. This optical switching of
the glass acts as the varying electrical activity in
a nerve cell, and light provides the stimulus to
change these properties. This enables switching
of a light signal, which is the equivalent to
a nerve cell firing. The research paves the
way for scalable brainlike computing systems
that enable “photonic neurons” with ultrafast
signal transmission speeds, higher bandwidth,
and lower power consumption than their
biological and electronic counterparts. For more
information, see www.southampton.ac.uk.
vious work focused on chemical reactions and interactions between core and
clad phases, but never such a wholesale
materials transformation.”
The paper, published in Nature Communications, is “Crystalline silicon core
fibres from aluminium core preforms”
(DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7248). n
Food coloring performs
fluid choreography
Stanford University researchers have
solved the science behind an incredible
yet simple phenomenon—food coloring
droplets, when plopped onto a clean
glass slide, move and dance as if they
are alive.
Although the dance is a seemingly
simple phenomenon, getting at the complex science behind the choreography
was no simple task.
According to a Stanford press release,
lead author Nate Cira first witnessed
the droplets’ dance back in 2009. Five
years, countless experiments, and two
additional curious colleagues later, Cira’s
research detailing the science behind the
movement is published in Nature.
“These droplets sense one another.
New materials detect neutrons emitted
by radioactive materials
Researchers from Johns Hopkins University,
University of Maryland, and the National Institute
of Standards and Technology have successfully
shown that boron-coated vitreous carbon foam
can be used in the detection of neutrons emitted
by radioactive materials, which is critical for
homeland security. The work builds on a series
of experiments that had demonstrated that a
process called noble-gas scintillation can be
controlled and characterized precisely enough
to detect radioactive neutrons. The research
team obtained samples of carbon foam coated
with boron carbide and placed them in xenon
gas. After neutron absorption by boron-10
isotope in the coating occurs, energetic particles
are released into the gas and create flashes of
light. The researchers determined that neutrons
captured deep within the coated foam produce
large enough flashes to be detected by light
detectors outside the foam. For more information,
see www.jhuapl.edu.n
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
Credit: Stanford; YouTube
They move and interact, almost like living cells,” says Manu Prakash, a bioengineering professor and senior author of
the published research, in the release.
The trio of scientists used precise
experiments and careful analysis to decipher the droplets’ dance moves, including plotting paths of fluid flow within
single droplets using 1-μm-diameter,
fluorescently labeled tracer beads.
Food coloring is a two component
liquid made from a mixture of water
and propylene glycol. The scientists’
painstakingly collected results show that
differing rates of evaporation and differing surface tensions between the two
components create a complex interplay
within the liquid, leading to the droplets’ autonomous movements.
Water molecules within the food
coloring evaporate more quickly than
propylene glycol molecules, and, because
they also have higher surface tension,
they tend to do so from the lower edges
of the droplet. This preferential evaporation creates an imbalanced composition
within the droplet—more propylene glycol on bottom, more water on top.
Differing surface tensions between
these separated molecules initiates a
molecular game of tug-of-war, creating turbulent flow within the droplet
that propels it forward. According to
the release, the droplets can sense one
another’s location from the presence of
local evaporated water molecules, making the droplets seem as if they are chasing one another in an epic game of tag.
In addition to solving a scientific
curiosity, the results provide insight into
how to control a liquid’s wetting behavior, an important consideration for also
controlling materials’ surface properties.
According to the release, the research
also may have implications for semiconductor manufacturing, self-cleaning solar
panels, and other industrial applications.
To see the droplets in action, watch
the video at bit.ly/1DB7Q9j.
The article is “Vapour-mediated sensing and motility in two-component droplets” (DOI: 10.1038/nature14272). n
Food coloring droplets move and dance between marker-drawn boundaries on a
glass slide.
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23
cover story
Credit: Hu
bulletin
Figure 1. Top left: The periodic table highlighting chalcogen
elements (green) and other common constituent elements in
ChGs (red). Top right: number of publications with keywords
“chalcogenide glass” and “photonic/optical device” found in
the Web of Science database. (a) Phase change memory inside
multi-chip packages. (b) ChG IR molded lenses, IR windows,
and fiber preforms.* (c) Photonic crystal waveguide embedded
in a suspended ChG membrane. Hole diameter is 260 nm.† (d)
Metamaterial switch operating on phase change behavior of
ChGs.**
*Image courtesy of Wei Zhang, Ningbo University, China
†
Image courtesy of Steve Madden, Australian National University
**Image courtesy of B. Gholipour et al., Adv. Mater., 25[22],
3050–3054 (2013)
Chalcogenide glass
microphotonics:
Stepping into
the spotlight
By Juejun Hu, Lan Li, Hongtao Lin, Yi Zou, Qingyang Du,
Charmayne Smith, Spencer Novak, Kathleen Richardson,
and J. David Musgraves
Integrated photonics on flexible substrates and on-chip
infrared spectroscopic sensing expand new applications
for chalcogenide glasses beyond phase change data
storage and moldable infrared optics.
24
C
halcogenide glasses (ChGs) refer
to a broad family of inorganic
amorphous materials containing one or
more of the Group IV chalcogen elements,
namely sulfur, selenium, and tellurium.
Although these glasses carry an exotic name
compared with their oxide counterparts
(e.g., silica glass), they are veteran players on
the microelectronics industry stage, functioning as the main constituent material for
phase change memory (PCM).
PCM technology takes advantage of the relative ease of
transforming ChGs, in particular glasses in the Ge-Sb-Te
(GST) composition group, between their glassy and crystalline
states to store digital information. Gordon Moore, in 1970,
building on pioneering work by Ovshinsky et al., coauthored
a groundbreaking article featuring the first ChG-based memory—at that time, a 256-bit device1. This was five years after
Moore predicted the now-famous Moore’s Law. Since then,
PCM technology has evolved from a mere laboratory curiosity
to a series of cutting-edge nonvolatile memory modules marketed by major companies, including Samsung, Micron, and
IBM (Figure 1a). Besides their phase changing behavior, ChGs
also are well-known for their exceptional optical properties,
including broadband infrared (IR) transparency and large optical nonlinearity, making them popular materials for IR optical
components such as windows, molded lenses, and optical fibers
(Figure 1b).
The glass materials’ success in the microelectronics industry, coupled with their superior optical performance, point to
ChG glass microphotonics as the natural next step of technology evolution. Nevertheless, the unique advantage of ChGs
that underpins their memory applications works against their
utility in microphotonics. The glasses’ tendency to crystalwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
Capsule summary
PROPERTIES HELP AND HINDER
BREAKTHROUGH
PAYOFF
Chalcogenide glasses offer unique optical
Versatile techniques for depositing chalcogen-
Integrating chalcogenide glasses on a range
properties that oxide glasses cannot, such as
ide glass thin films and clever device structure
of substrates opens the possibility to design
broadband infrared transparency and optical
design provide new, scalable pathways for
innovative devices, such as flexible photonics
nonlinearity. However, compositions can be toxic
fabricating devices.
and on-chip infrared spectroscopic sensors, with
and mechanical properties are poor.
lize can lead to phase inhomogeneity
and large optical scattering loss. Poor
mechanical robustness, large coefficient
of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch
with semiconductor substrates, toxicity of glass constituents elements (in
particular arsenic), and long-term chemical and structural stability are other
common concerns. Indeed, integrated
ChG photonic devices made their debut
back in the early 1970s2—almost the
same time as the first demonstration of
PCM. However, the technology largely
remained dormant during the following
years until the past decade when interest in these materials rejuvenated in the
photonics community, evidenced by a
dramatic increase in the number of publications since 2000 (Figure 1).
Burgeoning interest has been catalyzed by many material and device technology advances that overcome some
aforementioned drawbacks of ChG
materials. Chemically and structurally
stable glasses with arsenic-free compositions now are routinely prepared in both
bulk and thin-film forms using techniques readily scalable to high-volume
production, such as microwave synthesis,
chemical vapor deposition, and solution processing.3,4 Leveraging standard
semiconductor processing methods, such
as plasma etching or nanoimprinting,5,6
high-quality photonic components were
demonstrated with optical propagation
loss down to 0.05 dB/cm.7 Emerging
applications, including nonlinear all-optical signal processing, chem-bio sensing,
and on-chip light switching and modulation (Figure 1(c) and 1(d))—all of which
exploit the unique optical characteristics
of ChGs—are being actively pursued.8
Flexible photonics
Some shortcomings of the glasses,
however, are more difficult to circumvent
because they are inherent to chalcogenide
materials. For instance, ChGs consist of
broad optical functionality.
atoms larger than atoms comprising oxide
glasses, which makes the interatomic bonds
weaker and limits mechanical performance.
Mechanical strength of bulk ChGs further
deteriorates from the presence of defects,
such as inclusions, microcracks, and voids.
Therefore, the term “flexible chalcogenide
glass photonics” appears to be an oxymoron. It seems counterintuitive to choose
ChGs as the backbone optical material for
photonic integration on flexible polymer
substrates, which must sustain extensive
deformation such as bending, twisting, and
even stretching.
Setting aside mechanical properties,
ChGs exhibit a number of features
that outclass rival materials when it
comes to photonic integration on
flexible substrates. First of all, unlike
crystalline materials that typically
require epitaxial growth to form thin
films, amorphous ChGs can be coated
directly onto plastic substrates using a
plethora of well-established vapor- or
solution-phase deposition techniques.
Consequently, ChG-based photonic
devices can be monolithically fabricated on flexible substrates.
This is in stark contrast with conventional flexible photonic integration,
which generally relies on single-crystal
silicon for low-loss light guiding. This
material choice dictates a multi-step transfer fabrication process that initially fabricates devices on a sacrificial layer (usually
silica), followed by chemically dissolving
the sacrificial layer to release the devices,
picking up the floating devices using a
poly(dimethylsiloxane) rubber stamp, and
finally, transferring them onto the flexible
receiving substrate.9,10
Instead, using amorphous chalcogenide
materials, we deposit and pattern photonic structures directly on flexible substrates. In the world of microfabrication,
where “simple is better,” this simplified
monolithic integration approach significantly improves device processing quality,
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
throughput, and yield. Also, the temperature for processing ChG films is compatible with the limited thermal budget
stipulated by the polymer substrate. ChG
films can be patterned into functional
photonic devices at reduced temperatures
(typically below 200°C) without compromising the resulting thin film’s optical
performance, thanks to weak interatomic
bonds in chalcogenide compounds and,
hence, reduced glass transition and softening temperatures. As an added benefit, the
low processing temperature mitigates CTE
mismatch between ChGs and substrates.
Last but not least, high refractive indexes
of ChGs (typically 2 to 3) offer strong confinement of light by total internal reflection inside microsized waveguide devices,
which facilitates compact photonic integration on a chip-scale platform.
The current challenge is to devise a
new device architecture that takes advantage of these attractive features of ChGs
for flexible photonic integration without
being handicapped by their mechanical fragility. The Hu research group at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and coauthors teamed with the Nanshu
Lu group at University of Texas at Austin
to develop a “multi-neutral-axis” design
schematically illustrated in Figure 2(a).
According to the design, the polymer substrate assumes a laminated “Oreo” geometry consisting of three layers: a soft elastomer layer with a typical Young’s modulus
in the few MPa range sandwiched between
two stiff epoxy films with Young’s modulus of the order of several GPa.
The large three-orders-of-magnitude
modulus mismatch between the layers
causes bending strains to be largely
absorbed by the elastomer layer so
that strains inside epoxy layers are
effectively relieved when the composite structure is bent. The hypothesis
is validated through finite-element
numerical simulations. Figure 2(b) inset
shows a contour plot of bending strain
25
Chalcogenide glass microphotonics: Stepping into the spotlight
Credit: Hu
Credit: Hu
mal evaporahigh device yields. We have tested over
tion13 is used
100 resonator devices randomly selected
to deposit the from samples fabricated in several
GSS film. The batches. All operated as designed after
substrate is
fabrication. The Figure 4(a) histogram
shows distribution of Q-factors in the flexFigure 2. Bending of (a) a simple uniform beam and (b) a sandwiched held at room
ible resonators measured near 1,550-nm
“Oreo” structure with large elastic mismatch. Strain distributions inside temperature
the layers are superimposed on the plots. Inset (b) shows a contour
throughout
wavelength. Our best device exhibited a
plot of strain distribution inside a trilayer structure computed using the the deposition Q-factor as high as 4.6 3 105, the highest
finite-element method.
process. A
value ever reported for photonic devices
second epoxy layer, whose thickness is cho- on plastic substrates. To test the mechanidistribution inside such a sandwich
sen to locate devices at the neutral plane,
cal reliability of the flexible devices, optistructure, where strains concentrate in
is subsequently deposited. In the last
cal transmittance of the resonators was
the elastomer layer. Further theoretistep, devices embedded inside the epoxy
measured after repeated bending cycles
cal analysis11,12 reveals that the classical
layer are delaminated from the handler
with a bending radius of 0.5 mm. Figure
Kirchhoff assumptions that describe
stress and deformation in thin plates no substrate using polyimide-film tape (in this 4(b) shows that there were minimal variacase, Kapton Tape by DuPont) to form a
tions in Q-factor and extinction ratio after
longer hold in laminates, such as these,
free-standing, flexible photonic chip shown multiple bending cycles. Our fatigue test,
composed of materials with drastically
in Figure 3(b). The bilayer polyimide-film
consisting of up to 5,000 bending cycles
different elastic properties.
tape consists of a polyimide substrate and
at a radius of 0.8 mm, resulted in a 0.5
Strain distribution in the sandwiched
a silicone adhesive layer. The final flexible
dB∙cm–1 increase in waveguide propagastructure follows a zigzag pattern across
chip has the desired structure, with a soft
tion loss and a 23% decrease in resonator
the laminate thickness and exhibits
multiple neutral planes where the strains silicone layer sandwiched between two stiff Q-factor. Optical microscopy revealed no
epoxy-and-polyimide layers.
crack formation or interface delamination
vanish (Figure 2(b)). When photonic
ChG flexible photonic devices fabriin the layers after 5,000 bending cycles.11
devices are positioned at the neutral
These results demonstrate the superior
planes, strains exerted on the devices are cated using this approach considerably
outperform their traditional counterparts mechanical robustness of ChGs-based
nullified even if the multilayer structure
flexible devices. In comparison, traditiondeforms, thereby rendering the structure in optical characteristics, mechanical
al flexible photonic components exhibit
extremely flexible. More importantly, the robustness, and processing throughput
only moderate flexibility with bending
locations of neutral planes can be config- and yield. Light propagation loss inside
ured as desired across the stack thickness flexible devices was quantified by measur- radii typically no less than 5 mm.
ing optical transmission characteristics of
The flexible photonics platform opens
by tuning layer thicknesses and elastic
microdisk resonator
moduli. Therefore, laminate design
enables rational control of strain–optical structures, which
are miniscule optical
coupling in flexible photonic structures
reservoirs capable
and allows large degrees of freedom
of trapping light
for photonic device placement to meet
via multiple total
diverse application needs.
internal reflections
Figure 3(a) shows the process to fabriin a closed path—in
cate flexible photonic components with
the same way that
the sandwiched structure shown in Figure
sound waves cling to
2(b). The process starts with spin coating
the walls of the whisan epoxy polymer layer onto a rigid handler substrate, usually silicon wafers coated pering gallery at St.
