CHANDLER POLICE
DEPARTMENT
GENERAL ORDERS
Serving with Courage, Pride, and Dedication
Order
E-01 USE OF FORCE
Subject
Effective
200 Options
04/24/15
Low Frequency/High Severity
New
A. PHILOSOPHY
The Department's guiding value when using force is reverence for human life.
Department personnel may objectively use reasonable force to carry out their
duties when warranted. Officers who use unreasonable force degrade the
confidence of the community we serve, expose the Department and fellow
officers to legal and physical hazards, and violate the rights of individuals
upon whom unreasonable force is used. Conversely, officers who fail to use
force when warranted may endanger themselves, the community, and fellow
officers.
It is the policy of the Chandler Police Department to treat all members of the
public with respect and in adherence with the rights afforded by the United
States Constitution and the Constitution and laws of the State of Arizona.
An officer's response is expected to be objectively reasonable based on the
actual, or reasonably perceived, threat presented by the subject.
Officers will be held accountable for their action, as well as inaction, when
using physical force in the execution of their duties. Officers are expected to
comply with all legal and Department standards. Officers are expected to
ensure appropriate medical aid is rendered in all incidents involving the use
of force.
B. DETERMINING OBJECTIVELY
REASONABLE FORCE
1. NO UNNECESSARY OR UNREASONABLE FORCE shall be used in
making an arrest, and the person arrested shall not be subjected to any
greater restraint than necessary for his detention. ARS § 13-3881(B)
Rev
2. WHEN OFFICERS USE FORCE they must consider:
a. Severity of the crime at issue
b. Whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to officers or others
c. Whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by
flight Graham v. Connor, US Sup. Ct.
d. Influence of drugs/alcohol or the mental capacity of the subject
e. Time available to an officer to make a decision
f. Availability of additional officers/resources to de-escalate the situation
g. Proximity of access of weapons to the subject
h. Environmental factors and/or other exigent circumstances
i. Availability and practicality of lesser means of force
j. Ability to give verbal warning prior to use of intermediate or deadly
force (Blanford v. Sacramento County, US Ninth Circuit Court of
Appeals)
3. OFFICERS SHOULD ALWAYS FOLLOW THEIR TRAINING unless the
situation presents a valid reason to deviate from that training
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4. WHEN FORCE IS NEEDED, ASSESS EACH INCIDENT to determine,
based on policy, training and experience, which force option may deescalate the situation and bring it under control in a safe and prudent
manner. Reasonable and sound judgment will dictate the force option to
be employed.
C. LEVELS OF RESISTANCE
A subject may be resisting arrest or may be unresponsive for many reasons.
The subject may not be capable of understanding the gravity of the situation.
Officers must consider several factors when dealing with a non-compliant
subject. Non-compliance may be due to a medical condition, mental,
physical, or hearing impairment, language barrier, drug interaction, or
emotional crisis. These situations may require a change in more effective
tactics to maintain officer safety.
1. COMPLIANT: A person contacted by an officer who acknowledges
direction or lawful orders given and offers no resistance or aggression
2. PASSIVE RESISTANCE: The subject is not complying with an officer’s
commands, is uncooperative, but is taking only minimal physical action
(action not directed at officer) to prevent an officer from placing the
subject in custody and taking control. For example: standing stationary
and not moving upon lawful direction, falling limply and refusing to use
their own power to move (becoming “dead weight”), holding onto a fixed
object, or locking arms to another during a protest or demonstration, etc.
3. DEFENSIVE RESISTANCE: The subject’s verbal or physical actions are
intended to prevent an officer from placing the subject in custody and
taking control, but are not directed at harming the officer. For example:
walking or running away, breaking the officer’s grip, hidden hands, etc.
4. ACTIVE AGGRESSION: The subject displays the intent to harm the
officer, themselves, or another person and prevent an officer from placing
the subject in custody and taking control. For example: a subject taking a
fighting stance, punching, kicking, striking, attacks with weapons or other
actions which present an imminent threat of physical harm to the officer or
another, etc.
5. AGGRAVATED ACTIVE AGGRESSION: The subject’s actions are likely
to result in the death or serious bodily harm to the officer, themselves, or
another
New
D. LEVELS OF FORCE
Assess each incident to determine, based on policy, training, and experience,
which use of force option is believed to be appropriate to bring the situation
under control safely. Only use the amount of force that is objectively
reasonable to overcome resistance.
