1. science

Discover Science
Through Sport
TM/MC
Kathleen Corrigan
Contents
Copyright © 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
ISBN: 0134138562 9780134138565
All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright and permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. Portions of this publication may be
reproduced under licence from Access Copyright, or with the express written permission of Cisco and/or its
affiliates or as permitted by law. Permission to reproduce material from this resource is restricted to the school
using this resource.
Permission to reprint copyright material is gratefully acknowledged. Every effort was made to trace ownership
of copyright material, secure permission, and accurately acknowledge its use. For information regarding
permissions, please contact Cisco Systems Canada Co. through www.ciscoicanlearn.ca. The information and
activities presented in this work have been carefully edited and reviewed. However, the publisher shall not be
liable for any damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the reader’s use of this material. Brand names and
logos that appear in photographs provide students with a sense of real-world application and are in no way
intended to endorse specific products.
Feedback on this publication can be sent to
Cisco Systems Canada Co.
181 Bay Street, Suite 3400
Toronto, Ontario
M5J 2T3
416-306-7000
[email protected]
Printed and bound in Canada
Publisher: Jennifer Geary
Focus Strategic Communications Inc.
Project Manager, Editorial and Production:
Adrianna Edwards
Editor: Ron Edwards
Interior Design and Composition: Rob Scanlan
Art Director: Adrianna Edwards
Illustrations: Deborah Crowle
Photo Researcher and Permissions:
Mary Rose MacLachlan
Copy Editor and Proofreader: Francine Geraci
Reviewers
Timothy Hatch
Simcoe County District School Board
Eamonn Corrigan
Queen’s-Trent Concurrent Education Candidate
Doug Herridge
Retired Science Consultant/Author
Catherine Little
Toronto District School Board/York University
Heather A. Mace
Ottawa-Carleton District School Board
Photo Credits
Cover Cultura RM/Zac Macaulay / Getty Images;
3 Image Courtesy of TORONTO2015; 10-11 Jim
Noetzel / Shutterstock; 12-13 Diego Barbieri
/ Shutterstock; 14-15 Images Courtesy of
TORONTO2015; 15 (inset left) Copyright © 2014,
Quickie-Wheelchairs.com. All rights reserved; (inset
right) GeniusKP / Shutterstock; 16-17 LI JUNDONG/
Xinhua /Landov; 18-19 © GlobalStock / iStockphoto.
com; 20-21 Bob Daemmrich / Alamy; 22-23 ARNE
DEDERT/EPA / Landov; 24-25 David Acosta Allely /
Shutterstock; 26-27 © dlewis33 / iStockphoto.com;
28-29 Dundee Kilmer Integrated Design Team;
30-31 Images Courtesy of Dr. Julia Alleyne, Germana
Gili, Jeff Seifert, and CannonDesigns; 32 Goodiuz /
Shutterstock.
Discover Science Through Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
How to Use This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Events
Three-Day Event — Classifying Structures .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11
Diving — Forces on Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13
Wheelchair Basketball — Centre of Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15
Long Jump — Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-17
Triathlon — Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-19
Powerlifting — Particle Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-21
Open-Water Swimming — Minimizing Heat Loss . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 22-23
Marathon — Transmission of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 24-25
Waterskiing — Human Impacts on the Environment .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-27
Athletes’ Village
Legacy and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-29
Career Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 30-32
3
Discover Science
Through Sport
Visit www.ciscoicanlearn.ca to check out the full program.
Cisco Canada
I CAN Learn
Premier Partner and the Official Information and Communications
Technology Provider of the TORONTO 2015 Pan Am/Parapan Am Games
Beyond delivering the technology to power the Games, Cisco Canada
has proudly created I CAN Learn: Discover Math and Science Through
Sport. This is a series of programs to engage students in the study and
application of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) skills.
I CAN Learn will bring to life an understanding of how STEM knowledge
affects various aspects of the Games. For example:
The TORONTO 2015 Pan Am/Parapan Am Games will be the largest sporting
event ever staged in Toronto. The city will host over 7000 athletes from 41
countries, and the event will be facilitated by more than 20 000 volunteers.
Technology is critical to the success of the TORONTO 2015 Pan Am/
Parapan Am Games:
• It
• It
• It
• It
captures the split-second results of a race.
carries those results to reporters, broadcasters, and athletes.
delivers the most engaging fan experience.
even protects against potential security breaches.