Paul’s Cathedral
with oxide. The polymer-coated handler
in London.
wafer provides a solid, planar support on
Resonators are
which to pattern photonic devices, leveragcharacterized by an
ing standard microfabrication techniques
important parameter
similar to those used for computer-chip
manufacturing. The preferred composition called “quality factor”
or “Q-factor,” which
for this application is Ge23Sb7S70 (GSS)
scales inversely with
glass. Although GSS glass is a close relaoptical loss inside the
tive of GST, replacing tellurium with the
devices. Our monoglass-former sulfur significantly improves
lithic fabrication
thermal and structural stability of the glass
Figure 3. (a) Fabrication process for ChG flexible photonic
route offers extremely devices. (b) Example of a flexible photonic chip.11
against crystallization. Single-source ther26
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
Credit: Ref 11
Credit: Zou, et al.
many emerging application opportunities.
For example, biophotonics capitalizes on
mechanical flexibility
to facilitate photonic
system interfacing with
soft biological tissues.
For photonic system
assembly, flexible
components are ideal
for space-constrained
Figure 4. (a) Q-factor distribution measured in flexible microdisk resonators. (b) Q-factors and extinction
packaging. On the
ratios of the resonator after multiple bending cycles at a bending radius of 0.5 mm.11
manufacturing side,
flexible photonics
identify the molecule type, whereas
photonic devices, we chose CaF2, an IR
integrate seamlessly into large-area roll-tooptical absorption strength quantifies
crystal with a low index of refraction
roll production processes. We also have
(n=1.4) and a broad transparency window molecular concentration.
harnessed device mechanical flexibility to
Similar to the flexible photonics
of 0.3–8 μm, as the substrate material in
demonstrate reconfigurable photonics,
device fabrication process, glass-on-CaF2
place of silica or polymers.
where a component’s optical response can
In our mid-IR sensing demonstraresonators were prepared by thermal
be tuned by controlled deformation. For
tion, we again elect high-Q-factor glass
evaporation of GSS glass film onto
example, a focusing-dispersive element
optical resonators for spectroscopic
CaF2 substrates followed by lithographic
with tunable focal length was realized by
sensing. Their unique ability to store
patterning to define sensor structures.
attaching a flexible diffractive grating to
photons for an extended period of time Figure 6(a) shows a top-view micrograph
surfaces with various curvatures (Figure 5).
leads to a folded optical path that can
of a microdisk resonator made of GSS
be several orders of magnitude longer
glass on CaF2 coupled to a feeding waveChemical sensors
than the device’s physical dimensions,
guide. Optical characteristics of these
Flexible photonics represent a case in
thereby significantly boosting interacdevices were interrogated using a tunable
point where we capitalize on glasses’ lowtions between light and target molquantum cascade laser (QCL) in the
temperature monolithic deposition and
ecules to be detected. During operation, 5.2∙5.4-μm mid-IR band (Figure 6(b)).
processing capacity to enable photonic
optical absorption from the molecules
Measurement revealed a high Q-factor
integration on unconventional substrates. results in attenuation of light circulatup to 4 3 105 in the resonators (Figures
We can extend the approach to other
ing inside the resonators and signals
6(c) and 6(d)), which corresponds to a
functional substrates, which is another
the presence of target species in the
low propagation loss of 0.26 dB∙cm–1 and
advantage of ChGs over conventional
sensing medium to which resonators
represents the best performance attained
photonic materials such as silicon, silica,
are exposed. The wavelength and line
in on-chip mid-IR resonators. Such a
or LiNbO3. Conventional optical materishape of measured absorption spectra
low optical loss contributes to increased
als have to be grown either epitaxially
(for crystalline materials such as silicon
and LiNbO3) or at high temperatures
(silica) that are incompatible with flexible
substrate materials. In another example
that showcases the “substrate-blind”
integration paradigm, we demonstrated a
ChG-on-CaF2 platform for mid-infrared
spectroscopic sensing of chemical species.
Silica and polymers, the classical material
choices for waveguide claddings, become
opaque in the mid-IR range (4–10 μm).
ChGs, on the other hand, exhibit low
optical loss across the mid-IR band, which
Figure 5. (a) and (c) Schematic diagrams illustrating the experimental setup used
qualifies them as ideal material candito map diffraction patterns from flexible gratings that were attached onto (a) a flat
dates for IR spectroscopic sensors.14–17 For sample holder and (c) a curved sample holder. (b) and (d) Diffraction patterns of a
example, GSS glass transmits in the 0.6–
collimated and expanded 532-nm green laser beam by gratings mounted on (b) a flat
11 μm wave band. To expand the accessurface and (d) a curved surface. (Images courtesy of Y. Zou, et al., Adv. Opt. Mater. 2,
sible wavelength regime of glass-based
759-764 (2014)).
27
Credit: Ref 14
Chalcogenide glass microphotonics: Stepping into the spotlight
Figure 6. (a) Top-view micrograph of a GSS-on-CaF2 microdisk resonator. Inset shows
the coupling region between feeding waveguide and microdisk. (b) Experimental setup
used to measure mid-IR optical transmission through glass-on-CaF2 sensor devices. (c)
Mid-IR transmission spectrum of a micro-disk resonator. (d) The same spectrum near
an optical resonance at 5252 nm wavelength (red box in (c)). Open circles represent
experimental data, whereas the solid line is the doublet-state resonance spectrum fitted
by coupled mode theory, which yields an intrinsic Q-factor of 4 × 105 and an equivalent propagation loss of 0.29 dB·cm–1. (e) Optical resonance decreases with increasing
ethanol concentration. (images courtesy of Reference 14 authors).
optical path length inside the device and,
thus, is critical to improve the sensitivity
of spectroscopic detection.
To demonstrate proof-of-concept,
we immersed the resonator sensor in
ethanol–cyclohexane solutions of varying
ethanol concentrations while monitoring the resonator optical response in
situ. Ethanol exhibits a weak absorption
feature at 5.2 μm wavelength (relative to
its main IR absorption band at 3.9 μm,
which has a peak absorption coefficient
of 2900 cm–1), whereas cyclohexane is
almost transparent at the wavelength.18
When ethanol concentration
increased, we observed a progressive
decrease of optical resonance intensity
(Figure 6(e) inset). Thus, we infer the
excess optical absorption induced by
ethanol (Figure 6(e)). The absorption
coefficient of ethanol in cyclohexane was
extrapolated by a linear fit of the plot to
be (74 ± 3.4) cm–1, which agrees well with
measurement results (78 cm–1) obtained
on a bench-top Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer. The resonatorenhanced sensing mechanism readily can
be generalized to spectroscopic analysis of
other biological and chemical species in
the mid-IR.
28
Tuning functionality with
multilayer devices
Flexible glass-on-polymer and glass-onCaF2 platforms discussed so far involve
only single-layer photonic devices. The
substrate-blind integration strategy, however, can be extended to process even
more complex stacked multilayer structures, again thanks to the amorphous
nature and low processing temperature of
ChGs, which minimize thermal and structural mismatch between different layers.
Using a repeated deposition-patterningplanarization sequence illustrated in
Figure 7(a), we successfully demonstrated
an array of multilayer photonic devices,
such as add-drop optical filters, adiabatic
interlayer couplers, and 3-D woodpile
photonic crystals.11 For example, Figure
7(b) shows a tilted-view scanning electron microscopy cross-sectional image of
a woodpile photonic crystal fabricated
using this approach.
The photonic crystal comprises four
layers of GSS glass strips (marked with
various colors) embedded inside an
epoxy polymer, where the strip pattern is
rotated in-plane by 90° between consecutive layers to form a tetragonal lattice
structure. To study structural integrity of
the photonic crystal, a collimated 532nm green laser beam was incident on the
photonic crystal. Figure 7(c) shows diffracted light spots, the optical analog of
the Laue pattern in X-ray crystallography.
Excellent agreement between diffraction
spot locations predicted by the Bragg
diffraction equation and experimental
measurements confirmed long-range
structural order in the photonic crystal.
To realize such novel function beyond
single layers and to be able to tune
functionality in the z-direction, the team
examined strategies to design and fabricate passive and active (doped) layers using
film processing routes that maintain dopant dispersion. Recent efforts investigated
a novel approach based on aerosols of
glass solution to create spatially defined
single and multilayer structures that are
compatible with the variety of substrates
discussed previously. In electrospray film
deposition of ChGs, a solution is atomized into a fine mist of relatively monodispersed droplets through an electric
field. This deposition method has the
potential to fabricate graded refractive
index (GRIN) coatings by tailoring the
index of subsequent coating layers, using a
3-D printinglike approach via two simple
methods. First is the separate deposition
of two oppositely sloped (shaped) films of
various ChG compositions using a computer numerical control system that controls motion between substrate and spray.
Second is the use of multiple spray heads.
Unexplored potential of ChGs
We have shown how we use ChG
materials’ processing versatility, broadband
optical transparency, and monolithic
integration capability to enable novel
microphotonic functionalities, such as flexible photonics, IR spectroscopic sensing,
and multilayer integration. Through smart
material engineering, processing design,
and device innovation, we have overcome
challenges traditionally linked with ChGs.
For example, substituting arsenic with
germanium and tellurium with sulfur
improves the chemical and structural
stability of chalcogenides against oxidation and crystallization while reducing the
components’ toxicity. Low processing temperature coupled with appropriate choice
of bottom cladding material minimizes
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
Credit: Ref 11
CTE mismatch and prevents delamination
in multilayer structures. The multi-neutralaxis device design allow us to create photonic components out of brittle glasses yet
bestow on them extreme mechanical flexibility, a feature polymers claimed almost
exclusively in the past.
This article reveals only the tip of the
iceberg compared with what ChG materials have to offer the microphotonics field.
Examples of exciting new applications
not covered in this article include nonlinear optical interactions in ChGs for
ultrafast all-optical signal processing on a
chip,19 photosensitivity in glasses (a useful attribute for device fabrication), and
postfabrication trimming.20 Our groups
are exploring monolithic and hybrid
integration of chalcogenide devices with
2-D materials (e.g., graphene), III-V semiconductor devices, and complex oxides
to broaden the glass microphotonic
platform’s functionality. We foresee that
ChGs also will make their way into semiconductor integrated photonic circuits
to confer unique optical functions, such
as IR transmission, nonlinearity, or trimming by incorporating the materials into
a photonic chip manufacturing process.
This follows the same trend we observed
in the microelectronic integrated circuit
industry, which initially used only a handful of elements in the 1980s but now has
assimilated more than half the Mendeleev
periodic table into the manufacturing process to keep pace with Gordon
Moore’s prediction. Now it is time to see
if ChGs—the magic materials that underlie another of Moore’s seminal inventions—will be able to make their mark on
microphotonics in coming years.
Figure 7.(a) Process flow of multilayer photonic structures in ChG films. (b) Tilted SEM
view of a 3-D woodpile photonic crystal showing excellent structural integrity. (c)
Diffraction patterns of a collimated 532-nm green laser beam from the photonic crystal. Red dots are diffraction patterns simulated using the Bragg diffraction equation.11
of Materials Science and Engineering,
University of Central Florida, Orlando,
Fla. J. David Musgraves is associated
with IRradiance Glass Inc., Orlando,
Fla. Direct correspondence to Juejun Hu
[email protected].
References
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4
About the authors
Juejun Hu is Merton C. Flemings
Assistant Professor of Materials Science
and Engineering at MIT, Cambridge,
Mass. Lan Li, Hongtao Lin, Yi Zou,
and Qingyang Du are associated with
the Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, MIT, and with the
Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Delaware,
Newark, Del. Charmayne Smith, Spencer
Novak, and Kathleen Richardson are
associated with the College of Optics
and Photonics, CREOL, Department
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29
Ceran glass-ceramic cooktop by Schott North America.