1. LOW LEVEL FORCE
a. Officer Presence: The officer is clearly identified as an officer and
his/her authority is established by presence in uniform or by clearly
displaying a badge or identification
b. Verbal Direction: Minimum means of halting an offense, gaining
compliance or overcoming resistance. Announcing identity as a peace
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officer, presence, and intentions may result in peaceful resolution.
Courteously and clearly relay the police objective.
Use verbal commands when possible, including warnings, before
resorting to physical force. Consider any language barriers, noise,
other distractions, or disabilities which may impair or frustrate effective
and clear communication with the person.
c. Empty Hand Control: Control methods ranging from gently guiding
a subject’s movement to more dynamic techniques such as strikes.
They are divided into two categories:
1) “Soft” control techniques - Standard handcuffing, wrist locks,
and touch pressure points
2) “Hard” control techniques –Using the hands, knees, or feet
directed at pressure points, or using takedown techniques
2. INTERMEDIATE FORCE: Use authorized less lethal weapons when 1)
Deadly force is not justified and 2) Empty hand control techniques are
either not sufficient or not tactically the best option
Types of intermediate weapons:
a. Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Spray –A means of defense when the
officer is facing defensive resistance or greater
b. Impact Weapons – A straight, expandable baton, or impromptu
device used as a means of protecting the officer or others from injury.
Impact weapons may be used to control subjects when facing 1)
defensive resistance and empty hand control is insufficient to
overpower the resistance or 2) active or aggravated active aggression
(deadly force)
c. Taser® – The Taser is a less lethal conducted electrical weapon that
deploys an electro-muscular disruption charge affecting the sensory
and motor functions of the central nervous system
d. Less Lethal Munitions/CN and CS Gas –Department approved less
lethal shotgun munitions and other specialized less lethal ordnance
(such as Sage munitions, pepper balls. flex batons) and the use of CN
(chloroacetophenone) and CS (Orthochlorobenalmalononitrile) gas
e. Hard empty hand techniques - Techniques that may cause injury.
These techniques are divided into primary and secondary strikes.
1) Primary strikes - Impact push and palm-heel/linear fist strikes
2) Secondary strikes - Hammer fist strikes, elbow strikes, knee
strikes, and leg kicks
3) Head and Neck Strikes – Prohibited absent active aggression/
aggravated active aggression
f. Police Service Dog (K9) – See K-9 Manual
g. Carotid Restraint Control Hold – Bilateral vascular restraint where
pressure is applied to the sides of the neck without compressing or
restricting the airway, resulting in diminished oxygenated blood flow to
the brain
3. DEADLY FORCE: Force used to stop a threat capable of causing death
or serious physical injury. Officers may employ all the techniques outlined
in this General Order, and others that may be available, including deadly
force, in order to protect themselves or others from the use of deadly
force.
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E. ELEMENTS FOR
DEADLY FORCE
Four elements must be present simultaneously in order for the use of
deadly physical force to be justified
1. ABILITY –A person has the means or capability to cause, serious
physical injury or death to an officer or another. This may include, but is
not limited to: the suspect’s physical ability, size, age, strength, gender,
combative skill, level of aggression, and any weapons in their immediate
control
2. OPPORTUNITY –A person can effectively resist an officer’s control or
use force or violence upon the officer or another. Examples include:
relative distance to the officer or others, physical barriers between the
subject and the officer, and access to weapons
3. IMMINENT JEOPARDY – Based upon all the facts and circumstances
the officer reasonably believes the subject poses an imminent threat to
the life of the officer(s) or others, and the officers must act immediately to
prevent death or serious bodily injury
4. PRECLUSION – All other lesser alternatives have been reasonably
considered or rejected as ineffective prior to the use of deadly force.
Deadly force in response to the subject’s actions must remain reasonable
while based upon the totality of the circumstances known to the officer at
the time force was applied.
New
F. DUTY TO INTERVENE
Any officer present and observing another officer using force clearly beyond
what is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a
position to do so, safely intercede to prevent the use of such excessive force.
Officers shall promptly report these observations to a supervisor.