• You will learn how the application of Math and Science drives athletic
performance.
• You will gain insight into the engineering of the sports venues.
• You will explore the precision of the highest levels of competition and
performance.
• Through this journey, you will also learn about the world of STEM careers.
Network Infrastructure
By using either wired connections or Wi-Fi coverage across many of the
venues, Cisco—Canada’s network infrastructure for the TORONTO 2015
Pan Am/Parapan Am Games—will allow athletes, organizers, volunteers,
journalists, spectators, and venues to
•interconnect;
• access key software applications;
• transmit information; and
• connect to the Internet at super-quick speeds.
Discover Math
and Science
Through Sport
TM/MC
About Cisco
Cisco began life in 1984 in San Francisco, USA, when a married couple working at Stanford
University designed a router. This router allowed computers made by different manufacturers
to talk to one another. Cisco took its name from the city where it was founded. Today, Cisco
operates around the word and employs over 74 000 people. Since it began, the company has
revolutionized the speeds at which digital data can be sent and has pioneered new technologies
for collaboration. Without Cisco’s technologies, social networking, online gaming, and
downloading music and videos would not be possible.
Learn more and reserve your student books at
www.ciscotoronto2015.ca/cisco/i-can-learn
4
5
Visit www.ciscoicanlearn.ca to check out the full program.
I CAN Learn Full Program
The organizers, engineers, and architects of the Games have put their
STEM skills to work to construct venues, plan transportation, coordinate
resources, budget, and bring the Games to life. Similarly, Cisco’s I CAN
Learn: Discover Math and Science Through Sport gives you the chance
to practise your Math and Science skills while exploring the events and
venues of the TORONTO 2015 Games.
Check out all the cool resources available to you and start exploring the
Games today! The free resources are listed below.
Student Book
The I CAN Learn: Discover Science Through Sport student book challenges
you to learn about events at the Games. You will make connections
between sports and the impact of Science. You will also go behind the
scenes and learn about the amazing Velodrome. As you use this book in
class, you can solve problems, engage in experiments, and apply your
learning in many different ways. Turn the page and begin this exciting
journey through the Games.
Videos
Have you ever wondered what makes an
athlete great? Is it a natural ability, training, or
something more? The I CAN Learn: Discover
Science Through Sport video series breaks
down the exciting, high-action, high-impact
aspects of sports and explains the Science
behind high-performance moves. You’ll
have an inside track on how athletes achieve
peak performance. Check out all the action at
www.ciscoicanlearn.ca.
Check out www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for exclusive footage of athletes in
action and a look at the math and
science behind their performance
Virtual Field Trips
Get your backstage pass to the Games! We will connect you, right
from your classroom, to the venues, athletes, and experts behind the
Games. I CAN Learn’s Virtual Field Trips will give you eight different
Game experiences—from learning about why athletes consume sports
drinks, to how wheelchair basketball chairs are engineered to withstand
extreme force. Ask your teacher to sign up for a virtual field trip today at
www.ciscoicanlearn.ca.
Be Part of the Games!
Check out www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for exclusive footage of athletes in
action and a look at the math and
science behind their performance
Check out our STEM challenge at www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for a chance to win four tickets to the opening ceremonies
of the TORONTO 2015 Pan Am Games!
We hope that you enjoy the Discover Science Through Sport resources.
Science is at the heart of STEM careers, and the skills you practise in this
book could one day help you design ground-breaking technology used
to train future Pan Am/Parapan Am athletes, work as a sport medicine
practitioner, or even deliver the networking infrastructure for future Games.
6
7
How to Use This Book
Discover Science Through Sport
Science is everywhere! While we sometimes think of it as a subject
at school, Science is part of our everyday lives. It affects how we live,
communicate, and play and watch sports.
This summer, thousands of athletes and spectators will come to participate
in and enjoy the TORONTO 2015 Pan Am/Parapan Am Games. I CAN Learn:
Discover Science Through Sport will give you the chance to practise your
Science skills while exploring the events and venues of the TORONTO 2015
Games.
Each event or topic is indicated
at the top of the page.
The official TORONTO 2015 pictogram
indicates what event this lesson is about.