By Maziar Montazerian, Shiv Prakash Singh,
and Edgar Dutra Zanotto
G
lass has been an important material since the early stages of civilization. Glass–ceramics are polycrystalline materials obtained by controlled crystallization
of certain glasses that contain one or more
crystalline phases dispersed in a residual
glass matrix. The distinct chemical nature
of these phases and their nanostructures or
microstructures have led to various unusual
combinations of properties and applications
in the domestic, space, defense, health, electronics, architecture, chemical, energy, and
waste management fields.1–3
In 1739, French chemist René-Antoine
Ferchault de Réaumur was the first person
known to produce partially crystallized glass.4
Réaumur heat-treated soda–lime–silica
glass bottles in a bed of gypsum and sand
for several days, and the process turned
the glass into a porcelain-like opaque mate30
Credit: Schott North America
An analysis of
glass–ceramic research
and commercialization
rial. Although Réaumur had succeeded in
converting glass into a polycrystalline material, unfortunately the new product sagged,
deformed, and had low strength because of
uncontrolled surface crystallization.4,5
The late Stanley Donald Stookey of Corning Glass Works
(now Corning Incorporated, Corning, N.Y.) discovered glass–
ceramics in 1953.6–8 Stookey accidentally crystallized Fotoform—a
photosensitive lithium silicate glass containing silver nanoparticles dispersed in the glass matrix. From the parent glass
Fotoform, Stookey and colleagues at Corning Incorporated,
which holds the first patent on glass–ceramics, derived the glass–
ceramic Fotoceram. The main crystal phases of this glass-ceramic
are lithium disilicate (Li2Si2O5) and quartz (SiO2).
Since then, the glass–ceramics field has matured with fundamental research and development detailing chemical compositions, nucleating agents, heat treatments, microstructures, properties, and potential applications of several materials.3,5,9–15 A recent
article revealed that the term “crystallization” is the top keyword
in the history of glass science.16 However, researchers still are
keen to understand further the kinetics of transformation from
glass to a polycrystalline material and to study the associated
changes in thermal, optical, electrical, magnetic, and mechanical
properties. Nonetheless, several commercial glass–ceramic innovations already have been marketed for domestic and high-tech
uses, such as transparent and heat-resistant cookware, fireproof
doors and windows, artificial teeth, bioactive materials for bone
replacement, chemically and mechanically machinable materials,
and electronic and optical devices.
Review articles surveyed the properties and existing uses of
glass–ceramics and suggested several possible new applications for
these materials.9–17 Here we report on the results of a statistical
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
Capsule summary
background
Analysis
Key point
Glass–ceramics are polycrystalline materials
Through a database search of published papers
The field of glass–ceramics has grown during the
derived from glass with distinct properties that
and filed patents, the authors statistically evalu-
past 60 years and continues to show signs of ex-
give them unique applications in domestic,
ate the evolution of scientific and technological
ponential growth. Analysis of patent applications
space, defense, health, electronics, architecture,
research and development of glass–ceramics
has identified a few areas of promising growth
chemical, energy, and waste management.
during the past 60 years.
that may serve as a guide for future commercial
endeavors in this field of unique materials.
We surveyed the Scopus Elsevier, Free
Patents Online (FPO), and Derwent
World Patents Index (DWPI) databases
for patents and papers published in
glass–ceramic science and technology.
We searched the Scopus database for
scientific publications 1955—2014 using
the keywords “sittal”, “vitroceramic*”,
“glass–ceramic*”, or “glass ceramic*” in
the article title or, in a separate search,
in the title, abstract, and keywords.
Keywords “glass–ceramic” and “glass
ceramic” predominate by a large margin.
We then sorted articles by publication
year, affiliation, and country.
Additionally, we extracted DWPI
records of granted patents by searching
for keywords “glass–ceramic*”or “glass
ceramic*” in patent titles from 1968—July
2014. We ranked the number of published patents per year as well as the most
prolific companies from the records.
Further, we searched the same key-
Published glass–ceramic papers
Searching Scopus for keywords only
in article titles provided cleaner results
than searching within abstracts, but this
limited search failed to capture all glass–
ceramic publications. The search yielded
7,040 papers, which, thus, represents
only a lower bound. Conversely, expanding the selected keyword search to article
titles, abstracts, and keywords yielded
12,806 papers, including several that are
only minimally related to glass–ceramics. Therefore, the actual number of
glass–ceramic publications lies between
these two extremes. Figure 1 shows that,
using either search strategy, the number
of articles shows some annual fluctuation, although both strategies reveal an
exponential increase. Currently, about
500–800 papers on glass–ceramics are
published annually.
The 40 most prolific authors (not shown
here) include researchers with 40–130
published articles on several aspects of
glass–ceramic materials. The first paper on
glass–ceramics listed in the Scopus database
is authored by W.W. Shaver and S.D.
Stookey in 1959, which proposes the name
of Pyroceram for the new class of materials.18 A second paper, authored by G.W.
McLellan in the same year, discusses possible applications of glass–ceramics in the
automotive industry.19
Figure 2 reveals the number of publications authored by researchers with particular affiliations, most of which are universities. Kyoto University in Japan holds
Credit: E.D. Zanotto
Database search
words in patent titles from FPO records
from January 2001—December 2013. In
this case, we searched granted patents
and patent applications and found 1,964
records. After sorting and eliminating sister patents submitted to different offices,
we identified 1,000 single granted patents
and applications, which we categorized
manually according to main property or
proposed use of the glass–ceramic.
Number of papers
search evaluating the evolution of scientific
and technological research and development of glass–ceramics during the past
60 years. We made an electronic search
of published research articles, granted
patents, and patent applications since the
discovery of glass–ceramics in 1953.
For a more in-depth assessment
of recent trends and developments
in this field, we manually searched
and reviewed 1,000 granted patents
and applications filed during the past
decade. Here we break down these
numbers into main property classes
(thermal, mechanical, optical, electrical,
etc.) and proposed applications. The
overall objective of this short article is
to give students, academics, and industrial researchers some insight about the
evolution of and perspectives for applications of this class of materials. We
hope it also may be a useful source of
ideas for new research projects.
Year
Figure 1. Number of published articles per year extracted from the Scopus database by
searching the keywords “sittal”, “vitroceramic*”, “glass–ceramic*”, or “glass ceramic*”
in article titles (blue) or in article titles, abstracts, or keywords (red).
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
31
Credit: E.D. Zanotto
Affiliation
An analysis of glass–ceramic research and commercialization
Number of papers
Figure 2. Total glass–ceramic publications in the Scopus database from 1955–July 2014,
sorted by affiliation. Counted articles contained keywords “sittal”, “vitroceramic*”,
“glass–ceramic*”, or “glass ceramic*” in the article title.
the top position with 157 articles, followed by several Chinese and European
universities and two institutions in emerging countries—Iran University of Science
and Technology in Tehran, Iran, and
the National Research Center in Cairo,
Egypt. The only company in this ranking
is Corning Incorporated, and it is no surprise that most scientific research in this
field is conducted in academia. However,
patent rankings tell a different story.
In terms of statistics by country,
Chinese investigators lead glass–ceramic
research with 1,557 papers, followed by
researchers from the U.S. (718 papers),
Japan (663 papers), Germany (462 papers),
and the United Kingdom (404 papers).
Most countries in this ranking are industrially developed. However, it is somewhat
surprising that several emerging countries,
such as India, Brazil, Egypt, Iran, Turkey,
and Romania, also are well ranked.
Patents for glass–ceramics
Credit: E.D. Zanotto
Number of patents
In addition to publications related to
glass–ceramics, analysis of the status of
glass–ceramic
patents compiles an overall
view of technological developments in the
field. Similar
to searching
the publications database,
searching the
DWPI patent
database for keywords “glass–
ceramic*”or
“glass ceramic*” only in
patent titles
provided cleaner results, but
Year
this limited
Figure 3. Number of patents granted per year, extracted from the
search failed
DWPI database by searching for keywords “glass–ceramic*” or
to capture all
“glass ceramic*” in the patent title.
glass–ceramic
32
patents. However, this particular
search engine provided no other possible search strategies.
With this restrictive search strategy,
the total number of glass–ceramics
patents granted—which thus represents
a minimum—up to December 2013 is
4,882. Although granted patents have
fluctuated somewhat over the years, the
number has steadily grown in the past
two decades (Figure 3). During 1975–
1979 and 2003–2008, total patents
declined monotonically, whereas the
number increased 1994–1998. Overall,
about 220 new patents are granted each
year. Our analysis reveals that glass–
ceramic technology is growing rapidly
and several potential new products are
emerging every year.
Further, we searched DWPI for keywords “glass–ceramic*” or “glass ceramic*” in patent titles and found that several companies around the world manufacture glass–ceramic products (Table 1).
Several companies hold glass–ceramics
patents, but only some are commercializing such products. Likewise, some companies manufacture and sell commercial
glass–ceramics, although they are not
among the top patenting companies.
Figure 4 shows the 20 most prolific
companies from DWPI that were granted glass–ceramic patents in 1968–2014.
Schott AG, Corning Incorporated,
Kyocera, and Nippon Electric Glass hold
the top four positions. All others are
Japanese, German, or American companies, with the exception of dental glass–
ceramic company Ivoclar Vivadent from
Liechtenstein. Some companies, such as
Owens–Illinois, were very active during
the 1970s—when they filed several patents on glass–ceramics—but then halted
their activity in this field. However, most
of these companies still engage in R&D
and manufacture various types of commercial glass–ceramics.5,9
Commercial applications of
glass–ceramics
DWPI allows automatic breakdown of
granted patents per field, which reveals
a wide spectrum of knowledge, spanning
from traditional fields, such as chemistry, engineering, and materials science,
to unexpected areas, such as polymer
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
Figure 4. Twenty companies with the most
glass–ceramic patents
granted 1968–2014,
extracted from
records in the DWPI
database by searching for the keywords
“glass–ceramic*” or
“glass ceramic*” in
the title.
Company name
science, food science, and environmental
fields (Figure 5).
For a more comprehensive view, we
manually searched the FPO database,
which allows separate searching of
granted patents and patent applications,
by reading abstracts (and some text) of
about 2,000 of the most recently filed
and granted patents.
Glass–ceramics with specific properties,
such as thermal (e.g., low thermal expansion, insulating, high thermal stability, etc.),
electrical, (e.g., high ionic conductivity),
or optical (e.g., high transparency, high
luminescence efficiency) properties, have
attracted considerable attention from industries and technologists in the past decade.
This special interest has resulted in more
than 550 patents on various glass–ceramics
intended for electronic components, wiring
board substrates, cooktop panels, insulators,
sealants, heat reflector substrates, and more
(Table 2). Some patents also have been
granted for glass–ceramics with architectural, biological, magnetic, armor, energy,
nuclear, and waste immobilization applications and for applications in combined
fields, such as electrooptics.
Overall trends in current patent applications—which are more recent than
granted patents—are decreased electrical,
electronic, and magnetic applications
and increased dental, biomedical, optical, energy, chemical, waste management, refractory, and “other” applications for glass–ceramics. These results
suggest that those areas are potential
thrust fields for advanced technology.
The above-listed trend applications are
in line with current demands of new
products, suggesting prospects for industrial growth in these areas.
Number of patents
Table 1. Prominent companies and some of their glass–ceramic inventions5,9–11
Company
Product
Crystal type
Applications
Foturan
Lithium silicate Photosensitive and etched patterned materials
Schott, Germany
Zerodur
β-quartz(ss)
Telescope mirrors
Ceran/Robax
β-quartz(ss)
Cookware, cooktops, and oven doors
Nextrema
Lithium aluminosilicate
Fireproof window and doors
Pyroceram
β-spodumene(ss)Cookware
Fotoform/Fotoceram
Lithium silicate Photosensitive and etched patterned materials
Cercor
β-spodumene(ss)
Gas turbines and heat exchangers
Corning Inc., U.S.
Centura
Barium silicate Tableware
Vision
β-quartz(ss)
Cookware and cooktops
9606
Cordierite Radomes
MACOR
Mica Machinable glass–ceramics
9664
Spinel–enstatite Magnetic memory disk substrates
DICOR
Mica Dental restorations
ML-05
Lithium disilicate
Magnetic memory disk substrates
Nippon Electric
Glass, Japan
Neoparies
β-wollastonite
Architectural glass–ceramics
Firelite
β-quartz(ss)
Architectural fire-resistant windows
Neoceram N-11 β-spodumene(ss)
Cooktops and kitchenware
Narumi
β-quartz(ss)
Low-thermal-expansion glass–ceramics
Neoceram N-0
β-quartz(ss)
Color filter substrates for LCD panels
Cerabone A-W
Apatite–wollastonite
Bioactive implants
Leucite/lithium
silicate/leucite–apatite Dental restorations
Ivoclar Vivadent IPS Series
AG, Liechtenstein Keralite
β-quartz(ss)
Fire-resistant windows and doors
Eurokera, U.S./France
Eclair
β-quartz(ss)
Transparent architectural glass–ceramics
Keraglas
β-quartz(ss)
Cookware and cooktops
A great deal already is known about
glass–ceramics, but several challenges and
opportunities in glass–ceramics research
and development remain to be explored
for desired properties and new applications of these materials. A few important
areas for further exploration follow.