G. PROFICIENCY
[1.3.4] [1.3.11] [1.3.10] [16.3.6]
1. POLICE, RESERVE, AND DETENTION OFFICERS WILL RECEIVE
ANNUAL TRAINING in the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Use of force policy
Demonstrate proficiency with all firearms
Carotid restraint control hold
Taser®
Chemical agents
Impact devices
Handcuffing techniques
2. POLICE, RESERVE, AND DETENTION OFFICERS WILL RECEIVE
BIENNIAL IN-SERVICE TRAINING in the following use of force options:
a. Empty-hand techniques
b. Other approved weapons and techniques
3. EMPLOYEES FAILING TO QUALIFY or demonstrate proficiency with an
approved device, weapon, or technique are not authorized to use that
device, weapon, or technique until proficiency is demonstrated
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4. AZ-POST CERTIFIED INSTRUCTORS will monitor and document
training in the area of proficiency being instructed. The Training Unit will
schedule and maintain documentation of training.
H. REQUIRED AID
FOR INJURED
PROVIDE AID FOR ANY PERSON INJURED or claiming to be injured
through the use of force:
1. Provide appropriate first aid
2. Call paramedics (when necessary)
3. Transport to a medical care facility (when necessary)
4. Document the incident in police report
5. Be aware of the following situations:
a. Violent Subjects or subjects who are under the effects of drugs or
alcohol should be closely monitored for breathing difficulties or
unconsciousness
b. Excited Delirium: The combined physiological and psychological
state of excitement characterized by exceptional agitation,
hyperactivity, overheating, excessive tearing of the eyes, hostility,
superhuman strength, aggression, acute paranoia, and endurance
without apparent fatigue brought about by psychosis, drug or alcohol
intoxication, or a combination of these factors
c. Paramedics should be called as it becomes apparent that the
person is suffering from one or more of these factors or Excited
Delirium.
d. Restrained Subjects: Once violent subjects and/or subjects
exhibiting indicators of excited delirium have been restrained (with or
without RIPP restraint), turn them to their side or assist them to a
seated position to enhance breathing. Do not leave them in a face
down position.
I. PERSONAL WEAPONS
1. EMPTY-HAND TECHNIQUES include unarmed self-defense techniques
taught through AZPOST or department approved instructors with
department approved lesson plans and include Punches, Elbows,
Knees, and Kicks
[1.3.5]
New
2. STRIKES TO THE HEAD are authorized only when the officer is
confronted by a subject displaying ACTIVE AGGRESSION/
AGGRAVATED ACTIVE AGGRESSION
3. Strikes specifically TARGETING PRESSURE POINT or nerve bundles
located below the neck are authorized on subject using defensive
resistance to avoid arrest or detention
J. CHEMICAL AGENTS
[1.3.4] [1.3.9]
1. ISSUED CHEMICAL AGENTS: Oleoresin Capsicum (OC), pepper spray,
and CS are issued to authorized employees as follows:
a. Authorized employees on successful completion of training
b. CS authorized for SAU use only. Follow standard procedures for
application and decontamination of this chemical agent.
2. USE OC SPRAY AS AN EFFECTIVE CONTROL METHOD against
violent or noncompliant subjects and on vicious animals.
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Figure 3. Temporary Effects of OC Spray
Eyes may open
Respiratory effects lessen
Skin effects dissipate
2-10 minutes
10-25 minutes
45-60 minutes. Redness may remain up to 2 hrs
3. INSTRUCTIONS
a. Chemical agents are designed to be sprayed from a distance. Spray
the subject with a full burst until it is determined that the liquid has
been delivered onto the target area (the facial area of eyes, nose, and
mouth) for at least half a second
b. Avoid dispersing agent within four feet directly into an open eye
c. Give the subject a clear command that is easy to follow
d. Evaluate the level of compliance and repeat the application if
reasonable and necessary
e. Control by using handcuffs and/or authorized controlled techniques
f. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, mouth, and other sensitive skin areas
until you are able to wash your hands
4. UNLESS SUBJECT REFUSES TREATMENT or is combative to the point
that treatment could present a danger to the member administering it:
a. Remove the subject from the area of exposure and place them in
fresh air out of direct sunlight
b. Have subject stay still and tell them to breathe normally and relax as
much as possible
c. Call paramedics
d. Flush the affected areas with cool water and/or apply a wet towel to
the face. If burning persists, use non-oil based soap or shampoo to
remove remainder of resin (normally handled by paramedics)
e. If the exposure is severe, the subject may be transported to a hospital
emergency room for treatment
K. TASER®
[1.3.4] [1.3.5] [1.3.6] [1.3.9]
Rev
TASER® is a non-lethal conducted electrical weapon manufactured by
TASER International. Courts consider the TASER® and similar devices,
especially when used in dart mode, to constitute an intermediate, significant,
although non-lethal level of force that must be justified by a strong
government interest that compels the employment of such force. Bryan v.
