1. No category

European
Union
topics
:
United Nations GA 4th Special, Political, and Decolonization
 Bioethics
 The Islamic State
Chaired by the Honorable
Thuy Bercher, Sean Elmore, and Maddie Stites
S i n c e
HBHS
April 25th, 2015
1 9 7 8
Novice
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Huntington Beach High School Model United Nations
The European Union
April 25th, 2015
Welcome to the European Union!
Hello, delegates! My name is Thuy Bercher and I will be one of your chairs
for this year’s Surf City XII Conference! I am a sophomore from Huntington
Beach High School and I have been doing MUN since my freshman
year. Outside of MUN, I take an interest in performing and cinematography
through the Academy of the Performing Arts (APA) Music, Media, Entertainment,
and Technology (MMET) program! I have been a vegetarian since I was born
and am very passionate about the environment as well as bioenvironmental
science and engineering. I am the upcoming president of my school’s
environmental club where I tend to a garden that supplies the restaurant
SlapFish with organic produce as well as many other projects which benefited my
school with Hurley hydration stations, waterless urinals, and in the future a
recycling station and ecofriendly alternative to plastic and Styrofoam cups. I am
excited to see what solutions you have to offer in regards to the topics of
bioethics and IS and if you have any questions, please feel free to email us at:
[email protected].
Hello, my name is Sean Elmore. I am a junior at Huntington Beach High
School and have been involved in the MUN program for three years. My greatest
experience in the MUN program was competing in nationals in New York. I have
been heavily involved in MUN, but never had the chance to chair a conference,
so I am truly looking forward to this experience. I am also involved in the
Science Math Academic Competition Team, Math Team, and Engineering
Club. As someone who is equally interested in biology and international
relations, I am very excited to hear discussion and debate on these interesting
and complex topics.
Hello Delegates, my name is Maddie Stites and I will be serving as one of
your chairs during debate in this committee. I am currently in my second year of
MUN as a Sophomore, and plan to continue with the program for the rest of my
high school career. Aside from MUN, I am a cheerleader, and I also enjoy
participating in competitive cheer. I am also an active member of Huntington
Beach High School’s American Cancer Society as well as the Down Syndrome
Awareness Club. As a member of the Down Syndrome Club, I volunteer at the
Down Syndrome Association of Orange County (DSAOC) and get to work with
mentally challenged children. In addition, I enjoy non-fictional writing and would
love to study Journalism at some point in my college career. With my interest in
different cultures and international conflicts, I am looking forward to chairing the
EU committee and seeing what solutions will be presented in correlation with the
topics.
Position Papers must be submitted to your Dais’s central email no later than 11:59 PM on
April 19th, 2015 to be considered for a Research Award. Research Awards will be presented
during committee; please be sure to2 follow the HBHSMUN Position Paper format available on
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Your Dais’s central
email is: [email protected]
The European Union
April 25th, 2015
I. Bioethics
Topic Background
Europeans still overestimate the health risks
from eating genetically modified crops.
From 1997 to 2004, the European
Union created new methods for labeling GM
foods. iv Early concerns about genetically
modified crops included the health risks of
eating them. However, these crops are
extensively tested, and there have not been
any large health issues associated with
foods that have reached the market,
besides unique allergic reactions.v Although
health risks remain low, there have been a
plethora of other issues associated with
genetically modified foods, which are
considered to be far more threatening than
allergic reactions. These issues include
biological patenting exploitation and the
creation of pesticide-resistant bugs.
One important topic is the access to
biological patents. Biological patents are
patents that companies can have for GMOs,
which prevents others from copying the
DNA of their product. Due to international
copyright laws, all member states of the
World Trade Organization are required to
allow
and
protect
biological
patents.vi Monsanto, which is an agriculture
and biotechnology corporation, have had
their use of biological patents highly
publicized. vii These patents have been
exploited in several situations.
