Impacts of Anthropogenic Sound
Impacts of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammals John Hildebrand Scripps Ins:tu:on of Oceanography Acous&c Signals Important for Animal Behaviour • Sounds generated in the environment: • Sounds from other species: – Predator/prey • Sounds from conspecifics: • Echoloca&on: – Naviga&on / foraging Types of Impacts from Anthropogenic Sound Richardson et al. 1995 Marine Mammals and Noise except for last point 1. Disturbance -- subtle changes in behavior -- interruption of previous activities -- short or long-term displacement 2. Masking of -- calls from conspecifics -- reverberations of own calls -- other natural sounds 3. Stress (Physiological) 4. Hearing Impairment (Permanent or Temporary) by -- explosions or impulses -- strong non-explosive sounds (e.g. sonar) 5. Mass stranding Acous&c Units and Terms Sound Pressure Level (SPL in dB where Po = 1µPa for underwater) dB (SPL) = 10 log10 ( P/Po )2 re: 1µPa Pressure can be Prms or Ppeak or Ppeak-‐to-‐peak Source Level (SL in dB) dB (SL) = 10 log10 ( P /Po )2 re: 1µPa @ 1 m Sound Exposure Level (SEL in dB ) ⎛T 2 ⎞ ⎜ ∫ p t dt ⎟ ⎟ dB SEL = 10 log10 ⎜ 0 2 ⎜ p0 T0 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ re: 1µPa -‐s where Po = 1µPa and To = 1 sec ( ) () Dual Criteria of Southall et al. 2007 n Effect of an intense sound is a func&on of SPL and SEL n “Total energy flux” (Pa2s) n n Odontocete HEARING IMPACT data appear to fit “equal-‐energy” curve for single con:nuous exposures Peak pressure n n Short dura:on sounds may have extremely high pressure Few data on effects of short dura:on, fast rise-‐:me signals (Pa2-s) Example of Behavioral Response Without Airgun 170 dB Tracks of Gray Whales With Airgun (Malme et al. 1984) TTS Summary – Beluga and Bo^lenose TTS no TTS Anthropogenic Noise Sources Frequency (KHz) Ambient Noise - Shipping - 1 0 0 - - - - - Time (seconds) - - - - 10 Global shipping lanes Ambient Noise – Deep Water Trends San Nicolas SOSUS Array – 1964 (Blue), 2004 (Red) Shipping noise has increased ~3 dB/decade Ambient Noise – Long Term Trends North Pacific Ambient Noise at 40 Hz Shipping noise has increased ~3 dB/decade Regional shipping traffic Southern California Frequency (kHz) Ambient Noise in the Santa Barbara Channel Dolphin Echolocation Time (Local) 1 hour ship passages Received sound levels Time from CPA (minutes) Source levels Time from CPA (minutes) 30 April 2015 16 McKenna et al. 2012 Ship traffic LENGTH in southern California Ship traffic SPEED in southern California from Automatic Identification System (AIS) data August 2011 Cumula&ve sound levels-‐ 1 month SPL at 40Hz at 5m depth Frequency (Hz) Mid-‐Frequency Ac&ve Sonar 3500 2000 x 0 Time (seconds) 3 Baleen Whale Blue Whale - Balaenoptera musculus è1mç Frequency (Hz) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 150 0 0 Time (seconds) 15 SOCAL Acoustic Monitoring Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) Blue Whale Call Types in the Northeast Pacific 100 90,000 B calls/yr. == 68,000 song, 22,000 single calls A&B Calls 50 0 100 0 60 120 180 240 300 42,000 D calls/yr. Songs: patterned sequences made by males only D Calls 50 0 Counter-calls: occur among individuals of both sexes 0 60 120 180 Time (sec) 240 300 Blue Whale Response to MFA Sonar Effort: Low frequency: D calls Mid frequency: Mid-‐frequency Ac&ve (MFA) sonar P (D calls| MFA) Presence/absence in 1 h bins Ra&o P (D calls| no MFA) reference Does MFA elicit a vocal response? D calls YES YES YES NO YES MFA NO NO YES YES NO MFA Does MFA elicit a vocal response? Beaked whales • Most Poorly Known Large Mammal • Offshore Habitat • Extreme Divers – 20-‐30 min, max. 85 min – regularly 1000 m depth, 1900 m measured • Sensi&vity to Sonar Illustration: Blainville‘s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon densirostris Cuvier’s Beaked Whale Sound Produc&on 275 us duration Peak Energy at 40kHz Frequency Range: 25 - 60 kHz Cuvier’s Beaked Whale Beampa^ern Zimmer et al. 2005 Cuvier’s Beaked Whale Dive Data Echolocate for about half hour every 2 -‐3 hours, overall ~40% call rate Tyack et al. 2006 Gillnet Fisheries Gillnet Fisheries Marine