EARTHWATCH 2015
CLIMATE AND LANDSCAPE CHANGE
IN BORNEO’S RAINFOREST
Nicole Morrill Page 1 6/22/15Nicole Morrill Page 1 6/22/15
MESSAGES FROM EARTHWATCH
DEAR EARTHWATCHER,
Thank you for volunteering to work with us here in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, on Climate and Landscape Change in Borneo’s
Rainforest. We are only now beginning to understand the vital role that tropical rainforests play—the biodiversity they support,
the weather patterns they influence, their part in hydrological cycles, the carbon they take up from the atmosphere and store
and, most importantly, how these and other factors interact to support global ecosystem functioning. In order to understand
these highly complex interactions, and ensure that the remaining rainforests of Southeast Asia are properly protected and,
where necessary, restored, it is essential that long-term monitoring and research programs be initiated to provide the scientific
foundations for their conservation, sustainable management, and restoration. This is the overall aim of the project with which
you will be helping.
By working with us, you will be contributing not only to the knowledge base, but directly to the conservation and restoration
of the rainforests of Borneo and the wider region. This is of critical urgency; it has been estimated that almost one-fifth of global
carbon emissions are accounted for by the clearance and degradation of rainforests—more carbon than is emitted by the entire
transport sector—every car, truck, train, ship, and aircraft on the planet. If climate change is to be controlled, then the tropical
rainforests must be conserved and restored. Scientific research has a crucial part to play in this.
Our team and I look forward to welcoming you to Danum Valley. This has to be one of the most amazing places anywhere in the
world—and we very much hope you will enjoy your time with us.
Yours,
Dr. Glen Reynolds, Director, Royal Society SEARRP Danum Valley Field Centre
PO Box 60282, 91112 Lahad Datu Sabah, Malaysia
Tel: +60 (0) 89-841103
Fax: +60 (0) 89-883091
Website: searrp.org/
Earthwatch would like to acknowledge that Royal Dutch Shell plc provides funding towards the research component of this
project.
DEAR EARTHWATCHER,
Thank you for joining this expedition! We greatly appreciate your decision to contribute to hands-on environmental science
and conservation.
As an Earthwatch volunteer, you have the opportunity to create positive change. And while you’re out in the field working
toward that change, we are committed to caring for your safety. Although risk is an inherent part of the environments in
which we work, we’ve been providing volunteer field experiences with careful risk management and diligent planning for
over 40 years. You’re in good hands.
We hope this expedition will inspire you to get more involved in conservation and sustainable development priorities—not just
out in the field, but also when you return home. We encourage you to share your experiences with others, and to transfer your
skills and enthusiasm to environmental conservation efforts in your workplace, community, and home.
If you have questions as you prepare for your expedition, contact your Earthwatch office. Thank you for your support,
and enjoy your expedition!
Sincerely,
Larry Mason
President and CEO, Earthwatch
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL INFORMATION ................. 4
TRIP PLANNER ............................ 5
EXPEDITION PACKING LIST .............. 6
THE RESEARCH ........................... 7
DAILY LIFE IN THE FIELD ................ 9
ACCOMMODATIONS AND FOOD ......... 11
TRAVEL TIPS .............................. 13
PROJECT CONDITIONS ................... 15
SAFETY .................................... 18
PROJECT STAFF .......................... 19
RECOMMENDED READING ............... 20
LITERATURE CITED....................... 21
EMERGENCY NUMBERS .................. 22
3
GENERAL INFORMATION
CLIMATE AND LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN BORNEO’S RAINFOREST
EARTHWATCH SCIENTISTS
EXPEDITION DATES
Dr. Glen Reynolds, Director, Royal Society SEARRP
Team 1*: Jul. 18–Jul 28, 2015
RESEARCH SITE
Team 1a: Aug. 1–Aug 10, 2015
Danum Valley, Sabah State, Malaysian Borneo
Team 1b: Aug. 16–Aug. 25, 2015
Team 4: Sept. 4–Sept. 13, 2015
Please refrain from booking flights until
you receive your complete rendezvous
information, which will be sent to you
upon request
Team 5: Oct. 1–Oct. 10, 2015
Team 6: Oct. 13–Oct. 22, 2015
*Team 1 is reserved for a Student groups.
.
4
TRIP PLANNER
CLIMATE AND LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN BORNEO’S RAINFOREST
TRIP PLANNER
IMMEDIATELY
60 DAYS PRIOR TO EXPEDITION
□ Make sure you understand and agree to
Earthwatch’s Terms and Conditions.
□ If you plan to purchase additional travel insurance,
note that some policies require purchase when your
expedition is booked.
□ Make sure you have all the necessary vaccinations
for your project site.
□ Review the Packing Checklist to make sure you
have all the clothing, personal supplies and
equipment needed.
90 DAYS PRIOR TO EXPEDITION
30 DAYS PRIOR TO EXPEDITION
□ Log in at earthwatch.org to complete your
volunteer forms.
□ Pay any outstanding balance for your expedition.
□ Book travel arrangements (see the Travel Planning
section for details).
□ If traveling internationally, make sure your
passport is current and, if necessary, obtain a visa
for your destination country.
□ Leave the Earthwatch 24-hour helpline number
with a relative or friend.
□ Leave copies of your passport, visa, and airline
tickets with a relative or friend.
Read this expedition briefing thoroughly. It provides the most accurate information
available at the time of your Earthwatch scientist’s project planning, and will likely answer
any questions you have about the project. However, please also keep in mind that research
requires improvisation, and you may need to be flexible. Research plans evolve in response
to new findings, as well as to unpredictable factors such as weather, equipment failure,
and travel challenges. To enjoy your expedition to the fullest, remember to expect the
unexpected, be tolerant of repetitive tasks, and try to find humor in difficult situations.
