CONSULTATION PAPER Current and Emerging Issues for- NHMRC Fellowship Schemes Issue 1: The balance is changing between the number of research grants available and the number of Fellowships. Issue 2: Is the structure of NHMRC fellowship schemes still appropriate? Issue 3: Should there be a stronger strategic approach to granting Fellowships? Issue 4: Responsibilities of employing institutions and the health and medical research sector. The background to this paper is that NHMRC’s budget for the next four years is steady state, and the number of Project Grants is projected to fall over that period. Government appropriations to the NHMRC for funding research and Fellowships through the Medical Research Endowment Account (MREA), reached a plateau in 2012 after more than threefold growth since 2000. The Forward Estimates (the Federal Government's budget projections of expenditure over the next four years) also show no growth (apart from indexation). In contrast, application numbers for most NHMRC funding schemes continue to grow. Detailed data on NHMRC research funding and fellowships is provided in Attachment A. The Federal Government announced in May 2014 its intention to establish the Medical Research Future Fund 1 (MRFF). However at the time of preparing this document, the timing of its establishment is not yet certain. It is anticipated that disbursements will not reach significant levels for several years after establishment and there is currently little known about how disbursements will be allocated. Thus, the MRFF cannot be seen as a mechanism for alleviating the current funding pressures in the next half decade or so. Of course, NHMRC will work within Government and the research sector will continue to press for more funding and this may change the current circumstances. However, the current funding pressures raise a number of questions about the balance of grant and fellowship schemes and how the NHMRC can best continue to support the best research and researchers, while ensuring we are building and maintaining capacity in strategic areas. NHMRC’s Fellowships from Early Career to Senior Principal Research Fellowships have been a crucial part of building Australia’s excellence in health and medical research. 1 http://www.health.gov.au/internet/budget/publishing.nsf/content/budget2014-hmedia14.htm Page 1 Over the last 15 years, the breadth of Fellowships has increased significantly with clinical and public health streams in Early Career and Career Development Fellowships and translational fellowships including Practitioner, TRIP and Industry Career Development Fellowships (see Table 3). This expansion of Fellowship schemes occurred during a quadrupling (in dollar terms) of NHMRC funding. Many of Australia’s current and past leaders in research, education, health care and policy have held an NHMRC Fellowship at some stage of their careers. NHMRC is committed to continuing support of outstanding researchers through fellowships. However, it is timely to discuss with the research and wider communities a number of issues that have arisen and which loom for the future. Most of the issues raised in this paper are not unique to Australia (as outlined in the 2 recent paper from Kirshcner et al. which analyses the current situation in the US.) This consultation paper seeks your views on the following key issues: 1. 2. 3. 4. The changing balance between the number of research grants available and the number of Fellowships The structure of the Fellowship schemes Future strategic approaches The responsibilities of employing institutions and the health and medical research sector. “Australia has never had a policy discussion on the nation’s needs for health and medical researchers, the time has come to think seriously about how best to use Australia’s talent.” Professor Warwick Anderson Alberts, B., Kirschner, M., Tilgham, S. and Varmus, H. 2014. “Rescuing US biomedical research from its systemic flaws” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 111 no. 16, 5773-5777, DOI 10.1073/pnas.1404402111. Available: http://www.pnas.org/content/111/16/5773.long 2 Page 2 Issue 1: The balance is changing between the number of research grants available and the number of Fellowships NHMRC’s Project Grants scheme is currently being maintained at the same level of funding (in terms of total number of dollars) as in the previous 5 years. However, the substantial increase in the budget size of each Project Grant, primarily due to a move towards more 4 3 4 and 5 years grants as recommended by the McKeon Review and adopted into Coalition Policy , is reducing the numbers of grants able to be funded each year. The numbers of Project Grants awarded in recent years and NHMRC’s predictions over the Forward