The Science topic explored lets you draw
on your prior knowledge before you start.
The Bronze questions are
straightforward questions or activities
that help you get started.
The headings and subheadings
tell you the focus of the questions.
The Silver questions build on concepts
explored in the Bronze questions. They
are usually problems you will solve with a
partner or a small group.
8
Visit www.ciscoicanlearn.ca to check out the full program.
While using this student book, you will have a chance to learn about some
of the sports at the TORONTO 2015 Games and how Science affects the
participants. You will discover the Science behind the events, explore the
Velodrome, and read about some Science-based careers that might be
open to you.
This Science book has been designed for Grade 7 students and explores
many of the Science topics studied this year. You will learn about various
Pan Am/Parapan Am events while using your Science knowledge and
problem-solving skills. In addition to the book, you will have access to
some amazing online resources and also engage in activities with your
classmates.
The Web Links will help you find some
useful online connections to videos and
virtual field trips.
The caption gives you more information
about the event.
The Gold questions provide chances for you
to use your own problem-solving skills and
see how Science can really affect our lives.
The photo gives you a visual snapshot of
the event showcased in the lesson.
The Did You Know? box tells you more about
the event and demonstrates ways in which
mathematicians, scientists, and engineers have
made a difference in the world of sports.
9
Three-Day Event
Classifying Structures
BRONZE
TYPES OF STRUCTURES
1. Read the following words and sort them into categories. You
can write your lists or cut out the words on the photcopied
page and manipulate them to create different groups.
igloo
candle
skeleton
suspension bridge
spider’s web
Eiffel Tower pineapple
pop can
turtle shell
dish rack
table tennis ball
sand castle
snowman
lobster
hydro pylons
coral reef
2. Compare your sort with the decisions made by other students.
Did you use the same criteria or different criteria? Explain your
sorting rule and why you chose it.
Springboard divers dive off
a flexible metal springboard
nearly five metres long. The
springboard is three metres
above the water. These athletes
twist and flip in the air before
entering the water. Each dive
receives a score based on the
difficulty of the dive and how
well it was performed.
The Three-Day Event is a test of
discipline, speed, skill, and stamina
for both the rider and the horse.
Check out www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for exclusive footage of athletes in
action and a look at the math and
science behind their performance
GOLD
BRONZE
STRUCTURES AT THE GAMES
1. Investigate other TORONTO 2015 Games
events and find at least two more examples of
each type of structure. Why is each structure
type appropriate for its function?
2. After you hand in your answers to your teacher,
join a small group and compare your ideas with
the ideas of others. How long a list can you
create together?
DID YOU KNOW ?
SILVER
JUMPING STRUCTURES
1. In the Three-Day Event, riders and horses leap
over many different jumps. Research the crosscountry and show-jumping aspects of a ThreeDay Event.
The Three-Day Event is one of the few sports in
the TORONTO 2015 Games where men and women
compete against each other as equals, and the only
sport where humans and animals compete together!
2. What type of structure is used for show jumping?
Why?
3. What types of structures are used for crosscountry jumping? Why?
10
11
Diving
Forces on Structures
BRONZE
FORCES XXXXXX
ACTING ON STRUCTURES
Springboard divers dive off
a flexible metal springboard
nearly five metres long. The
springboard is three metres
above the water. These athletes
twist and flip in the air before
entering the water. Each dive
receives a score based on the
difficulty of the dive and how
well it was performed.
Use words and labelled diagrams that show a sponge subjected
xxxxxxxx
to the following forces: tension, compression, torsion, shearing.
SILVER
Check out www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for exclusive footage of athletes in
action and a look at the math and
science behind their performance
GOLD
BRONZE
XXXXXX
1. xxx
INVESTIGATING TENSION
AND COMPRESSION
Work with your small group to complete the investigation
outlined on the handout, or follow the directions your teacher
shares with you. Be sure to record your observations carefully.
SILVER
XXXXXX
xxxxxxxx
GOLD
BRONZE
DESIGNING A STRUCTURE
Using the minimum quantity of materials (by mass), design and
build a model of a springboard or platform diving tower. You
may use classroom materials (e.g., glue, craft sticks, tag board,
paper) and recyclable materials from home (e.g., cardboard). The
tower must withstand external forces such as wind (tested by a
household fan) and support a diver with a mass of 1.0 kg. Record
your planning, and identify changes you make as you build and
test your structure. Be prepared to explain your design decisions.