For
example, Monsanto has taken legal action
against farmers who have planted seeds
produced from crops originating from their
company.
Farmers, who are often
accustomed to using seeds they produced
from growing their crops, are forced to
repay the company for the seeds that they
reuse.viii This can lock farmers into buying
seeds from Monsanto or paying them for
their existing seeds, which allows the
company to increase the price far beyond
what many can afford to pay. Small farmers
are often forced to grow GM crops in order
to be able to compete with those who use
Science by itself has no moral
dimension; some of the most impressive
scientific advancements have been viewed
skeptically by those who believe that it
compromises
basic
morals
and
ethics. Bioethics by itself is not a scientific
field; instead, it refers to the ethics involved
in
certain
scientific
fields,
notably
biotechnology and medicine. This topic
encompasses many issues that are being
debated today. However, in this committee,
we would encourage a focus on the issues
of: reproductive rights, genetically modified
organisms, cloning, stem-cell research, and
euthanasia.
Reproductive
rights,
such
as
abortion and birth control, are currently on
the forefront of bioethical issues. Abortion
is generally considered to be one of the
safest medical procedures in developed
countries that allow abortions i . European
countries have typically been very
progressive on the issue of abortion. It is
also common that countries legalize
abortion in certain situations, including
cases of rape, and when the mother’s life is
threatened by the pregnancyii. Much of the
current debate is about allowing an abortion
if the individual has the ability to raise the
child and there is not a large health risk.
Genetically modified
organisms
(GMOs) and food pose several issues,
including: environmental damage, the
misuse of biological patents, labeling, and
safety for consumers. In 1996, the first
genetically modified food was released for
sale. It was a tomato, which was resistant
to rotting; however, it lacked proper labeling,
and people were also skeptical of the idea
of genetically modified food. iii Since then,
there have been countless improvements to
GMOs and studies that show they are safe
for consumption. Despite this, a majority of
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The European Union
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them. Africa has been a specific target of
companies, due to their lack of legislation
about biosafety.ix In 2013, there were largescale protests against Monsanto in seven
African nations.x The protesters stated that
Monsanto was trying to establish a
monopoly on African agriculture. Their
opinion was that Monsanto’s influence
would lead to a rise in “factory farming” that
would significantly hurt small, sustenance
farmers.
Another way that the efficiency of
crops has been improved through genetic
modification is by including natural
pesticides in the plant itself. However,
some speculate that this practice will lead to
negative environmental consequences. The
most common fear is that the crops that
naturally include pesticides will cause an
adaption in pests, who will become more
resistant to pesticides. A study from Iowa
State showed the adaptation of certain
species of worms when introduced to
genetically modified crops, who then
became resistant to the pesticides in the
plants. xi Although these reports are not
definitive, they show a possible downside to
any genetically modified crops, which could
have great environmental repercussions.