If there are any major changes in the research plan or field logistics, Earthwatch will
make every effort to keep you well informed before you go into the field.
5
EXPEDITION PACKING LIST
CLIMATE AND LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN BORNEO’S RAINFOREST
EXPEDITION PACKING LIST
GENERAL
PERSONAL SUPPLIES
□ This expedition briefing
□ Photocopies of your passport, flight itinerary, and credit
cards in case the originals are lost or stolen; the copies
should be packed separately from the original documents
□ Personal toiletries (biodegradable soaps and
shampoos are encouraged)
□ Antibacterial wipes or lotion
(good for cleaning hands while in the field)
□ Passport and/or visa (if necessary)
□ Sunscreen lotion with SPF 30 or higher
□ Personal first aid kit (e.g., dehydration salts,
anti-diarrhea/constipation pills, antibiotics, antiseptic,
itch-relief, pain reliever, bandages, blister covers, etc.)
and personal medications
□ Antiseptic and anti-fungal powder (medicated talcum powder)
for use on feet (can be purchased in Malaysia if necessary)
□ Certification of vaccination (if necessary)
□ Documentation for travel by minors (if necessary)
CLOTHING/FOOTWEAR FOR FIELDWORK
□ Earthwatch T-shirt
□ Loose-fitting. long-sleeved shirts and T-shirts—
long enough to be tucked into your trousers
MISCELLANEOUS
□ Lightweight cotton (fast-drying) trousers*
□ Walking boots (waterproof and lightweight) –
please ensure that these have ankle support and a good
grip by testing them on slippery, muddy terrain before
joining the project
□ Spending money (see Money Matters section).
OPTIONAL ITEMS
□ Sun hat
□ Camera, film and memory card(s), extra camera battery
(NOTE: The climate is not favorable to electronic equipment).
□ Dry bag or plastic sealable bags (good for protecting
equipment like cameras from dust, humidity, and water)
□ Silica gel sachets (good for protecting equipment like
cameras from humidity, and water)
□ Sunglasses
□ Adapter or converter for charging camera, etc., if required.
□ All-terrain sandals (for use in rivers and leisure time)
□ A few pairs of socks
□ Lightweight rain jacket
□ Work or gardening gloves (for digging)
□ Earplugs
□ Eye mask if you find sleeping in light conditions difficult
CLOTHING/FOOTWEAR FOR LEISURE
□ Sports bra
□ Hardware for sharing digital photographs at the end
of the expedition
□ At least one set of clothing to keep clean for end
of expedition
□ Shorts*
□ Swimwear
□ Dry box to protect equipment from humidity (cameras,
hearing aids, etc.)
□ Robe or dress to wear en route to the shower
*Permethrin-impregnated and quick-drying trekking
clothing recommended
□ Binoculars for wildlife spotting
□ Compact umbrella (preferably non-metal)
FIELD SUPPLIES
□ Travel guide
□ Small day pack
□ Books, games, journal, art supplies, etc. for free time
□ Insect repellent spray (50% DEET minimum)
□ Water bottles (minimum of two one-liter bottles)
SUPPLIES THAT MAY BE BOUGHT IN MALAYSIA
□ Sunscreen lotion with SPF 30 or higher
□ Toiletries
□ Torch (flashlight) with extra batteries—ESSENTIAL
□ Snacks and sweets
□ Disposable raincoats
BEDDING AND BATHING
□ Water bottles
NOTE: Mosquito nets and a pillow and blankets will
be provided by the project.
NOTE: Do not bring more luggage than you can carry and
handle on your own. If traveling by air and checking your
luggage, we advise you to pack an extra set of field clothing
and personal essentials in your carry-on bag in case your
luggage is lost or delayed.
□ Towel(s), preferably the fast-drying type
□ You may wish to bring a lightweight single sheet
or sheet sleeping bag, but this is optional, as bedding
will be provided
6
THE RESEARCH
CLIMATE AND LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN BORNEO’S RAINFOREST
THE STORY
The regenerative capacity and long-term viability of
degraded and fragmented forests are unclear—especially
their degree of resilience to the impacts of climate change.
Droughts associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation
(ENSO)—ENSO events are associated with shifts in oceanic
currents off the Gulf of Mexico which influence weather
patterns globally—that are projected to become more
frequent and severe as a result of the changing climate,
may prove to be particularly damaging (Walsh 1996; Walsh
& Newbery 1999, Curran et al., 1999). There is also
evidence that the wet La Niña phase of the ENSO cycle is
becoming more intense, leading to an increase in the
frequency and magnitude of large rainstorms (Walsh 2007),
which leads to severe soil erosion, landslides, and leaching
of nutrients from the soil. The combined effects of ENSO
events and of forest loss, fragmentation, and degradation
may be adversely affecting recruitment and regeneration of
the dipterocarps (a family that includes about 500 tree
species), the most important group of tree species of the
Southeast Asian rainforests (Curran et al, 1999; Brook et al,
2003; Kohler & Huth, 2004; Curran et al, 2004; Bischoff et
al. 2005; Stoll and Newbery 2005). Borneo’s forests may
require some form of rehabilitation if they are to survive.
Until the mid-20th century, Borneo was almost completely
covered with rainforests. But over recent decades, these
havens for wildlife, particularly the lowland forests, have
been subject to intensive industrial-scale logging or have
been cleared to make way for plantations of marketable
products such as oil palm. These activities have threatened
the crucial ecosystem services the forests provide, such as
carbon storage and sequestration, soil stabilization, and
watershed protection, as well as many of the island’s plant
and animal species: the forests still provide crucial habitat
for over 15,000 species of flowering plants, more than 220
species of mammals, 420 species of birds, more than 250
reptiles, almost 150 amphibians, over 400 species of
freshwater fish, and many tens of thousands of species of
insects and other invertebrates.
