IJSART - Volume 1
Issue 4 –APRIL 2015
ISSN [ONLINE]: 2395-1052
Effect Of Artificial Sand With Quarry Dust On
Strength Of Hardened Concrete
Sheetal A. Sahare1, Mugdha N. Priyadarshini2, Shweta S. 3
Department of Civil Engineering
1, 2,3
VIIT, Pune (India)
Abstract- To meet the requirements of infrastructural
development, a huge quantity of concrete is utilized in the
construction industry worldwide. Natural sand is generally
preferred as fine aggregate in the preparation of conventional
concrete which is obtained from river beds. Excessive mining
of natural sand from river bed poses many environmental
issues. Hence in many countries there is a restriction on sand
mining from river bed. It has created scarcity of natural sand.
Now the construction industry is looking forward for artificial
sand as an alternative solution to natural sand. Artificial sand
is obtained by mechanically crushing of natural stones.
During crushing operation along with the required size grain
dust is also getting generated. Today in actual practice
artificial sand along with quarry dust is generally used in
concrete. In this paper an attempt is made to investigate the
effect of artificial sand with quarry dust on compressive
strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of different
concrete mixes when natural sand is completely replaced by
artificial sand. The test results showed declination in the
strength parameters.
required size. It generally contain more angular particles with
rough surface textures and flatter face than natural sand that
are more rounded as a result of weathering. During crushing
operation along with the required size of sand grain, dust is
also getting generated. Today in actual practice artificial sand
along with quarry dust is generally used in concrete. Artificial
sand has to satisfy the technical requirements such as
workability, strength and durability of concrete. Hence it
becomes necessary to investigate these properties to find the
suitability of artificial sand in construction industry.
Keywords- Concrete, natural sand, artificial sand, compressive
strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength
Prof. M. R. Wakchaure, et. al. [3] investigated the
effect of artificial sand as fine aggregate in concrete as
substitute to natural sand. It was found that compressive
strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete
have better results when natural sand is completely replaced
by artificial sand. Also the effect found to be more prominent
for 7 days than that for 28 days. Prof. B. V. Venkatarama
Reddy [4] carried out the similar studies. The test results for
compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of concrete
showed better results for concrete mix with artificial sand as
compared to concrete mix with natural sand. Saeed ahmad and
Shahid mahmood [5] carried out experimental studies on
workability and compressive strength of concrete with crushed
sand as fine aggregate. It was observed that compressive
strength of concrete with crushed sand has more strength than
that with natural sand whereas workability shows declination.
This may be due to triangular and flaky nature of artificial
sand particles.
I. INTRODUCTION
River sand is commonly used as fine aggregate in
concrete. It is formed due to natural weathering of rocks over
a period of million years. River sand is generally obtained
from the river bed through mining operation. Continuous
mining of sand from river beds resulted in decline in its
availability. Also it has caused a lot of environmental issues
such as lowering of river beds, lowering of surface water level
in rivers, depletion and pollution of ground water, degradation
of land, ill effects on the in stream habitats and affects the
stability of existing structures [1] [2]. Hence not only in India
but worldwide there is restriction on sand mining from river
beds to keep the environment in natural condition and
conserve the natural resources for sustainable development. It
has created scarcity of natural sand in the construction
industry. There is a need to find an alternative solution to the
natural sand. Artificial sand can serve the purpose. Artificial
sand is obtained by mechanically crushing of natural stones to
Page | 183
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Objectives of the study are to determine properties
such as compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of
hardened concrete for different grades of concrete when
natural sand is completely replaced by artificial sand with
quarry dust.
III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Prof. M. R. Wakchaure, et. al. [3] investigated the
effect of artificial sand as fine aggregate in concrete as
substitute to natural sand. It was found that compressive
www.ijsart.com
IJSART - Volume 1
Issue 4 –APRIL 2015
strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete
have better results when natural sand is completely replaced
by artificial sand. Also the effect found to be more prominent
for 7 days than that for 28 days. Prof. B. V. Venkatarama
Reddy [4] carried out the similar studies. The test results for
compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of concrete
showed better results for concrete mix with artificial sand as
compared to concrete mix with natural sand. Saeed ahmad and
Shahid mahmood [5] carried out experimental studies on
workability and compressive strength of concrete with crushed
sand as fine aggregate. It was observed that compressive
strength of concrete with crushed sand has more strength than
that with natural sand whereas workability shows declination.
This may be due to triangular and flaky nature of artificial
sand particles.
Prof. M. R. Wakchaure, et. al. [3] investigated the
effect of artificial sand as fine aggregate in concrete as
substitute to natural sand. It was found that compressive
strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete
have better results when natural sand is completely replaced
by artificial sand. Also the effect found to be more prominent
for 7 days than that for 28 days. Prof. B. V. Venkatarama
Reddy [4] carried out the similar studies. The test results for
compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of concrete
showed better results for concrete mix with artificial sand as
compared to concrete mix with natural sand. Saeed ahmad and
Shahid mahmood [5] carried out experimental studies on
workability and compressive strength of concrete with crushed
sand as fine aggregate. It was observed that compressive
strength of concrete with crushed sand has more strength than
that with natural sand whereas workability shows declination.
