1. health and fitness

Identifying and Modifying Intermediate Beliefs
199
Cognitive Conceptualization
Generally, you will guide patients to work on automatic thoughts before
directly modifying their beliefs. From the beginning, though, you start
formulating a conceptualization, which logically connects automatic
thoughts to the deeper-level beliefs. If you fail to see this larger picture,
you will be less likely to direct therapy in an effective, efficient way.
You can start filling out a Cognitive Conceptualization Diagram
(Figures 13.1 and 13.2) after the first session with a patient, if you have
collected data in the form of the cognitive model (the bottom part of
the diagram); that is, you have data about the patient’s typical automatic
thoughts, emotions, behavior, and/or beliefs. This diagram depicts,
among other things, the relationship between core beliefs, intermediate beliefs, and current automatic thoughts. It provides a cognitive map
of the patient’s psychopathology and helps organize the multitude of
data that the patient presents. The diagram in Figure 13.1 illustrates
the basic questions you will ask yourself to complete the diagram.
When filling in data after the initial session, you should regard
your first efforts as tentative; you have not yet collected enough data
to determine the extent to which the automatic thoughts patients have
expressed are very typical for them. The completed diagram will mislead you if you choose situations in which the themes of patients’ automatic thoughts are not part of an overall pattern. After three or four
sessions, you should be able to complete the bottom half with more
confidence, as patterns should have emerged.
You share your partial conceptualization with patients verbally
(and sometimes on a blank piece of paper) at every session as you summarize their experience in the form of the cognitive model. Generally
you will not share the worksheet, however, as many patients would find
it confusing (or occasionally demeaning if they interpret the diagram
as your attempt to “fit” them into boxes).
Initially, you may have data to complete only a portion of the diagram. You either leave the other boxes blank, or fill in items you have
inferred with a question mark to indicate their tentative status. You
will check out missing or inferred items with the patient at future sessions. At some point you will share both the top and bottom parts of
the conceptualization, when your goal for a session is to help patients
understand the broader picture of their difficulties. At that time, you
will review the conceptualization verbally, share a simplified version
on a blank sheet of paper, or (for patients whom you judge will benefit) present a blank conceptualization diagram and fill it out together.
Whenever you present your interpretations, you will do so tentatively
and label them as hypotheses, asking patients whether they “ring true.”
Correct hypotheses generally resonate with the patient.
Patient’s name:
Date:
Diagnosis: Axis I
Axis II
Relevant Childhood Data
Which experiences contributed to the development and maintenance of the core belief(s)?
Core Belief(s)
What are the patient’s most central beliefs about him/herself?
Conditional Assumptions/Beliefs/Rules
Which positive assumption help him/her cope with his/her core belief(s)?
What is the negative counterpart of this assumption?
Compensatory/Coping Strategy(ies)
Which behaviors help him/her cope with the belief(s)?
Situation 1
What was the problematic
situation?
Situation 1
Situation 1
Automatic Thought
What went through his/her mind?
Automatic Thought
Automatic Thought
Meaning of the A.T.
What did the automatic thought
mean to him/her?
Meaning of the A.T.
Meaning of the A.T.
Emotion
What emotion was associated
with the automatic thought?
Emotion
Emotion
Behavior
What did the patient do then?
Behavior
Behavior
FIGURE 13.1. Cognitive Conceptualization Diagram. Adapted from Cognitive behavior
therapy worksheet packet. Copyright 2011 by Judith S. Beck. Bala Cynwyd, PA: Beck Institute
for Cognitive Behavior Therapy.
Reprinted by permission in Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Basics and Beyond, Second Edition, by Judith
S. Beck (Guilford Press, 2011). Permission to photocopy this material is granted to purchasers of
this book for personal use only (see copyright page for details). Purchasers may download a larger
version of this material from www.guilford.com/p/beck4.
200
Identifying and Modifying Intermediate Beliefs
201
Usually it is best to start with the bottom half of the conceptualization diagram. You jot down three typical situations in which the
patient became upset. Then, for each situation, fill in the key automatic
thought, its meaning, and the patient’s subsequent emotion and relevant behavior (if any). If you have not directly asked patients for the
meaning of their automatic thoughts, you either hypothesize (with a
written question mark) or, better still, do the downward arrow technique (pages 206–208) at the next session to uncover the meaning for
each thought.
The meaning of the automatic thought for each situation should
be logically connected with the Core Belief box near the top of the
diagram. For example, Sally’s diagram (Figure 13.2) clearly shows how
her automatic thoughts, and the meaning of those thoughts are related
to her core belief of incompetence.
To complete the top box of the diagram, ask yourself (and the
patient): How did the core belief originate and become maintained?
What life events (especially those in childhood) did the patient experience that might be related to the development and maintenance of the
belief? Typical relevant childhood data include such significant events
as continual or periodic strife among parents or other family members;
parental divorce; negative interactions with parents, siblings, teachers,
peers, or others in which the child felt blamed, criticized, or otherwise
devalued; serious illness; death of significant others; physical or sexual
abuse; and other adverse life conditions, such as moving frequently,
experiencing trauma, growing up in poverty, or facing chronic discrimination, to name a few.
The relevant childhood data may, however, be more subtle: for
example, children’s perceptions (which may or may not have been
valid) that they did not measure up in important ways to their siblings;
that they were different from or demeaned by peers; that they did not
meet expectations of parents, teachers, or others; or that their parents
favored a sibling over them.
Next ask yourself, “How did the patient cope with this painful core
belief? Which intermediate beliefs (i.e., underlying assumptions, rules,
and attitudes) has the patient developed?”