12
Springboard divers dive off
a flexible metal springboard
nearly five metres long. The
springboard is three metres
above the water. These athletes
twist and flip in the air before
entering the water. Each dive
receives a score based on the
difficulty of the dive and how
well it was performed.
DID YOU KNOW ?
DID YOU KNOW ?
A DiveCam is used to give spectators the best view
Did
to come…
of a you
dive.know
The text
DiveCam
works with two things: a
pulley system and gravity. The camera operator drops
the camera just as the diver begins the descent to
the water. Based on the law of gravity, the diver and
camera should drop at the same rate, giving the
audience the best view!
13
Wheelchair Basketball
Centre of Gravity
BRONZE
Wheelchair basketball
Springboard
divers dive
was
off developed to
a flexible
help
disabled
metal
veterans
springboard
injured during the
nearly five
Second
World
metres
War.long.
Originally
The called netball,
springboard
the
sport quickly
is three
spread
metres
throughout the
above the
world.
The water.
rules are
These
similar
athletes
to those of
twist and flip
stand-up
basketball,
in the airincluding
before the height of
entering
the
net and
the the
water.
distances
Each dive
between lines.
receives a score based on the
difficulty of the dive and how
well it was performed.
FINDING THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY
1. Find a pencil with an eraser on one end. Balance the pencil on
the end of your finger so that it is parallel to the floor. Where
did you place your finger?
GOLD
2. Move your finger closer to the eraser. What happens? Why?
3. What could you add to the pencil so that it will balance when
your finger is close to the eraser? Explain your thinking.
SILVER
Check out www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for exclusive footage of athletes in
action and a look at the math and
science behind their performance
CENTRE OF GRAVITY AND WHEELCHAIR DESIGN
Compare the pictures of a standard wheelchair and a sport
wheelchair. Pick a wheelchair sport from the Parapan TORONTO
2015 Games and research that specific wheelchair style.
What design modifications have been made to the sport
wheelchair to help the athlete compete? Use words, labels, and
diagrams as needed to clearly explain your thinking.
BALANCE AND CENTRE OF GRAVITY
Work with your partner to complete the investigation
outlined on the handout, or follow the directions
your teacher shares with you. Be sure to record your
observations carefully.
standard wheelchair
sport wheelchair
DID YOU KNOW ?
Wheelchair athletes use a specially designed ergometer (exercise
machine) to measure how fast they can push with each hand,
how fast they can stop, and how fast they can push backwards.
During the test, athletes have special markers put on their body
that generate a computerized model of their body motions. The
model looks a lot like an animated character. It helps identify
ways in which athletes can improve their ability to push.
14
15
Long Jump
Mixtures
Check out www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for exclusive footage of athletes in
action and a look at the math and
science behind their performance
BRONZE
Check out www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for exclusive footage of athletes in
action and a look at the math and
science behind their performance
FINDING MECHANICAL MIXTURES
1. Which of the following are mechanical mixtures
and which are solutions? Fruit salad, lemonade,
granola, chocolate chip cookie, bronze, salt water,
materials in a recycling pile, sandy water.
2. What mechanical mixtures and solutions might
you find at the TORONTO 2015 Games? Compare
your lists with the lists of other students.
GOLD
BRONZE
CHECKING A MIXTURE
The sand used in the long jump is a carefully balanced
mechanical mixture of washed river sand or quartz sand that is
made up of different-sized grains. It must not contain any organic
materials or any sand or stones that are too large.
Optimum Sand Composition
SILVER
SEPARATING MIXTURES
A sports complex is preparing for a track and field
meet. Several trucks spilled their contents together
on the field and mixed them up. The mixture needs to
be separated so the long jump pit can be filled with
sand and the other materials returned to where they
belong. You have been called in to help sort out the
parts of the mixture as quickly as possible. Explain
how you would separate a mixture of sand, iron
filings, salt, golf balls, and pebbles.
16
very coarse
coarse
medium
fine
very fine
2%
16%
54%
27%
1%
You are responsible for making sure the landing area for the long
jump meets all safety standards. You plan to sample
the sand to confirm it meets the requirements. Describe the
process you will use.