Estimates are shown in Table 4. On current projections (with indicated assumptions outlined in Table 4), the number of Project Grants awarded in 2017 may be fewer than 480, compared to 731 in 2012 (Table 4A). Were 5 year grants to be mandatory, the number awarded in 2017 would be around 248 (Table 4B). In reality the actual number of Project Grants awarded in 2017 is anticipated to be between these two numbers. If Fellowships numbers awarded are held close to 2014 levels (Tables 5A and 5B), the ratio between Project Grants available and Fellowship will fall. Furthermore, most Project, Program, Development and Partnership Project grants are held by Chief Investigators who are employees of universities, medical research institutes or hospitals (Table 6), not NHMRC Fellows. Any change in the ratio between the number of Fellows and the number of Project grants will affect all applicants; that is, there will be fewer Project Grants for non-Fellows and/or fewer grants for researchers on NHMRC Fellowships. Question 1: How should NHMRC’s funding balance between research grants and fellowships be adjusted as the total number of Project Grants available falls progressively over the next few years? Please provide your comments via the Current and Emerging Issues - NHMRC Fellowship Schemes page in the NHMRC consultation portal (http://consultations.nhmrc.gov.au) . Please select Question 1 from the drop-down menu to provide your comments. Issue 2: Is the structure of NHMRC fellowship schemes appropriate for 2015 and beyond? The strategic purpose of NHMRC Fellowship schemes is to build Australia’s research capacity and to ensure that we have an excellent cohort of full-time researchers working in areas that can have the greatest impact on the creation of knowledge and its translation into improved health. 3 Refer to page 3 of the McKeon Review, available at: www.mckeonreview.org.au/downloads/Strategic_Review_of_Health_and_Medical_Research_Feb_2013-Final_Report.pdf 4 refer page 5 of The Coalition’s Policy to Protect and Streamline Health and Medical Research Funding available at www.nationals.org.au/Portals/0/2013/policy/HealthAndMedicalResearchFunding.pdf Page 3 Making room for new researchers NHMRC maintains a pyramid shape to its Fellowships schemes. – 600 Early Career Fellowships (ECF), 256 Career Development Fellowships (CDF), and the long-standing NHMRC Research Fellowship scheme with 129 SRFA, 108 SRFB, 97 PRF and 99 SPRF level Fellows. Detailed numbers are given in Table 3. ECF and each of the two levels of CDF can only be held once. In contrast, Fellows in NHMRC senior Research Fellowships scheme (SRFA, SRFB, PRF and SPRF) may hold these any number of times (5 years each, including at the same level) provided they can successfully compete against all applicants in that year. The issue is whether this arrangement for NHMRC Research Fellows (SRFA and above) means that emerging researchers from the CDFs and other Fellowships, and other researchers emerging from clinical and academic research environments, industry and from overseas, have reduced chances to gain a Research Fellowship and therefore developing further as full time researchers. If there is limited turnover in the NHMRC Fellowship schemes, the cohort of Fellows at any one time may be excellent but it is increasingly hard for the expanding cohort of emerging CDFs and others to move to a NHMRC Research Fellowship. Age data for researchers supported by NHMRC Fellowships (Tables 7A and 7B) show the average age of NHMRC Research Fellows is in the 50’s (with some in their 70’s). Career Development Fellows are on average in their 40’s, an age when most would be expected to have well established careers, rather than a developing career. Indeed, our recent analysis of CDFs shows that successful 5 applicants already have an excellent record of achievement in research. Early Career Fellows are on average in their 30’s, though there are large differences between the different streams (biomedical, clinical, health services and public health) (Table 7C). While Fellows can reapply and be reappointed to the NHMRC Research Fellowships levels, this means that the achievements of Fellows at this level tend to grow and grow, making it difficult for new-comers. Some figures are given at Figure 1 on the numbers of times existing fellows have been reappointed at the same level. Turnover in the NHMRC Fellowship schemes would increase if it was a requirement that Fellows needed to be promoted to the next Fellowship level (e.g. SRFB to PRF, PRF to SPRF) of the scheme when they sought a renewal of their Fellowship. In other words, the proposal would be that Fellows could hold a fellowship at each level only once. This would still mean that Fellows could have