1. No category

Impacts of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammals John Hildebrand Scripps Ins:tu:on of Oceanography Acous&c Signals Important for Animal Behaviour •  Sounds generated in the environment: •  Sounds from other species: –  Predator/prey •  Sounds from conspecifics: •  Echoloca&on: –  Naviga&on / foraging Types of Impacts from Anthropogenic Sound
Richardson et al. 1995 Marine Mammals and Noise except for last point
1.  Disturbance
-- subtle changes in behavior
-- interruption of previous activities
-- short or long-term displacement
2.  Masking of
-- calls from conspecifics
-- reverberations of own calls
-- other natural sounds
3.  Stress (Physiological)
4. Hearing Impairment (Permanent or Temporary) by
-- explosions or impulses
-- strong non-explosive sounds (e.g. sonar)
5. Mass stranding
Acous&c Units and Terms Sound Pressure Level (SPL in dB where Po = 1µPa for underwater) dB (SPL) = 10 log10 ( P/Po )2 re: 1µPa Pressure can be Prms or Ppeak or Ppeak-­‐to-­‐peak Source Level (SL in dB) dB (SL) = 10 log10 ( P /Po )2 re: 1µPa @ 1 m Sound Exposure Level (SEL in dB ) ⎛T 2
⎞
⎜ ∫ p t dt ⎟
⎟
dB SEL = 10 log10 ⎜ 0 2
⎜ p0 T0 ⎟
⎜
⎟
⎝
⎠
re: 1µPa -­‐s where Po = 1µPa and To = 1 sec (
)
()
Dual Criteria of Southall et al. 2007 n 
Effect of an intense sound is a func&on of SPL and SEL n 
“Total energy flux” (Pa2s) n 
n 
Odontocete HEARING IMPACT data appear to fit “equal-­‐energy” curve for single con:nuous exposures Peak pressure n 
n 
Short dura:on sounds may have extremely high pressure Few data on effects of short dura:on, fast rise-­‐:me signals (Pa2-s)
Example of Behavioral Response Without Airgun 170 dB Tracks of Gray Whales With Airgun (Malme et al. 1984) TTS Summary – Beluga and Bo^lenose TTS no TTS Anthropogenic Noise Sources
Frequency (KHz)
Ambient Noise - Shipping
-
1
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
Time (seconds)
-
-
-
-
10
Global shipping lanes Ambient Noise – Deep Water Trends San Nicolas SOSUS Array – 1964 (Blue), 2004 (Red)
Shipping noise has increased ~3 dB/decade
Ambient Noise – Long Term Trends
North Pacific Ambient Noise at 40 Hz
Shipping noise has increased ~3 dB/decade
Regional shipping traffic Southern California Frequency (kHz)
Ambient Noise in the Santa Barbara Channel Dolphin Echolocation
Time (Local)
1 hour ship passages Received sound levels Time from CPA (minutes)
Source levels Time from CPA (minutes)
30 April 2015 16 McKenna et al. 2012 Ship traffic LENGTH in southern California Ship traffic SPEED in southern California from Automatic Identification System (AIS) data August 2011
Cumula&ve sound levels-­‐ 1 month SPL at 40Hz at 5m depth
Frequency (Hz)
Mid-­‐Frequency Ac&ve Sonar 3500
2000
x 0
Time (seconds)
3
Baleen Whale
Blue Whale - Balaenoptera musculus
è1mç
Frequency (Hz)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
150
0
0
Time (seconds)
15
SOCAL Acoustic Monitoring
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Blue Whale Call Types in
the Northeast Pacific
100
90,000 B calls/yr. == 68,000 song, 22,000 single calls
A&B
Calls
50
0
100
0
60
120
180
240
300
42,000 D calls/yr.