The forests that do remain are often highly degraded or
scattered as small fragments embedded within inhospitable
agricultural landscapes. It is these forests, rather than the
remaining pockets of protected primary forest, that now
support much of the island’s biodiversity and are critically
important in maintaining overall ecosystem functioning.
7
RESEARCH AIMS
HOW YOU WILL HELP
The overall goal of this project is to maintain the
biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and conservation value
of the Bornean rainforest in the face of changes in climate
and land use. We study both pristine forests and forests
with various degrees of disturbance and fragmentation.
Depending on research needs, you’ll help with some
of the following:
• Assessing the presence and density of tree seedlings
• Helping to measure seedling survival and growth
over time and planting new seedlings
Our research has four main objectives:
• Measuring plant mass to assess how much carbon
they contain
• To assess baseline levels of plant diversity (as a
measure of overall biodiversity), we measure
plant diversity in forests with different levels of
disturbance and in forest patches of different sizes.
• Taking basic measurements of habitat and
forest structure
• Assessing basic ecosystem processes, such as carbon
storage and decomposition
• To assess how restoration of forest can best be
achieved, we monitor the survival and growth of
planted tree seedlings.
• Collecting, sorting, and pressing plant specimens
• Collecting and sorting specimens of insects and
other animals
• To assess the ability of degraded and fragmented
forest to maintain ecosystem functioning, we measure
rates of decomposition of leaf litter and the levels of
consumption of planted and naturally regenerating
seedlings by insects.
• Maintaining leaf litter traps, which capture falling
leaves, or leaf litter bags, which are filled with
leaf litter and then monitored for decomposition
• Taking rainfall measurements
• To establish the susceptibility of forests to erosion,
we measure soil moisture levels and the amount of
soil erosion and deposition over the year and after
major rainstorms.
• Measuring soil moisture
• Assessing topography, vegetation types, and
canopy cover
• Measuring soil erosion
• Collecting and analyzing soil samples.
8
DAILY LIFE IN THE FIELD
CLIMATE AND LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN BORNEO’S RAINFOREST
Some of the tasks you may perform are listed in How You
Will Help. The rigor of the work on these tasks will vary
according to terrain, site conditions, and distance from
camp. Plant specimens will be sorted and pressed in the
laboratory. In case of inclement weather, indoor laboratory
work will be substituted for outdoor work.
You will receive presentations from project staff on forest
management and conservation issues, the possible impacts
of climate and environmental change on the rainforest
ecosystem, and the measures that can be taken to protect
and restore Southeast Asia’s remaining rainforests. During
the fieldwork, you will work with the Royal Society SEARRP
team of local research assistants, who will provide close
supervision.
Not all tasks will be undertaken by all teams; the specific
tasks will depend on the time of year and the progress of
the research.
9
ITINERARY
Weather and research needs can lead to changes in the daily
schedule. We appreciate your cooperation and understanding
DAY 3–5: & 7–9 (DAY 10, TEAMS 1 AND 2):
FIELDWORK
DAY 1: RENDEZVOUS
8:00 a.m.
Team met by FieldSkills staff member at the
Hyatt Hotel in Kota Kinabalu for a health and
safety briefing
10:00 a.m.
Depending on when the briefing ends, there
will be a short period of free time for lastminute purchases
Checkout from Hyatt Hotel and transfer to
Kota Kinabalu airport (A bus is arranged for
this; please ask the hotel reception for details
to confirm timings). It’s a good idea to have a
light lunch at the airport (there are numerous
food outlets)
12:30 p.m.
2:45 p.m.
Fly from Kota Kinabalu to Lahad Datu; be met
at Lahad Datu by Earthwatch scientists or
Royal Society SEARRP staff
3:40 p.m.
Transfer to Danum Valley Field Centre
(two-hour journey by road)
5:40 p.m.
Arrival and check-in at Danum Valley Field
Centre
6:00 p.m.
Introductory lecture and overview of team’s
activities
Dinner
7:00 p.m.
7:00 a.m.
8:30 a.m.
1:00 p.m.
2:00 p.m.
4:00 p.m.
Afternoon
Evening
Lunch (either packed or at Malua or Danum
camps)
Specimen sorting and lab work (if required)
and/or learning sessions
Afternoon tea
4:30 p.m.
Specimen sorting and lab work and/or learning
sessions (free time if no lab work)
6:00 p.m.
Introductory lecture and overview of team’s
activities
Dinner and relaxation (optional evening
activities, talks by visiting scientists,
presentations, etc.)
7:00 p.m.
DAY 6: RECREATION DAY
10:00 a.m.
Breakfast and personal preparation for
departure to Borneo Rainforest Lodge
Optional guided walks in primary forest
1:00 p.m.
Lunch at lodge
2:00 p.m.
Optional guided walks in primary forest or
free time at the lodge
Canopy walk at lodge and drive back to
Malua Camp
6:30 a.m.
DAY 2: INTRODUCTORY DAY AT DANUM VALLEY
(AND OTHER SITES)
Morning
Breakfast and personal preparation for
fieldwork 8:00 a.m. Meet for team briefing
and equipment collection 8:15 a.m.
