Martínez-Ávila, Guimarães, Pinho, & Fox. EKO3 2015 1 The representation of ethics and knowledge organization in the WOS and LISTA databases: A bibliometric and Bardinian content analysis Daniel Martínez-Ávila, Assistant Professor, Department of Information Science, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Av. Higyno Muzzi Filho, 737, Marília (17525-900) – São Paulo – Brazil. [email protected] José Augusto Chaves Guimarães, Professor, Department of Information Science, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Av. Higyno Muzzi Filho, 737, Marília (17525-900) – São Paulo – Brazil. [email protected] Fabio Assis Pinho, Associate Professor, Department of Information Science, Federal University of Pernambuco – UFPE, Av. da Arquitetura s/n – Recife (50740-550) – Pernambuco – Brazil. [email protected] Melodie J. Fox, Doctoral Candidate, School of Information Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Northwest Quadrant Building B, 3rd Floor, 2025 E Newport, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA. [email protected] Abstract: Ethics in knowledge organization (KO) has become a growing concern in both practice and research. Examples from practice can be found in the ALA’s Code of Ethics (2008), the 2012 IFLA Code of Ethics for Librarians and other Information Workers, and in archival codes of ethics and principles from around the world (Rego et al. 2014). The two conferences and proceedings on ethics in knowledge organization from 2009 and 2012 are further indications of academic interest and scholarly activity in ethics in KO. These contributions generated a research stream of bibliographic publications that should be readily available for access through databases such as the Web of Science (WOS). As a legacy for future research and expansion of the subdomain of ethics in KO, scholars and practitioners interested in getting introduced into the tradition will inevitably be influenced by the perception of the domain as presented by the databases. Bibliometric studies can reveal snapshots of the domain’s research patterns that can warn of potential ethical problems of silencing or misrepresentation of the knowledge of a particular domain. This presentation will describe and analyze the results of our bibliometric analysis in tandem with a Bardinian content analysis studying the representation of ethics and KO in WOS and Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts (LISTA) Martínez-Ávila, Guimarães, Pinho, & Fox. EKO3 2015 2 databases. The motivation of the study is to re-create how an average user will perceive the topic of knowledge organization and ethics through the search results in these two common research tools. We aim to highlight how the omissions and insufficiencies of these databases provide an incomplete picture when superficially researching these topics. Methodology The use of bibliometrics and/or citation analysis to study the conformation of a domain, especially KO, has been recommended and used by Hjørland (2002, 2012, 2013), Smiraglia (2008, 2010, 2013, 2014), Guimarães et al. (2012), Graf and Smiraglia (2012), and Beak et al. (2013a; 2013b). As Hjørland (2002, 436) puts it, “it is empirical and based on detailed analysis of connections between individual documents.” The retrieved documents and omissions revealed by the databases, i.e. the system’s side, is one focus of our research, with content analysis, i.e. the user’s side, as the other. Bardin’s variety of content analysis (1989) consists of controlled interpretations and inferences drawn from the contents of the texts, requiring three stages: pre-analysis; exploration of materials; and processing of results, inferences and interpretations. This method has been previously used in domain-analytical studies (e.g. Guimarães et al. 2012; Guimarães et al. 2014). The combination of bibliometric analysis, along with a specific type of content analysis and discourse analysis has also been used, for instance, by Mayor and Robinson (2014). WOS was selected for its role as an important and prestigious resource for research and the evaluation of science. Thus, the representation of the domain (ethics and KO) is shaped by the high standards for indexing and their organization of the domain as an ontological representation (or misrepresentation). To complement this, and to overcome some of the limitations of WOS (e.g. the omission of Cataloging & Classification Quarterly), we also analyzed LISTA, thus sidestepping deliberate omissions of materials on ethics and knowledge organization due to criteria such as coverage quotas and inclusion of unrelated disciplines. Aware that many ethical works in KO do not actually use the word “ethics” in them, or that the term may not appear in the main fields used in the indexing process, we also searched for related terms that might come to the mind of the users or indexers such as “moral.” Similarly, our search query Martínez-Ávila, Guimarães, Pinho, & Fox. EKO3 2015 3 also included spelling variants and near-synonyms of “knowledge organization” such as “information organization,” “knowledge organisation,” and “information organisation.” The choice of these databases and terms, purposively excluding other more KO-oriented resources such as the ISKO