Songs: patterned sequences
made by males only
D Calls
50
0
Counter-calls: occur among
individuals of both sexes
0
60
120
180
Time (sec)
240
300
Blue Whale Response to MFA Sonar Effort: Low frequency: D calls Mid frequency: Mid-­‐frequency Ac&ve (MFA) sonar P (D calls| MFA) Presence/absence in 1 h bins Ra&o P (D calls| no MFA) reference Does MFA elicit a vocal response? D calls YES YES YES NO YES MFA NO NO YES YES NO MFA Does MFA elicit a vocal response? Beaked whales •  Most Poorly Known Large Mammal •  Offshore Habitat •  Extreme Divers –  20-­‐30 min, max. 85 min –  regularly 1000 m depth, 1900 m measured •  Sensi&vity to Sonar Illustration:
Blainville‘s Beaked Whale
Mesoplodon densirostris
Cuvier’s Beaked Whale Sound Produc&on 275 us duration
Peak Energy at 40kHz
Frequency Range: 25 - 60 kHz
Cuvier’s Beaked Whale Beampa^ern Zimmer et al. 2005 Cuvier’s Beaked Whale Dive Data Echolocate for about half hour every 2 -­‐3 hours, overall ~40% call rate Tyack et al. 2006 Gillnet Fisheries Gillnet Fisheries Marine Mammal Bycatch California Drin Gillnet Fishery for Swordfish and Thresher Shark 1990-­‐1995 1996-­‐2006 WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON
OREGON
OREGON
Monterey
Monterey
CALIFORNIA
San Diego
CALIFORNIA
San Diego
Carre^a et al. Beaked whale entanglements 1990-­‐1995 WASHINGTON
MC
ZU
ZI
OREGON
ZI – Cuvier’s beaked UM – Mesoplodon sp. BD – Baird’s beaked UM BD
ZI ZIMC
MT
MC
ZU
MC
MC – Hubb’s beaked MT – Stejneger’s beaked ZI
ZI
Monterey
KB – Pygmy Sperm Whale ZI
CALIFORNIA
KBKB
ZI
ZUZI
ZI ZIZI
MC
ZI
ZI
San Diego
ZI
ZI ZI ZI
ZI
ZI
Beaked whale entanglements 1990-­‐95 A total of 35 observed in 3,303 sets 21-­‐ Ziphius cavirostris 3 -­‐ uniden&fied beaked whales 2 -­‐ uniden&fied Mesoplodon 1-­‐ Mesoplodon stejnegeri 5 -­‐ Mesoplodon carlhubbsi 2 -­‐ Kogia breviceps 1 -­‐ Berardius bairdii 1996-­‐2006 zero observed in 4,146 sets PINGERS 10-­‐12 kHz, 132 dB (15 dB above ambient noise at 100m) Common Dolphin and California Sea Lion Bycatch in Drin Gillnets Common Dolphin California Sea Lion Carre^a et al. Bahamas Event of 15-­‐16 March 2000 Ship A and B -­‐ Sonar AN/SQS 53C 2.6 and 3.3 KHz 235 dB source level, On March 15 > 235 dB 0.5 -­‐ 2 sec ping length CW-­‐FM-­‐CW Ship C and D -­‐ Sonar An/SQS 56 6.8, 7.5, and 8.2 KHz at 223 dB 7 refloated animals, 9 dead animals 9 Z. cavirostris, 3 M. densirostris, 2 uniden&fied beaked whales, 2 Minke whales One of four Cuvier’s beaked whales that
live stranded on Grand Bahama
7/3/04 March 15, 2000
Bahamas, March 15, 2000
A B C D 7/3/04 Bahamas, March 15, 2000
B D A 7/3/04 Peak Sound Pressure Level for all Ships over 21 hr period Ship B, Forward Search Beams!
Exposure to Sound Pressure Levels of 160 to 165 dB using SPL at 15 m depth!
Max exposure time 464 sec!
# of ping sec 1000 501 251 126 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 Ship B, Forward Search Beams!
Exposure to Sound Pressure Levels of 165 to 170 dB using SPL at 15 m depth!
Max exposure time 352 sec!
# of ping sec 1000 501 251 126 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 Ship B, Forward Search Beams!
Exposure to Sound Pressure Levels of 170 to 175 dB using SPL at 15 m depth!
Max exposure time 356 sec!
# of ping sec 1000 501 251 126 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 Ship B, Forward Search Beams!
Exposure to Sound Pressure Levels of 175 to 180 dB using SPL at 15 m depth!
Max exposure time 232 sec!
# of ping sec 1000 501 251 126 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 Ship B, Forward Search Beams!
Exposure to Sound Pressure Levels of 180 to 185 dB using SPL at 15 m depth!
Max exposure time 140 sec!
# of ping sec 1000 501 251 126 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 Ship B, Forward Search Beams!
Exposure to Sound Pressure Levels greater then 185 dB using SPL at 15 m depth!
Max exposure time 56 sec!
# of ping sec 1000 501 251 126 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 Sighting Data with Exposure to Sound Pressure Levels
between 160-163 dB using SPL at 15 m depth!
Md (yellow) Zc (red) # of ping sec +0600B Ship B, 53C
of First
Surface
Action Unit,
Forward
Search
Beams!
+0300B +0500B +0400B 1000 501 251 126 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 Sigh:ng data from K. Balcomb and D. Claridge. Sound exposure data from D. Fromm Odontocete TTS Func&on Simplified Tabular version Dura&on TTS SPL Impulse 220 1 sec 200 2 sec 197 4 sec 194 1 min 184 30 min 167 1 hour
164 4 hours 158 Gas Bubble Growth Hypothesis
1)  Deep dive profiles with little time at surface – Ni supersaturation
2)  Sound exposure creates either:
- behavior that leads to bubble growth
- acoustically mediated gas bubble growth
Fernandez et al. 2004 – Pathological Findings in Stranded Beaked Whales
During the Naval Military Manoeuvres near the Canary Islands
Behavioral Response Studies of Marine
Mammals: SOCAL-10
Photo taken under U.S. NMFS permit # 14534 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:
•  Acoustic Recording Tags
•  Controlled Exposure Experiments
TAG data from the Ziphius cavirostris, which underwent controlled exposure
to simulated MFA sonar sounds.
Stacy L. DeRuiter et al. Biol. Lett. 2013;9:20130223