Depart to field sites (on foot or by four-wheeldrive vehicle)
Fieldwork
Introduction to Earthwatch scientists and
research assistants. Briefings covering the
project context and overview. Short trek (1.5
hours) in the primary forest at Danum Valley
After lunch, depart Danum Valley for the
Sabah Biodiversity Experiment site at Malua,
stopping on the way at various points of
interest for briefings on forest management
and restoration, etc. Arrive at the Sabah
Biodiversity Experiment Campsite at Malua in
time for lunch. Time to settle in and get to
know the camp. Orientation and health and
safety reminder briefing
Dinner; lecture and introduction to the
following day’s activities
4:00 p.m.
7:00 p.m.
Dinner and relaxation (optional evening
activities or talks by visiting scientists)
DAY 10: (DAY 11, TEAMS 1 & 2) DEPARTURE DAY
8:00 a.m.
Breakfast
9:00 a.m.
Depart Malua for visit to oil palm plantation
and briefing on forest fragmentation
component of the project
Lunch at lodge
1:00 p.m.
4:00 p.m.
Arrival at Lahad Datu Airport; end of
expedition
Fly back to Kota Kinabalu Airport
4.55 p.m.
Flight arrives at Kota Kinabalu Airport
2:00 p.m.
10
ACCOMMODATIONS AND FOOD
ABOUT YOUR HOME IN THE FIELD
SLEEPING
INTERNET AND COMMUNICATIONS
You’ll stay mainly at the Sabah Biodiversity Experiment
campsite at Malua, though the first night will be spent at
the Danum Valley Field Centre. The Malua campsite is
basic, but comfortable.
Internet access is not readily available at the facilities.
Internet connection is, however, available at the Borneo
Rainforest Lodge during the recreational day should you
have a wireless-enabled device (phone, etc.). Please be
aware that the climate is not favorable for electronic
equipment (e.g., laptops, cameras), which should stay in
Ziploc bags when not in use. Or you may wish to consider
bringing a dry box for cameras, etc. You may also find silica
gel sachets useful.
Participants will be accommodated in separate male and
female dormitories with hostel-style bunk beds at Danum
Valley and individual mattresses placed on raised sleeping
areas at Malua. Mosquito nets and pillows will be provided
in both locations; at Danum there are screens on all
windows, rather than mosquito nets on the beds. Mattresses
will be covered and blankets will also be provided in both
locations, although participants may wish to bring their own
single sheets or sheet sleeping bag to use as a lighter cover.
FACILITIES AND AMENITIES
Amenities include a washing machine, seating areas, and
separate dining facilities. There are small tourist shops at
the Danum Valley Field Centre reception and the Borneo
Rainforest Lodge where souvenirs may be purchased. At
Malua Field Camp there is a small, family-run shop at where
drinks and snacks can be bought.
The sleeping and dining areas are non-smoking.
BATHROOMS
Facilities include showers (not heated) fed by filtered river
water and western-style toilets. The toilets at the Danum
Valley Field Centre are situated just outside the
dormitories. At Malua, although the showers are directly
outside the dormitories, the toilets are situated on the
other side of the camp for hygienic reasons and are a short,
but possibly muddy, walk away. Please note that at night
this walk is not lit and involves the descent of a short slope;
participants must ensure they bring a good torch
(flashlight).
DISTANCE TO THE FIELD SITE
The research sites are located 0.5 to two kilometers (0.3 to
1.2 miles) from the Sabah Biodiversity Experiment Campsite
at Malua. The furthest sites at Malua will normally be
accessed by vehicle where possible, with journey times
varying according to road conditions. Treks through the
forest to access research sites will normally be less than
two kilometers (1.2 miles), though some sites may involve
slightly longer treks, and it should be noted that terrain can
be steep and slippery. Transport to the research sites will
be by four- wheel-drive pickup trucks. Transport will be
arranged by the Earthwatch scientists or research
assistants.
ELECTRICITY
Diesel generators supply electricity at both sites. The
generator at the Danum Valley Field Centre usually
operates between 7:00 a.m. and 12:00 midnight. The
generator at Malua Field Camp operates from 7:00 a.m.
until 4:00 p.m. and from 7:00 p.m. until 12:00 midnight.
The electricity supply is at 230 to 240 volts through
standard U.K. three-pin sockets. Participants should be
aware that on occasion the power supply has failed. Should
this occur, staff will ensure that participants are safe, and
torches may be required for a short period of time.
11
FOOD AND WATER
Food will be provided at Danum Valley and the Sabah
Biodiversity Experiment camp at Malua in their cafeterias.
Participants will not be required to help with food
preparation, or cooking, or washing up. Earthwatch
scientists will usually share meals with participants.
Following are examples of the foods you might expect in
the field. Variety depends on availability, and while this list
provides a general idea of food types, please be flexible.
TYPICAL MEALS
BREAKFAST
Self-service buffet of fried or scrambled eggs,
noodles, toasted bread, and cereals.
LUNCH
Packed lunches when in the field; fried rice,
noodles, or sandwiches.
DINNER
Simple Malaysian-style home cooking, usually
consisting of steamed rice and vegetables,
chicken, beef, and/or fish dishes. Fresh fruit
for dessert.
SNACKS/
OTHER
Fried bananas, other local snacks, and biscuits
(cookies) are available at the field center for
morning coffee and afternoon tea. While in the
field, participants should bring their own
snacks, which can be bought in Kota Kinabalu
or Lahad Datu on arrival. There are also small
shops at Danum and Malua where the team
will be based.
BEVERAGES
Tea and coffee are always available at the
field centers.
WATER
Drinking water at the field centers is boiled
and safe for drinking.
SPECIAL DIETARY REQUIREMENTS
Please alert Earthwatch to any special dietary requirements
(e.g., diabetes, lactose intolerance, nut or other food
allergies, vegetarian or vegan diets) as soon as possible, and
note them in the space provided on your volunteer forms.