MacPherson, (Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, 2010)
1. GENERAL POLICY
a. TASER® is a force option that may be used to:
1) Detain, arrest, defend, and protect individuals when aggression or
resistance exists or is threatened
2) In other instances where an emergency exists and the use of
TASER® would be considered reasonable in lieu of using other
force options
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b. The use of TASER® is a seizure; therefore, an officer must be able
to articulate that he had reasonable suspicion or probable cause for
arrest or detainment for evaluation (e.g., suicidal subject)
c. Whenever possible, verbal directions/warnings shall be given prior
to deploying TASER®
Only those officers/detention officers who have satisfactorily
completed the department’s approved initial training course and
required annual retraining shall be authorized to carry TASER®
d. The Training Unit has primary responsibility for and maintains the
TASER® program
NOTE: The use of TASER® may be used in mobile field force
applications as a means of crowd control where a physical arrest may not
be possible, however, any use in this manner shall be at the direction of a
supervisor
2. MANDATORY CARRY: All first responders (officers responsible for
responding to calls for service and/or maintaining control of prisoners)
including:
a. Uniformed Field Operations personnel with the rank of lieutenant,
sergeant, or officer
b. School resource officers
c. All other officers when working in a uniformed capacity
d. Detention officers
e. Temporary exceptions may be made with supervisor approval
3. TASER® READINESS
a. TASER® carry:
1) Approved holster on the support side of the body
2) Outer body armor carrier as described in GO B-05.200
b. Shall be carried fully armed with the safety on in preparation for
immediate use when authorized
4. SAFETY
a. TASER shall be holstered at all times with the safety switch in the
safe (SAFE) position unless it is being tested or placed into
operational deployment
b. TASER® shall be pointed in a safe direction during loading,
unloading, daily spark testing, or when handled in other than
operational deployment
c. When not being carried, TASER® shall be secured where it cannot be
accessed by others
d. All TASER® repairs will be coordinated through the Training Unit
5. PROBE DEPLOYMENT
a. When possible, have an arrest plan in place prior to deployment
b. Have lethal back up if available
c. Preferred target should be the subject’s back or one probe above and
below the belt line for maximum effectiveness whenever possible
d. Avoid head, face, larynx, genital or female breast exposures
whenever possible
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e. Should apply a full five-second cycle deployment without interruption
unless circumstances dictate otherwise
f. Avoid prolonged cycles
g. If possible, take subject in custody during the TASER® cycle
h. Assess the situation after each cycle
i. Apply additional cycles only when necessary to accomplish the
legitimate operational objective
j. If subject refuses to comply after multiple TASER® applications,
consider whether additional applications are making sufficient
progress toward compliance/restraint or if transition to a different force
option is warranted
NOTE: The application of TASER® is a physically stressful event. Length
of cycles and frequency of cycles should be minimized when dealing with
persons in a health crisis, such as excited delirium. Additionally, TASER®
applications directly across the chest may cause sufficient muscle
contractions to impair normal breathing patterns; therefore, prolonged
applications should be avoided where practicable
6. DRIVE STUN DEPLOYMENT: (Primarily a pain compliance tool due to
lack of probe spread - minimally effective when compared to conventional
cartridge-type deployment)
a. Press TASER® against the body and activate
b. Recommended targets
1) Suprascapula (side of neck)
2) Brachial plexus tie-in (upper chest)
3) Radial (forearm)
4) Pelvic triangle
5) Common perineal (outside of thigh)
6) Tibial (calf muscle)
NOTE: Use care when applying drive stun to neck or groin areas. These
areas are sensitive to mechanical injury.
7. DEPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS
New
a. Be reasonable regarding deployment based on the totality of the
circumstances
b. Be cognizant that the application of TASER® is a physically stressful
event and may contribute to secondary injuries
c. Consider conditions such as:
1) Age, particularly the very young and the very old
2) Known physical conditions, such as pacemaker and /or
defibrillator implant, pregnancy, etc.
d. Consider potential injuries to subjects who are:
1) Running
2) Traveling at high speeds, e.g., bikes, skateboards, mopeds
3) Situated in elevated places, e.g., roofs, ladders, trees, walls, utility
poles
4) Located next to bodies of water
e. Consider the ability to give verbal warning prior to deployment
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8. POINTING/DISPLAYING THE TASER®
a. Officers should only display TASER® when they reasonably believe
that discharge, if it proves to be necessary, will be justified under the
circumstances
b. Under these circumstances, an officer may spark the TASER® and/or
display the visible laser (away from the subject’s eyes) in order to
encourage voluntary compliance
9. PROHIBITED DEPLOYMENT
a. At or from a moving vehicle
b. In any environment that is obviously flammable, volatile, or where
explosive material/vapors are present
c. To escort/prod individuals absent an emergency situation, unless
approved by a supervisor
d. To awaken unconscious or intoxicated individuals
e. In a punitive or coercive manner
f. On a handcuffed/secured prisoner absent “active aggression”
g. Against misdemeanant subjects solely for running from the officer
unless the officer can articulate an immediate threat
10. POST-USE PROCEDURES (PROBE REMOVAL)
a. Do not attempt probe removal if subject is combative or if the location
of the barb is in the face, ear, breast, groin, or deeply imbedded
b. May remove barbs superficially in the skin if you are trained to do so,
and in the presence of another officer










Figure 4. TASER® Post Use Procedure
Use latex gloves
Place the removed probes in spent cartridge barb side down.
Clean wound with antiseptic wipe and bandage
Securely tape the cartridge and probes and mark as biohazard evidence
Assess subject for injury or condition that may need medical attention,
and seek appropriate level of service
Remove gloves and clean hands with waterless hand sanitizer
Provide subject with written aftercare instructions
Take full photos of suspects each time you deploy the TASER®
Take photo of injury site caused by TASER probes
Place cartridge with probes into Property as evidence
11. DOCUMENTATION
a. Within five days, submit the required reports to Professional
Standards for each drive stun or discharge, including accidental
discharges:
b. Professional Standards will forward the TASER Data Report to the
departmental TASER® coordinator
c. TASER® data reports are available through trained personnel
d. Required Reports
1) Departmental Offense Report
2) Use of Force Report (PSS Report)
3) TASER® Data Report
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L. IMPACT DEVICES
[1.3.4] [1.3.5] [1.3.9]
1. INCLUDES:
a. Side handle baton or approved expandable baton
b. Less lethal munitions fired from either a 37mm launcher or a 12gauge shotgun by designated, trained, and qualified agency
employees
c. Must complete annual retraining to use
2. MEDICAL CARE: Take appropriate action if medical care is necessary
M. CAROTID RESTRAINT CONTROL HOLD
[1.3.4] [1.3.5] [1.3.11]
Rev
1. CAROTID RESTRAINT CONTROL HOLD: A bilateral vascular restraint
where pressure is applied to the sides of the neck, resulting in diminished
oxygenated blood flow to the brain without compressing or restricting the
airway. Unless lethal force is justified, at no time will pressure be
administered to the front of the neck or throat, resulting in a
respiratory choke hold.
a. This hold may be effective in establishing control of a subject who is
combative, assaultive, or high risk (experiencing an agitated chaotic
event by exhibiting behavioral cues associated with excited delirium)
b. The purpose is to gain quick and safe control of a subject who is
aggressive, physically threatening, or violent
2. USE THE CAROTID RESTRAINT CONTROL HOLD in situations of
active aggression on the part of the subject. (i.e., it is reasonable to
believe it appears necessary to prevent injury or death to an officer or
other person(s).
3. AVOID KNOWINGLY APPLYING OR ATTEMPTING to apply the hold on
the same subject more than twice in any 24 hour period
4. TRAINING: Must successfully complete an eight hour department
approved training course on the use of the hold and the department use
of force policy. After initial training, recertification training must be
completed annually.
