www.pdpjournals.com Accessing information in the planning sphere: viability assessments Estelle Dehon, Barrister at Cornerstone Chambers, discusses a recent significant decision affecting treatment of requests for access to commercially sensitive information in the planning sphere Estelle Dehon leads the training session ‘FOI Practical Training — Level 1 (Essential Knowledge)’. See the website www.pdptraining.com for further details. FREEDOM OF INFORMATION P lanning authorities and other actors in the planning sphere hold a significant amount of information which may be of interest not only to developers, but to those objecting to development and to those with concerns about protection of the environment. Although there has been sporadic litigation, particularly concerning attempts to obtain copies of legal advice given to planning authorities, many practitioners are of the view that there is yet to be significant reliance in the planning sphere on the right of access to environmental information provided by Environmental Information Regulations 2004 (‘EIRs’). This is so even though the EIRs provide a stronger right of access to information than exists under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (‘FOIA’). This article explores a recent decision which may herald a change, and which may augur increased requests for access to commercially sensitive information in the planning sphere. Overview of the legal regime The EIRs give effect in domestic law to the EU Directive on public access to environmental information (Directive 2003/4/EC) (‘Directive 2003/4’). This in turn derives from the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice on Environmental Matters (‘the Aarhus Convention’), which entered into force on 30th October 2001. The UK and the European Community are both signatories to the Aarhus Convention. As its name suggests, the Aarhus Convention establishes three pillars necessary for environmental protection: the right of everyone to receive environmental information that is held by public authorities; the right of public participation from an early stage in environmental decision-making; and the right of affordable access to justice. The Court of Justice of the European Union (‘CJEU’) has observed that Directive 2003/4 and the Aarhus Convention constitute ‘a regime which is designed to achieve the V OLU ME 1 1, ISSU E 2 widest possible systematic availability and dissemination to the public of environmental information held by or for public authorities” [Case C‑279/12 Fish Legal]. The EIRs establish a robust regime of access to ‘environmental information’, which is defined extensively in Regulation 2(1) as: ‘[A]ny information in written, visual, aural, electronic or any other material form on – (a) the state of the elements of the environment, such as air and atmosphere, water, soil, land, landscape and natural sites including wetlands, coastal and marine areas, biological diversity and its components, including genetically modified organisms, and the interaction among these elements; (b) factors, such as substances, energy, noise, radiation or waste, including radioactive waste, emissions, discharges and other releases into the environment, affecting or likely to affect the elements of the environment referred to in (a); (c) measures (including administrative measures), such as policies, legislation, plans, programmes, environmental agreements, and activities affecting or likely to affect the elements and factors referred to in (a) and (b) as well as measures or activities designed to protect those elements; (d) reports on the implementation of environmental legislation; (e) cost-benefit and other economic analyses and assumptions used within the framework of the measures and activities referred to in (c); and (f) the state of human health and safety, including the contamination of the food chain, where relevant, conditions of human life, cultural sites and built structures inasmuch as they are or may be affected by the state of the elements of the environment referred to in (a) or, through those elements, by any of the matters referred to in (b) and (c)’. Regulation 12(2) requires public authorities to ‘apply a presumption in favour of disclosure’. This reflects Recital 16 of Directive 2003/4, which provides that disclosure of information ‘should be the general rule’, and that exemptions to disclosure ‘should be (Continued on page 6) FREEDOM OF INFORMATION www.pdpjournals.com (Continued from page 5) interpreted in a restrictive way’. The presumption in the EIRs thus ensures that appropriate weight is given to the general interest in citizens having access to environmental information and being able to participate in environmental decisionmaking. In contrast to FOIA, almost all of the exemptions in the EIRs on which authorities may rely to refuse a request are qualified — it must therefore be shown that in all the circumstances of the case, the public interest in maintaining the exemption outweighs the public interest in disclosing the information (Regulation 12(1)(b)). The only absolute exemption is where the request includes personal information of which the applicant is not the data subject (Regulations 12(3) and 13). play, the EIRs require that ‘disclosure would adversely effect’ the matters protected by these exemptions. In contrast, FOIA requires only that disclosure ‘would be likely to prejudice’ the protected matters. “It is a short step from requiring the provision of certain viability information relied on during the planning stage of public/private partnership developments, to requiring its provision during the planning stage of large wholly private developments. Many of the same public interest arguments apply, particularly in relation to the importance of transparency in decisions concerning affordable housing, and the public interest in its provision.” There are also fewer exemptions under the EIRs than under FOIA (for example, there is no exemption in the EIRs in relation to policy information or information likely to prejudice the economic interests of the United Kingdom). Further, a number of exemptions are more narrowly drawn under the EIRs than under FOIA (for example, compare the exemption relating to confidential or commercial information in sections 41 and 43 FOIA with that in Regulation 12(5)(d) and (e) of the EIRs). Where prejudice-based exemptions are in The First-tier Tribunal (Information Rights) (‘FTT’) made it plain in Stafford County Council v IC and Sibelco (UK) Ltd [2010] UKFTT 573 (GRC) that, even if a request for environmental information is made solely under FOIA, the relevant public authority is required to treat the request as having been made under the EIRs. The Southwark case — accessing viability information In the planning world, information concerning the commercial viability of a proposed development has significant value. It may be relevant to whether planning permission should be granted (for example, where one development is required to make another linked development viable). It may also be relevant to whether certain planning policy requirements bite (for example, whether a significant