DID YOU KNOW ?
A well-drained and well-raked
sand pit is necessary to ensure
athletes can land safely.
Some long-jump athletes use special double-lens
cameras to perfect their jump. These cameras help
precisely track sprinting and jumping movements and
allow coaches to calculate an athlete’s take-off angle.
World-class jumpers take off at an angle of between
18 and 22 degrees.
17
Triathlon
Solutions
Check out www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for exclusive footage of athletes in
action and a look at the math and
science behind their performance
BRONZE
GOLD
BRONZE
SPORTS DRINKS: ELECTROLYTE
SOLUTIONS FOR ATHLETES
Work with a partner to investigate sports drinks. Answer the
following questions.
1. What is in a sports drink?
2. Why do athletes use sports drinks?
3. Define the three main kinds of sports drinks: isotonic,
hypertonic, and hypotonic.
4. Review the list of events in the TORONTO 2015 Games. Which
athletes might want to use a sports drink? Why did you select
those athletes?
Check out www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for exclusive footage of athletes in
action and a look at the math and
science behind their performance
CHOOSING A SOLUTE
The electrolytes for your sports drink are delivered to your
factory in saturated solutions. To provide sodium, your supplier
can send you sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate. Which
would be the better choice?
1. Design and carry out an experiment that will let you find
out the solubility of each sodium source. Be sure to include
materials, procedure, labelled diagrams, observations, and
conclusions.
2. What other factor(s) might affect solubility? Describe an
experiment that could test this idea.
5. Why is a sports drink a solution rather than a mechanical
mixture?
DID YOU KNOW ?
SILVER
MAKING A SOLUTION QUICKLY
You have just been awarded the sports drink contract for the triathlon TORONTO 2015
Games. You will have to make a lot of sports drink very quickly, so you need to find out
what factors help the solutes dissolve in the solvent quickly. Work with your small group to
complete the investigation outlined on the handout, or follow the directions your teacher
shares with you. Be sure to record your observations carefully and include labelled
diagrams to explain the procedure followed. What factors increase the rate of dissolving?
18
Triathletes compete in a three-part
endurance race. While the order of the
parts is always the same, the lengths can
vary. In the TORONTO 2015 Games, the
athletes begin with an open-water swim of
1500 m, followed by road cycling of 40 km,
and finally, a 10-km run.
Triathlon wetsuits are different from wetsuits
used to snorkel or surf. Tri wetsuits are much
thinner, with a very smooth and fragile surface.
The slick surface helps reduce water friction
and allows a faster swim, but it won’t stand up
to contact with a sandy surfboard.
19
Powerlifting
Particle Theory
BRONZE
Powerlifting is a test of upper body strength
and control. Powerlifters compete with
other athletes in their weight class to see
who can lift the most weight. Some females
have lifted over 140 kg, and some male
powerlifters have lifted over 250 kg!
Check out www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for exclusive footage of athletes in
action and a look at the math and
science behind their performance
PARTICLE THEORY AND GASES
Imagine you are sitting in the Mississauga Sports Centre
watching the Powerlifting events. Use the particle theory to
explain why you can smell other people’s popcorn.
GOLD
BRONZE
PARTICLE THEORY AND SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
You are responsible for providing the magnesium carbonate
(MgCO3 ) for the TORONTO 2015 Games. Athletes commonly have
access to magnesium carbonate in four formats. Research these
formats and decide which type the powerlifters, gymnasts, and
discus throwers should use.
Use the particle theory to explain why powerlifters use magnesium
carbonate (MgCO3 ) to help maintain a secure grip on the weight
equipment.
DID YOU KNOW ?
SILVER
PARTICLE THEORY AND LIQUIDS
Work with your small group to complete the
investigation outlined on the handout, or follow the
directions your teacher shares with you. Be sure to
record your observations carefully. Use the particle
theory to explain your results.
20
Parapan athletes in the TORONTO 2015 Games compete
based on their weight and gender. Powerlifters lower
the bar to their chest, hold it motionless, and then press
it upward to arm’s length while keeping their elbows
locked. They hold the weight in place until the referee
gives the signal to lift it. They are given three attempts.
The athlete who lifts the most weight wins!