12
TRAVEL TIPS
SUGGESTIONS FOR THE ROAD
YOUR DESTINATION
The sum recommended should cover local taxis. As
mentioned in the Rendezvous section, the fare from the
airport to the Hyatt is RM30 for a four-seat taxi and RM38
for a six-seat taxi (rates subject to change).
LANGUAGE: Bahasa Malaysia is the national language of
Sabah, though English is widely spoken and most of the
research assistants and others working with Earthwatchers
have at least conversational-level English ability. The
expedition will be conducted in English.
Tipping is not expected, although moderate tips are
appreciated by field assistants, etc.
TIME ZONE: GMT/UTC +8.
DEPARTURE TAXES: Domestic flights: RM6.00; international
flights: RM45.00
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS: Malaysia is a predominantly
Muslim country. Please dress conservatively and respect
cultural and religious sensitivities. Eating with the left
hand—or offering food to Malaysians with the left hand—is
considered impolite. Malaysians eat with spoons and forks
and seldom use knives. Do not wear shoes inside,
particularly in living areas. Do not eat pork in the presence
of Muslims. There is no problem with the consumption of
alcohol, although alcohol should not be offered to Muslims
unless they are known to drink. Considerable problems can
arise if visitors become overly familiar with Muslims of the
opposite sex. Strictly speaking, same-sex relationships are
illegal under Malaysian law, although in practice many
people are tolerant. Still, discretion is advised, especially
outside larger towns and cities. Malaysians are generally
fastidious about personal hygiene and will often shower and
change clothes two or three times per day. Please observe
at least a reasonable level of personal hygiene and shower
and change after working in the field.
The international departure tax is often included in ticket
prices. Taxes are subject to change.
PASSPORTS AND VISAS
Passport and visa requirements are subject to change.
Check with your travel advisor, embassy or consulate
in your home country for requirements specific to your
circumstances. Generally, passports must be valid for
at least six months from the date of entry and a return
ticket is required.
Completely optional, branded T-shirts or baseball caps
from you make welcome gifts for the field staff.
Citizenship
Passport Required?
Visa Required?
United States
Yes
No
United Kingdom
Yes
No
Europe
Yes
No
Australia
Yes
No
Japan
Yes
No
If a visa is required, participants should apply for a TOURIST
visa. Please note that obtaining a visa can take weeks or
even months. We strongly recommend using a visa agency,
which can both expedite and simplify the process.
MONEY MATTERS
LOCAL CURRENCY: Malaysian Ringgit.
CONTACT INFORMATION
PERSONAL FUNDS: We suggest that you bring around RM400
in cash, as well as credit cards. You will only need a little
money during the expedition; at the research site there is
almost nothing to spend money on, other than canned
drinks and snacks. There is a small gift shop at the Borneo
Rainforest Lodge. There are ATMs and international banks in
Kota Kinabalu and Lahad Datu, but there are no money
changing facilities at Danum or other research sites. Getting
cash from the airport ATMs can be difficult, but the Hyatt
has a reasonable exchange rate. Don’t bring travelers’
checks; many banks won’t cash them.
You may be required to list the following contact
information on your visa application and immigration
form, or if your luggage does not make it to baggage
claim at your destination:
Dr. Glen Reynolds, Director
Royal Society, SEARRP, Danum Valley Field Centre
PO Box 60282, 91112 Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia
Tel: +60 (0) 89-841103 (office); +60 17 8167177 (mobile)
[email protected] or [email protected]
13
PROJECT CONDITIONS
THE FIELD ENVIRONMENT
GENERAL CONDITIONS
ESSENTIAL ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS:
The terrain at Danum Valley and Ulu Segama–Malua is
mostly relatively gentle, though the local topography can
be steep. The ground can also be extremely muddy and
slippery when wet after the regular rainfall.
All participants must be able, independently or with the
assistance of a companion, to:
□ Follow verbal and/or visual instructions.
□ Enjoy being outdoors all day in varying weather
conditions, in the potential presence of wild animals
and insects.
The temperature and relative humidity of southeastern
Sabah are typical of the equatorial rainforest. Mean
monthly rainfall ranges from approximately 15.5
centimeters (6.1 inches) in April to over 30 centimeters
(11.8 inches) in January, and tends to be highest in the
transition months following the equinoxes (May to June and
October to November) and also during the northerly
monsoon months of December to January.
□ Tolerate working and traversing terrain in hot and
humid conditions with temperatures ranging between
20° and 35°C (68° and 95ºF) and humidity levels
between 70% and 95%.
□ Swim for a minimum distance of 20 meters (65 feet).
While this is not required for the research, it is a safety
precaution for participation in the event of flash floods
which can potentially occur or rivers or streams
swelling unexpectedly.
GENERAL CONDITIONS
HUMIDITY: 70% (day)–95% (night)
□ Comfortably hike to forest research sites for distances
of approximately two kilometers (1.2 miles) a day on
terrain that is mostly flat, but slippery and with some
steep areas, in hot and humid conditions.
TEMPERATURE RANGE: 68º–95º F (20º–35º C)
ALTITUDE: 656 feet (200 meters) to 1,312 feet (400 meters
□ Traverse and hike across slippery and sometimes steep
areas of forest for periods of three to six hours a day
while undertaking research tasks.
□ Get low enough to the ground to measure trees and
saplings and collect data, for periods of one to three
hours a day.
□ Carry up to 10 kilograms (22 pounds) of personal
equipment (water, snacks, waterproofs, first aid kits,
personal camera, etc.) to the research sites.
□ Get up into and down out of a vehicle and ride, seated
with seatbelt fastened, for about one to two hours on
some days over uneven roads and terrain, depending on
that day’s activity.
