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Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade, 63 (4), 1111-1115, 2011
DOI:10.2298/ABS1104111V
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE VOLATILE COMPONENTS OF
SHADE-DRIED PETALS OF DAMASK ROSE (ROSA DAMASCENA MILL.)
RAM SWAROOP VERMA*, RAJENDRA CHANDRA PADALIA and AMIT CHAUHAN
Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP-CSIR), Research Centre, Pantnagar, P.O.-Dairy Farm
Nagla, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand 263149, India
Abstract - Roses are always appreciated because of their inimitable aroma, many uses and of course their beauty. In addition to the different damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) products (oil, water, concrete, absolute, gulkand etc.), its dried
petals are also used for various health purposes. The hydrodistilled volatile oil and water of shade-dried damask rose petals were investigated by GC and GC-MS. The predominant components of tThe essential oil and rose water were aliphatic
hydrocarbons (56.4 and 46.3%), followed by oxygenated monoterpenes (14.7 and 8.7%). The main aliphatic hydrocarbons
of the essential oil and rose water were heneicosane (19.7 and 15.7%), nonadecane (13.0 and 8.4%), tricosane (11.3 and
9.3%) and pentacosane (5.3 and 5.1%) while the content of 2-phenyl ethyl alcohol was 0.4% and 7.1% in the essential oil
and rose water, respectively. The chemical composition of the dried rose petal volatiles is quite different from fresh flower
volatiles.
Key words: Rosa damascena Mill. var. ‘Noorjahan’, shade dried petals, essential oil, rose water, composition, aliphatic hydrocarbons
UDC 582.711.71:54
INTRODUCTION
gent, tonic, mild laxative, antibacterial agent and in
treatment of sore throat, enlarged tonsils, cardiac
troubles, eye disease, gall stones, for their cooling
effect and as a vehicle for other medicines (Hunt,
1962; Kaul, 1998; Schweisheimer, 1961). Essential
oil from the rose is reported to have analgesic and
antispasmodic effects (Basim and Basim, 2003; Libster, 2002). In addition, anti-HIV, anti bacterial and
hypnotic activities of rose extract/isolates have been
reported (Basim and Basim, 2003; Mahmood et al.,
1996; Rakhshandah et al., 2007).
The damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is the
most important rose species used to produce rose
oil, water, concrete and absolute which are valuable
and important base materials for the perfume and
cosmetic industry (Ayci et al., 2005). The total production of rose oil is approximately 5 metric tons,
with Bulgaria and Turkey being the major producers followed by Morocco, Egypt, China, Russia,
Iran and India. At present, mainly four species of
rose are used for the production of rose products of
perfume quality: Rosa damascena, Rosa moschata
Herrm, Rosa centifolia and Rosa gallica (Tucker and
Maciarello, 1988). However, rose oil obtained from
Rosa damascena is traditionally preferred (Shawl
and Adams, 2009). In the Indian system of medicine, various rose preparations are used as an astrin-
The fresh damask rose petals possess a very
small quantity of essential oil. One kg of rose oil
can be obtained from about 3,000 kg of rose petals (Baser, 1992). Because of the low oil content
and the lack of natural and synthetic substitutes,
rose oil is one of the most expensive essential oil
1111
1112
RAM SWAROOP VERMA ET AL.
in the world markets. The chemical composition
of rose oil, rose water, concrete and absolute has
been investigated in India and abroad (Agarwal et
al., 2005; Ayci et al., 2005; Aydinli and Tutas, 2003;
Eikani et al., 2005; Gupta et al., 2000; Lawrence,
2003; Shawl and Adams, 2009). Essential oil composition is varied over the flower stages, flower
parts, and the harvesting period (Mihailova et al.,
1997; Verma et al., 2011).
In addition to the various uses of rose oil, dried
rose petals are also used for various purposes. Its
intake as food has an important medicinal use
as it can solve problems of the digestive system
(Haghighi et al., 2008). In addition to this, dried
rose petals are also be used for skin care and the
preparation of Gul-e-Roghan for making hair oils.