Asahi Glass Co., Japan
Cryston
β-wollastonite
Architectural glass–ceramics
Kyushu Co., Japan
Crys-Cera
Calcium metaphosphate
Dental restorations
Leitz, Wetzlar Co., Germany Ceravital
Apatite Bioactive glass–ceramics
Nasicon(ss)
Lithium-conducting glass–ceramics
TS-10
Lithium disilicate
Magnetic memory disk substrates
Cer-Vit
β-spodumene(ss)
Cookware and kitchenware
Pentron Ceramic Inc., U.S. 3G OPC
Lithium disilicate
Dental crowns
Fundamental and technological studies
• Search for new or more potent
nucleating agents for the synthesis of
glass–ceramics using data mining techniques, theoretical equations, and mod-
PPG, U.S.
Hercuvit
β-spodumene(ss)
Cookware and domestic-ware
Vitron, Germany
Bioverit series and Vitronit
Mica/mica–apatite/
phosphate type
Biomaterials and machinable glass–ceramics
Sumikin Photon, Japan
Fotovel/ Photoveel
Mica type Dental and insulator materials
Future growth
Ohara Inc., Japan
LiC-GC
Owens-Illinois, U.S.
Yata Dental MFG Co., Japan Casmic
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
Apatite–magnesium titanate Bioactive and dental glass–ceramics
33
An analysis of glass–ceramic research and commercialization
Credit: E.D. Zanotto
Subject area
• Fabrication of 2-D and 3-D single
crystals within glass matrices via direct
laser heating or photothermal-induced
crystallization; and
• Understanding the role of the
residual glass phase in the properties of
glass–ceramics.
Number of patents
Figure 5. DWPI database breakdown of number of patents granted in various fields
by searching keywords “glass–ceramic*” or “glass ceramic*” in patent titles from
1968–2014.
Table 2. Proposed uses for glass–ceramics in patent applications and granted patents in
FPO database from January 2001–July 2014
Subject
Number of patents Applications Granted
Proposed uses
Thermal
141
145
Cookware, cooktops, hot plates, low-thermal-expansion glass–ceramics, sealants,
and fireproof windows and doors
Electrical
52
95
Solid electrolytes, lithium-ion-conducting glass–ceramics, and semiconductor substrates
Electronics
24
96
Electronic components, substrates for electronic devices, and plasma display panels
Optical
63
55
Transparent glass–ceramics, luminescent glass–ceramics, colored glass–ceramics,
lasers, lens, and mirrors
Dental
38
21
Dental restorations and dental prosthetic devices
Mechanical
29
30
Abrasives, machinable glass–ceramics, and high-strength glass–ceramics
Chemical
25
23
Catalytically active glass–ceramics, photocatalyst supports, corrosion-resistant glass–
ceramics, ion-exchanged glass–ceramics, and glues
Architecture
13
Decorative substrates and building construction glass–ceramics
10
Bioactive scaffolds, antimicrobial glass–ceramics, antiinflammatory glass–ceramics,
and glass–ceramic powders for cosmetics
15
Biology
17
7
SOFCs, LEDs, and solar cells
Magnetic
6
Energy
10
11
Magnetic head actuators, magnetic information storage media, and substrates for
magnetic storage devices
Armor
7
Bulletproof and missileproof glass–ceramic components and bulletproof vests
8
eling rather than empirical trials;
• Development of stronger, chemically
resistant chalcogenide glass–ceramics with
novel electric and optical properties;
• Development of new or improved
crystallization processes, such as microwave
heating, biomimetic assemblage of crystals,
textured crystallization, laser crystallization,
and electron beam crystallization;
• Deeper understanding and control
34
of photothermal-induced nucleation;
• Engineering adequate matrices for
development of hierarchical nanostructured glass–ceramics based on variations
in size, distribution, and composition of
nanoscale crystals;
• Confinement of the glassy phase
(nanoglass) within the glass–ceramic
matrix by reverse engineering based on
novel synthesis processes;
Desired material properties
• Highly bioactive glass–ceramics for
tissue engineering or drug delivery and for
preventive treatments that slow down deterioration and maintain health of tissues;
• Development of harder, stiffer,
stronger, and tougher glass-ceramics, for
instance, HV > 11 GPa, E > 150 GPa,
four-point-fracture strength > 400 MPa,
and KIC >3 MPa∙m1/2;
• Nanocrystalline glass–ceramics with
greater transparency in the ultraviolet,
visible, or infrared spectral regions;
• Highly transparent and efficient
scintillator glass–ceramics; and
• Glass–ceramics with ionic conductivities >10–3 S/cm.
Possible applications
• Glass–ceramics for solar cell applications with improved optical, thermal,
electrical, and mechanical properties
for use as substrates, matrices, and solar
light concentrators;
• Glass–ceramics as self-healing sealant materials with high longevity for fuel
cells and electronic devices;
• Glass–ceramics as smart architectural building materials with antifungal and
self-cleaning properties; automatic energy
generators for building energy consumption, multisensor security, and antifire
systems; and materials with dynamic
color-changing abilities;
• Glass–ceramic compositions for
immobilization of nuclear waste products;
• Glass–ceramics to replace existing
materials (polymers) currently used in
a variety of electronic products, such as
computers, mobile phones, IC chips,
and mother boards, to address future
environmental problems associated with
electronics waste;
• Glass–ceramics for nanopatterning
and nanolithography in high-tech materials;
• Glass–ceramics for treatment of cancer
using thermal or photosensitive therapies;
• Glass–ceramics for components
in space research and similar sophisti-
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
cated environments;
• Ultrafast crystallizable chalcogenide
glass–ceramics for rewritable optical
disks and PRAM devices; and
• Glass–ceramics with low thermal
conductivity, high electrical conductivity,
and adequate Seebeck coefficient developed
into thermoelectric power generators, which
could produce renewable and sustainable
energy in vehicle exhaust manifolds, furnace
exhausts, and building windows.
In addition, other unexpected applications will probably emerge that require
new combinations of material properties.
Past growth in research expected
to continue
Statistics on published scientific
articles and patents indicate that glass–
ceramic research has grown exponentially during the past 60 years, with no signs
of slowing down. The above analysis provides an overall picture in terms of numbers as well as traditional and new areas
of applications for the advancement of
glass-ceramics. Commercially successful
products include those intended for
domestic and high-tech applications—
such as cookware, chemically or mechanically machinable materials, telescope
mirrors, hard-disk substrates, cooktop
plates, artificial bones, and dental prostheses—but the breadth of uses proposed
in patents is much wider. Analyses of
patent applications of glass–ceramics
versus number of granted patents in the
past decade reveal significant growth in
dental, biomedical, waste management,
and optical applications.
We hope this report serves as a
motivation and guide for students, professors, technologists, and researchers
when thinking of future research directions and, most importantly, encourages
researchers to dig deeper to find new
glass–ceramic compositions, nucleating
agents, and heat treatments that lead to
novel structures and properties. Such
considerations may result in materials
with uniquely organized nanostructures
or microstructures or with useful combinations of properties that are well suited
for new applications.
Acknowledgments
The authors dedicate this article to
S.D. Stookey—although he passed away
on November 4, 2014, his important discoveries and legacy will remain forever.
The authors thank the São Paulo
Research Foundation for financial support of this research project, and they
also acknowledge Brazil’s National
Council for Scientific and Technological
Development and The World Academy
of Sciences for Ph.D. fellowships granted
to Maziar Montazerian. The authors also
appreciate the critical comments of Mark
Davis, George Beall, and Atiar Rahaman
Molla. Edgar Dutra Zanotto is indebted
to the knowledgeable members of the
Crystallization and Glass–Ceramics
Committee of the International
Commission on Glass for enlightening
discussions during the past 30 years.
About the authors
All authors are from the Department
of Materials Engineering at the
Center for Research, Technology, and
Education in Vitreous Materials at
Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil.
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Realizing the potential of glass–ceramics in industry
by John C. Mauro, Corning Incorporated
The accidental discovery of glass–ceramics by
S. Donald Stookey in 1953 revolutionized the glass
industry by enabling new properties, such as exceptionally high fracture toughness and low thermal
expansion coefficient compared with traditional
glasses. Although glassy materials are noncrystalline
by definition, glass–ceramics are based on controlled
nucleation and growth of crystallites within a glassy
matrix. Concentration, size, and chemistry of the
crystallites can be controlled through careful design
of the base glass chemistry and the heat-treatment
cycle used for nucleation and crystal growth. These
composition and process parameters give new
dimensions for optimizing the properties of industrial
glass–ceramics.
Table 1 provides an excellent summary of commercialized glass–ceramic products. The success of
these products is based on achieving unique combinations of attributes, including appropriate optical,
thermal, mechanical, and biological properties, often
which cannot be achieved by an “ordinary” noncrystalline glass. For many of these products, such
as MACOR and dental glass–ceramics, forming and
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
machining behavior of the glass–ceramic materials
are also of critical concern.
Successful design of next-generation industrial glass–ceramic products should be aided by
a renewed focus on the fundamental physics and
chemistry governing these high-tech materials.
Although the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects
of crystallization are of the utmost importance
for designing industrial materials, there remains
insufficient theoretical understanding of these basic
processes in glass–ceramics. Future development of
new theoretically rigorous modeling capabilities will
hopefully enable quantitatively accurate predictions
of glass–ceramic microstructures and properties.
A detailed understanding of glass–ceramic materials
is an exceptionally challenging problem, especially
for many-component oxide systems that are the
basis for most industrial glass–ceramic products.
However, this presents a unique opportunity to build
a solid foundation for realizing the many exciting future applications of glass–ceramics described in the
accompanying article and to train the next generation
of industrial glass–ceramic scientists.
35
Peering into the past:
What early telescopes
reveal about glass
technology and
scientific evolution
Corning Museum of Glass curator Marvin Bolt discusses
how studying early telescopes provides a glimpse into the
evolution of science, birth of glass science, and world history.
by April Gocha
36
Credit: Michael Korey
Ma
r
from vin Bol
the t pee
rs
Astr
ono throu
g
mis
ch-P h an e
a
hys
ikal rly tel
e
isch
es K scope,
abin
m
ett i ade a
r
nK
asse ound 1
6
l, G
erm 50,
any
.
W
hat do you see when you
look at a telescope?
A tool that helped birth the field of science? The first device to extend
human senses? An instrument that changed the course of human history?
An object intimately linked to musings about our place in the universe?
Marvin Bolt, the first-ever Curator of Science and Technology
of the Corning Museum of Glass, sees all of those things and
much more.
Bolt is on a career-long quest to find, identify, and study the
world’s oldest telescopes. The quest began with a slowly building
lifelong interest in astronomy, planted as a childhood seed, and has
grown exponentially through Bolt’s previous position at the Adler
Planetarium and Astronomy Museum (Chicago, Ill.).
Now at the Corning Museum of Glass (Corning, N.Y.), Bolt says
the company is an integral part of his building career crescendo.
“Part of being a historian, like I am, is working with the materiality
of historical objects,” Bolt says in a recent telephone interview. And
because glass experts now reside right outside his office doorstep,
he can consult and collaborate with Corning Incorporated’s scientists and engineers to explore the material secrets of the glass within
those early telescopes.
I recently had the opportunity to talk with Bolt more about the
history and glass science behind telescopes. What follows is a snippet of our conversation.
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
er in a decorative arts
museum in Dresden,
Germany; and another found in Delft, the
Netherlands, at an
archaeological site.
And there are likely
others still out there
waiting to be discovered—at least Bolt
hopes so.
But what demarcates a really old
Wrapped in paper, and hidden deep inside a nondescript
telescope from a
leather tube, this object lens from the 1620s—housed at
not-so-old one? Bolt
Kunstgewerbmuseum in Pillnitz, Germany—confirms suggessays there are a few
tions about the construction of the very first telescopes.
telltale clues. One is
tions have one flat and one curved side,
the size of the lens—early telescope lenses
while later lenses are biconvex. “And then
were quite small, only 0.75 in. to 1.5 in.
in diameter, so a larger lens is from a later there’s good old-fashioned intuition,”
Bolt says. “Once you see enough of them,
time. The earliest telescopes contained
you get a sense.”
two lenses, one near the target and one
But perhaps the biggest clue is the
near the eye, so another clue is the numquality of the glass itself. Early lenses were
ber of lenses. More lenses, especially near
the eye, indicate that the telescope almost fabricated at a time when the study of
glass was not yet a science. Low-quality
certainly originated post-1650. And still
glass, marred with bubbles, streaks, and
another clue is the lens itself—early iteralines, interfered with the telescope’s ability to collect light without distortion.
Although low-quality glass lenses
were disadvantageous to the
observer peering through
the telescope, they now are
a welcome sign—at least to
Bolt and his colleagues—
because they indicate an
early lens. “If it’s a bad
lens, that’s good news,”
Bolt muses.
When Bolt and his team
identify a sufficiently old telescope, they have a handful of nondestructive tests in their arsenal to investigate the
instrument’s hidden glass secrets. To assess
whether the lens is original, Bolt and his
team perform basic focal length measurements as well as measure focal lengths as a
function of wavelength. Ronchi tests also
can help infer originality by measuring lens
quality. In addition, the team is exploring
wavefront sensor technologies to assess
image fidelity and, therefore, lens quality.
These tests measure absolute quality, Bolt
The view through a telescope dated
says, but also comparative quality, which
to 1645 (from a private collection in
can be more informative by providing an
Switzerland) of a distant town hall across
the German border.
optical evolution.
