3/20/2015 1 ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS Shiva Lashkari Chem 4590 Outline 2 General overview of electrochemical biosensors. Two Types of electrochemical biosensors. Some biomedical applications. Nanobiosensors. Summary and conclusion. 1 3/20/2015 Definition 3 An electrochemical biosensor is an analytical device that 1. 2. 3. 4. Converts a biological response to an electric signal; e.g., via releasing electrons during a reaction. Measures that electric signal; e.g., measures the resulting electric current. Processes the electric signal; e.g., relating the measured current to the released electrons. Detects (characterizes) a biological component from this processed electric signal; e.g., determine the amount of glucose in the blood. Electrochemical Biosensors Flowchart 4 Analyte Bioreceptors (e.g., enzymes) Electrical Transducer (e.g., Electrode) Signal amplification and processing Display (e.g., a graph, a number) 2 3/20/2015 Electrochemical Biosensor Elements 5 Requirements for different parts of biosensor 6 Bioreceptor: Highly specific to the analyte Stable Bioreceptor & Analyte: Their interaction should be independent of physical parameters; e.g., stirring, pH, and temperature. Electrical transducer: The resulting signal must be linear, reproducible over the concentration range of interest. Generates a signal having high signal-to-noise ratio. Non-Specialist Market: Affordable, portable, easy-to-use, and rapid. 3 3/20/2015 Advantages and Disadvantages 7 Advantage: Highly specific Easy miniaturization Low detection limit Portable Disadvantage Utilized enzymes have limited life span, and gradually lose their activity. History—Father of Biosensors 8 • Professor Clark is considered as the “father of biosensors”. • 1962: Clark and Lyons described how to make an amperometric enzyme electrode for detecting glucose. • 1972: First commercial biosensor (glucose) by Yellow Springs Instruments. 1918-2005 4 3/20/2015 Amperometric Transducers 9 Electrochemical reaction between the analyte and bioreceptor generates electric charges. These electric charges then move and create an electric current. This electric current is measured. This measured electric current is then used to characterize the analyte. Glucose Amperometric Biosensor 10 5 3/20/2015 Glucose Amperometric Biosensor 11 Potentiometric Transducer 12 Potentiometric transducers work based on the idea of a transistor. (A transistor consists of three terminals) Electrochemical reaction generates electric charges. These electrical charges creates an electric potential difference between two ports. This electric potential difference creates an electric current between another two ports. Field Effect Transistor (FET) Potential difference between Gate-Source results in a current between Source-Drain. This electric current is then measured. The measured electric current is then used to characterize the analyte. Enzyme FET (En-FET) Use an enzyme for the gate. 6 3/20/2015 Penicillin-Sensitive En-FET biosensor 13 Nanobiosensor 14 Nanotechnology is already being used for transistor manufacturing; e.g., Apple A8, used in iphone 6, contains 2 billion transistors. Nanotechnology enables us to design much smaller sensor that are much more sensitive 7 3/20/2015 Some Different Nanobiosensors 15 Nanowire FET sensors, Carbon nanotube electrodes, Quantum dots, Nanoparticle sensors, etc. For example, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are made from rolled-up graphene sheets. CNTs can be oxidised. This produces carboxylic end, which can then be used for attaching different biomolecules such as DNA, enzymes. DNA Electrochemical Sensor 16 • Such sensors have been fabricated by immobilizing single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) onto an electrode. Identifying genomic DNA sequences and detecting mutations can be done using these biosensor; e.g., breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) gene can be detected. • When the complementary sequence hybridizes with the ssDNA a current signal will be generated and measured. • A cationic metal complex is normally utilized as a redox indicator. • This redox indicator has a higher affinity for double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). This results in a larger electrochemical response after hybridization. 8 3/20/2015 Highly sensitive glucose sensors based on enzymemodified whole-graphene solution-gated transistors 17 graphene gate electrodes modified with an enzyme glucose oxidase Immunosensor (Silicon nanowire FET) 18 Biomarker is defined as anything which could be used as an indicator of a particular disease state. Detection of specific biomarker can be applied to disease screening; e.g, prostate specific antigen (PSA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and Mucin 1 Biomarker usually exist in blood in low concentration, therefore sensitive methods (nanobiosensors) are needed to detect those antigen Detection to Pg/ml Help in early detection of cancer 9 3/20/2015 Other Applications 19 Environmental field monitoring Scientific crime detection Food Analysis Drug development Summary and Conclusion 20 An electrochemical biosensor characterizes the analyte by measuring an electric signal generated due to the reaction of that analyte with an appropriate bioreceptor. Two common ways for generating the electric signal are amperometric and potentiometric techniques. Nanotechnology fabrication can be utilized to manufacture nanobiosensors, which have very high sensitivity and can be applied in biomedical diagnostic. 10 3/20/2015 References 21 Youtube Lecture: nanoHUB-U Nanobiosensors L3.7: Sensitivity - Amperometric Sensors - Glucose Sensors https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQfOyU06Cdw M. Schoning and Arshak Poghossian, “Recent Advances in biologically sensitive field effect transistors,” Analyst, vol. 127, 2002. T. G. Drummond, M. Hill, and J. K. Barton, “Electrochemical DNA Sensors,” Nature Biotechnology, 2003. K. Balasubramanian and M. Burghard, “Biosensors based on carbon nanotubes,” Anal Bioanal Chem, vol. 385, pp. 452–468, 2006. A. Chaubey and B. D. Malhorta, “Mediated Biosensors,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 17, pp. 44456, 2002. D. Grieshaber, R. MacKenzie, J. Voros, and E. Reimhult, “Electrochemical Biosensors – Sensor Principles and Architectures,” Sensors, vol. 8, pp. 1400-1458, 2008. W. Putzbach and N. J. Ronkainen, “Immobilization Techniques in the Fabrication of NanomaterialBased Electrochemical Biosensors: A Review,” Sensors, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 4811-4840, 2013. M. Zhang, C. Liao, C. Hin Mak, P. You, C. Mak & F. Yan “Highly sensitive glucose sensors based on enzyme-modified whole-graphene solution-gated transistors” scientific reports, 2015 Kuan-I Chena, Bor-Ran Li, Yit-Tsong Chen, “Silicon nanowire field-effect transistor-based biosensors for biomedical diagnosis and cellular recording investigation” nanotoday, 2011 Thanks for your attention 22 Question? 11
© Copyright 2024