However, GM crops have also had a
significant positive impact on rural
areas. “Golden Rice” is a genetically
modified crop, which is far more nutritious
than normal rice. Golden rice has been
very helpful in alleviating malnutrition and
Vitamin A deficiency in Africa and is
becoming popular worldwide. However, the
success of golden rice is largely due to the
original creators allowing farmers to
reproduce seeds and grow the rice without
paying the company.xii
The use and research of stem cells
is
another
important
ethical
issue. Compared to other areas, some
European countries have progressive
policies that support stem cell research and
development. Although many European
nations have completely banned stem cell
research, others, such as Britain and
Sweden, are on the forefront of stem cell
technology and development due to their
government’s supportive policies. Stem cell
research largely began in the early 21st
century, with the discovery of methods to
extract
stem
cells
from
human
embryos. xiii Due to their ability to replace
tissue, these cells have a variety of uses in
the medical fields and can be used to treat
heart disease, diabetes, spinal cord injuries,
and much more. It is also believed that the
use of these cells have the highest chance
of creating a tangible cure for diseases such
as HIV and cancer. xiv Stem cell’s use in
medicine is incredibly promising; however,
they have been held back by debate and
controversy since the process often involves
the
destruction
of
human
embryos. Opponents of stem cell use and
research believe that the destruction of an
embryo can be equated to murder. Adult
stem cells, which are cells taken from adult
humans, not from an embryo, have also
been used in therapy. They are also
considered far less controversial since they
do not destroy a possible human
life. However, compared to embryonic stem
cells, adult stem cells are far more difficult
to extract; only one in a thousand adult
marrow cells are usable stem cells.xv Stem
cells are plentiful in embryos, and they are
also less “differentiated,” which allows them
to treat a wider range of diseases. In 1952,
American scientists Robert Briggs and
Thomas King cloned the first animal, which
involved a nuclear transfer. xvi There are
several different types of artificial cloning,
including: gene cloning, reproductive
cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Gene and
reproductive cloning have little medical
uses, and are often considered to be just
used
for
the
sake
of
scientific
development. Therapeutic cloning involves
the use of stem cells to clone a specific
organ that is a specific match for the
patient.xvii
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Euthanasia is another topic that is
important to bioethics. Euthanasia is the
practice of intentionally ending a person’s
life at their request, often to prevent
suffering. Currently, this practice is only
legal
in
Netherland,
Belgium
and
Luxembourg (all of which are European
Union member states). xviii A majority of
European countries do not allow euthanasia
at the request of the patient. This issue has
also never been discussed formally in the
European Union.xix
of 2003, the UNESCO 32nd General
Conference unanimously established what
is known as the International Declaration on
Human Genetic Data, an expansion upon
the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights.xxiii
While the United Nations promotes the
discussion of bioethics, there are many
aspects on which its members do not agree,
one being
cloning.
The European
Convention on Biomedicine, held in 2000 by
the European Union, proved this when the
Charter of Fundamental Rights of European
Union strictly prohibited any form of
reproductive cloning, excluding therapeutic
cloning. However, only Portugal, Spain, and
Greece ratified this document.xxiv Following
this proposal, many European Union
members
set
forth
individualized
regulations, such as the Human Fertilization
and Embryology Regulations, endorsed by
the United Kingdom in 2001, which was
passed
primarily
for
research
reasons.
When
A/RES/59/280
was
proposed as the Declaration of Human
Cloning, in which all types of human related
cloning would be banned, it did not pass
within the European Union; however, it was
passed among the UN as a whole. In 2002,
the World Health Organization (WHO)
reinforced an international standard in which
medical research should be carried out
without any form of cloning, especially of
animals. Alongside this motion, the WHO
established the Global Health Ethics Unit to
analyze
the
complexities
of
bioethics. There have also been several
attempts to make a unified abortion policy in
the European Union. In 2013 alone, there
were three attempts to create a report that
would declare abortion to be a basic human
right, but the European Parliament rejected
them all. xxv However, this year on March
10th, the European Union adopted a report,
which calls abortion a “fundamental right,”
but allows different countries to decide their
policy on the topic.xxvi
United Nations Involvement
In 1993, UNESCO founded the
Bioethics Program in which nations could
peacefully sort out the vast topics of
bioethics. xx This program is comprised of
36 singular experts chosen by a DirectorGeneral, each serving four years at a time
in order to provide a cultural diversity and
equality. The main focus of this program
was to question both the ethical and legal
aspects of bioethics, which was achieved in
1997 when the General Conference
proposed the Universal Declaration on the
Human Genome and Human Rights, which
was then adopted in 1998. xxi In this
document, many aspects of bioethics was
addressed, including but not limited to
abortion and cloning while considering the
universal and fundamental human rights.