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
37
Credit: M. Bolt
First, let’s clarify a few misconceptions
about telescopes.
Although most people probably
assume that telescopes primarily magnify distant objects, their main purpose
is actually to collect light, making an
image appear brighter and sharper, Bolt
explains. Further, the first telescopes,
which appeared in the early 1600s, were
touted for terrestrial uses—for example,
gaining intelligence on enemy movements, spying on neighbors, and tracking marine vessels—instead of gazing at
the heavens.
Those early telescopes often were commissioned, built, and carried more as
status symbols—representing the holder’s
patronage of the arts, science, and culture—than as scientific tools. But they did
evolve into highly valued scientific instruments, ones that have helped birth the
entire field of glass science. And the road
in between is quite an interesting one.
Despite all that is known about early
telescopes, identifying the world’s oldest telescope is not so straightforward.
According to Bolt, extensive documentation tells us that the best securely dated
telescope is from 1617 and now resides
in a decorative arts museum in Berlin,
Germany. But there are many other
examples of early telescopes, many without
sufficient documentation and evidence to
know precisely when they were made.
Dating telescopes is largely based on
circumstantial evidence, including documentation about the object and, infrequently, signatures and dates inscribed
on the telescope lens. But placing a
finger on the precise date of origination
is usually a challenging task. “It’s not
unlike asking whether there is life on
other planets. We only have an incredibly small sample size, so it’s hard to
extrapolate,” Bolt says.
But the quest is not in vain. When
Bolt and his colleagues began, they knew
of 8–10 telescopes built pre-1650. So far,
the team has identified 25–30, Bolt says,
and that experience has provided a better
idea of what to look for in other artifacts.
Bolt lists some of the known early telescopes: one in a private collection dated
to about 1620; two at the Museo Galileo
in Florence, Italy; one in London; anoth-
Credit: M. Bolt
Quest for the oldest instruments
Peering into the past: What early telescopes reveal about glass technology...
With a better sense of what to
look for, and with a toolkit of tests
to provide data, Bolt and his team
have identified a slew of old telescopes housed in various museums
and collections around the world.
Funding from the American Alliance
of Museums, National Endowment for
the Humanities, and National Science
Foundation has made it possible for the
team to study these historical artifacts,
collecting information, photographs,
and—sometimes, if they are lucky—physically testing the telescopes themselves.
Bolt says he and his team are compiling
this detailed information into an online
database listing and depicting as many
early telescopes as they can find. He hopes
the database will help identify additional
candidate early telescopes by providing others with examples for comparison.
“When we started the project, we
estimated there might be 300 or 400
telescopes that are pre-1750,” Bolt says.
“Right now we’ve identified more than
1,000, and we are pretty sure we’ve
found another 200–250 or so. So there’s
a lot out there.” The database, set to be
complete later this year, will be housed
on the Corning Museum of Glass website, cmog.org.
Glass’s evolution
Credit: Michael Korey
Although it is difficult to pinpoint
precisely when many of the early telescopes were made, a significant amount
of evidence indicates more about how
they were made.
The first telescope lenses were made
primarily from adapted, ground, and polished Venetian plate glass. That was the
highest-quality glass at the time, so craftsmen—logically—adapted it into lenses,
Bolt says. Molds also were used to form
early lenses from molten glass to obtain
the rough shape, which was then ground
and polished into a final form. And, Bolt
speculates, there is also a third source for
early telescopes lenses—adapted spectacle
lenses, which were invented in the late
1200s. Although that research is still in
progress, Bolt says he has some preliminary evidence that suggests some early
telescope makers adapted spectacle lenses
in their instruments.
In addition to varied sources of lenses,
early glass itself had a lot of variability.
Bolt says there is one known glass recipe,
which dates to the early 1600s, that is
linked to the first telescope lenses. The
recipe calls for 1,000 parts sand, 350–380
parts soda ash, and 180–230 parts limestone. In addition to the recipe’s built-in
variability, inconsistent raw material quality, impurities, and daily fluctuations also
contributed to wide batch-to-batch variability in early glass compositions.
A development in the late 1600s
ushered a big improvement in glass quality—leaded glass. That improvement, the
brainchild of English glassmaker George
Ravenscroft, made glass more refractive
Sometimes, looking for clues in a museum means that Bolt has to get as close as
possible. Here he examines an artifact at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany.
38
with the addition of lead. Although
the effect of this development was not
immediate, this single glass improvement
was key to the evolution of the telescope.
One of the reasons that Bolt’s team
is cataloging only pre-1750 telescopes
is that after that time, the number of
telescopes drastically increased. Around
1750, the addition of leaded glass to telescope lenses improved their quality such
that they began to be mass-produced.
Those telescopes contained an achromatic objective lens, composed of a
combination of a leaded glass lens with a
standard soda–lime glass lens.
The effects were revolutionary and farreaching. Beyond the telescope, a similar
instrument, the microscope, struggled
to incorporate this new glass technology. Because the microscope provided
such a challenge, a trio of rather famous
German scientists—Ernst Abbe, Carl
Zeiss, and Otto Schott—reasoned that
if the lenses could not be sufficiently
improved, they would have to improve
the glass itself. Their collaboration bore
the apochromatic lens (which better corrects spherical aberration by bringing
three wavelengths into focus in the same
plane). According to Bolt, this point
really demarcates the full-blown birth of
glass science—and it was directly spurred
by the telescope.
However, the road between telescope
history and glass science was not oneway. In addition to telescope advancements yielding glass science, glass science also independently advanced the
telescope. The invention of borosilicate
glass, specifically Corning’s Pyrex, led to
casting of the 200-in. disk, an important
milestone in telescope history. And later,
the independent development of fused
silica revolutionized modern telescopes.
Glass science and telescope development
are intimately intertwined in a symbiotic
relationship. “So it iterates … better
telescopes yield better glass, which yields
better telescopes, which yields better
glass …,” Bolt says.
Despite leaded glass’s revolutionary
effect on telescopes, however, it also
brought new problems to glass science.
Lead tends to sink out of glass during
formation, so glassmakers puzzled over
how to keep the mixture homogeneous.
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
Examining the view through
the oldest telescope outside
of Europe (circa 1630) at
the Adler Planetarium in
Chicago, Ill.
Credit: M. Bolt
The breakthrough—beginning in the
1770s, greatly improved by 1795, and
perfected a decade late—came when
Swiss glassmaker Pierre Louis Guinand
discovered that stirring molten leaded
glass with a simple clay stirrer could
maintain a homogeneous mixture, with
the added benefit of purging bubbles
from the glass at the same time.
Guinand shared the knowledge with
his collaborator, Joseph von Fraunhofer,
in 1807, signifying a critical moment
in telescope and glass history. With the
improved glass composition and quality,
Fraunhofer went on to discover spectral
lines and used them as markers to test
the properties of glass. This allowed him
to calibrate lenses, a task that allowed
glass science, and telescopes in particular, to blossom.
Although glass lenses kept improving,
there was a limit to progress. Better glass
allowed bigger lenses, which can collect
more light, but those large lenses reached
an upper limit at about 1 m in diameter.
Lenses larger than that need to be increasingly thick to avoid distortions as the
telescope (and lens) is aimed in different
directions, and that thickness causes light
to be absorbed—removing the benefits of
the increase in size. So new technologies
were needed to continue the upward
trend of the telescope.
Bolt says this conundrum led to an
important shift in telescope technology—
telescopes that use glass to transmit light
(through a lens) versus telescopes that use
glass as a substrate to reflect light (by a
mirror). This minor distinction made for
big changes in the course of the telescope.
Similar to previous glass improvements, important advances in mirror
quality allowed mirrors to infiltrate telescopes, collecting more light and visualizing more distant objects with greater
quality. According to Bolt, from that
moment on, glass in telescopes was used
as a substrate for reflection.
But mirrors alone did not get
telescopes to where they are today.
“Probably the most important advance
for telescopes today is fused silica—it
was a whole new way to make glass with
unprecedented purity. With titanium
added to it, this glass features nearly
perfect thermal stability,” Bolt explains.
And one specific glass technology has
propelled the telescope to today’s impressive abilities—the aspherical lens.
Early lenses relied on grinding and
polishing—essentially rubbing two pieces
of glass together—to achieve a spherical
lens. But even today’s most precise spherical lenses are not perfect, because even
they produce distortions through spherical aberration. One way to overcome this
limitation is an aspherical lens, but technology could not produce these complex
components until the development of
20th century technologies. Now, computer
driven grinding machines can control
shape with adequate precision and accuracy to fabricate aspherical lenses.
Lasting impact
In addition to what the telescope
itself has done for science and beyond,
the instrument also has spurred development of four other 17th century instruments that crucially depend on glass—the
microscope, thermometer, barometer,
and air pump. Together with the development of an accurate timekeeper, these
five instruments are responsible for
the rise of modern science, with lasting
impacts in nearly every discipline.
Further, Fraunhofer’s discovery of
spectral lines birthed spectroscopy, a
field that has allowed humans to determine that the chemistry on Earth holds
true beyond this planet—in other words,
there is one set of laws throughout the
universe. This realization has transformed how we think about our place
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
in the universe and has inspired exploration beyond our pale blue dot.
“The telescope has changed human
history because science has changed the
world,” Bolt says. “But the telescope also
shows that the moon is a real place, with
mountains and craters. Mars is a real
place. This really led to conversations
about the possibility of extraterrestrial life
on other planets, transforming how we
think about our place in the universe.
And those thoughts have influenced human history, thought, identity, and culture.
“Now we have a rover on Mars—essentially an extension of the telescope—that
brings the planet to life. Thanks to the
rover’s images, you can imagine yourself
on the dusty surface of Mars—it completely transforms how we think about
the entire solar system. We wouldn’t
have Bruce Willis blowing up asteroids
without the impact of the telescope.” n
Corning Museum of Glass
From children looking for an adventure to
artists in search of inspiration, there is something for everyone at the Corning Museum of
Glass, located in Finger Lakes Wine Country
of Upstate N.Y. The world’s largest glass museum offers the opportunity to browse 3,500
years of glassmaking history in the collection
galleries. The new daylit Contemporary Art +
Design wing houses the best of the last 25
years in glass, and a 500-seat amphitheater
hot shop provides space dedicated to live
glass demonstrations and design sessions.
Visit www.cmog.org for more information.
39
Credit: Guerette
Nonlinear elasticity of silica fibers
studied by in-situ Brillouin light
scattering in two-point bend test
Figure 1. (Left) Schematic of in-situ Brillouin light-scattering measurement in a TPB test. A laser beam focused down to
~1 µm travels from the tensile to the compressive side. Strain-dependent elastic modulus at each point can be measured.
(Right) Schematic of a two-point bender with a nitrogen chamber surrounding a bent fiber.
By Michael Guerette and Liping Huang
I
n-situ Brillouin light-scattering shows that
an expression including the fifth-order term
is required to capture both minimum in compression and maximum in tension in the elastic modulus of silica glass.
Silica glass exhibits strong nonlinear elastic behavior, meaning that the force–displacement relationship is nonlinear and
Hooke’s Law does not apply. In other words, high-order terms
are needed to properly describe the elastic behavior of silica
glass under high strains:
σ (ε ) = Yoε +
Y1 2 Y2 3
ε + ε + ...,
2
6
(1)
where σ and ε are stress and strain, and Y0 the conventional
(zero strain) modulus (also called the second-order modulus
because it is the second-order coefficient in the strain–energy
relationship). Y1 and Y2 are the third- and fourth-order moduli,
and they are followed by higher-order terms. Strain dependence of Young’s modulus can be obtained from Eq. (1):
40
()
Y ε = Yo +Y1ε +
Y2 2
ε + ...,
2
(2)
Young’s modulus values of silica glass in uniaxial tension
up to 12% strain were reported by Mallinder and Proctor1 at
liquid-nitrogen temperature. Krause et al.,2 conducted a uniaxial tension study at ambient temperature and measured the
Young’s modulus of silica glass up to strains of 6%. Gupta and
Kurkjian3 fitted a second-order polynomial (requiring Young’s
modulus terms up to the fourth order in Eq. (2)) to Krause’s
data and extrapolated to higher strains.
High strains under uniaxial tension are hard to achieve
because of difficulty gripping fibers. Therefore, the two-point
bend (TPB) test is used to measure fiber failure strain without
gripping or damaging the fiber surface.4 If we assume linear
elasticity, strains in TPB tests are calculated as
ε = 1.198
2r
D − d (3)
where r is distance from the fiber neutral axis, D the faceplate
separation at fracture, and d the fiber diameter (see the schematic in Figure 1). Because of large intrinsic failure strains (as
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
nitrogen with ≤3 ppm water content
by volume through the chamber. This
allowed us to maintain strain values in
bent silica fiber up to 6% for long durations. When the experiment was finished and gas flow terminated, the fiber
snapped immediately.
To obtain reduced optical distortion
by refraction at the fiber surface, we drew
fibers with flat faces and square corners
(cross section of 210 μm 3 160 μm)
(Figure 2). The 210-μm face of the square
fiber contacted the faceplates, resulting
in strain profile across the 160-μm side
of the fiber at the apex. At the apex of a
bent fiber, we assumed each plane at a
specific distance from the neutral axis to
be at the same strain level. We conducted backscattering experiments normal to
the surface (BS) and at an angle to the
surface (α-BS) so that the scattering wave
vector had a component along the strain
axis (Figure 3). By isolating the frequency
shift into its directional components (qx,
qz) when scattering at an external angle
(α), we determined sound velocity and
resulting moduli in the strain direction.