an NHMRC Research Fellowship for up to 20 years (or longer if the duration were increased – see below). Question 2: To increase the turnover of NHMRC Research Fellows, should these schemes be seen as ‘up and out schemes’, whereby Fellows wishing to reapply can only do so at a higher level? Please provide your comments via the Current and Emerging Issues - NHMRC Fellowship Schemes page in the NHMRC consultation portal (http://consultations.nhmrc.gov.au) . Please select Question 2 from the drop-down menu to provide your comments. Taken together, there are seven levels in total within the ECF, CDF and NHMRC Research Fellowships schemes; one at Early Career, two levels at Career Development and four levels in the NHMRC Research Fellowship scheme. The current structure appears to encompass a life-time career ladder. However in reality the “pyramid shape” of the number appointed at each level means that the fellowship path will only ever be available to a small number of researchers. 5 See A Guide for researchers applying for Career Development Fellowships at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/grants-funding/apply-funding/careerdevelopment-fellowships Page 4 Question 3: Are there too many Fellowship levels? Does this structure impede the career progression of rapidly rising stars in health and medical research? Please provide your comments via the Current and Emerging Issues - NHMRC Fellowship Schemes page in the NHMRC consultation portal (http://consultations.nhmrc.gov.au) . Please select Question 3 from the drop-down menu to provide your comments. There has been much discussion in recent years around the desirability of longer term grants to provide more certainty to researchers, especially younger and emerging researchers, with the hypothesis that this would also allow them to decide on higher risk research projects. Question 4: Taking into account that awarding longer grants means fewer grants overall in steady state funding, should NHMRC extend the duration of Early Career Fellowships to more than four years? Should the Career Development Fellowship be extended beyond 5 years to, say, seven or ten years? Please provide your comments via the Current and Emerging Issues - NHMRC Fellowship Schemes page in the NHMRC consultation portal (http://consultations.nhmrc.gov.au) . Please select Question 4 from the drop-down menu to provide your comments. Issue 3: Should there be a stronger strategic approach to granting Fellowships? Priority Fellowships NHMRC must always base its decision-making on excellence and this is the primary basis of the current schemes. However, in the last decade, NHMRC has also moved towards a more strategic approach overall in its funding, with the introduction of streams of biomedical, clinical and population health into its Early Career and Career Development Fellowships. This is in recognition of the breadth of research needed to tackle the full breadth of health research questions. As well, NHMRC Practitioner Fellowships are available for people working in the health system and working in research concomitantly. Now some of Australia’s most successful and eminent researchers are Practitioner Fellows. Translating Research Into Practice (TRIP) Fellowships are translational early career fellowships. However, more could be done. For example, many urge NHMRC to establish special fellowships in areas of need such as bio- and health informatics and statistics, or for NHMRC to build capacity in particular areas of health. Governments have chosen mental health and dementia for particular focus in recent years. Women leave full-time NHMRC Fellowships as their careers progress, with over 63% of ECF applicants being women, falling to 53% for SRF and just 11% for SPRF in 2014. The proportion of women Chief Investigators on Project Grants awarded in 2014 was 34%. NHMRC has recently introduced a number of changes with the aim of 6 7 better support for women applicants, but the loss of so many women to research is very concerning. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders remain highly underrepresented in health and medical research. Again, though NHMRC has focussed on this issue, there is much to be done to ensure that Aboriginal and Torres Strait 8 Islander researchers are more fully represented in our Fellowship schemes. 