14
POTENTIAL HAZARDS
CLIMATE AND LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN BORNEO’S RAINFOREST
HAZARD TYPE
ASSOCIATED RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS
Transportation
The main road is shared by team four-wheel-drive vehicles, minibuses, and road maintenance vehicles.
Roads are not always adequately maintained, which can create dangerous situations when roads are wet
and increase the risk of traffic accidents. All passengers must be seated in their own seats and use
seatbelts at all times. Only experienced drivers who have been approved by senior staff are permitted to
drive; staff members are trained in off-road driving. Road travel is limited when possible. We use only
well-maintained vehicles with first-aid kits, tool kits, fire extinguishers, and spare tires. Each project
vehicle has a satellite phone or VHF radio. Vehicles will not be overloaded, and rollbars are fitted to
pickup trucks. No unauthorized passengers can be carried in project vehicles. All bridges are assessed
prior to crossing. Night driving for recreational wildlife spotting will not exceed 10 kilometers (six miles)
per hour; driving during the night for other purposes, except in the case of an emergency, will not be
permitted. Staff will know when to expect teams and will implement a search if the team fails to arrive
at the expected time.
Accommodations
The floors at the Danum and Malua Field Centres (especially in bathrooms) and the stairs at Malua Field
Centre become slippery when wet. There is a risk of slipping or falling. Be aware of the risk of slipping
and falling and take care when walking barefoot on floors and when using stairs, especially after rainfall.
We recommend that you use walking boots for getting around during rainfall.
Walking/Hiking/
Climbing
There is a risk of getting lost in the forest; participants will always be accompanied by research assistants
when they go to the forest. Earthwatch scientists will monitor who goes into the forest and ensure they
return safely. Communications equipment, compasses, and whistles will be carried. Staff are trained in
search and rescue. Wet weather conditions in the forest create the risk of falling branches or debris;
therefore, we will not enter the forest or return to base in the event of heavy rainfall.
Terrain
The terrain at field sites can be rough or uneven and is mostly covered dense forest and fallen trees; it is
likely to be very slippery due to regular rainfall. There is risk of injury due to falling over fallen trees,
slipping, or tripping on uneven ground. You will be briefed on risks of walking over rough terrain. You
must wear hiking boots. Be aware of your surroundings and watch where you step at all times when in the
forest. Field sites will be prepared with cleared access as much as is possible. Terrain at the field camps
can also be uneven and very slippery. Always wear appropriate footwear and use a torch when walking
around at night.
Animals/Insects
Sabah is home to a number of potentially dangerous animals. There is risk of attack by large mammals
(e.g., elephant, wild boar), as well as risk from venomous snakes, scorpions, and other stinging and biting
invertebrates (e.g., centipedes, wasps, hornets, mosquitoes, sand flies, leeches, and ticks), many of
which carry the risk of disease transmission (e.g., malaria, dengue fever). Wear long-sleeved, lightweight
clothing, use insect repellent with DEET, and use mosquito nets when appropriate to protect from insects.
You will be briefed on appropriate cautions in the forest and on how to avoid insects and other
invertebrates (e.g., by shaking out shoes in the morning and self-inspecting on a daily basis). You’ll be
provided with anti-leech socks, and will be made aware of the risks from dangerous animals and disease
and the need to restrict entrance to field sites if dangerous animals (e.g., elephants) are thought to be
present. Staff members are trained in treating snakebites and will train participants on how to avoid
snakes. They will carry a medical kit at all times in the field and are trained to recognize and treat
anaphylaxis. Those with allergies should bring along medications (antihistamines, at least two EpiPens,
etc.) as appropriate to relieve symptoms. Make any allergies known to Earthwatch scientists and inform
staff of your treatment needs and location of any medication. Also note allergies on your Earthwatch
Health Form.
15
POTENTIAL HAZARDS
CLIMATE AND LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN BORNEO’S RAINFOREST
Plants
Many plants have irritating sap, thorns, spines, or large and heavy fruits. You will be briefed on
potentially dangerous plants, how to recognize them, and the hazards posed by falling fruits, branches,
and trees. Fieldwork stops during windy conditions or heavy rain when fruit, branch, and tree falls are
more likely to occur.
Climate/Weather
The climate in Sabah is moderate for a tropical country, but the hot, humid climate in combination with
strenuous physical work can cause physical exhaustion, dehydration, heatstroke, sunstroke, and sunburn.
Acclimate slowly, carry and drink sufficient water during fieldwork, and take precautions to avoid sun
exposure: wear long-sleeved, lightweight clothing and a hat and apply high-factor sunscreen. If you begin
to feel hot or ill, alert the Earthwatch scientists or project staff, cease strenuous activity, cool down in
the shade, and receive first aid if necessary. Intense rainstorms are common; fieldwork and travel to field
sites will stop during extreme weather conditions. If you are sensitive to heat or humidity, you will find
participation in this expedition difficult or impossible. Many common prescriptions, including malaria
prophylaxis, can increase your sensitivity to sun and heat.
Because of the high humidity, persons using a hearing aid device may find it doesn’t work properly. You
should consider purchasing a hearing aid dehumidifier.
In/Near Water
The team may need to wade through rivers or streams during fieldwork. Earthwatch scientists are trained
in river crossing protocols, and will verify that participants can swim. Field staff will monitor weather
conditions constantly and will not attempt crossings or will modify research locations if there is a
likelihood of high water. The team will not cross water that is deeper than below the knee of the smallest
person on the team. Always wear shoes to cross rivers and streams; we will let you know when this may
occur so that you can pack sandals if necessary.