The UNESCO Bioethics Program acts as
Secretariat for two advisory programs: the
International Bioethics Committee (IBC) xxii
and the International Intergovernmental
Bioethics Committee (IGBC). Through such
committees, countries organize conferences
in which they can gather to form proposals
that are then submitted to the DirectorGeneral and higher up UNESCO governing
bodies. During intellectual forums hosted
by the United Nations, member states pose
both national and international concerns
and policies regarding bioethics with an aim
to contribute to the composition of a
common ethical standard that would be
integrated within international policies. As
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Although each country’s policy on
bioethics varies, the United Nations has a
very clear policy on family planning as a
universal human right in the United Nations
Population Fund (UNFPA). Because of this,
the United Nations has many policies
supporting birth control, abortion, and sex
education. xxvii The UNFPA report is nonbinding and has no direct effect on
international law, but it does have a heavy
influence on global awareness of the
topics. In many instances, the United
Nations has openly urged countries to make
compromise with their strict abortion policies
with an emphasis on the rights of those
involved in cases of incest, fatal fetal
abnormality, rape, and those in risk of any
concerning health problems. As a part of
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
under articles 18 and 19, all humans are
granted to the freedom of health and
opinion, with no exception to matters of
abortion.xxviii
stem cells were used in beneficial way took
place in October of 2014 with the patient
Isabella Beukes of Santa Rosa, California.
For over forty years of her life, Isabella was
declared legally blind. Upon hearing about a
study being led by eye specialist Steven
Schwartz, Isabella participated in the
research trial without hope of finding any
possible result. After just a few weeks of
stem cell treatment, Isabella was able to
decipher shapes and even recognize certain
colors.xxix Although this may not seem to be
a pivotal advancement, the ability to treat
blindness has never been a possibility until
now.
Besides the data collected from
Isabella’s experience, stem cells have
proven to be beneficial in a study conducted
among 18 blind patients. Of these 18
patients, over 50% of them saw distinct
improvement in their vision, despite the fact
that they previously suffered from incurable
sight deprivation.xxx Currently, some
European nations, such as Italy and Austria,
have strict regulations and bans concerning
taking stem cells from an existing embryo.
The divide between different countries’
opinions has led to various bioethical
debates of whether or not using embryonic
stem cells is moral. However, the use of
embryonic stem cells is becoming more
accepted in modern society as more stories
like of Isabella Beuke’s are released. There
are many ethical concerns with stem-cell,
but with new methods for deriving stem
cells, we will hopefully someday develop the
medical capability to treat diseases that
were previously thought to be untreatable.
Case Study:
Embryonic
Stem Cell Research
One of the most vigorously debated
medical research topics is the use and
research of embryonic stem cells. With
modernized technology and a better
understanding for the human body,
scientists have begun to use stem cells
derived from the embryos of unborn-infants
to cure many fatal issues. Stem cells can be
used to transform into a regenerated form of
any specific cell in the human body, but can
only be taken from embryos in a manner
that destroys the embryo completely.
Whether or not the use of stem cells is
beneficial is still a major dispute, but as
research continues, more success stories
are arising.
A specific instance where embryonic
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II. The Islamic State
Topic Background
al-Zarqawi pledged allegiance to Al-Qaeda,
despite their ideological differences. The
group changed their name to Al-Qaeda in
Iraq (AQI).xxxiii This is largely considered by
many to be the creation of what would
become the Islamic State.
In 2006, a United States air strike
led to the death of al-Zarqawi; however, this
did not set back the AQI. Al-Zarqawi instead
became a martyr for his cause, which was
the creation of a caliphate, and his
successors increased the effort to fulfil his
ultimate goal. xxxiv One of his successors,
Abu Ayyub al-Masri, was also a more
effective strategist. Under new leadership,
the group pledged allegiance to the newly
formed “Islamic State of Iraq” (ISI). The
ISI’s creator, Umar al-Baghdadi, had
previous relations with al-Zarqawi and
proved to be a very successful strategist for
the group. xxxv This “state” appointed ten
ministers in 2007, including ministers for oil,
health, agriculture and fisheries. This
shows how the Islamic State of Iraq
believed itself to be a legitimate state,
despite being relatively obscure at the
time. However, Al-Qaeda did not approve
of the creation of a state. This, along with
the ideological differences, resulted in the
eventual split between these two groups.xxxvi
The Islamic State today varies
greatly from the ISI. Additionally, a leading
political scientist from the University of
Chicago, Robert A. Pape, attributed the
success of IS their access to money and
resources, their use of social media, and
anti-Shia sentiments in Iraq.