The experiment
Results and discussion
Water content facilitates crack growth,
although the mechanisms remain debated.10–12 To increase maximum strain, we
tested the fiber in a dry-nitrogen atmosphere (see right schematic in Figure 1).
We built a small chamber to fit around
the bent fiber and flowed standard-grade
We increased the magnitude of the
phonon wave vector component in the
strain direction by scattering at a greater
angle to the face normal of a bent fiber,
resulting in increased difference of the
frequency shift from scattering normal to
the surface (perpendicular to strain axis).
(a)
Credit: Guerette
high as 18% for silica tested in liquidnitrogen environment5), knowledge of
the strain-dependent elastic modulus is
required to calculate fiber strength from
measured failure strain.1,2,6 At present,
zero strain modulus is used for most
glass fibers because of the lack of elasticity data under high strains. On the other
hand, nonlinear elastic behavior of silica
glass is expected to shift the neutral axis
of a bent silica fiber to the tensile side
so that more material can deform in
compression.7–9 Usually nominal strains
are calculated from Eq. (3) by assuming
the neutral axis stays at the geometrical
center of a bent fiber. Therefore, measuring elastic moduli at high strains and
the accompanying neutral axis shift (if
any) are necessary to determine failure
strain and failure strength. In this study,
we used in-situ Brillouin light scattering
(BLS) in TPB to measure elastic modulus of silica fibers under tensile and compressive strains and to locate the neutral
axis of a bent silica fiber as the point at
which elastic modulus matches that of a
straight fiber without strain.
Figure 2. Optical image of a fractured
silica fiber with square corners and flat
faces, after polymer coating removal with
hot concentrated H2SO4.
Longitudinal Brillouin shift is shown in
Figure 4(a), with phonons traveling antiparallel to the incident beam for external
angle α = 20°, 25°, and 30°. There is a
minimum in the frequency shift in the
compressive region. These behaviors are
reminiscent of the well-known elastic softening of silica glass on initial hydrostatic
compression and elastic modulus minimum around 2–3 GPa.13
We determined that the neutral axis
was the position along the apex where the
Brillouin frequency shift in the BS and
the α-BS geometries are equal and the
same as that of an unstrained fiber (Figure
4(a)). We observed the neutral axis shift
of 0.006 ± 0.002 mm in bent silica fibers
under ±5.7% nominal strains, as shown
in Figure 4(a). Our measured neutral axis
shift value yields compressive strain εC =
–6.2% and tensile strain εT = 5.3% from
ˆ
Z
ˆ
Z
ˆ
x
ˆ
x
Credit: Guerette
(b)
Figure 3. (a) Normal (BS) and (b) angular-dependent (α-BS) backscattering geometry used to determine the longitudinal and shear
modulus perpendicular and along the strain axis.
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
41
Nonlinear elasticity of silica fibers studied by in-situ Brillouin light scattering . . .
(a)
Credit: Guerette
Longitudinal frequency shift (GHz)
Transverse frequency shift (GHz)
(b)
Strain (%)
Strain (%)
Figure 4. (a) Longitudinal Brillouin shifts perpendicular to the strain axis (symbols in red) and at several angles to the strain axis.
Neutral axis shifts from the geometric center, yielding greater area in compressive than in tensile deformation. (b) Transverse Brillouin
shift seen in regions with enough anisotropy to support shear waves.
Eq. (3), different from nominal strains by
more than 7%.
For isotropic materials, shear wave
has no polarization component in the
propagation direction and does not scatter light in the backscattering geometry.14
With enough anisotropy generated in a
bent fiber, there can be a polarization
component in backscattering direction
for the shear wave to be detected in
highly strained regions (Figure 4(b)).
(a)
Figure 4(b) also shows that the transverse
Brillouin shift is independent of scattering angle, because propagation velocity of the transverse wave we detected
depends only on anisotropy-induced
polarization in the strain direction. This
explains why the shear peak was not
observed in regions of low strain nor in
normal BS geometry.
We used sound propagation velocities measured by BLS to determine the
longitudinal modulus along (C33) and
perpendicular to the strain axis (C11) and
the shear modulus along the high strain
direction (C44), as shown in Figure 5.
We observed a strong nonlinear elastic
behavior in C33 and C44. Within the
strain range tested, we observed a minimum in C44 at about —5.5% compressive
strain. We expected a minimum in C33
to occur at a higher compressive strain.
We take an average of the results from
Strain (%)
Strain (%)
Credit: Guerette
Shear modulus (GPa)
Longitudinal modulus (GPa)
(b)
Figure 5. (a) Longitudinal modulus perpendicular to the strain axis (C11) and along the strain axis (C33). (b) Shear modulus (C44) along
the high-strain direction as a function of strain.
42
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
C44 (3⋅C33 − 4⋅C44 )
C33 −C44
(4)
Figure 6 shows results from the above
isotropic approximation, compared with
Gupta and Kurkjian’s fit to Krause’s
uniaxial tensile results up to 6% strain.2,3
A third-order polynomial in Eq. (2)
is needed to account for the elastic
modulus minimum in the compressive
region and to properly describe the
strain-dependent Young’s modulus. In
the terminology set forth, this requires a
fifth-order modulus term to describe the
nonlinear elastic behavior of silica glass
under high strains.
December 2014 with advisor Liping
Huang at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, N.Y. Contact Guerette
at [email protected].
Conclusion
Editor’s note
We have developed an in-situ
Brillouin light-scattering technique with
a spatial resolution of ~1 μm to measure
elastic moduli of glass fibers under tensile and compressive strains in a single
TPB experiment. We observed in our
measurements, for the first time, neutral
axis shift in a bent silica fiber that resulted from the nonlinear elastic behavior
of silica glass. Neutral axis shift should
be considered when calculating strains
of bent fibers. An expression for elastic
modulus that includes the fifth-order
term is required to capture the minimum in compression and the maximum
in tension for silica glass.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by NSF
Grant No. DMR-0907076 and DMR1255378. Square silica fibers were drawn
by Sergey Semjonov at the Fiber Optics
Research Center, Moscow, Russia. The
authors thank Chuck Kurkjian, Minoru
Tomozawa, and Prabhat Gupta for stimulating discussions.
About the authors
Michael Guerette earned his Ph.D.
in materials science and engineering in
Strain (%)
Credit: Guerette
Y=
Young's modulus (GPa)
three measurements at various scattering
angles to mitigate errors in strain-dependent elastic moduli. Average C33 and
C44 results are used to estimate Young’s
modulus along the strain direction as if
at each point the material were locally
isotropic, according to
Figure 6. Young’s modulus as a function of strain from this work and Gupta
and Kurkjian’s fit to Krause’s data.2,3 Solid lines indicate the strain ranges
over which experimental data are available.
Guerette will present the 2015
Kreidl Award Lecture at the Glass and
Optical Materials Division Annual
Meeting in Miami, Fla., on May 19,
2015. Huang presented the Kreidl
Award Lecture in 2003.
References
F.P. Mallinder and B.A. Proctor, “Elastic
constants of fused silica as a function of
large tensile strain,” Phys. Chem. Glasses, 5 [4]
91–103 (1964).
1
J. Krause, L. Testardi, and R. Thurston,
“Deviations from linearity in the dependence
of elongation upon force for fibers of simple
glass formers and of glass optical lightguides,”
Phys. Chem. Glasses, 20 [6] 135–39 (1979).
2
P.K. Gupta and C.R. Kurkjian, “Intrinsic
failure and non-linear elastic behavior of
glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 351 [27–29]
2324–28 (2005).
3
P. France, M. Paradine, M. Reeve, and G.
Newns, “Liquid-nitrogen strengths of coated
optical-glass fibers,” J. Mater. Sci., 15 [4]
825–30 (1980).
4
N.P. Lower, R.K. Brow, and C.R. Kurkjian,
“Inert failure strain studies of sodium silicate glass fibers,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 349,
168–72 (2004).
5
25–29 in Symposium on the Mechanical.
Strength of Glass and Ways to Improve It
(Florence, Italy, 1962).
E. Suhir, “Elastic stability, free vibrations,
and bending of optical glass fibers: Effect
of the nonlinear stress–strain relationship,”
Appl. Opt., 31 [24] 5080–85 (1992).
7
E. Suhir, “The effect of the nonlinear stress–
strain relationship on the mechanical behavior of optical glass fibers,” Int. J. Solids Struct.,
30 [7] 947–61 (1993).
8
M. Muraoka, “The maximum stress in optical glass fibers under two-point bending,” J.
Electron. Packag., 123 [1] 70–73 (2000).
9
S.W. Freiman, S.M. Wiederhorn, and J.J.
Mecholsky Jr., “Environmentally enhanced
fracture of glass: A historical perspective,” J.
Am. Ceram. Soc., 92 [7] 1371–82 (2009).
10
S.M. Wiederhorn, “Influence of water vapor
on crack propagation in soda-lime glass,” J.
Am. Ceram. Soc., 50 [8] 407–14 (1967).
11
S.M. Wiederhorn, T. Fett, G. Rizzi, S.
Fünfschilling, M.J. Hoffmann, and J.-P. Guin,
“Effect of water penetration on the strength
and toughness of silica glass,” J. Am. Ceram.
Soc., 94, s196–s203 (2011).
12
K. Kondo, S. Iio, and A. Sawaoka,
“Nonlinear pressure dependence of the elastic moduli of fused quartz up to 3 GPa,” J.
Appl. Phys., 52 [4] 2826–31 (1981).
13
J. Sandercock, “Trends in Brillouin scattering: Studies of opaque materials, supported
films, and central modes,” Top. Appl. Phys.,
51, 173–206 (1982).■
14
W.B. Hillig, “The factors affecting the
ultimate strength of bulk fused silica”; pp.
6
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
43
2015
ceramics.org/gomd-dgg
ACerS GOMD–DGG
Joint Meeting
may 17 – 21 |
Hilton Miami Downtown
Join the Glass & Optical Materials Division and the Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft in Miami for the GOMD-DGG
2015 Joint Meeting. The program covers physical properties and technological processes important to glasses, amorphous
solids, and optical materials. Sessions headed by technical leaders from industry, labs, and academia will discuss the latest
advances in glass science and technology as well as examine the amorphous state.
Make your plans for GOMD-DGG 2015 today!
Stookey Lecture of Discovery
Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture
Monday, May 18, 2015 | 8 – 9 a.m.
N. B. Singh, University of Maryland,
Baltimore County, USA
Wednesday, May 20, 2015 | 8 – 9 a.m.
Sabyasachi Sen, University of California,
Davis, USA
Title: Development of multifunctional
chalcogenide and chalcopyrite crystals
and glasses
Title: Structural aspects of relaxational
dynamics in glasses and supercooled liquids
George W. Morey Lecture
Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Technology Lecture
Tuesday, May 19, 2015 | 8 – 9 a.m.
Jianrong Qiu, South China University of
Technology, China
Thursday, May 21, 2015 | 8 – 9 a.m.
Steven B. Jung, Mo-Sci Corporation, USA
Title: The present and future of glass in medicine
Title: Control of the metastable state of glasses
Norbert J. Kreidl Lecture
Tuesday, May 19, 2015 | Noon – 1:20 p.m.
Michael J. Guerette, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, USA
Title: Structure of nonlinear elasticity of silica
glass fiber under high strains
Hilton Miami Downtown Hotel
1601 Biscayne Boulevard | Miami, FL 33132 | 305-374-0000
Rate: $164 – Single/Double
If you need assistance with travel planning or have questions
about the destination, please contact Greg Phelps of ACerS
at [email protected].
Conference Sponsors
AM ERICA N
E L EMEN T S
44
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
Program chairs:
Division chair
Steven A. Feller
Coe College, USA
Chair-elect
Gang Chen
Ohio University, USA
[email protected]
Steve W. Martin
Iowa State University, USA
[email protected]
Randall Youngman
Corning Incorporated,
USA
Reinhard Conradt
RWTH Aachen
University, Germany
[email protected]
*Short course: Nucleation, growth, and
crystallization in glasses
May 16 – 17, 2015 | 1 – 5 p.m.; 8 a.m. – Noon | Hilton
Miami Downtown
Instructor: Edgar Zanotto, Federal University of São
Carlos, Brazil
Glass and glass–ceramic researchers and manufacturers
must avoid or control crystallization in glass. Zanotto—a
leading expert in the field—will teach a short course on
the intricate nucleation and growth processes that control
crystallization in glasses and how they impact novel glass
production and glass–ceramic innovations. Scheduled the
weekend before the conference, the short course leads
directly into the GOMD–DGG 2015 meeting.
*Workshop: What’s new in ancient glass research
May 17, 2015 | 8:30 a.m. – 5:20 p.m. | Hyatt Regency Miami
Organizers: Glenn Gates, The Walters Art Museum; Pamela
Vandiver, University of Arizona
Explore glass’s past and present at this one-day workshop
sponsored by ACerS Art, Archaeology and Conservation
Science Division, immediately following the American Institute for Conservation meeting. Attendees will learn about
ancient glass compositions, conservation, technologies, and
manufacturing techniques, including reconstructing knowledge of production events, reverse engineering ancient
technologies, and the behavioral knowledge of production,
consumption, and distribution that they encompass.
