How to prepare and deliver a good lecture (basics) Suggestions for EAGE Postgraduate Courses Prepared by J. Regula and M. Bruno (in part based on TTT Workshop) Plan of preparation •  Think about what type of lecturer you are (or want to be) •  Which kind of people are in the audience? •  What is the aim of the lecture? •  How to prepare slides? •  How to deliver the lecture? Different types of lecturers exist - Which one would you want to be? Lecturer – Type 1 •  ”Watch me how perfect I am, how much I know, and how much you still need to learn” •  (too) many slides, (too) complicated slides, (too) quickly spoken, (too) little time for explanation •  May be good to enforce admiration(?), but useless for teaching!!! Lecturer – Type 2 •  “I have a great knowledge on the subject and I want to teach you everything I know right now” •  Slides are very detailed and look like notes for the lecturer, very busy slides, small letters, 20 lines or more •  No chance to follow text on slides during lecture unless you are also expert •  Useless for teaching during courses !!! Lecturer – Type 3 •  “I am afraid, I am not sure, better not ask me, someone requested me to speak so I speak” •  Usually basic lecture, superficial but correct •  Good for beginners, but those who know already something and are looking for additional teaching will be disappointed Lecturer – Type 4 •  “I want to teach you what is most important and bring order in your knowledge. The rest needs further study and reading” •  Slides are well prepared, the most important aspects are underlined and repeated, and take home messages are presented •  Presentation is well structured, has a good timing, and is followed by a discussion •  These conditions are best for teaching !!! Surprisingly lectures are not best ways of teaching How much you remember after: •  •  •  •  •  •  Workshop - 45% Discussion group - 50% Audiovisual help - 30% Reading a textbook - 20% Listening to a lecture - 5% !!! Giving a lecture (being a lecturer) - 80% Reasons why lectures are still popular for teaching •  The only way when the audience is large •  High-lightning the most interesting and important aspects •  Showing different points of view •  Providing info that is not available from other sources •  Whenever possible elements of interaction with the audience (voting etc) should be introduced Before the lecture: •  Who is in the audience: number, expected knowledge •  Aim of lecture: education, research, case report •  Strategy of lecture: interactive, supplementary materials? •  Technical aspects: stage, microphone, how to change slides, where to stand not to obscure the screen •  Choose take home messages (no more than 3) General plan of the lecture •  Announce what you are going to say (provide plan of presentation) •  Say it •  Repeat what you have said During the lecture •  Have something to attract the audience and stimulate them every 5-10 minutes – attention goes down to zero after 10 minutes (among intelligent, clever people quicker) •  Divide lecture into parts – announce these parts •  „Wake up calls” – eg. warn the audience that you are going to say very useful (interesting) information •  List 3 key messages •  Ask questions to the audience, ask for voting •  Plan breaks (give time for thinking) Slides (1) •  Number of slides = time of presentation (1or max. 2 slides/ minute of lecture) !!! •  Rule 6x6 (6 lines, 6 words in a line) – whenever possible •  No full sentences •  Same format for the whole lecture, •  Do not use bold (difficult to read) •  Size of letters – at least 28 pts, use slide area proportionally •  Use dark background + light letters or vice-versa •  No centering of text, use orientation to the left Slides (2) •  •  •  •  •  Avoid CAPITAL letters Avoid animations (cause distraction) Background must be simple Highlight important words (keywords) Avoid red and green colors (due to widespread of Daltonism) •  References – usually listed, but it depends on the audience (research versus pure education) Behavior of lecturer •  Eye contact with the audience!!! •  Do not obstruct the vision of (part of) audience (check proper place to stand before the lecture) •  Respond to voices from the audience •  Gestures - limited •  Voice – loud, make breaks, feel like an actor Don’ts!!! •  •  •  •  Do not say sorry Do not say: I skip this slide Do not say: I know it is hardly visible , but... Do not criticize the audience or make them feel embarrassed or ashamed End of lecture •  Give notice when you reach the end of your lecture (as a wake-up call) •  Summarize the lecture •  Stipulate 3 take home messages •  Thank the audience •  Announce time for questions Time for questions •  Encourage asking questions (very important!!!) •  Be sure that the question was heard by the audience (if not, repeat the question) •  You may need to re-phrase the question if it is not clear •  You may also re-phrase the question to narrow it down or to put it into a wider context Summary •  Have the motivation to teach audience now and here !! •  Select the most important information for them to learn from the lecture •  Bring order in the information – the rest can be read •  Be yourself, enjoy Examples (think what is wrong and then advance the slide to check) Remission (CDAI ≤ 150) after 4 weeks1,2,3,4 in patients not treated with anti-TNF 100 Targan1** Schreiber2** CLASSIC I3 PRECiSE 14 Pacjenci (%) 80 * 60 NS * NS 48.2* * * NS NS 40 * * 36.5* 25.0* 28.6* 25.0* 18.2* 20 4.0 26.7* 8.2 12.2 18.1 24.3 20.9* 10.3 0 1. Targan et al. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1029-1035 2. Schreiber et al. Gastroenterology 2005;129:807-818 3. Hanauer et al. Gastroenterology 2006;130:323-333 4. Lichtenstein et al. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2006;2 (9 Suppl 14): 1 - 10. Remission (CDAI ≤ 150) after 4 weeks1,2,3,4 in patients not treated with anti-TNF What is wrong with this slide: •  Slide is too busy •  Details are hardly visible •  To present all the information contained in this slide would require 2-3 minutes DRUGS USED FOR ANALGO - SEDATION DURING ENDOSCOPY DRUG ALFENTANYL FENTANYL REMIFENTANYL MIDAZOLAM DEKSMEDETOMIDYNA METHOHEXITAL KETAMINE ETOMIDAT PROPOFOL PETIDINE DIAZEPAM THIOPENTAL T 1/2 β 60 - 90 min / 30 min/ 185 - 219 min 22 – 29 min 90 - 120 min < 120 min 180 min 180 min 150 min 54 min 180 - 240 min 46 h !!! 12 h !!! /945 min/ DRUGS USED FOR ANALGO - SEDATION DURING ENDOSCOPY What is wrong with this slide: •  •  •  •  •  Slide appears chaotic Capital letters are used Bold is used Red and green colors are used Size of letters are not uniform PROBIOTICS Live, well-defined microorganisms, which when administered in sufficient amounts can influence the microflora in the given space of the host and have positive medical effect Am J Clin Nutr 2001 PROBIOTICS What is wrong with this slide: •  Full sentence •  Capital letters are used •  Text is centered (should be left oriented) PROBIOTICS Live, well-defined microorganisms - if administered in sufficient amounts -  can influence the microflora in a given space of the host - having positive medical effect Am J Clin Nutr 2001 PROBIOTICS •  The same text containing the same information •  But, presented differently applying the rules for making optimal presentations •  It is better, istn’t it?