6 http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/research/women-health-science http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/research/women_in_science/table_3_part_time_fellowship_outcomes_gender_141205.pdf 8 http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-topics/indigenous-health 7 Page 5 Question 5: Should NHMRC identify particular areas that require capacity building for the future and maintain support for those areas for long enough time to make a difference? What else should be done to support women and increase participation and success by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander researchers? Please provide your comments via the Current and Emerging Issues - NHMRC Fellowship Schemes page in the NHMRC consultation portal (http://consultations.nhmrc.gov.au) . Please select Question5 from the drop-down menu to provide your comments. Flexibility More and more, researchers may wish to have a “non-linear” career, spending time in other sectors (i.e. industry, public service) and then wanting to return to research. In clinical and public health research in particular, this accounts for some of the increased age profile mentioned above. Fellowship schemes should be able to support people from a variety of backgrounds. These changing patterns challenge NHMRC’s funding rules for Early Career and Career Development Fellowships which (for good reason) specify the number of years post-PhD for eligibility to the various fellowship schemes. Without eligibility rules related to total research experience, it is difficult for peer reviewers to judge achievements comparatively in applications for fellowships (e.g. at an extreme, a Level D academic at the top of their career could apply for a Career Development Fellowship unless some eligibility rules were in place). Question 6: Is there a better solution to encouraging diversity in careers than those based on years postPhD? Please provide your comments via the Current and Emerging Issues - NHMRC Fellowship Schemes page in the NHMRC consultation portal (http://consultations.nhmrc.gov.au) . Please select Question 6 from the drop-down menu to provide your comments. Issue 4: Responsibilities of employing institutions and the health and medical research sector Although NHMRC provides by far the largest support for health and medical research fellowships in Australia, we do not employ these Fellows. This raises important issues around security of employment for many researchers and the responsibilities of an institution when it takes on the employment of a researcher. Researchers employed by research institutions with fellowships support from NHMRC, unlike those employed to also teach or provide health care, are understandably concerned about security of employment. NHMRC runs competitive fellowships schemes that assess applicants each year based on merit. The researchers are employees of Universities, Medical Research Institutes, hospitals and government institutions. NHMRC cannot provide secure employment tenure – employment conditions are the responsibility of the employing institution. If the institution cannot provide funding for applicants who are unable to gain an NHMRC Research Fellowship, say, at the end of a Career Development Fellowship, their employment may cease abruptly (in this case after perhaps a decade or more in research). NHMRC’s Research Committee has discussed whether institutions should be required to guarantee applicants for NHMRC Fellowships more security; say an extra year for unsuccessful applicants. Page 6 Question 7: Should employing institutions be expected to provide more certainty to their employees than now? Question 8: Would this be achieved if NHMRC required institutions to commit to one or more years of ongoing support for researchers exiting from NHMRC Fellowships? Question 9: Should this be restricted to Early Career and Career Development Fellows? Please provide your comments via the Current and Emerging Issues - NHMRC Fellowship Schemes page in the NHMRC consultation portal (http://consultations.nhmrc.gov.au) . Please select Questions 7-9 from the drop-down menu to provide your comments. “It’s now time to better plan and act to ensure that the country has the researchers it needs for the future. Everyone has a stake in this discussion; research institutions, public and private sector employers, the taxpayers of Australia, the entire community. It would be great if the discussion was led actively, and not defensively, by researchers themselves. Change will come; researchers have an inherent interest in leading and shaping the changes.” Professor Warwick Anderson Page 7 Attachment A Table 1: Medical Research Endowment Account (MREA) Budget Appropriations – Source 2014–15 Portfolio Budget Statements* Million $1,000 $847 $853 $800 $856 $746 $836 $837 $703 $644 $715 $689 $600 $618 $463 $415 $400 $333 $437 $413 $263 $200 $185 $0 PBS Forward Years *includes projected Government investment into MREA + the increase in appropriation in 2006-2007 is due to a one-off increase in funds to support the Australia Fellowships scheme Page 8 + Table 2: Trend in number of applications for NHMRC Career