Project Tasks/
Equipment
Earthwatchers will not be permitted to use dangerous work tools, including parangs (machetes),
catapults, and mechanical and electrical equipment. All tools are checked for good condition, and only
project staff members who are competent with tools can use them. Fogging using a very light synthetic
pyretheroid will take place within the forest to assist in the capture of insects. You will not be close by
for this, but there may be some drift or remnants of the fog may persist. If anyone has particularly
sensitive skin, please speak to project staff and avoid the area of this activity.
Crossing suspension
bridges or using aerial
walkways
During the introductory walk around Danum and during recreational time at the Borneo Rainforest Lodge,
you will need to use suspension bridges (this is optional during recreational time). There is a very low risk
of bridge collapse and of slips and trips. Project staff will ensure that bridges are in good condition and
will be aware of their maintenance history. The bridges have handrails and netting, which must be used.
You will be briefed on the maximum number of people who can cross the bridge at one time; these
instructions must be followed. Wooden walkways can be slippery when wet. Wire netting covers them to
prevent slips, but always wear walking boots when crossing.
Personal Security
Take the usual precautions for personal safety while traveling before and after the expedition. Use
common sense in urban centers and when in transit. Travel in pairs or groups, avoid displays of money or
other valuables, take taxis, and avoid traveling alone or at night. It is always best practice to leave
unnecessary valuables at home.
16
Swimming
Swimming in the rivers is permitted only when the water level is low and the current is slack, as
determined by project staff. Those who are not strong swimmers will not be allowed to enter the river.
All participants in this expedition must be able to swim at least 20 meters (65 feet). No one may swim
after dark, alone, or while or after consuming alcohol. Tubing and other adventure-related water
activities are not permitted.
Disease/Infection
The team will be briefed on the risk of water-borne diseases, such as leptospirosis, when swimming and
showering (you will be showering with river water), and other diseases.
Distance to
Medical Care
Food will be prepared with clean hands, and vegetables will be cooked thoroughly. All drinking water is
boiled, and toilet facilities are cleaned and disinfected daily by the staff. All meat and fish will be fresh
or stored properly in a refrigerator. Maintain a strict level of personal hygiene to reduce the possibility of
disease or infection. Please see the Health Information section for vaccination recommendations. Most
diseases are prevented with basic safety precautions.
The nearest fully equipped hospital is 63 kilometers (39 miles) from the field site, which can be up to a
four-hour drive away. If you have a chronic condition that could require immediate medical care (e.g.,
allergies, heart conditions, kidney problems, severe asthma, etc.), or if you are pregnant, please discuss
participating with your physician.
17
SAFETY
HEALTH INFORMATION
NEAREST FULLY EQUIPPED HOSPITAL:
PROJECT VACCINATIONS
Lahad Datu Hospital
Peti Surat 65, 91007 Lahad Datu, Sabah
Tel: (+6089) 88-1522
Fax: (+6089) 88-4670
REQUIRED: If traveling from countries or region where
yellow fever is endemic, you must have a certificate of
vaccination.
Distance: Two hours by vehicle from Danum Valley; up to
four hours from the Malua campsite. A helicopter would
take one hour from either Tawau or Sandakan or two hours
from Kota Kinabalu to arrive. Flight time from Danum to
Lahad Datu hospital is approx. 30 minutes.
RECOMMENDED FOR HEALTH REASONS: Typhoid,
hepatitis A, hepatitis B, Japanese encephalitis, rabies
EMERGENCIES IN THE FIELD
In the case of an emergency in the field, first aid will be
given by staff members who are all fully trained
inemergency first aid. If medical facilities are required the
person to be transported by project vehicle to the nearest
medical facility, which is in Lahad Datu, 1.5 to two hours
away from Danum Valley. In the case of serious injury or
difficult access to locations by road, evacuation can be
arranged by helicopter.
For emergency assistance in the field, please contact
Earthwatch’s 24-hour emergency hotline number on the last
page of this briefing. Earthwatch is available to assist you
24 hours a day, 7 days a week; someone is always on call to
respond to messages that come into our live answering
service.
If a participant has to depart the project early for a
personal emergency, that individual would be transported
to the airport in Lahad Datu by a member of the project
staff. Please note that participants may leave the
expedition early ONLY in cases of emergency.
Please be sure your routine immunizations are up-to-date
(for example diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, measles,
mumps, rubella and varicella). Medical decisions are the
responsibility of each volunteer and his or her doctor, and
the following are recommendations only. Visit the Healix
Travel Oracle website through the “Travel Assistance and
Advice” page in your Earthwatch portal, cdc.gov or who.int
for guidance on immunizations.
IMMUNIZATIONS
PROXIMITY TO MEDICAL CARE
Physician, nurse, or EMT on staff: Project staff are not
medical professionals
Staff certified in safety training: All Royal Society SEARRP
staff have advanced training in emergency first aid.
CPR: Dr. Glen Reynolds, Dzaeman Dzulkifli, Kogila Vani
Annammala, Yeong Kok Loong, Philip Ulok
18
PROJECT STAFF
YOUR RESOURCES IN THE FIELD
EARTHWATCH SCIENTIST DR. GLEN REYNOLDS has been the program manager and senior scientist at
SEARRP since 2000, and is now the director. He is based at the Danum Valley Field Centre. He is also a
research fellow in the Department of Geography at the University of Wales, Swansea, and an honorary
research fellow of the NERC Centre for Population Biology at Silwood Park. He earned his B.S. (Honors)
in horticulture at Wye College, University of London, and his Ph.D. at Imperial College, London, where
he focused on vegetative propagation and the early development of dipterocarp cuttings. His main
research interests include forest rehabilitation and its impacts on ecosystem functioning and
biodiversity. Glen is fluent in Bahasa Malaysia. His interests include hiking, cooking, horticulture,
theater, reading, and running. Although Glen will be present on all teams, he will not always be present
for the entire duration.