Vice chair
Edgar Zanotto
Federal University of São
Carlos, Brazil
Secretary
Pierre Lucas
University of Arizona, USA
Schedule
Sunday, May 17, 2015
Welcome reception
Monday, May 18, 2015
Stookey Lecture of Discovery
Concurrent sessions Lunch provided
GOMD general business meeting
Poster session and student competition
Tuesday, May 19, 2015
Morey Award Lecture
Concurrent sessions Kreidl Award Lecture
Lunch on own
Conference banquet
Wednesday, May 20, 2015
Varshneya Glass Science Lecture
Concurrent sessions Lunch on own
Panel discussion for students: Advice from the experts on publishing
scientific research
Thursday, May 21, 2015
Varshneya Glass Technology Lecture
Concurrent sessions
6 – 8 p.m.
8 – 9 a.m.
9:20 a.m. – 5:40 p.m.
Noon – 1:20 p.m.
5:45 – 6:30 p.m.
6:30 – 8:30 p.m.
8 – 9 a.m.
9:20 a.m. – 6 p.m.
Noon – 1:20 p.m.
Noon – 1:20 p.m.
7 – 10 p.m.
8 – 9 a.m.
9:20 a.m. – 6 p.m.
Noon – 1:20 p.m.
Noon - 1:20 p.m. 8 – 9 a.m.
9:20 a.m. – Noon
*Separate registration fee required
Award Sponsors
Media Sponsor:
Official News Sources:
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
45
Hyatt Regency
June 14-19, 2015 Vancouver, BC
Canada
11th International Conference
on Ceramic Materials and
Components for Energy and
Environmental Applications
Ceramic technologies for sustainable development
ceramics.org/11cmcee
Hyatt Regency Vancouver
Plenary Speakers
Dan Arvizu
Director and chief executive, National
Renewable Energy Laboratory; president,
Alliance for Sustainable Energy LLC
Title: Maximizing the potential of
renewable energy
Arthur “Chip” Bottone
President and CEO, FuelCell Energy
Inc.; managing director, FuelCell Energy
Solutions GmbH
Title: High-temperature fuel cells
delivering clean, affordable power today
655 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6C 2R7 | 604-683-1234
Single/Double: CA$220
Triple: CA$255
Quad: CA$290
Student: CA$165
If you need assistance with
travel planning or have questions about the destination,
contact Greg Phelps at
[email protected].
Sanjay M. Correa
Vice president, CMC Program, GE Aviation
Title: CMC applications in turbine
engines: Science at scale
Richard Metzler
Managing director, Rauschert GmbH
Title: Energy efficient manufacturing: What
can be done in the technical ceramics
industry and which technical ceramic
products can help other industries
Sponsors
46
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
Organizers
Mrityunjay Singh
Tatsuki Ohji
Chair
Ohio Aerospace Institute, USA
Cochair
AIST, Japan
Alexander Michaelis
Cochair
Fraunhofer IKTS, Germany
Technical Program
Plenary session: Technological innovations and sustainable development
Choose from 12 concurrent sessions across four tracks. Plan your week with the Itinerary Planner at ceramics.org/11cmcee.
Geopolymers, inorganic polymer ceramics, and sustainable composites
Track 1: Ceramics for energy conversion, storage, and
Porous and cellular ceramics for filter and membrane applications
distribution systems
Advanced sensors for energy, environment, and health applications
High-temperature fuel cells and electrolysis
Ceramics-related materials, devices, and processing for heat-to-electricity
Track 4: Crosscutting materials technologies
direct conversion aiming at green and sustainable human societies
Computational design and modeling
Photovoltaic materials, devices, and systems
Additive manufacturing technologies
Materials science and technologies for advanced nuclear fission and
Novel, green, and strategic processing and manufacturing technologies
fusion energy
Powder processing technology for advanced ceramics
Functional nanomaterials for sustainable energy technologies
Advanced materials, technologies, and devices for electro-optical and
Advanced multifunctional nanomaterials and systems for photovoltaic and
biomedical applications
photonic technologies
Multifunctional coatings for energy and environmental applications
Advanced batteries and supercapacitors for energy storage applications
Materials for extreme environments: Ultra-high-temperature ceramics
Materials for solar thermal energy conversion and storage
(UHTC) and nanolaminated ternary carbides and nitrides (MAX phases)
High-temperature superconductors: Materials, technologies, and systems
Ceramic integration technologies for energy and environmental applications
Track 2: Ceramics for energy conservation and efficiency
Advanced ceramics and composites for gas-turbine engines
Advanced ceramic coatings for power systems
Energy-efficient advanced bearings and wear-resistant materials
Materials for solid-state lighting
Advanced refractory ceramic materials and technologies
Advanced nitrides and related materials for energy applications
Ceramics in conventional energy, oil, and gas exploration
Track 3: Ceramics for environmental systems
Photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications
Advanced functional materials, devices, and systems for environmental
conservation and pollution control
Environment-friendly and energy-efficient manufacturing routes for
production root technology
Bioinspired and hybrid materials
Materials diagnostics and structural health monitoring of ceramic
components and systems
Honorary Symposiums
• Innovative processing and microstructural design of advanced ceramics—
A symposium in honor of professor Dongliang Jiang
• Materials processing science with lasers as energy sources—
A symposium in honor of professor Juergen Heinrich
Schedule
Sunday, June 14, 2015
Registration
Welcome reception
4 – 7 p.m.
5 – 7 p.m.
Monday, June 15, 2015
Registration Plenary session
Lunch Concurrent sessions
Student and young professional networking
mixer (brought to you by Saint-Gobain)
7:30 a.m. – 5 p.m.
8:30 a.m. – 12:10 p.m.
12:10 – 1:30 p.m.
1:30 – 6 p.m.
6 – 9 p.m.
Registration
Concurrent sessions
Free afternoon and evening
8 a.m. – Noon
8:30 a.m. – Noon
Thursday, June 18, 2015
Registration
Concurrent sessions Lunch on own Conference dinner
8 a.m. – Noon
8:30 a.m. – 5:20 p.m.
Noon – 1:30 p.m.
7 – 9:30 p.m.
Friday, June 19, 2015
Tuesday, June 16, 2015
Registration
Concurrent sessions
Lunch on own
Poster session
Wednesday, June 17, 2015
8 a.m. – 7:30 p.m.
8:30 a.m. – 6 p.m.
Noon – 1:30 p.m.
6 p.m. – 8 p.m.
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
Registration
Concurrent sessions
8 a.m. – Noon
8:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m.
47
register now!
6
ceramics.org/cements2015
th
Advances in
Cement-based
Materials
July 20 – 22, 2015
Kansas State University | Manhattan, Kansas, USA
Don’t miss your opportunity to network and hear from engineers, scientists, industrial professionals,
and students on their latest innovations and research in cement-based materials.
Organizers
Technical Program
Kyle Riding program cochair, Kansas State University
Authors will present oral and poster presentations in:
Matthew D’Ambrosia program cochair, CTL Group
– Cement chemistry and nano/microstructure
Chair: Jeff Chen, Lafarge Centre de Recherche
– Advances in material characterization
techniques
Chair-elect: Tyler Ley, Oklahoma State University
– Alternative cementitious materials
Secretary: Aleksandra Radlinska, Pennsylvania State University
– Durability and lifecycle modeling
Cements Division Leadership
Trustee: Joe Biernacki, Tennessee Technological University
ACBM Leadership
Director: Jason Weiss
– Advances in computational materials science
and chemo/mechanical modeling of cement based materials
– Smart materials and sensors
– Rheology and advances in SCC
Hotel Information
ACerS has secured reduced conference rates at Bluemont Hotel and Holiday Inn at Campus. Review the options below to
secure your hotel.
Bluemont Hotel
Holiday Inn at Campus
Rate: $100/night | Cutoff date: June 30, 2015
Rate: $99.95/night | Cutoff date: June 20, 2015
To reserve a room online, visit Reservations. Under Group
Reservations, enter Group ID AMER0715 and password
ksu to secure the discounted rate.
To reserve a room online, visit Reservations. Remember
to include the Group Rate Code ACA to secure the discounted rate.
1212 Bluemont Ave, Manhattan, Kansas
Phone: 785-473-7091
48
1641 Anderson Ave, Manhattan, Kansas
Phone: 785-539-7531
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
ACerS St. Louis Section/Refractory Ceramics Division’s
51st Annual Symposium March 24–26, 2015
(Credit for all photos: ACerS.)
1
S
evere thunderstorms rolled into St.
Louis, Mo., just as the ACerS St. Louis
Section and the Refractory Ceramics
Division convened for their 51st Annual Symposium on Refractories. But hail, high winds,
thunder, and lightning couldn’t rain on the
parade of the 200-plus attendees.
Although this year’s symposium—“Refractories
as Engineered Ceramics”—was free of the grand
golden celebrations of last year’s event, it offered
the same top-notch technical sessions and opportunities for networking.
2
and Glass Industry Foundation, was the evening banquet speaker.
Thursday’s sessions began with the presentation of the 2014 Alfred W. Allen Award to Eric
Sako, Mariana Braulio, and Pandolfelli, all of the
Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil, and Enno
Zinngrebe and Sieger van der Laan, both of the
Ceramics Research Centre.
Talks on refractory castables—a hot topic this
year—and advanced alumina alternatives were
followed by a time of question-and-answer.
Victor Pandolfelli, professor at Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil, was presented with
the T.J. Planje St. Louis Refractories Award.
Pandolfelli dedicated his award lecture to
former ACerS president, Fellow, and Distinguished Life Member George MacZura, who
passed away on March 13, as well as other
previous Planje recipients, including Richard
Bradt and Michel Riguad.
Although times
are challenging,
the people and
the companies
represented
at this year’s
symposium seem
well-equipped
to weather the
storms, now and
in a somewhat
uncertain future.
That being said, it
is never a bad idea
to carry an umbrella.
The joint tabletop exposition and cocktail hour
drew more than two dozen exhibitors. Marcus
Fish, development director for the Ceramic
To view more photos
from the meeting, visit
bit.ly/1EILf62. n
Wednesday’s technical sessions began with Peter Quirmbach of Deutsches Institut fuer Feuerfest and Keramik (DIFK) delivering a keynote
address on forefront measuring techniques for
characterizing engineered refractories.
1 Peter Quirmbach, Deutsches Institut fuer Feuerfest
and Keramik, starts Wednesday's session.
2 Lively discussion followed each of the talks.
3 RCD chair Ben Markel (center) with two of
the 2014 Alfred W. Allen Award winners, Victor
Pandolfelli (left) and Eric Sako (right). Fellow recipients Mariana Braulio, Enno Zinngrebe, and Sieger
van der Laan are not pictured.
4 Paul Ormond, Aluchem, and Patty Smith,
Missouri S&T, and program cochair Mike Alexander,
Riverside Refractories, announce the winner of the
kickoff poker run. Allen Davis, Pryor Giggey Co.,
walked off with top
honors and a $500
cash prize.
3
4
5
6
5 Orville Hunter (left) presents Victor Pandolfelli
with the T.J. Planje St. Louis Refractories Award.
6 The current and former Planje recipients gather
for a group photo. From left: Jim Hill, Michel
Rigaud, Howard Johnson, Mark Stett, Charles
Semler, Victor Pandolfelli, Dilip Jain, Richard Bradt,
Louis Trostel, J.P. Willi, and Kent Weisenstein.
7 Gary Hallum, CCPI, and Johnathan Nguyen,
Uni-Ref Inc., catch up during cocktail hour.
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
7
49
new products
Handheld Raman
spectrometer
B
ruker’s new
BRAVO
handheld Raman
spectrometer is the
first with patented fluorescence mitigation that enables measurement of a much wider range of raw
materials. The spectrometer features laser
excitation with two wavelengths, resulting in high sensitivity across the entire
spectral range, automated wavenumber
calibration for highly precise measurements, and automated measuring tip recognition. An intuitive graphical interface
guides users with touchscreen icons available in 17 languages.
Bruker Optik GmbH (Ettlingen,
Germany)
+49-7243-504-2000
bravo-bruker.com
Cutting tools
K
yocera’s new MFK
cast-iron milling cutter utilizes a
newly developed double-sided insert with
10 cutting edges. The uniquely shaped
inserts are formed with a proprietary
molding technology that reduces cutting
resistance and chattering. The inserts
also improve machining quality with
two cutting edges for the insert corners.
Kyocera’s MFK milling cutters offer
improved quality and better cost performance in machining cast iron, with
higher productivity in conditions from
roughing to finishing.
Kyocera Precision Tools Inc.
(Hendersonville, N.C.)
800-823-7284
kyoceraprecisiontools.com
save the date
Air-bearing stage
A
erotech’s PlanarHDX
is the most advanced commercially
available planar air-bearing platform. The
platform has a silicon carbide structure
and optimized air-bearing compensation
techniques to provide high dynamic performance while maintaining unparalleled
geometric characteristics and positioning
accuracy. Other design enhancements
include a new air-bearing compensation
strategy that increases stiffness and load
capacity for dynamic applications.
Aerotech Inc. (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
412-963-7470
aerotech.com
January 20 – 22, 2016
ELECTRONIC
ceramics.org
MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
2016
DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World®
Orlando, Florida USA
50
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
Discharge system
Microscope
tablet
Leak detector
M
otic’s new tilt-and-swivel C-mount
Moticam tablets can fit directly onto
an optical microscope, converting it into a
dynamic imaging station that will preview,
acquire, store, measure, and communicate
microscope images. Built on Android
technology, the new line includes two
tablet cameras, a 7-in. Moticam S2 and a
10-in. Moticam T2. Both come preloaded
with proprietary application software that
captures high-quality images and highdefinition videos. This economical imaging
solution allows users to measure and edit
images with the touch of a finger. Both
systems are equipped with Micro SD cards
and are Bluetooth, wifi, and HDMI connection compatible.