Development and Early Career Fellowships (2005 to 2014) FUNDING SCHEME 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Career Development Fellowships 222 184 349 406 434 428 356 345 308 419 Early Career Fellowships 377 411 443 433 393 433 391 463 516 550 Total 599 595 792 839 827 861 747 808 824 969 Table 3: Total number of NHMRC Fellowships Supported in 2014 FELLOWSHIPS SUPPORTED IN 2014 Fellowship Level Total Number Senior Principal Research Fellowships 99 Principal Research Fellowships 97 Senior Research Fellowship B 108 Senior Research Fellowship A 129 Career Development Fellowships 256 Early Career Fellowships 600 TRANSLATIONAL FELLOWSHIPS SUPPORTED IN 2014 Fellowship Level Total Number Practitioner Fellowships 2 38 Practitioner Fellowships 1 44 Translating Research into Practice (TRIP) 12 Page 9 Table 4: Projected modelling of grant numbers Table 4 models a scenario of the impact of the budget plateau phase on reducing the number of Project Grants if the allocation of MREA funding continues into the future. Table 4A shows the predicted number of Project Grants based on the 2014 level of funding to 5 year Project Grants (25%) continuing to 2020. Table 4B shows modelling of all Project Grants moving to 5 years. In reality the actual number of 5-year Project Grants will likely be between these two predictions. 4A. Based on 2014 proportions: 25% of Project Grants funding is committed to 5-year grants NHMRC Project Grants Completed or expected commitments on Project grants Number of grants made/expected to be made Funded rate $m 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 $357 $383 $415 $455 $458 $420 $420 2015* 2016* 2017* 2018* 2019* 2020* # of 686 685 756 771 731 646 553 grants % 26.5% 22.8% 23.4% 22.9% 20.5% 16.9% 14.9% $420 $420 $420 $420 $420 $420 527 502 478 455 434 412 13.3% 11.9% 10.5% 9.4% 8.4% 7.4% * Notes: 1. Based on the 2014 proportion of funding committed to 5-year Project Grants (25%). 2. Assumes flat MREA funding, e.g. no anticipated MRFF distributions are anticipated in this forecast. No allocations from the 'Boosting Dementia Research' initiative have been inc 3. Growth in application numbers of 7% p.a. The assumption of 7% p.a. growth in applications used for the modelling of Project Grants funded rates is the Compound An (CAGR) over the last 10 years, including the 2014 application round. Though there are signs that this may be slowing in the last few years, the long-term growth rate s Growth in average grant size of 5% p.a. A component of this 5% will account for any future increases of Personnel Support Package amounts. 4B. Mandated 5 year grant scenario: Proportion of funding committed to 5-year Project Grants grows to 100% in 2016 NHMRC Project Grants Completed or expected commitments on Project grants number of grants made/expected to be made Funded rate ‡ $m 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015‡ 2016‡ 2017‡ 2018‡ 2019‡ 2020‡ $357 $383 $415 $455 $458 $420 $420 $420 $420 $420 $420 $420 $420 260 248 236 225 214 6.1% 5.5% 4.9% 4.3% 3.9% # of 686 685 756 771 731 646 553 442 grants % 26.5% 22.8% 23.4% 22.9% 20.5% 16.9% 14.9% 11.2% Notes: 1. Assumes that the proportion of funding committed to 5-year Project Grants grows from the 25% observed in the 2014 application round to 50% in 2015 and 100% in 2 2. Assumes flat MREA funding, e.g. no anticipated MRFF distributions are anticipated in this forecast. No allocations from the 'Boosting Dementia Research' initiative have been in 3. Growth in application numbers of 7% p.a. The assumption of 7% p.a. growth in applications used for the modelling of Project Grants funded rates is the Compound An (CAGR) over the last 10 years, including the 2014 application round. Though there are signs that this may be slowing in the last few years, the long-term growth rate s Growth in average grant size of 5% p.a. A component of this 5% will account for any future increases of Personnel Support Package amounts. Page 10 The question arises whether NHMRC should consider moving MREA funds from fellowship support schemes into research support schemes to address this imbalance. The number of new Project Grants is likely to continue to decline in future as indicated in Tables 4A and 4B above. The possibility may arise of there being an imbalance between fellowships and research grants. Table 5 shows modelling of the numbers of new Project Grants vs Fellowships awarded each year to 2020, based on current budget approaches. Table 5A: Ratio of Project Grants per Fellowship Based of Number of Grants Awarded Each Year* Funding type 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 502 286 478 282 455 277 434 273 412 269 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 756 771 731 646 553 Project Grants