Fact Sheet Sponsored by: Prebiotics and Probiotics These popular nutritional supplements often are administered to horses with gastrointestinal concerns Overview Probiotics: Definition and pam mackenzie Examples Nutritional supplements are extremely popular among horse Probiotics are the live microorowners, and those designed for ganisms themselves. When admindigestion are the second most istered in adequate amounts, these commonly administered type bemicroorganisms confer a health hind joint supplements.1 This stabenefit on the horse. To be considered a probiotic, the bacteria includtistic is not surprising considering ed in the supplement must: how sensitive the equine digestive system is and that a horse’s over■B e alive when administered; all health relies upon optimal ■ Contain a taxonomically defined functioning of the gastrointestimicrobe(s), including genus, spenal (GI) tract. Researchers and cies, and strain; and veterinarians believe a healthy GI ■ Be safe for the intended use. system reduces gas and/or colic, Typical equine probiotics include In the simplest terms, probiotics are “good” microbes and bacteria, improves digestion and absorpLactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and prebiotics are the foods that feed the prebiotics. tion of nutrients, benefits the imspecies of bacteria and/or the yeast mune system, protects the horse against energy source to the horse. These microbes Saccharomyces boulardii.2 infection (e.g., by diarrhea-causing organ- also produce B vitamins and other nutrients isms such as Salmonella or Clostridium), essential to the overall health of the horse. How Pre- and Probiotics and minimizes the occurrence of laminitis. Finally, the “good” microbes—yeasts, bac- Benefit Horses Supplements marketed for digestive teria, protozoa, and fungi—keep the “bad” Humans use prebiotics and probiotics health typically contain a variety of ingre- microbes (such as Salmonella and Clostridi- for various reasons, including treatment/ dients such as digestive enzymes, amino um difficile) from overpopulating the intes- management of infectious diarrhea, inacids, and several herbs or other ingredi- tines and causing diarrhea and illness. flammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative ents (e.g., slippery elm, marshmallow root, colitis), gastric ulceration, tooth decay/ meadowsweet herb, cramp bark, stem bark, Prebiotics: Definition and Examples periodontal disease, vaginal infections, bruised milk thistle seed, licorice root, gotu As indicated above, prebiotics are food skin infections, and even in the treatment kola leaf, etc.). But prebiotics and probiot- ingredients that stimulate the growth or of certain cancers.3 ics are some of the most common ingredi- activity of bacteria that live in the horse’s Horse owners and veterinarians adminents in digestive health products. gastrointestinal tract. The horse does not ister prebiotics and probiotics to horses Despite the similarity in their names, digest these food ingredients; they are in- primarily for GI-related concerns (i.e., diarprebiotics and probiotics are not just two stead “fed” to the good bugs.2 rhea), to encourage the growth of the good different forms of a similar supplement. Prebiotics are most commonly carbo- microbes, and to minimize the invasion They are actually two completely different hydrates—long chains of sugar molecules and growth of disease-causing bacteria. types of supplements with unique mecha- bound together. Some of the most comFor example, antibiotic administration, nisms of action. In the simplest terms, pro- mon prebiotics used in equine supplements stress, transport, abrupt dietary changes, biotics are “good” microbes and bacteria, include fructooligosaccharides, xylooligo- and Clostridium spp. or Salmonella spp. and prebiotics are the foods that feed those saccharides, polydextrose, mannooligosac- infections can potentially alter the norgood microbes and bacteria. charides (MOS), galactooligosaccharides, mal microbe population in a horse’s large The microbes and bacteria included in pectin, and psyllium. These prebiotics are intestine. Some owners therefore elect to probiotics are important to horses because digested by the “good” microorganisms administer prebiotics and/or probiotics to they help the horse’s GI tract break down in the horse’s digestive system to increase horses that are being treated with systemic and ferment grass and hay. This fermen- their numbers or activity. Two of the best antibiotics, have developed diarrhea, are tation process results in the production of known “good” bacteria are Bifidobacterium off feed, and prior to shipping or another volatile fatty acids that provide a significant bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus. stressful event. This Fact Sheet may be reprinted and distributed in this exact form for educational purposes only in print or electronically. It may not be used for commercial purposes in print or electronically or republished on a website, forum, or blog. For more horse health information on this and other topics visit www.TheHorse.com. Published by The Horse: Your Guide To Equine Health Care, © Copyright 2011 Blood-Horse Publications. Contact [email protected]. Fact Sheet Owners also elect to feed prebiotics and probiotics to “hard keepers,” older horses, or high-end performance horses. These products are generally inexpensive, easy to administer, and can potentially have a profound beneficial impact. Scientific evidence supporting the use of these supplements in horses, however, remains scant. Nonetheless, some data exists: A study published in 2005 supports oral administration of the bacterium S. boulardii to hospitalized horses with acute enterocolitis (diarrhea). Treated horses experienced a significant decrease in both the severity and duration of disease compared to horses that received only a placebo.3 A separate study about the administration of short-chain fructooligosaccharides in horses (published in 2008) concluded that the prebiotic effectively reduced disruptions in the microbial populations that colonize the equine hindgut under stressful situations (e.g., acute starch overloads).4 Caveats for Use Like other nutritional supplements, little scientific data exists to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of prebiotics and probiotics in horses. In addition, prebiotics and probiotics are not drugs and are not required to be manufactured like drugs (using government-designated quality assurance/quality control techniques or current Good Manufacturing Practices). This means a number of poor-quality products are available to unsuspecting consumers. Prebiotics and probiotics are widely considered to be safe, but there is evidence in both human and veterinary medicine that probiotics might not be suitable for use in some situations. For example, one study in horses reported that when Lactobacillus pentosus WE7 was given preventively to neonatal foals, administration caused diarrhea in some foals and necessitated veterinary intervention.6 The American Veterinary Medical Association and the American Association of Equine Practitioners both recommend veterinary guidance when using nutritional supplements. Owners are encouraged to discuss the use of these (or any) nutritional supplements prior to their administration. Finally, consider using the ACCLAIM s ystem, initially described for selecting oral joint health supplements, to help select a quality supplement.8 h Key References 1. Packaged Facts. Pet supplements and nutraceutical treats in the U.S. February 2008. 2. National Institutes of Health National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/probiotics. 3. Desrochers AM, Dolente BA, Roy MF, et al. Efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii for treatment of horses with acute enterocolitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc.2005;227:954-9. 4. Respondek F, Goachet AG, Julliand V. Effects of dietary short-chain fructooligosaccharides on the intestinal microflora of horses subjected to a sudden change in diet. J Anim Sci. 2008;86:316-23. 5. Weese JS, Arroyo L. Bacteriological evaluation of dog and cat diets that claim to contain probiotics. Can Vet J. 2003;44:212-6. 6. Weese JS, Rousseau J. Evaluation of Lactobacillus pentosus WE7 for prevention of diarrhea in neonatal foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226:2031-4. 7. Probiotics May Be Harmful For Patients With Acute Pancreatitis. Available at www.medicalnewstoday.com/ articles/97757.php. 8. Oke S. Oral joint supplements for horses. www. TheHorse.com/11958. Further reading and free horse health e - n e w s l e t t e r : w w w. T h e H o r s e . c o m / Nutrition. Authored by: Stacey Oke, DVM, MSc; reviewed by: Amy M. Gill, PhD Looking to Support Hindgut Health? Two unique formulations to support intestinal health during times of transition and stress: Paste • Contains two yeast species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii, at guaranteed levels, plus prebiotics. • Helps to reestablish intestinal health when an imbalance has occurred. 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