21
Open-Water Swimming
Minimizing Heat Loss
BRONZE
Swimmers in the open water complete
a ten-kilometre swim in a lake. There
are no lanes, and the temperature and
conditions can vary. A lead boat directs
the swimmers along the course.
CONDUCTION
Check out www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for exclusive footage of athletes in
action and a look at the math and
science behind their performance
Visualize the following scenario:
Marisol and Chen filled a beaker with very hot water.
They placed a plastic knife and a metal knife in the beaker.
Next, they put a piece of cold butter on the end of each knife.
Then, they observed what happened to the butter.
1. Imagine you are Marisol or Chen. Complete a record of
your investigation. You may use the handout or write in your
science notebook.
2. A few minutes after putting the knives in the water, Marisol
touched the knife blades. She noted that they did not feel the
same temperature. Why? Which one was warmer?
3. How does conduction affect the body temperature of an
open-water swimmer?
SILVER
GOLD
BRONZE
MINIMIZING HEAT LOSS
Design a swimsuit to be used for a 10-km open-water swim.
The suit must reduce heat loss due to conduction, convection,
and radiation. The swimmer must be able to move easily in the
suit. It should also be attractive and indicate the athlete’s country.
CONVECTION
Visualize the following scenario:
Marisol and Chen filled a cup with coloured hot water. They
tightly covered the cup with aluminum foil.
Next, they put the cup in the middle of a large, clear jar and
filled the jar with cold water that covered the cup and aluminum
foil.
Finally, they poked a hole in the aluminum foil.
DID YOU KNOW ?
In some open-water competitions, athletes are
required to wear timing chips. The chips can keep
track of swimmers before, during, and after the race.
Knowing exactly when a swimmer entered and exited
the water can help record results accurately.
1. Draw a diagram to show the experimental layout.
2. What do you think they observed? Why?
3. How does convection affect the body temperature of an
open-water swimmer?
22
23
Marathon
Transmission of Heat
The marathon is an endurance event. Runners race 42.16 km
on pavement after starting together in a big crowd. Runners
sometimes feel they have “hit the wall” when their bodies run
out of glycogen, so it is important for them to consume nutrients
and liquids while running.
Check out www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for exclusive footage of athletes in
action and a look at the math and
science behind their performance
BRONZE
HEAT TRANSMISSION
1. Use a three-point-approach graphic organizer to review
your understanding of the following words: conduction,
convection, and radiation.
2. Use the handout your teacher
provides to label the diagram
to show each form of heat
transmission.
GOLD
BRONZE
SILVER
COOLING THE BODY
8_nosseL
1. How do the following tricks help control
runners’ body temperature? What method of heat
transmission is being encouraged or reduced?
a) wearing light-coloured clothing
b) wearing a hat or bandana
c)squirting or pouring water on their heads and
necks as they race
2. What can runners do to help trap the water on
their necks for as long as possible?
24
EVAPORATION AND THE PARTICLE THEORY
A marathoner generates significant heat as a result of
extended physical activity. The athlete’s body tries to maintain
a safe core temperature by sweating. The moisture that is
produced evaporates, and this cools the skin. Use the particle
theory to explain why evaporation cools you down.
DID YOU KNOW ?
At the end of a race, athletes are often wrapped in
space blankets. The silvered inner surface reflects
radiation back to the body, while the outer surface
prevents heat loss. Wrapping the blanket around the
body creates a barrier to heat loss by convection.
It also traps an insulating layer of air to reduce heat
loss by conduction.
25
Waterskiing
There are three waterski events at the TORONTO 2015
Games. They are jumping, slalom, and tricks. Skiers move
at impressive speeds and must use split-second timing
to succeed. The sport requires upper and lower body
strength, focus, balance, and skill.
Human Impacts on the Environment
Check out www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for exclusive footage of athletes in
action and a look at the math and
science behind their performance
BRONZE
AIR POLLUTION
Many TORONTO 2015 Games outdoor events will be held in
venues across the Greater Toronto Area. This means that athletes,
support staff, and spectators must travel to these locations.
1. Work with your group to brainstorm ways that the organizers
can help reduce the number of cars heading to the waterski
event.
2. Pick the method you like best and write a paragraph explaining
why it will make a difference to the environment.