5. IF APPLICATION OF THE HOLD APPEARS REASONABLE based on
the totality of the circumstances:
a. Attempt to apply the hold from a ground position to reduce the risk of
secondary injuries to the officer and subject
b. If time and circumstances permit, provide verbal commands and
direction during the application of the hold in an effort to obtain
voluntary compliance prior to rendering any person unconscious
c. Continually monitor the correct positioning and placement of the hold
on the subject’s neck to prevent respiratory obstruction or serious
injury. If improper positioning is identified, immediately obtain the
correct position or discontinue the hold.
d. If the hold has not achieved the desired effect within approximately 30
seconds, release bilateral pressure and either disengage from the
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carotid restraint control hold, reassess placement and tactically
reposition, or transition to another reasonable force option
6. THE OFFICER SHALL ENSURE THE FOLLOWING STEPS OCCUR
after any application or attempted application of the carotid restraint
control hold:










Figure 6. Carotid Restraint Control Hold Aftercare
Immediately handcuff the subject
Roll the subject onto his side, check vital signs (pulse, open airway)
and once consciousness is regained, assess the subject for a
reasonable level of cognitive function
Subject will be promptly examined by paramedics at the scene prior to
transport regardless if subject was rendered unconscious
Notify a supervisor for the use or attempted use of the hold
Transport the subject to a medical facility for examination, treatment,
and observation by a physician within a reasonable period of time, not
to exceed one hour
Obtain a physician's release prior to booking or other disposition
Maintain visual monitoring of the subject for signs of medical distress
for a minimum of two hours after application of the hold
Inform any person receiving custody, or any person placed in a
position of providing care, that the individual has been subjected to
the hold. Include the time of application and any pertinent medical
information.
Thoroughly document and justify in the incident report the use or
attempted use of the carotid restraint control hold
If in cardiac or respiratory arrest, remove the handcuffs, summon
paramedics, and immediately begin CPR
N. PREVENTING THE
SWALLOWING OF SUBSTANCES
When a subject attempts to swallow suspected illegal drugs and/or evidence,
officers will not use any force other than standard control holds, pressure
points, and pain compliance techniques targeting nerve bundles and soft
muscle tissue, to prevent the swallowing of evidence.
1. DO NOT USE HARD EMPTY HAND strikes to the head and face or the
carotid restraint control hold in this situation unless other exigent
circumstances exist
2. KEEP EXTREMITIES AWAY FROM THE SUBJECT’S MOUTH: Be
aware of the danger of being bitten and exposed to bodily fluids
3. SUMMON MEDICAL ASSISTANCE immediately if the substance is
swallowed. The subject will be transported to a medical facility for
evaluation. Closely monitor the subject for any signs of a medical
emergency or choking, and take the appropriate action.
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O. USE OF FIREARMS
[1.3.2] [1.3.3] [1.3.5]
1. FIREARM: Any loaded or unloaded handgun, pistol, revolver, rifle,
shotgun, or other weapon which is designed to or may readily be
converted to expel a projectile by the action of expanding gases (except
that it does not include a firearm in permanently inoperable condition)
2. AUTHORITY: Only discharge firearms in the performance of police duty
and under the following circumstances:
a. Range: At an approved range during a training exercise
b. Animals: When destroying seriously wounded or dangerous animals
where other disposition is impractical
c. Less lethal: When practical, by authorized personnel only
d. Defense of life: When the officer reasonably believes it is necessary
to defend himself or another person from what the officer reasonably
believes to be the use of, or imminent use of, deadly physical force
e. Felons: To affect the arrest or prevent the escape from custody of a
person who the officer reasonably believes has committed a felony
involving the use or threatened use of deadly force and if there is an
imminent and great risk that person will cause death or serious injury
if apprehension is delayed. Tennessee v. Garner, US Sup. Ct.
3. DO NOT:
a. Unnecessarily draw, display, or carelessly handle a firearm at any
time. Exhibiting a firearm requires circumstances in which a
reasonable belief exists that the use of the firearm may be imminent.
b. Fire warning shots at any time
c. Fire at or from a moving vehicle except when necessary for selfdefense or in defense of another person's life and all other reasonable
means have been exhausted against the suspect’s use of deadly
force
d. Use a firearm when it creates substantial risk to innocent persons,
unless it can be justified under the circumstances
4. MEDICAL AID CONSIDERATIONS
a. Call paramedics to the scene for any injury
b. Request paramedics to respond to a secure area near the location
when there is a high potential for the use of lethal force
✦✦✦