Sally’s beliefs are depicted hierarchically in Figure 13.3. As Sally
has many intermediate beliefs that could be classified as attitudes or
rules, it is particularly useful to list the key assumptions in the box below
the core belief. (See page 211 on how you can help a patient re-express
an attitude or rule as an assumption.) Sally, for example, developed
an assumption that helped her cope with the painful idea of incompetence: “If I work very hard, then I can do okay.” Like most patients,
she also had the flip side of the same assumption: “If I ­don’t work hard,
then I’ll fail.” Most Axis I patients tend to operate according to the first
202
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THER APY: BASIC S AND BE YOND Patient’s name:
Diagnosis: Axis I
Sally
Major depressive episode
Date:
Axis II
2/22
None
Relevant Childhood Data
Which experiences contributed to the development and maintenance of the core belief(s)?
Compared self with older brother and peers
Critical mother
Core Belief(s)
What are the patient’s most central beliefs about him/herself?
I’m incompetent.
Conditional Assumptions/Beliefs/Rules
Which positive assumption help him/her cope with his/her core belief(s)?
What is the negative counterpart of this assumption?
(positive) If I work very hard, I can do okay.
(negative) If I don’t do great, then I’ve failed.
Compensatory/Coping Strategy(ies)
Which behaviors help him/her cope with the belief(s)?
Develop high standards
Work very hard
Overprepare
Situation 1
What was the problematic
situation?
Talking to freshmen about
advanced placement credits
Automatic Thought
What went through his/her mind?
They’re all smarter than me.
Meaning of the A.T.
What did the automatic thought
mean to him/her?
I’m incompetent.
Emotion
What emotion was associated
with the automatic thought?
Sad
Behavior
What did the patient do then?
Kept quiet.
Look for shortcomings and correct
Avoid seeking help
Situation 1
Thinking about course
requirements
Situation 1
Reflecting on difficulty
of textbook
Automatic Thought
Automatic Thought
I won’t be able to do it
(research paper).
I won’t make it through
the course.
Meaning of the A.T.
Meaning of the A.T.
I’m incompetent.
I’m incompetent.
Emotion
Emotion
Sad
Sad
Behavior
Cried
Behavior
Closed the book;
stopped studying
FIGURE 13.2. Sally’s Cognitive Conceptualization Diagram. Adapted from Cognitive behavior therapy worksheet packet. Copyright 2011 by Judith S. Beck. Bala Cynwyd,
PA: Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy.
Identifying and Modifying Intermediate Beliefs
Core belief
Intermediate
beliefs
203
I’m incompetent.
1. Attitude:
It’s terrible to be incompetent.
2. Assumptions:
If I work extra hard, I can do okay.
If I don’t work hard, I’ll fail.
Automatic thoughts
when depressed
I can’t do this.
This is too hard.
I’ll never learn all this.
FIGURE 13.3. Sally’s hierarchy of beliefs and automatic thoughts.
assumption, the one phrased in a more positive way, until they become
psychologically distressed, at which time the negative assumption surfaces. Note that the designation “positive” does not necessarily mean
the belief is adaptive.
To complete the next box, “coping strategies,” you ask yourself,
“Which behavioral strategies did the patient develop to cope with the
painful core belief?” Note that the patient’s broad assumptions often
link the coping strategies to the core belief:
“If I [engage in the coping strategy], then [my core belief may
not come true; I’ll be okay]. However, if I [do not engage in my
coping strategy], then [my core belief is likely to come true].”
Sally’s strategies were to develop high standards for herself, work
very hard, overprepare for exams and presentations, remain vigilant
for her shortcomings, and avoid seeking help (especially in situations
in which asking for assistance could, in her mind, expose her incompetence). She believes that engaging in these behaviors will protect her
from failure and the exposure of her incompetence (and that not doing
them could lead to failure and exposure of incompetence).
Another patient might have developed strategies that are the
opposite of Sally’s behaviors: avoiding hard work, developing few goals,
underpreparing, and asking for excessive help. Why did Sally develop
a particular set of coping strategies while a second patient developed
204
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THER APY: BASIC S AND BE YOND the opposite set? Perhaps nature endowed them with different cognitive and behavioral styles; in interaction with the environment they
developed different intermediate beliefs that reinforced their particular behavioral strategies. The second patient, perhaps because of his
childhood experiences, had the same core belief of incompetence, but
coped with it by developing a different set of beliefs: “If I set low goals
for myself I’ll be okay, but if I set high goals I’ll fail.” “If I rely on others
I’ll be okay, but if I rely on myself I’ll fail.”
Note that most coping strategies are normal behaviors that everyone engages in at times. The difficulty of patients in distress lies in the
overuse of these strategies at the expense of more functional strategies.
Figure 13.4 lists a few examples of strategies that patients develop to
cope with painful core beliefs.
To summarize, the Cognitive Conceptualization Diagram is based
on data patients present, their actual words. You should regard your
hypotheses as tentative until confirmed by the patient. You will continually reevaluate and refine the diagram as you collect additional data,
and your conceptualization is not complete until the patient terminates
treatment. While you might not show the actual diagram to patients,
you will verbally (and often on paper) conceptualize their experience
from the first session on, to help them make sense of their current reactions to situations. At some point, you will present the larger picture to
patients so they can understand:
Avoid negative emotion
Display high emotion (e.g., to attract attention)
Try to be perfect
Purposely appear incompetent or helpless
Be overly responsible
Avoid responsibility
Avoid intimacy
Seek inappropriate intimacy
Seek recognition
Avoid attention
Avoid confrontation
Provoke others
Try to control situations
Abdicate control to others
Act childlike
Act in an authoritarian manner
Try to please others
Distance self from others or try to please only
oneself
FIGURE 13.4. Typical coping strategies.