proceedings, which are not indexed, was meant to re-create the results a non-specialized researcher would get as a first contact with the topics by only using these databases. Results We retrieved 24 references from WOS and 39 from LISTA, 53 references in total, excluding the overlapping references (showing a high number of unique references for each database). The searches covered all the years and articles indexed by the databases. The sample was narrowed to 43 references after excluding irrelevant references (5) and inaccessible references (5). We conducted analyses and descriptions of aspects such as years of publication, language, authors, and sources for both separate databases and total results. Although some expected results emerged, such as two peaks of publications in 2009 and 2012 (coinciding with the conferences), some puzzling results also emerged that might be explained by omissions and quirks of the databases. The results of the Bardinian content analysis of the total corpus (assuming that users also develop an overall perception of the domain through the database results) illustrate the configuration of concepts retrieved from the studied databases. We worked with the basic categories: values, problems, influential authors, schools of thought, contexts, tools, professions, and processes. The results not only show the configurations and conceptual relationships between the references of the corpus, but also a perception of the domain to users approaching it through these databases. In the presentation, these results will be presented, along with the identification of ethical concerns uncovered during the process. References: ALA. 2008. Code of Ethics of the American Library Association. Available http://www.ala.org/advocacy/proethics/codeofethics/codeethics Bardin, Laurence. 1989. L'analyse de contenu. 5.ed. Paris: PUF. Beak, Jihee, Jeanette Glover, Daniel Martínez-Ávila, and Suellen Oliveira Milani. 2013. Martínez-Ávila, Guimarães, Pinho, & Fox. EKO3 2015 4 International Comparative Domain Analysis in Knowledge Organization Research Topics in Four Countries - Brazil, South Korea, Spain and the United States. In Proceedings from North American Symposium on Knowledge Organization, Vol. 4. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Available http://www.iskocus.org/NASKO2013proceedings/Beak_InternationalComparativeDomai nAnalysis.pdf. Beak, Jihee, Jeanette Glover, Daniel Martínez-Ávila, and Suellen Oliveira Milani. 2013. International Comparative Study Analyzing Knowledge Organization Research Topics in Four Countries - Brazil, South Korea, Spain and United States. In iConference 2013 Proceedings, ed., Linda Schamber, 668-70 Graf, Ann M., and Richard P. 2014. Race & Ethnicity in the Encyclopedia of Milwaukee: A Case Study in the Use of Domain Analysis. Knowledge Organization in the 21st Century: Between Historical Patterns and Future Prospects: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International ISKO Conference 19-22 May 2014 Kraków, Poland, ed., Wieslaw Babik. Würzburg, Germany: Ergon, 114-120. Guimarães, José Augusto, Fabio A. Pinho, and Gustavo M. Ferreira. 2012. Relações teóricas da organização do conhecimento com as abordagens de catalogação de assunto, indexação e análise documental. Scire 18 no.2: 31-41. Guimarães, José Augusto, Rodrigo de Sales, Daniel Martínez-Ávila, and Maíra Fernandes Alencar. 2014. The Conceptual Dimension of Knowledge Organization in the ISKO Proceedings Domain: A Bardian Content Analysis. In Knowledge Organization in the 21st Century: Between Historical Patterns and Future Prospects: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International ISKO Conference 19-22 May 2014 Kraków, Poland, ed., Wieslaw Babik. Würzburg, Germany: Ergon, 101-6. Hjørland, Birger. 2002. Domain analysis in information science: Eleven approaches – traditional as well as innovative. Journal of Documentation 58 no.4: 422-62. Hjørland, Birger. 2012. Knowledge Organization = Information Organization? In Categories, Contexts and Relations in Knowledge Organization: Proceedings of the Twelfth International ISKO Conference 6-9 August 2012 Mysore, India, eds., A. Neelameghan, and K.S. Raghavan. Würzburg, Germany: Ergon, 8-14. Hjørland, Birger. 2013. Citation analysis: A social and dynamic approach to knowledge organization. Information Processing and Management 49: 1313–1325. IFLA. 2012. IFLA Code of Ethics for Librarians and other Information Workers. Available http://www.ifla.org/news/ifla-code-of-ethics-for-librarians-and-otherinformation-workers-full-version Mayor, Charlie, and Lyn Robinson. 2014. Ontological realism, concepts and classification in molecular biology: Development and application of the gene ontology. Martínez-Ávila, Guimarães, Pinho, & Fox. EKO3 2015 5 Journal of Documentation 70 no.1: 173-193 Rego, Laura M. do, Andrieli P. Da Silva, Daniel Martínez-Ávila, and Natalia B. Tognoli. 2014. Aspectos éticos na organização do conhecimento na prática profissional arquivística. Scire 20 no.2: 37-42. Smiraglia, Richard P. 2008. ISKO 10’s Bookshelf: An Editorial. Knowledge organization 35: 187-91. Smiraglia, Richard P. 2011. ISKO 11’s Diverse Bookshelf: An Editorial. Knowledge organization 38: 179-86. 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