This,
combined with the post-war power vacuum
in Iraq, allowed them to rapidly rise to power
in the Middle East. xxxvii Fighting perpetual
war on several fronts and managing new
territories are very expensive. Early on, the
Islamic State receives large amounts of
funding by raiding Iraqi banks and taking
large amounts of money and silver.
The Islamic State (IS) is a terrorist
group that originated during the United
States invasion of Iraq in 2003. xxxi The
group’s ultimate goal is establishment of a
“caliphate,” a theocratic state that is based
on an interpretation of Islam. This group has
been rising on the international stage, due
to
brutal
tactics
and
territorial
expansion. This was an organization born
from chaos, and it has capitalized on
disorder in the region. Many of the
countries threatened most by the Islamic
State lack the ability to effectively contain
them on their own, which places a particular
burden on the developed European
countries and European Union, who have
the capabilities to combat this growing
threat.
The name “Islamic State” is the sixth
name change for the group since being
formed in 2003. However, the early roots
were established in 1999, with the creation
of the Jordan-based insurgency group
known as the Organization of Monotheism
and Jihad. xxxii This group was created by
Abu
Musab
al-Zarqawi,
who
was
instrumental in creating and leading what
would become the Islamic State. Shortly
after the creation of the organization, alZarqawi met several al-Qaeda leaders,
including Osama Bin Laden. They had
apparent ideological difference, with BinLaden believing that al-Zarqawi’s religious
views were “too rigid.” During the United
States invasion of Iraq in 2003, al-Zarqawi
and some of his followers traveled to Iraq
and
established
“al-Tawhid
wa-alJihad.” The most notable operation of this
group was killing Sergio Vieiro de Mello,
who was the United Nations SecretaryGeneral
Special
Representative
in
Iraq. Sometime between 2003 and 2004,
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However,
their
continuing
economic
success is due to their efficient financial
operation that relies on a series of longrange networks. They receive large
amounts of their funding by selling oil and
contraband. Currently, IS holds 60 percent
of Syria’s oil assets. They also control oil
rich areas throughout Iraq. Areas including
southern Turkey, northwestern Iraq and
eastern Syria are “weak spots” where the
Islamic State has been buying and selling
products without drawing the attention of
surrounding nations. In 2014, David Cohen,
an American IS expert, stated that, “ISIS
has amassed wealth at an unprecedented
pace and its revenue sources have a
different composition from those of many
other terrorist organizations… ISIS obtains
the vast majority of its revenues from crime
and resources.” When formulating solutions
to fight the IS, it is important to consider
methods to limit the funding of this
organization, since most of their success
results from their access to money and
supplies.
They have also greatly capitalized
on the sentiment of the Sunni population in
Iraq. The Sunni-Shia rivalry has allowed IS
to gain local support and gain control of
large amounts of Sunni dominated territory
in Iraq. Saddam Hussein was a member of
the Sunni minority in Iraq. However, after
his death, the Iraqiyya Coalition, which was
a Shia political party, took control of Iraq
with support from the United States.
Following the election, Iraq’s government
began to target Sunni leaders, to guarantee
Shia domination in Iraq. After restoration of
Iraqi sovereignty, the government arrested
Vice President Hashimi, who was the only
high ranking Sunni politician. Political
purges against Sunnis sparked controversy
and protests by Sunni groups. This
animosity towards the Shia government is
largely responsible for the popular support
of the Islamic State, who promised the
creation of a new, Sunni-ruled, country.