Awarded 527 Fellowships Awarded 304 333 307 306 296 290 Ratio of Project Grants per 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.8 Fellowship * Based on the 2014 proportion of Project Grants committed to 5 year grants as shown in Table 4A above. Table 5B: Ratio of Project Grants per Fellowship Based of Number of Grants Active in Each Year i 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Number of Active Project Grants 2042 2143 2252 2348 2232 2056 1869 1727 1744 1687 1605 Number of Active Fellowships 1301 1337 1406 1444 1469 1469 1392 1369 1299 1245 1182 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 Funding type Ratio of Project Grants per Fellowship As highlighted in Table 6, 3,733 Chief Investigator researchers with NHMRC grants in 2014 do not receive their salaries through NHMRC funding but are employed by Universities, hospitals, Medical Research Institutes or other sectors. Their career progression and work at their employing institution is also influenced by being research active and therefore the proportion of investment in NHMRC Fellowships vs Project Grants affects Australian health and medical research broadly. Solutions are sought on how NHMRC should address the challenges of these current funding pressures. Page 11 Page 12 Table 6: Total number of individuals supported by NHMRC in 2014 by salary source Group Category Fellows Chief Investigators with NHMRC Fellowship or PSP support PSPs Chief Investigators without NHMRC Fellowship or PSP support NHMRC grants but not as Chief Investigators Without Salary Salary Type Senior Principal Research Fellowships Principal Research Fellowships Senior Research Fellowships Practitioner Fellowships 2 Practitioner Fellowships 1 Career Development Fellowships 2 Career Development Fellowships 1 Early Career Fellowships Sub-total Fellowship Support PSP 5 PSP 4 PSP 3 PSP 2 PSP 1 Sub-total Research Support Grants Total 99 97 237 38 44 85 171 600 1,371 283 315 58 4 3 663 Sub-total Chief Investigator with Salary 2,034 No NHMRC Salary 3,733 Sub-total without Salary Chief Investigator Total PSP 5 PSP 4 PSPs PSP 3 PSP 2 PSP 1 Sub-total Without No NHMRC Salary Salary Sub-total Non-Chief Investigator Total Grand-total 3,733 5,767 9 111 1,187 2,657 1,529 590 6,074 10 6,514 11 6,514 12,588 18,355 9 Includes all named Chief Investigators who received funding from NHMRC in 2014 Includes all non-Chief Investigator personnel listed on an NHMRC grant budget (post-peer review) who received funding from NHMRC in 2014. These individuals are not necessarily named on the grant and therefore there may be some overlap in these individuals. 11 Includes all researchers listed on a funded NHMRC grant in 2014 who are not Chief Investigators or salary supported personnel. Most of these individuals are named Associate Investigators. 10 Page 13 Table 7A: Profile of total NHMRC salary supported Chief Investigators in 2014 (by age in 2014) Salary level Senior Principal Research Fellow Principal Research Fellow Senior Research Fellow Practitioner Fellow 2 Practitioner Fellow 1 Career Development Fellow 2 Career Development Fellow 1 Early Career Fellow Chief Investigator - PSP5 Chief Investigator – PSP4 Chief Investigator – PSP3 Chief Investigator – PSP2 Chief Investigator – PSP1 TOTAL # Chief Investigators 99 97 237 38 44 85 171 600 283 315 58 4 3 2034 MIN 43 39 36 46 43 35 31 26 34 29 30 40 41 26 AGE MAX 74 76 74 66 67 63 58 60 71 68 64 54 64 76 AVG 58 55 51 56 53 45 40 37 49 41 42 47 49 48 Table 7B: Age profile at initial appointment to each level of Research Fellowship 2010 to 2014** Fellowship Level Senior Principal Research Fellowship Principal Research Fellowship Senior Research Fellowship B Senior Research Fellowship A Total MIN MAX AVG 41 37 33 35 33 64 72 62 60 72 52 49 48 46 49 **Total figures based on appointment types 'Promotion out of Synchrony' & 'Reapplication with Promotion' for SPRF, PRF & SRFB as well as 'Initial Application' for SRF (General) and SRFA. Table 7C: Comparison of Age Range of NHMRC supported Early Career Fellow in 2014 by Broad Research Area BROAD RESEARCH AREA Basic Science Clinical Medicine and Science Health Services Research Public Health Grand Total MIN MAX AVG 26 54 34 28 60 39 31 57 41 27 60 39 26 60 37 Page 14 Figure 1: NHMRC Research Fellowship Reappointments Proportion of fellows reapplying in SRF, PRF and SPRF schemes (cohort from 2002 to 2013) 60% 50% 40% Fellowship held once 30% Reapplied and fellowship held twice Reapplied and fellowship held thrice 20% 10% 0% Percentage of SRF A Percentage of SRF B Percentage of PRF reapplying reapplying reapplying i Percentage of SPRF reapplying Table 5B was added to the consultation paper on 2 April 2015. Page 15
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