SILVER
Check out www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for exclusive footage of athletes in
action and a look at the math and
science behind their performance
WASTE MANAGEMENT
The people who attend the waterski competition will produce large
quantities of waste. It is important for the organizers to try and minimize
the waste collected. Select three of the waste management strategies
listed by your class. Work with a partner to design a web page intended to
promote these strategies at the waterski venue. You should include pictures,
text, hyperlinks, etc. to enhance your web page. Then, develop a social
media campaign to encourage people to visit your website and follow the
suggestions.
GOLD
BRONZE
REDUCING IMPACTS ON FISH POPULATIONS
The waterski and wakeboard venue will be used by many athletes and
spectators because it is the site of some land-based endurance sports as
well as water sports. Work with a partner to design a venue that will allow
people to enjoy the excitement of the events while minimizing the impact on
the environment. Be prepared to explain your decisions.
DID YOU KNOW ?
Waterskiing is one of the only motorized sports at
the TORONTO 2015 Games. In the jump event, skiers
reach speeds up to 120 km/h to execute a jump off a
ramp located in the water. The farthest jump wins!
26
27
Athletes’ Village
Legacy and Sustainability
The Athletes’ Village will provide accommodations and
meals for as many as 10 000 athletes, coaches, and team
officials. Portions of the village will be temporary (e.g.,
the dining tent). Other areas will become part of a vibrant
new neighbourhood, including a student residence,
condominiums, affordable housing, and a YMCA.
Check out www.ciscoicanlearn.ca
for exclusive footage of athletes in
action and a look at the math and
science behind their performance
SILVER
ABORIGINAL PERSPECTIVES OF
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1. Explore Aboriginal perspectives of sustainable development.
BRONZE
2. What elements of the Athletes’ Village plan honour these
perspectives?
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BUILDING
The Athletes’ Village that is being created for the TORONTO
2015 Games will be on a 32-hectare site in downtown Toronto.
Thousands of people will temporarily eat, train, and sleep there.
After the games, the buildings will be used for other long-term
purposes. The village has been carefully designed so that it is as
environmentally friendly as possible.
Imagine you are part of the original design team. What are three
key ways in which your team might reduce the impact of these
buildings on the environment? Pick one of your three ideas and
learn more about it. Record the results of your research, and
develop a creative way to share your learning with others.
GOLD
BRONZE
PERSUADING OTHERS
A group of developers wants to build a small mixed-use
community on the outskirts of your town. Write a persuasive
letter to the developers to tell them about the Athletes’ Village
and encourage them to incorporate key aspects of the Athletes’
Village into their plans. Be sure to explain what they should
include and why these aspects will reduce the environmental
impact of the new community.
DID YOU KNOW ?
The Athletes’ Village will have Internet capability of
transmitting over 10 GB of information each second.
In the time it takes the world-record-holding sprinter
to run 100 m, you can download the entire contents
of Wikipedia. Twice.
28
29
Career Profiles
Dr. Julia Alleyne, Family Physician, Games Doctor
Jeff Seifert, Chief Technology Officer
Dr. Julia Alleyne is a family physician practising sport and exercise medicine at
the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network. She also trained
as a physiotherapist and is an associate clinical professor at the University of
Toronto, Department of Family and Community Medicine. In additional to these
roles, Julia has worked as a member of the medical staff for five Canadian
Olympic teams. In 2012, she was Chief Medical Officer (CMO) for the 2012
Canadian Olympic Team in London, England. This year, she will lead the medical
team as CMO for the entire 2015 TORONTO Pan Am/Parapan Am Games. As
CMO, Julia will be responsible for organizing medical, emergency, public health,
and anti-doping services for the 41 participating countries’ accredited members,
Games workforce, and spectators. That’s close to 7000 athletes, over 20 000
volunteers, and hundreds of thousands of spectators!