The fight against IS has also
mirrored their territorial expansion. The
United States are currently leading the fight
and are responsible for a majority of air
strikes against the IS. The United States
has also created the Combined Joint Task
Force and launched Operation Inherent
Resolve. This coalition, which consists of
some of the largest economic and military
powers, has been able to effectively fight
the Islamic State. The coalition’s fight
against the Islamic State is largely fourthgeneration, or asymmetric warfare. This
refers to a large, conventional power,
fighting
against
smaller,
non-state
actors. xxxviii However, it is often the case
that the smaller groups have the advantage
of popular ideology and knowledge of the
terrain. When formulating strategies to fight
the Islamic State, it is very important to
address the reasons for their success,
especially the popular support that the
group has.
Recently, on the Iraq-Kurdish front,
the Islamic State has been severely
weakened by the Kurdish fighters, who have
superior weapons and are trained by
coalition members. Coalition air strikes are
incredibly prevalent in this region. According
to Kurdish militias, the Islamic State’s forces
are suffering from heavy losses, reduced
morale, and desertion. Recent attention has
also been drawn to the Iraqi government’s
advancements on the Islamic State city of
Tikrit with support from Iran. The IS is
suffering heavy setbacks in Tikrit as well.xxxix
United Nations Involvement
The European Union and United
Nations have operated closely in effort to
combat the Islamic State. In June of 2014,
The European External Action Service
discussed the attacks IS is inflicting in Iraq
and the EU reinstated their support in Iraq
to battle terrorism. The European Union
suggested improving security measures in
Iraq, as well as encouraging political Iraqi
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leaders to combat IS influence. The current
goal for the United Nations and European
Union is to take command of the situation
before the Islamic State gains the ability to
move into Europe.
The United States has been
advocating a mission to defeat IS for the
last year, and have been supported by
various European nations.
Denmark,
Belgium, and Britain vouched their support
to taking military action against IS in
September of last year. Since then, the
support from Europe has grown as the
borders of European nations are being
infiltrated by territories when IS is present.
The relations of most EU nations and the
United States have been supportive of each
other in combating the expansion of the
Islamic State.
The United Nations has also
improved its Assistance Mission for Iraq
(UNAMI). This mission was originally
launched in 2003, following the American
invasion, however, it was modified in 2014
to deal with the growing issue of the Islamic
State. The most important task for this
group is the enforcement of the International
Compact with Iraq. This compact is focused
on uniting Iraq and creating a successful
and sustainable government with support
from the World Bank.xl
With the violence and involvement
surrounding IS actions, the United Nations
had enforced several resolutions in regards
to the issue. In August of 2014, Security
Council adopted resolution 2170 which
attempted to prevention of citizens leaving
their country to join the Islamic State. It also
called for an assessment of the human
rights violations occurring within the actions
of IS, and that terrorist groups would be
disbanded. Resolution 2170 received
enormous support, and was strongly
accepted by European Nations such as
France and United Kingdom.xli Additionally,
S/RES/2199 was published on February 12,
2015, regarding the Islamic State’s call for
ransom money upon other nations. This
document worked to recognize and prevent
IS from collecting illicit funds from oil trade,
as well as donations from private donors.
Case Study: “Women of the
Islamic State: Manifesto
and Case Study”
In February of 2015 a document
entitled “Women of the Islamic State:
Manifesto and Case Study” was published
by an all-woman sect of the Islamic State,
the al-Khanssaa Brigade. Within this
document is a guideline in which the Islamic
State believes all women should live by
including topics such as marriage, how to
dress, and various other factors of day-today life. While the Islamic State’s intent of
this document was to guide women on how
to achieve a “sedentary lifestyle,” it resulted
in a spark of controversy throughout the
international
community
with
its
questionable policies. Throughout the entire
manifesto is a constant sense of superiority
above the international community. A
majority of the document focuses on the
resistance of western imperialism as a
selling
point
to
obey
their
commands. When referring to other groups
and nations, the document often uses the
term “hypocrite” to describe them.