Motic (Xiamen, China)
877-977-4717
motic.com
U
lvac’s Heliot 900 series leak detectors
are ideal for all helium leak testing
applications. The detectors have a fast
pumping speed of 5 L/s, which shortens
testing time, especially when checking for
very small leaks, and improves sensitivity.
The system includes a tablet-type wireless
controller with a visually intuitive touchscreen interface. Easy access maintenance
panels can be removed without tools,
and the system’s internal configuration is
designed for easy maintenance. The series
includes five available models depending
on application.
Ulvac Technologies Inc.
(Methuen, Ma.)
978-686-7550
ulvac.com
Save the date
R
oss’s new discharge system
with electronic pressure control can
be used in conjunction with mixers for
high-viscosity applications. The system
consists of a platen that is lowered hydraulically into the mix vessel and allows direct
product transfer from the mixer with
automatically operating outlets and valves.
Interfaced to a PLC-based control panel,
the system features a cylinder-mounted
linear transmitter for precise indication
of platen position. The system is programmed to maintain a desired pressure,
enabling automatic and controlled transfer
of the finished product straight into the
filling line. The system accelerates product
transfer, reduces contamination risk, and
requires minimal manual cleaning.
Charles Ross & Son Co.
(Hauppauge, N.Y.)
800-243-7677
mixers.com
APRIL 25–26, 2016 | CLEVELAND, OHIO
THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY’S
5TH CERAMIC LEADERSHIP SUMMIT
with
2016
• Panel discussions, moderated “fireside” chats, and talks
• Industry leaders focused on business and technology in the glass and
ceramic industries
• Connect, learn, and build new business opportunities
WHERE BUSINESS AND MANUFACTURING MEET STRATEGY
ceramics.org
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
51
resources
Calendar of events
May 2015
4–6 Clay 2015: Structural Clay
Products Division Meeting in conjunction
with National Brick Research Center –
Denver, Colo.; www.ceramics.org
11–14 Microstrucutral Characterization
of Aerospace Materials and Coatings –
Long Beach Convention Center, Long
Beach, Calif.; www.asminternational.
org/web/ims-2015/home
17 ACerS Art, Archaeology, and
Conservation Science Division Workshop,
“What’s New in Ancient Glass Research”
– Hyatt Regency Miami, Miami, Fla.;
www.ceramics.org
17–21 ACerS GOMD–DGG Joint
Annual Meeting – Hyatt Regency Miami,
Miami, Fla.; www.ceramics.org
19–21 Coating Process Fundamentals
Short Course – University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn.; http://cceevents.
umn.edu/coating-process-fundamentalsshort-course
23–26 ITSC 2015: Int’l Thermal Spray
Conference and Exposition – Long
Beach Convention Center, Long Beach,
Calif.; www.asminternational.org/web/
itsc-2015/home
24–29
Geopolymers: The route to
eliminate waste and emissions in ceramic
and cement manufacturing – Schloss
Hernstein Seminarhotel, Hernstein,
Austria; www.engconf.org/conferences/
chemical-engineering/geopolymers/
30–July 3 5th European PEFC & H2
Forum 2015 – Culture and Convention Centre,
Lucerne, Switzerland; www.EFCF.com
July 2015
7–10 ICCCI2015: 5th Int’l HighQuality Advanced Materials Conference
– Fujiyoshida City, Japan; http://
ceramics.ynu.ac.jp/iccci2015/index.html
20–22 Cements 2015: 6th Advances
in Cement-based Materials – Kansas
State University, Manhattan, Kan.;
www.ceramics.org
26–31 SOFC-XIV: 14
Int’l Symposium
on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells – Glasgow,
Scotland; www.electrochem.org/meetings/satellite/glasgow/
th
August 2015
23–26 COM 2015: 54th Annual
Conference of Metallurgists – Toronto,
Canada; www.metsoc.org
30–September 4
PACRIM 11:
11th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic
and Glass Technology – JeJu Island,
Korea; www.ceramics.org
September 2015
15–18 UNITECR 2015 – Hofburg
Congress Center, Vienna, Austria;
www.unitecr2015.org
20–23 Int’l Commission on Glass Annual
Meeting – Centara Grand at CentralWorld,
Bangkok, Thailand; www.icglass.org
19–25 The XIV Int’l Conference on
June 2015
the Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids –
14–19 CMCEE: 11th Int’l Symposium on Niagara Falls, N.Y.; www.pncs-xiv.com
Ceramic Materials and Components for
Energy and Environmental Applications
– Hyatt Regency, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada; www.ceramics.org
21–25
ECerS 2015: 14th Int’l
Conference of the European Ceramic
Society – Toledo, Spain; www.
ecers2015.org
52
November 2015
2–5 76th GPC: 76th Glass Problems
Conference – Greater Columbus
Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio;
www.glassproblemsconference.org
January 2016
20–22 EMA 2016: ACerS Electronic
Materials and Applications – DoubleTree
by Hilton Orlando Sea World, Orlando,
Fla.; www.ceramics.org
24–29 ICACC16: 40th International
Conference and Expo on Advanced
Ceramics and Composites – Hilton
Daytona Beach Resort/Ocean Walk
Village, Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.
ceramics.org
April 2016
7–11 ICG XXIV Int’l Congress –
Shanghai, China; www.icglass.org
17–21 MCARE 2016: Materials
Challenges in Alternative & Renewable
Energy – Hilton Clearwater Beach Resort,
Clearwater, Fla.; www.ceramics.org
26–28
2nd Ceramics Expo –
Cleveland, Ohio; www.ceramicsexpousa.
com
26–28 5th Ceramic Leadership
Summit – Cleveland, Ohio;
www.ceramics.org
May 2016
18–22 WBC2016: 10th World
Biomaterials Congress – Montreal,
Canada; www.wbc2016.org
Dates in RED denote new entry in
this issue.
October 2015
4–8 MS&T15, combined with ACerS
117th Annual Meeting – Greater Columbus
Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio;
www.matscitech.org
20–23 CERAMITEC 2015 – Messe Munich,
Entries in BLUE denote ACerS
events.
denotes meetings that ACerS
cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing.
Munich, Germany; www.ceramitec.de
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
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Phone: (904) 285-0200
Fax: (904) 273-1616
custom finishing/machining
Custom Machined Insulation
specialty
glasses &
custom
ceramics
Technical Ceramics
German Quality & Innovation for over 100 years
● Engineered & Machined Ceramic Components
● Offering Oxide & Non Oxide Ceramic Materials
North American Sales Representation by:
4255 Research Parkway, Clarence, NY 14031 USA
Tel : (716) 800-7141 ● Fax : (716) 759-6602
● Email: [email protected]
● Website: www.rauschert.com
PROOF
3M.com/specialtyglass
American Ceramic Society
Alumina & Zirconia Fiber Insulation
Approved By: ________________________________________
•LabFurnaceRelineKits
Signature Required
•Custom Setters and Trays
•Crystal Growth Stations
Corrections
Needed
Your best source for:
•FuelCellsandReformers
ApprovedMulti-Hole
as is, no corrections
Drilling—Ideal for gas
•Heat Exchangers
discharge plates used in plasma etching
•Applications up to 2200°C
and related
applications.
Whether it’s
Please FAX back
approvals
with a signature.
ten holes or thousands of holes, we
Fax # 614-891-8960
Call (845) 651-3040
Web: www.zircarzirconia.com
Email: [email protected]
Get Results!
Advertise in the Bulletin
machine them perfectly and precisely.
Deep-Hole Drilling—Ideal for optical
fiber preforms and similar applications.
We can drill high-quality, pre-polished,
long, deep holes in most technical
ceramics and glass materials.
Machine Sales—Acquire your own
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Sonic-Mill® sinker or rotary ultrasonic
drilling equipment, custom suited to
your manufacturing applications.
Located in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
505.839.3535 www.sonicmill.com
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org
solving the science of glass™
since 1977
• Standard, Custom, Proprietary Glass and
Glass-Ceramic compositions melted
• Available in frit, powder (wet/dry milling),
rod or will develop a process to custom form
• Research & Development
• Electric and Gas Melting up to 1650ºC
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305 Marlborough Street • Oldsmar, Florida 34677
Phone (813) 855-5779 • Fax (813) 855-1584
e-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.sgiglass.com
53
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TOLL FIRING
SERVICES
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heat treating to
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and shapes
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laboratory/testing services
Innovative Thermal Processing
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SPECIALTY & ELECTRONIC
GLASS MANUFACTURING
nThermal Analysis
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nContract Testing Services
NETZSCH Instruments
North America, LLC
129 Middlesex Turnpike
Burlington, MA 01803
Email: [email protected]
Ph: 781-272-5353
www.netzsch.com
• Glass defect analysis w/ source identification
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Call or write for further information
P.O. BOX 8428
TOLEDO, OHIO 43623
Ph: 419/537-8813
Fax: 419/537-7054
e-mail: [email protected]
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Thermal Analysis Materials Testing
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specialize in:
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Wet and Dry Milling
Calcining and Sintering
Typical Applications:
• Catalysts • Electronics
• Ceramics • Fuel Cells
For more information please, contact us at
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07.12.11 09:57
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54
Superior quality and performance in:
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614-231-3621
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SEM • COM COMPANY, INC.
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Advanced ceramic testing
Analytical Services & NIST Traceable
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SEM/X-ray, Electron Mircoprobe, Surface Analysis
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Specializing in quantitative analysis of boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. in micrometer sized areas.
Elemental mapping,diffusion studies, failure analysis,
reverse engineering and phase area determinations.
• Compacting
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Huge Inventory in our Detroit
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426 Boston St. Topsfield, MA 01983
Tel: 978-887-7000 Fax: 978-887-6671
www.gellermicro.com Email: [email protected]
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
May 2015
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Advertising Sales
Mona Thiel, National Sales Director
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ph: 614-794-5834
fx: 614-891-8960
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Europe
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55
deciphering the discipline
Peter Robinson
Guest columnist
When students finish an engineering
program, they often are asked the same
question: “Industry or research?” I have
asked and been asked this very question,
because I am finishing my senior year
in materials science and engineering
at Pennsylvania State University. After
graduation, students typically work in
industry or a manufacturing plant, or
they attend graduate school to continue
research. Although there is an educational gap in university-level engineering
programs for further options, I have had
exposure to a third alternative—commercial roles for material science engineers.
After my sophomore year at Penn
State, I spent the next two summers
interning with Corning Incorporated’s
Environmental Technologies Division.
The engineers I worked with were in
charge of maintaining positive relations
with raw material suppliers—all business
between suppliers and the company
involved these raw material engineers.
The engineers ensured that raw materials
supplied to Corning’s research and manufacturing divisions were of proper specification according to the company’s processing requirements. If the plants had
any raw materials issues, the engineers
worked with suppliers to find a solution.
If not for these internships, I would not
know about this career option.
Another commercial role for engineers is consumer marketing and sales
of a company’s product as market or
product managers and sales engineers.
The role of these positions has increased
in the past few decades as products have
become more technical and product differentiation more important for sales.
Marketing and sales are the front lines
in a company’s presentation to its customers, and, therefore, firms look for
56
Credit: Peter Robinson
Industry or research?
Engineering alternative
commercial careers
An 8-year-old Peter Robinson sits on a flatbed truck while his father’s latest vacuum
furnace sale is loaded for shipment.
confident individuals with a solid technical background and excellent social skills
to fill these positions. Knowledge about
the details of material science products
requires a background in disciplines
such as ceramics, composites, metals,
and polymers—precisely what material
science students learn during college.
Sales engineers use their knowledge
to model and design new products for a
job that changes almost daily. Whether
graduating engineers go directly into
marketing and sales or into applications
engineering, these types of roles provide
the opportunity to work extensively
with customers while also providing the
advantages of travel and great variety in
day-to-day responsibilities. Marketing or
sales engineering typically provides good
pay, incentives, commissions, and sales
bonuses based on individual or company
performance. Although the professional
careers of my father, aunt, and uncle
exposed me to this field, my university
curriculum failed to discuss these career
opportunities. Students often do not
consider a position in sales because they
do not know how much engineering
and design goes into product marketing.
However, it is a career opportunity that
allows students to utilize a skillset different from traditional engineering roles.
Supplier management, product marketing, and sales engineering are just a
few of the commercial career opportunities for engineers. Many commercial
roles, which require extensive technical
backgrounds, have expanded in recent
years. Engineering curricula often do not
explore these career options, however,
limiting the potential of engineers who
desire opportunities beyond traditional
process, manufacturing, or research
engineering roles. Engineering curricula
should evolve to expose students to these
additional career options, and, additionally, students should seek extracurricular
opportunities to learn about these types
of positions.
Peter Robinson is a senior studying
ceramics in the materials science and
engineering program at Penn State.
He is vice president of the Penn
State chapter of Material Advantage,
herald of the Penn State chapter
of Keramos, and past committee
chair of the President’s Council of
Student Advisors. Peter would like to
thank his father, aunt, and uncle for
their guidance and encouragement
throughout his education, which has
opened doors that otherwise would
not have been opened. n
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 4
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON
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January 24–29, 2016
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