Jeff grew up in Ontario and embraced Math and Science throughout junior high
and high school. He decided to major in electrical engineering at the University of
Toronto, with the goal of finding a way both to teach and to be a leader in really
cool new technology. Jeff has worked in a wide range of positions including
finance, management, and technology at a variety of organizations. He joined
Cisco 19 years ago and has since been named Cisco Canada’s Chief Technology
Officer and a Distinguished Systems Engineer. Jeff and his fellow engineers
have helped build many of the technologies that run the Internet we all use
today. As an engineer who works with customers, he has participated in some
amazing projects—from helping a hospital build networks for the latest medical
equipment, to designing technology for large new airports all over the world,
and even building a wireless network nearly 2500 metres underground to track
miners. With the upcoming TORONTO 2015 Games, Jeff is helping lead a team
of engineers that will deploy over 12 000 network ports, more than a thousand
wireless access points, thousands of phones, and security equipment in over
40 stadiums, broadcast TV studios, and facilities that will run Canada’s largestever multi-sports Games. As part of this initiative, Jeff is helping lead an effort to
engage over 500 students from high schools, colleges, and universities. These
technology volunteers will run all the tech that helps the Games to happen.
Germana Gili, Venue Technology Manager,
TORONTO 2015 Pan Am/Parapan Am Games
After earning a degree in accountancy, Germana started her first job. This was
supposed to be in the finance office of a growing automotive company that
sold Formula One racing suits, gloves, steering wheels, and other accessories.
Instead, she ended up working in the information technology (IT) department.
The company was in the process of changing its business management
software. It needed a finance-minded person to translate financial processes and
requirements into technology systems, and turn complex technological processes
and systems into simpler concepts for end users. Germana spent the next eight
years doing data entry, technical support, and business analysis, eventually
working her way up to IT System Manager.
With the IT skills and knowledge she acquired on the job, Germana went on
to work at a sports event company as an IT System Manager during the 2006
Olympic Games in Torino, Italy. Through her experience, she became the Venue
Technology Manager responsible for the Snowboard venue. Her task was to
ensure that all the technology ran smoothly, including timing, communications,
result recording, and much more.
After Torino, Germana got hooked on working with sporting events. She has
travelled all over the world working for international games, including the
Vancouver, London, and Sochi Olympics. She is now the Venue Technology
Manager for nine venues for the TORONTO 2015 Pan Am/Parapan Am Games.
Information technology has offered Germana a rewarding and exciting career that
has enabled her to travel widely, all while doing a job she loves and experiencing
the excitement of world-class competitions.
30
Visit www.ciscoicanlearn.ca to check out the full program.
Daniel Soleski, Venue Designer, CannonDesign
Daniel Soleski leads the design team that has created some of the most iconic
and anticipated venues for the TORONTO 2015 Pan Am/Parapan Am Games.
His more than 20 years of experience in architecture have enabled Dan to turn
his passion for design into crafting and constructing innovative and inspiring
environments that captivate the human spirit.
Under his design direction, the team at CannonDesign is responsible for three
venues that will create a lasting legacy in the TORONTO 2015 Pan Am/Parapan
Am host communities: Tim Horton’s Field, venue for all soccer matches of
the TORONTO 2015 Games and the new home of the CFL’s Hamilton TigerCats; the new Velodrome, built in Milton for the Games, which will also attract
international cycling events to southern Ontario; and the new athletics stadium at
York University, a key venue for the Games, with an IAAF-certified Class 1 track
suitable for hosting other Olympic competitions.
Architecture has given Daniel a challenging and fulfilling career that enables
him to share his talent for design with the public. The meaningful spaces he has
helped create will enrich communities for years to come.
31
Start Your IT Training
in High School!
Interested in a career in Information Communications Technology (ICT)? You
can get started with your training as early as high school through Cisco’s
Networking Academy!
People with skills in ICT will thrive in tomorrow’s workforce. ICT knowhow is in demand in every country, in almost every field, as the Internet of
Everything connects people, processes, data, and things.
The Cisco Networking Academy is a 21st-century global education program
that teaches students how to design, build, troubleshoot, and secure
computer networks. Students complete hands-on learning activities and
network simulations to develop the practical skills needed for ICT and
networking careers in virtually every type of industry. Students also develop
essential workplace skills such as problem-solving, collaboration, and critical
thinking. The program equips students with the knowledge to complete
globally recognized Cisco certifications.
In Canada, over 200 universities, colleges, and high schools offer courses
from the Cisco Networking Academy. This gives students the opportunity
to develop ICT literary skills, and work toward future careers in IT or
networking.
Start exploring your options today!
Visit https://www.netacad.com for more information.
32