One of the most concerning ideals in
this document focuses on marriage. The
Islamic State states that by the age of nine,
girls are ready for marriage and should be
married by the age of sixteen to meet the
standards of a “pure” woman. While it is
arguable that this mindset expresses more
freedom from an early age by giving them
the option to get married, in many cases
these marriages have been seen to be
forced. A war tactic commonly used by the
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Islamic State is to invade a city and kidnap
young girls to be used as sex slaves,
beheading any children who resist. In many
cases these children do not have a basic
foundation of education, which is why they
are typically targeted because they are
easier to recruit. xlii As for the education of
girls, within the manifesto it claims that from
the ages of seven to fifteen, girls should be
educated primarily on the Islamic religion
and household duties, but not anything
about basic education such as reading or
writing. Within the manifesto it claims that
no rights to education are to be taken away
from women; however, also endorses the
strict separation of women and men in
schools so that they may receive different
curriculum. xliii
While the manifesto has many
policies limiting women’s freedoms, it is
under the claim of benefitting and protecting
them by delivering them with only the rights
that they believe they deserve. Under this
manifesto, women are not granted equal
treatment within the workforce. The most
respectable job a woman can have
according to the document is staying home
and
caring
for
the
house
and
family. Although women are allowed to find
work outside of their household it is only
under a tight set of restrictions only allowing
them to work for limited amounts of time
and with a certain balance between at home
duties, with their family taking first priority
over their job.xliv Seeing that this document
clearly strips women of numerous
fundamental rights, a majority of the
international communities have shown
disapproval.
However,
because
this
document is so recent, there has not been
given enough time to respond.
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Questions to Consider
Bioethics:
1. What related resolutions or documents has your country signed, if any, regarding
bioethics?
2. Are there any laws or restrictions on certain medical practices or research in your
country?
3. Does your country believe that GMOs should have regulations? If so consider
regulations to prevent environmental damage, monopolies and exploitation.
4. In what situations does your country allow citizens to have abortions?
5. Should patents on genetically modified organisms follow the same rules as other
intellectual property? Should there be a different set of rules for GMO patents?
6. Are there any restrictions on access to contraceptives and birth control within your
nation?
The Islamic State:
1. How does the Islamic State have a direct effect or influence on your nation and/or the
European Union as a whole?
2. How far is your country willing to go to combat IS in regard to the use of armed forces?
3. How has your country been involved fighting the Islamic State?
4. How can the United Nations get involved to protect civilians affected by the Islamic
State?
5. What can be done to prevent the spread of the Islamic State?
i
"Center for Reproductive Rights." Center for Reproductive Rights. N.p., n.d. Web.
IBID
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“GMO Timeline”
http://www.rosebudmag.com/truth-squad/gmo-timeline-a-history-ofgenetically-modified-foods
iv
"EUROPA - Food Safety - Biotechnology - Introduction." EUROPA - Food Safety Biotechnology - Introduction. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2015.
v
http://www.rosebudmag.com/truth-squad/gmo-timeline-a-history-of-genetically-modified-foods
vi
“World
Trade
Organization
TRIPS
agreement”
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vii
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/business/monsanto-victorious-in-genetic-seedcase.html?_r=0
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IBID
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"Why Seven African Nations Joined Anti-Monsanto." ThinkProgress RSS. N.p., 17 Oct. 2013.
Web. 16 Mar. 2015.