KOGILA VANI ANNAMMALA completed her M.S., which focused on hydrocarbon contamination in the
tropical coastal waters of Sabah, in 2008. She is currently undertaking her Ph.D., jointly supervised by
Associate Professor Kawi Bidin and Professor Rory Walsh, which focuses on erosion rates and sediment
fingerprinting using tracers and radionuclide fallouts to identify sediment sources along the Segama
River. She is a nature lover and enjoys meditating, cooking, artwork, and outdoor games. Participants
will assist Vani in collecting data on local erosion and soil moisture levels in the forest. Vani will also be
the main point of contact for participants during their time at Malua.
YEONG KOK LOONG, known as Benny, is from Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia. He graduated with
a master of science in forestry from the University of Malaysia Sabah, where he was funded by a
university scholarship. He began his Ph.D. in January 2010 at the University of Malaysia Sabah, jointly
supervised by Associate Professor John Tay and Professor Jane Hill. His research aims to investigate the
dynamics of dipterocarp seedlings in forest fragments within the oil palm plantations in Sabah. This
research will address ecological concepts related to forest regeneration and ecosystem functioning, as
well as providing information and practical advice to the plantation managers. Benny will be assisted by
the participants and research assistants for his projects. During his leisure time he likes to read, swim,
and get involved in outdoor activities.
PHILIP ULOK is the senior research assistant and manager of the Sabah Biodiversity Experiment. Philip has worked with SEARRP
since 2001 and, before this, on a large-scale forest rehabilitation project based close to Danum Valley. Philip is experienced in
managing large teams has excellent plant identification skills (he received training in the U.K. at the Royal Botanic Gardens
Kew), and speaks fluent English. He also plays a wide range of sports.
NOTE: All staff schedules are subject to change.
19
RECOMMENDED READING
YOUR RESOURCES AT HOME
PROJECT-RELATED WEBSITE
EARTHWATCH SOCIAL MEDIA
• SOUTH EAST ASIA RAINFOREST RESEARCH PROGRAMME:
www.searrp.org/
Get to know Earthwatch better at:
• FACEBOOK: facebook.com/Earthwatch
• YOUTUBE: youtube.com/earthwatchinstitute
• TWITTER: twitter.com/earthwatch_org
20
LITERATURE CITED
YOUR RESOURCES AT HOME
• Bischoff, W., Newbery D.M., Lingenfelder M., Schnaeckel R., Petol G.H., Madani, L. & Ridsdale C.E. (2005) Secondary
succession and dipterocarp recruitment in Bornean rain forest after logging. Forest Ecology and Management 218: 174-192.
• Brook, B.W., Sodhi., N.S., Ng, P.K.L. 2003. Catastrophic extinctions follow deforestation in Singapore. Nature,
424, 420-423.
• Curran, L.M., Caniago, I., Paoli, G.D., Astianti, D., Kusneti, M., Leighton, M., Nirarita, C.E., Haeruman, H. 1999.
Impact of El Niño and logging on canopy tree recruitment in Borneo. Science, 286, 2184-2188.
• Curran, L.M., Trigg, S.N., McDonald, A.K., Astiani, D., Hardiono, Y.M., Siregar, P., Caniago, I., Kasischke, E. 2004.
Lowland forest loss in protected areas of Indonesian Borneo. Science, 303, 1000-1003.
• Köhler, P., Huth, A. 2004. Simulating growth dynamics in a South-East Asian rainforest threatened by recruitment shortage
and tree harvesting. Climatic Change, 67, 95-117.
• Stoll P. & Newbery D.M. (2005) Evidence of species-specific neighborhood effects in the Dipterocarpaceae of a Bornean
rain forest. Ecology 86, 3048–3062.
• Walsh R.P.D. (1996) Drought frequency changes in Sabah and adjacent parts of northern Borneo since the late nineteenth
century and possible implications for tropical rain forest dynamics. Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, 385-407.
• Walsh R.P.D. (2007) Adapting to climate variability and change. In I. Douglas, R. Huggett & C. Perkins (eds)
Companion Encyclopaedia of Geography Volume 2, Second edition, Routledge, Abingdon, pp. 663-682.
• Walsh, R.P.D. and Newbery D.M. (1999) The ecoclimatology of Danum, Sabah, in the context of the world’s rainforest
regions, with particular reference to dry periods and their impact. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lon. B, 354, 1869-1883
21
EMERGENCY NUMBERS
AROUND-THE-CLOCK SUPPORT
EARTHWATCH’S 24-HOUR EMERGENCY HOTLINE
Call Earthwatch’s 24-hour on-call duty officer in the U.S.:
+1 (978) 461.0081
+1 (800) 776.0188 (toll-free for calls placed from within the U.S.)
After business hours, leave a message with our living answering service. State that you have
an emergency and give the name of your expedition, your name, the location from which you
are calling, and if possible, a phone number where you can be reached. An Earthwatch staff
member will respond to your call within one hour.
TRAVEL ASSISTANCE PROVIDER: HEALIX INTERNATIONAL
+44.20.3667.8991 (collect calls and reverse charges accepted)
U.S. TOLL FREE: +1.877.759.3917
U.K. FREE PHONE: 0.800.19.5180
E-MAIL: [email protected]
You may contact Healix International at any time. They can assist in the event of a medical
or evacuation emergency or for routine medical and travel advice, such as advice on visas
and vaccine requirements.
FOR VOLUNTEERS BOOKED THROUGH THE EARTHWATCH AUSTRALIA OFFICE:
Earthwatch Australia 24-Hour Emergency Helpline
+61.0.3.8508.5537
22
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23
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