A literature survey revealed that significant work
has been done on the damask rose: however, information on the chemical composition of dried rose
petals is meagerlimited. Therefore, the aim of the
present study was to characterize the volatile aroma
chemicals that remaining in rose petals even after
complete shade drying.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material and isolation of volatile components
Fresh flowers of Rosa damascena var. ‘Noorjahan’
were collected in the month of May, 2009, from
an experimental field of the Central Institute of
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre,
Purara, Uttarakhand. The experimental site is located at an elevation of 1,250 m and has a temperate climate. The flowers were shade-dried at room
temperature till moisture removal had taken place
(79.3%). 60 g shade-dried rose petals were hydrodistilled with 1.5 l of water for 4 h to prepare 800
ml of rose water. The rose water was extracted with
hexane to trap the present compounds. The organic layer was separated and dried over anhydrous
sodium sulphate to remove residual moisture, if
any. The solvent was evaporated under reduced
pressure (35οC) to obtain a concentrated volatile
fraction. In the second part, 145 g of rose petals
were hydrodistilled in a Clevenger apparatus for
3 h to obtain the essential oil. The rose water volatiles and essential oil obtained in this way were
stored at -5°C prior to analysis.
Essential oil and rose water volatiles analyses
Gas chromatography (GC) analyses of the rose petal volatiles was carried out on a Nucon gas chromatograph model 5765 equipped with FID and DB-5
(30 m × 0.32 mm; 0.25 µm film coating) fused silica
capillary column. Oven temperature programming
was done from 60-230°C at 3°C/min. Hydrogen was
the carrier gas at 1.0 ml/min. The injector and detector temperatures were 220°C and 230°C, respectively. The injection volume was 0.02 µl neat (syringe: Hamilton 1.0 µl capacity, Alltech USA) and
the split ratio was 1:30. Gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the essential oil
sample was carried out on a PerkinElmer AutoSystem XL GC interfaced with a Turbomass Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer fitted with an Equity-5
fused silica capillary column (60 m × 0.32 mm i.d.,
film thickness 0.25 µm) The oven temperature was
programmed from 60-210οC at 3οC/min using helium as the carrier gas at 1.0 mL/min. The injector temperature was 210οC, injection volume 0.1 µl
prepared in n-hexane (dilution 10%), split ratio 1:
40. MS were taken at 70 eV with a mass scan range
of 40-450 amu and scan rate 1 sec with an interscan
delay of 0.5 sec.
Identification and quantification of the components
Constituents were identified on the basis of a Retention Index (RI), determined with reference to a
homologous series of n-alkanes, C9-C24, under identical experimental conditions, co-injection with
standards (Aldrich and Fluka) or known essential
oil constituents, MS Library search (NIST/EPA/
NIH version 2.1 and WILEY registry of MS data 7th
edition), by comparing with the MS literature data
(Adams, 2007). The relative amounts of individual
components were calculated based on the GC peak
area (FID response) without using a correction factor.
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE VOLATILE COMPONENTS OF SHADE-DRIED PETALS OF DAMASK ROSE
Table 1. Chemical composition of the volatile components of shade-dried petals of Rosa damascena var. ‘Noorjahan’
RI
938
948
981
989
1019
1023
1047
1053
1082
1099
1103
1106
1150
1158
1162
1175
1187
1228
1233
1236
1252
1259
1272
1274
1300
1319
1343
1352
1369
1380
1396
1400
1416
1424
1439
1442
1450
1472
1476
1488
1496
1500
1502
1522
1524
1577
1600
1619
Compound
α-Pinene
Benzaldehyde
β-Pinene
β-Myrcene
α-Terpinene
p-Cymene
(Z)-β-Ocimene
(E)-β-Ocimene
Terpinolene
Linalool
n-Nonanal
2-Phenylethyl alcohol
Citronellal
Nerol oxide
Isomenthone
Terpinen-4-ol
α-Terpineol
Citronellol
Nerol
Neral
Geraniol
Linalyl acetate
Geranial
Citronellyl formate
Geranyl formate
Methyl geranate
δ-Elemene
Citronellyl acetate
Neryl acetate
Geranyl acetate
β-Elemene
Methyl eugenol
β-Caryophyllene
β-Copaene
α-Guaiene
(Z)-β-Farnesene
α-Humulene
Geranyl propionate
Germacrene-D
β-Selinene
α-Selinene
Pentadecane
α-Bulnesene
δ-Cadinene
Citronellyl butyrate
Caryophyllene oxide
Hexadecane
10-epi-γ-Eudesmol
Class
MH
BC
MH
MH
MH
BC
MH
MH
MH
OM
OA
BC
OM
OM
OM
OM
OM
OM
OM
OM
OM
OM
OM
OM
OM
OM
SH
OM
OM
OM
SH
BC
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
OM
SH
SH
SH
AH
SH
SH
OM
OS
AH
OS
Content (%)
A
0.1
t
0.2
t
0.6
t
0.3
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
7.1
0.1
t
4.1
t
0.1
0.2
0.5
t
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.8
0.1
t
t
0.1
0.3
0.3
t
t
0.1
t
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
B
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
t
0.6
0.1
0.7
0.4
7.1
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
2.2
0.1
2.5
t
t
0.3
1.5
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
t
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.1
1113
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RAM SWAROOP VERMA ET AL.