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IBID
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http://www.newsweek.com/worm-now-thrives-gmo-corn-designed-kill-it-study-says-232276
xii
“Golden Rice” http://www.goldenrice.org
xiii
"Frequently Asked Questions." Stem Cell Basics: Introduction [Stem Cell Information]. N.p.,
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ii
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The European Union
April 25th, 2015
xiv
IBID
IBID
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"GMO Timeline: A History of Genetically Modified Foods." GMO Timeline: A History of Genetically
Modified Foods - Rosebud Magazine Hydroponics Lifestyle Growing And Entertainment! N.p., n.d. Web.
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xvii
"What Is Cloning?" What Is Cloning? N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2015.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whatiscloning/
xviii
“Where is Euthanasia Legal?” http://www.newhealthguide.org/Where-Is-EuthanasiaLegal.html
xix
http://www.hanselawreview.org/pdf3/Vol2No1Art04.pdf
xx
“European Union Bioethics” http://ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/bioethics/bioethics_en.htm
xxi
IBID
xxii
“Social
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Committee”
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/bioethics/international-bioethicscommittee/
xxiii
IBID
xxiv
"Council of Europe - ETS No. 164 - Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on
Human Rights and Biomedicine." Council of Europe - ETS No. 164 - Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine:
Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2015.
<http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/164.htm>.
xxv
"European Parliament Again Rejects Bill Declaring Abortion a Human Right." LifeNews.com. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2015. <http://www.lifenews.com/2013/12/10/european-parliament-again-rejects-billdeclaring-abortion-a-human-right/>.
xxvi
“European Parliament Adopts Report Calling Abotion a Fundamental Right”
http://www.lifenews.com/2015/03/10/european-parliament-adopts-report-calling-abortion-a-fundamentalright/
xxvii
"News from the Field & UNFPA Offices." UNFPA. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2015.
<http://www.unfpa.org/>.
xxviii
"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR, Declaration of Human Rights, Human
Rights Declaration, Human Rights Charter, The Un and Human Rights." UN News Center. UN, n.d. Web.
11 Feb. 2015. <http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/>.
xxix
“Embryonic Stem Cells Restore Vision in Preliminary Human Test”
http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/14/346174070/embryonic-stem-cells-restore-vision-inpreliminary-human-test
xxx
IBID
xxxi
Price, Bryan. "The Group That Calls Itself a State: Understanding the Evolution and
Challenges of the Islamic State | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point." Combating Terrorism
Center at West Point, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2015. <https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-group-that-callsitself-a-state-understanding-the-evolution-and-challenges-of-the-islamic-state>.
xxxii
IBID
xxxiii
IBID
xxxiv
IBID
xxxv
IBID
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The European Union
April 25th, 2015
xxxvi
"Al-Qaeda Backs Away from Radical Fighters in Syria, Iraq." Washington Post. The
Washington Post, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2015. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/alqaeda-disavows-any-ties-with-radical-islamist-isis-group-in-syria-iraq/2014/02/03/2c9afc3a-8cef-11e398ab-fe5228217bd1_story.html>.
xxxvii
“Four Reasons For ISIS’s Success” http://blog.oup.com/2015/01/reasons-isis-islamic-statesuccess/
xxxviii
“Asymmetrical Warfare” http://www.rand.org/topics/asymmetric-warfare.html
xxxix
Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2015.
<http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-isis-kurdistan-20150315-story.html#page=1>.
xl “UNAMI” http://www.uniraq.org/index.php?lang=en
xli
http://www.un.org/press/en/2014/sc11520.doc.htm
xlii
“Teenage Girl Who Escaped ISIS tells of Rape Forced Conversions by Islamic Militants“
http://www. Christian post. com/news/teenage-girl-who-escaped-isis-tells-of-rape-forcedconversion-by-islamic-militants-126991/
xliii
“Jihadist Girl Wedding Liberation Failed” http://www.TheGuardian. com/world/2015/feb/05/jihadistgirl-marry-liberation-failed-islamic-state
xliv
“Perfect Women of the Islamic State” http://www. west-info. eu/jihadists-wives-think-to-beperfect/women-of-the-islamic-state3-2/
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