IWHR, Beijing, China
Flood Prevention System and
Flood Management in China
Yicheng Wang
China Institute of Water Resources and
Hydropower Research (IWHR)
May 12, 2015
Contents
2. From Flood Control to Flood
Management
3. Structural Measures
4. Non-structural Measures
5. Issues and Countermeasures
Topographic Characteristics
The second level with an
elevation of 1,000 to
2,000m
The first level
(Qinghai-Tibetan
Plateau) with a
mean elevation of
over 4,000m
The third level with
a mean elevation of
below 500m
River Basins in China
7 Major River Basins:
Northwestern Rivers
Yangtze River
Songhua River
Liao
River
Hai
River
Yellow River
Hai River
Huai River
Songhua River
Liao River
Huai
River
Yangtze River
Southwestern Rivers
Yellow River
Pearl River
Other River Basins:
Southeastern Rivers
Pearl River
Southeastern
Rivers
Southwestern Rivers
Northwestern Rivers
Spatial Distribution of Precipitaion
Average annual precipitation in China: 643mm. World’s average: 800mm
降水深(mm)
Precipitation (mm)
161
537
1200
Temporal Distribution of Precipitaion
Precipitation is concentrated
in the summer, especially in
the northern part
8%
4%
18%
18%
9%
18%
Winter
47%
62%
41%
Fall
Summer
Spring
27%
Nationwide
16%
North
32%
South
Distribution of Flood Disasters
Area seriously threatened with flood disasters
Area threatened with flood disasters
Areas with flood disasters
The developed region in
eastern and southern China
threatened seriously with
flood disasters
Enormous economic loss
4
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
In the period from 1990 to 2011, the average annual direct
economic loss exceeded RMB120 billion, accounting for about
1.37% of the same period’s GDP.
Death toll
10000
Unit: persons
9000
8000
8976
7000
6000
5000
5308
4000
4338
3000
3744
2000
1000
1507
0
50年代
1950s
70年代
1970s
80年代
1980s
90年代
1990s
21st21世纪
century
Contents
1. Background Information
3. Structural Measures
4. Non-structural Measures
5. Issues and Countermeasures
Turning point: 1998 floods in the Yangtze River
and the Songhua River
Before 1998: Attempts made to control floods
After 1998: Policy shift from flood control to an
integrated flood management
Risk-based flood management:
Flood Risk = hazard × exposure × vulnerability
Non-structural
measures
Land use
management
Structural
measures
General Framework of Flood Management
Contents
1. Background Information
2. From flood control to flood
management
4. Non-structural Measures
5. Issues and Countermeasures
Structural measures: Levees, dams, flood detention basins
flood diversion channels, river course training, etc.
Levees with a total length of 410,000km
Levee in the Yangtze River
Levee in the Songhua River
Levee in the Yellow River
Levee in Wuhan
98,000 reservoirs dams with a total storage
capacity of 932.3 billion m3
Xiaolangdi Dam in the Yellow River
Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River
98 flood detention basins with a total surface
area of 33,700km2 and a total storage capacity
of 107.4 billion m3
Jingjiang Detention Basin
in the Middle Reach of the Yangtze River
Mengwa Detention Basin
in the Yellow River
97,000 Sluices constructed
Jingshanhu Sluice
Sanhe Sluice
Contents
1. Background Information
2. From flood control to flood
management
3. Structural Measures
5. Issues and Countermeasures
Institutional Framework
State Flood Control and
Drought Relief Headquarters
(State FCDRH)
General Commander: Vice Premier
Vice General Commanders: Minister
of Water Resources, Deputy Chief of
the General Staff of PLA, and Deputy
Secretary of the State Council
Institutional Framework
Laws and regulations
Water
Law
Flood
Fighting
Law
Flood
Control
Law
Temporary
Regulations for
Compensation
of Flood
Retention
Areas
Flood warning and forecast
Typhoon disaster warning
Monitoring of rainfall and
river situation
Flood forecast
Emergency management
Rescue effort
Flood fighting
Flood risk mapping
Flood control and drought relief commanding system
General Framework
River basin water
resources commission
State FCDRH
Sub-center at
a prefecture
FCDRH of a province
Information
collection
Forecast
Alternatives
Information
Collection
Consultation and
decision making
Contents
1. Background Information
2. From flood control to flood
management
3. Structural Measures
4. Non-structural Measures
Issues
• Incomplete flood prevention engineering system
• Aging flood prevention works
• Increasing economic loss caused by floods
• Inadequate security facilities in flood detention areas
Countermeasures
• Improving the structural system
• Improving the emergency management system
• Reinforcing the security system
• Enhancing the legal framework
• Building up an efficient supporting system
Email: [email protected]
Telephone: +86-13911812336
- End Thank you