percentage of a new residential development should be provided as affordable housing, below market value). It is almost always the case that a developer V OLU ME 1 1, ISSU E 2 which provides viability information to a local planning authority in support of a planning application does so on the basis that the viability report will be kept confidential. A recent decision by the FTT shows the power of the EIRs to unlock this ‘confidential’ information. London Borough of Southwark v IC and Lend Lease (Elephant and Castle) Ltd EA/2013/0162 (9th May 2014) concerned a request by a resident of Southwark for the viability assessment which supported a planning application made by Lend Lease for the redevelopment of a very large estate in south London. The scope of the project was significant, with Lend Lease funding and delivering the infrastructure and energy requirements of the development, ‘essentially building an entire town centre at its own risk’. The viability assessment demonstrated that it was not viable for Lend Lease to provide 35% affordable housing as part of the development, as required by the Council’s local planning policies, and the developer proposed to provide 25% affordable housing. The viability assessment was submitted to the Council on a confidential basis, because it included commercially sensitive information. Lend Lease contended that the assessment contained a ‘treasure trove of competitively sensitive information’, including Lend Lease’s financial model, applicable to the majority of its large developments. The Information Commissioner undertook a detailed analysis of the public interest and ordered that the entire viability assessment be disclosed, including the financial model. He also adopted a robust position before the Information Tribunal, canvassing the European law background and emphasising that the aims of Directive 2003/04 and the Aarhus Convention in ensuring effective public participation in environmental decision-making should not routinely be overridden by claims of commercial confidentiality, particularly where large amounts of public money are at stake. The FTT partly allowed the appeal, finding that the public interest www.pdpjournals.com favoured withholding the financial model as well as certain information about sales and rentals. However, the remainder of the viability assessment was required to be provided. The Information Tribunal rejected arguments that the viability assessment was not ‘environmental information’. Although it was primarily an economic analysis, the Tribunal held that the project which the viability assessment underpinned was so large that it would be likely to affect the state of the landscape as an element of the environment. Consequently, the assessment fell within the definition in Regulations 2(1)(c) and (e). The Tribunal accepted that the commercial interests of the developer were such as to engage its rights under European Convention of Human Rights, specifically Article 1, Protocol 1 (the right to peaceful enjoyment of property) and possibly also Article 8 (the right to private life). However, the Tribunal doubted whether a properly conducted balancing exercise under Regulation 12 would result in a decision contrary to the Human Rights Act 1998, and held it did not do so in the instant case. In relation to the public interest balance, the Tribunal considered that the key issues were: that the project must not be al- lowed to fail or be put in jeopardy; the importance of public participation in decision making; and the avoidance of harm to the developer’s commercial interests. In a terse single paragraph, the Tribunal accepted that the financial model developed by Lend Lease was a trade secret, and that the harm to Lend Lease’s commercial interests by its disclosure was not outweighed by the benefits of disclosure. The Tribunal came to the same conclusion about information concerning sales and rentals, which would be the subject of commercial negotiation between Lend Lease and other businesses. The Tribunal then considered the other information in the viability assessment. It held this was ‘less FREEDOM OF INFORMATION commercially sensitive’, and that the public interest balance was thus different. The importance of local people having access to information to allow them to participate in the planning process of a large project with substantial effects on them outweighed the public interest in maintaining the remaining rights of Lend Lease. Conclusion This is a significant step forward from the FTT’s previous decision in the area of access to commercially sensitive information in the planning sphere. Chichester District Council v ICO and Friel EA/2010/0153 (5th August 2010) concerned valuation carried out by the District Council of land under its ownership, and which the District Council itself wished to develop. The Tribunal held that, although the detail of the land valuation was an internal communication within a public authority (and thus covered by the exemption in Regulation 12(4)(e) of the EIRs), the public interest required disclosure. The Tribunal observed that ‘particular scrupulousness’ was required where the council was both landowner and planning authority. It was also concerned at what it termed a ‘deficit of democratic engagement’ which resulted from the development of the land falling within the purview of the District Council’s Executive Committee and planning officers, rather than being discussed openly in Council meetings. V OLU ME 1 1, ISSU E 2 Chelsea has withdrawn an appeal against a decision by the Information Commissioner that it make available parts of a confidential viability report. It is a short step from requiring the provision of certain viability information relied on during the planning stage of public/private partnership developments, to requiring its provision during the planning stage of large wholly private developments. Many of the same public interest arguments apply, particularly in relation to the importance of transparency in decisions concerning affordable housing, and the public interest in its provision. The ‘democratic deficit’ argument may also be relevant, as confidential viability assessments are often not made available even to the councillors on the planning committees determining the applications. That being the case, it may only be a matter of time before requests for access to viability information underpinning controversial large planning applications become a much more frequent occurrence. Although important, the Chichester District Council decision was limited to the comparatively infrequent situation where a local authority is both developer and planning authority. The LB Southwark decision opens the field to public/private partnership developments, and is significant in requiring access to commercially sensitive valuation information provided by a private developer. It has already had an impact on another redevelopment scheme — that in Earl’s Court. As a result of the LB Southward decision, the Royal Borough of Kensington and Estelle Dehon Cornerstone Chambers [email protected]
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