Mammal Bycatch California Drin Gillnet Fishery for Swordfish and Thresher Shark 1990-‐1995 1996-‐2006 WASHINGTON WASHINGTON OREGON OREGON Monterey Monterey CALIFORNIA San Diego CALIFORNIA San Diego Carre^a et al. Beaked whale entanglements 1990-‐1995 WASHINGTON MC ZU ZI OREGON ZI – Cuvier’s beaked UM – Mesoplodon sp. BD – Baird’s beaked UM BD ZI ZIMC MT MC ZU MC MC – Hubb’s beaked MT – Stejneger’s beaked ZI ZI Monterey KB – Pygmy Sperm Whale ZI CALIFORNIA KBKB ZI ZUZI ZI ZIZI MC ZI ZI San Diego ZI ZI ZI ZI ZI ZI Beaked whale entanglements 1990-‐95 A total of 35 observed in 3,303 sets 21-‐ Ziphius cavirostris 3 -‐ uniden&fied beaked whales 2 -‐ uniden&fied Mesoplodon 1-‐ Mesoplodon stejnegeri 5 -‐ Mesoplodon carlhubbsi 2 -‐ Kogia breviceps 1 -‐ Berardius bairdii 1996-‐2006 zero observed in 4,146 sets PINGERS 10-‐12 kHz, 132 dB (15 dB above ambient noise at 100m) Common Dolphin and California Sea Lion Bycatch in Drin Gillnets Common Dolphin California Sea Lion Carre^a et al. Bahamas Event of 15-‐16 March 2000 Ship A and B -‐ Sonar AN/SQS 53C 2.6 and 3.3 KHz 235 dB source level, On March 15 > 235 dB 0.5 -‐ 2 sec ping length CW-‐FM-‐CW Ship C and D -‐ Sonar An/SQS 56 6.8, 7.5, and 8.2 KHz at 223 dB 7 refloated animals, 9 dead animals 9 Z. cavirostris, 3 M. densirostris, 2 uniden&fied beaked whales, 2 Minke whales One of four Cuvier’s beaked whales that live stranded on Grand Bahama 7/3/04 March 15, 2000 Bahamas, March 15, 2000 A B C D 7/3/04 Bahamas, March 15, 2000 B D A 7/3/04 Peak Sound Pressure Level for all Ships over 21 hr period Ship B, Forward Search Beams! Exposure to Sound Pressure Levels of 160 to 165 dB using SPL at 15 m depth! Max exposure time 464 sec! # of ping sec 1000 501 251 126 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 Ship B, Forward Search Beams! Exposure to Sound Pressure Levels of 165 to 170 dB using SPL at 15 m depth! Max exposure time 352 sec! # of ping sec 1000 501 251 126 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 Ship B, Forward Search Beams! Exposure to Sound Pressure Levels of 170 to 175 dB using SPL at 15 m depth! Max exposure time 356 sec! # of ping sec 1000 501 251 126 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 Ship B, Forward Search Beams! Exposure to Sound Pressure Levels of 175 to 180 dB using SPL at 15 m depth! Max exposure time 232 sec! # of ping sec 1000 501 251 126 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 Ship B, Forward Search Beams! Exposure to Sound Pressure Levels of 180 to 185 dB using SPL at 15 m depth! Max exposure time 140 sec! # of ping sec 1000 501 251 126 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 Ship B, Forward Search Beams! Exposure to Sound Pressure Levels greater then 185 dB using SPL at 15 m depth! Max exposure time 56 sec! # of ping sec 1000 501 251 126 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 Sighting Data with Exposure to Sound Pressure Levels between 160-163 dB using SPL at 15 m depth! Md (yellow) Zc (red) # of ping sec +0600B Ship B, 53C of First Surface Action Unit, Forward Search Beams! +0300B +0500B +0400B 1000 501 251 126 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 Sigh:ng data from K. Balcomb and D. Claridge. Sound exposure data from D. Fromm Odontocete TTS Func&on Simplified Tabular version Dura&on TTS SPL Impulse 220 1 sec 200 2 sec 197 4 sec 194 1 min 184 30 min 167 1 hour 164 4 hours 158 Gas Bubble Growth Hypothesis 1) Deep dive profiles with little time at surface – Ni supersaturation 2) Sound exposure creates either: - behavior that leads to bubble growth - acoustically mediated gas bubble growth Fernandez et al. 2004 – Pathological Findings in Stranded Beaked Whales During the Naval Military Manoeuvres near the Canary Islands Behavioral Response Studies of Marine Mammals: SOCAL-10 Photo taken under U.S. NMFS permit # 14534 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: • Acoustic Recording Tags • Controlled Exposure Experiments TAG data from the Ziphius cavirostris, which underwent controlled exposure to simulated MFA sonar sounds. Stacy L. DeRuiter et al. Biol. Lett. 2013;9:20130223
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