Table 1. Continued
RI
1673
1700
1720
1800
1885
1900
1975
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
Compound
Tetradecanol
Heptadecane
(2E,6E)-Farnesol
Octadecane
1-Nonadecene
Nonadecane
1-Eicosene
Eicosane
Heneicosane
Docasane
Tricosane
Tetracosane
Pentacosane
Class composition
Monoterpene hydrocarbons (MH)
Oxygenated monoterpenes (OM)
Sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (SH)
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (OS)
Benzenoid compounds (BC)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons (AH)
Oxygenated aliphatics (OA)
Total identified
Class
OA
AH
OS
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
Content (%)
0.1
0.6
0.4
0.2
1.6
13.0
0.1
2.5
19.7
1.1
11.3
0.9
5.3
0.5
0.3
0.9
0.8
8.4
0.1
2.4
15.7
1.4
9.3
1.1
5.1
0.7
14.7
1.4
0.6
1.0
56.4
0.5
75.3
0.7
8.7
0.8
0.5
7.9
46.3
0.4
65.3
RI: Retention indices calculated on DB-5 column; A: hydrodistilled essential oil of shade dried rose petals
B: hexane extract of rose water prepared from shade-dried rose petals
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The hydrodistillation of shade-dried rose petals
gave 0.12% essential oil. The essential oil and hexane extract of rose water were analyzed by GC and
GC-MS and the results are summarized in Table
1. A total of fifty-seven components, representing
75.3% of the essential oil, and forty-eight components representing 65.3% of the rose water, were
identified. The rose oil and water both were dominated by aliphatic hydrocarbons (56.4 and 46.3%,
respectively). The representative aliphatic hydrocarbons of the essential oil and rose water were
heneicosane (19.7 and 15.7%), nonadecane (13.0
and 8.4%), tricosane (11.3 and 9.3%), pentacosane
(5.3 and 5.1%) and eicosane (2.5 and 2.4%). Oxygenated monoterpenes were only 14.7% and 8.7%
in the essential oil and rose water, respectively. The
main oxygenated monoterpenes of the rose oil were
citronellol (7.1%), geraniol (4.1%), geranyl acetate
(0.8%), linalool (0.5%), geranyl formate (0.5%) and
2-phenyl ethyl alcohol (0.4%). However, the main
oxygenated monoterpenes of the rose water were
2-phenyl ethyl alcohol (7.1%), geraniol (2.5%), citronellol (2.2%), geranyl formate (1.5%) and linalool
(0.7%).
As far as the essential oil and rose water compositions of fresh flowers of R. damascena are concerned, Verma et al. (2011) found citronellol (15.935.3%), geraniol (8.3-32.2%), nerol (4.0-9.6%),
nonadecane (4.5-16.0%) and heneicosane (2.67.9%) to be the major components of the essential
oil, while 2-phenyl ethyl alcohol (66.2% - 80.7%),
citronellol (1.8% - 5.5%) and geraniol (3.3% - 7.9%)
were the major components of the rose water. This
indicated that fresh and dried rose petals differ
considerably in the composition of their volatile
components. Good quality rose oil should possess
a higher amount of monoterpene alcohols and a
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE VOLATILE COMPONENTS OF SHADE-DRIED PETALS OF DAMASK ROSE
lower amount of alkanes (Baser, 1992). However,
this criterion was not fulfilled by the volatile oil/extracts of the dried rose flowers/petals. Thus, on the
basis of this study it could be concluded that the
volatile oil or water of shade-dried rose petals cannot be substituted by rose oil and water prepared
from fresh flowers. However, shade-dried rose petals can be utilized as a good source of aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Acknowledgment - The authors are grateful to the Director of
the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP, CSIR), India, Lucknow, U.P. for providing the necessary facilities.
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