This may be due to triangular and flaky nature of artificial
sand particles.
M. G. Shaikh [13] has studied durability of concrete
made by using artificial sand with dust and natural sand.
Compressive strength of concrete was tested at 28, 90 and 180
days. It was found that concrete mixes made by using artificial
sand with dust as fine aggregate gives consistently higher
strength than the mixes with natural sand. This may be due to
sharp edges of particles in artificial sand provide better bond
with the cement than the rounded part of the natural sand. T.
Subbulakshmi and B. Vidivelli [14] investigated the effect of
quarry dust on performance of high performance concrete. The
effect was studied with 0%, 50% and 100% replacement of
natural sand with quarry dust at 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28
days and 60 days of curing. It is concluded that in high
performance concrete compressive and flexural strength
increases with % increase in replacement whereas maximum
results were obtained for 50% replacement.
Page | 184
ISSN [ONLINE]: 2395-1052
IV. MODEL OF FOUR WHEELS STEERING SYSTEM
A. Constituent materials:
53-grade Ordinary Portland cement of specific
gravity 3.15 confirming to IS: 12269-1987 [15] was used for
all concrete mixes. Two types of fine aggregates; natural river
sand and artificial sand with quarry dust; coarse aggregate
confirming to IS: 383 – 1970 [16] in two sizes 20mm and
10mm in the proportion of (60%) & (40%) respectively of
total quantity of coarse aggregates were used. Potable water
was used for mixing and curing. Physical properties of
aggregates are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Physical properties of coarse and fine aggregates
B. Mix design:
Concrete mixes were design using IS code method
according to IS: 10262-2009 [17] and IS: 456-2000 [18] for
workability of 100±10mm slump. The mixes were designed
for M30 and M40 grade of concrete with natural sand and then
with 100% replacement of natural sand by artificial sand with
quarry dust. Final mix proportion is as given in Table 2.
Table 2: Mix proportions of concrete (kg/m3)
C. Details of test specimens:
The following types of specimens were casted to
investigate compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of
plain cement concrete:
1.
Cube specimen: 150mm x 150mm x 150mm
2.
Cylindrical specimen: 150mm diameter, 300mm
height
3.
Beam specimen: 150mm x 150mm x 700mm long
www.ijsart.com
IJSART - Volume 1
Issue 4 –APRIL 2015
ISSN [ONLINE]: 2395-1052
D. Mixing and curing:
B. Concrete strength:
Dry mixing for 2 minutes and wet mixing for 3
minutes of aggregates was done in a mechanical mixer of 40
liters capacity. The workability of fresh concrete was
measured in terms of slump value in accordance with IS: 1199
– 1959 [19]. After casting all the specimens were covered with
wet cloth and kept at room temperature for 1 day; then
demolded and cured in potable water for the following 27 days
before testing.
Three cube and three cylindrical specimens of each
type of concrete mix were tested for compressive strength and
split tensile strength respectively. Two beam specimens of
each type of mix were tested for flexural strength. The test
results for compressive strength, split tensile strength and
flexural strength of various concrete mixes are as given in
Table 3.
E. Test program:
Table 3: Test results for compressive strength of concrete at
28 days
All the specimens were tested at 28 days for surface
dry condition. As per IS: 516–1959 [20], various tests were
performed to determine strength of concrete. Compressive
strength test and split tensile strength test was performed on
Compression Testing Machine of capacity 2000kN whereas
flexural strength was performed on Universal Testing Machine
of capacity 1000kN.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Workability
Test results revealed that workability of concrete
mixes with natural sand is higher than that of the concrete
mixes with 100% replacement of natural sand by artificial
sand with quarry dust. This is because workability of concrete
mix is very much influenced by specific surface area of
aggregates. Finer the aggregates more will be the specific
surface area. Greater surface area requires more water for
lubricating the mix. Triangular and flaky nature of artificial
sand particles can be one of the reasons for reduction of
workability. In the present investigation passing percentage of
artificial sand is found to more than that of the natural sand.
Also water absorption of artificial sand was found to be more
as compared to natural sand. Test results for average slump for
various concrete mixes are as given in Table 3.
Table 4: Test results for split tensile strength of concrete at 28
days
Table 4: Test results for split tensile strength of concrete at 28
days
Table 3: Average slump for various concrete mixes
Test results showed that there is a consistent decrease
in the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural
strength of concrete due to 100% replacement of natural sand
Page | 185
www.ijsart.com
IJSART - Volume 1
Issue 4 –APRIL 2015
by artificial sand with quarry dust as fine aggregate as shown
in the following figures.
ISSN [ONLINE]: 2395-1052
From the test results it is observed that there is 14.61
% and 20.09 % decrease in compressive strength, 25.51% and
16.90% decrease in split tensile strength, and 2.78% and
12.64% decrease in flexural strength for concrete mixes M30
& M40 respectively when natural sand is completely replaced
by artificial sand with quarry dust.
Figure 1: 28 day compressive strength for various
concrete mixes
Figure 4: % decrease in 28 day concrete strength due to use of
artificial sand
Gel/space ratio is one of the major influencing factors
on strength of concrete. Gel/space ratio is the ratio of volume
of hydrated cement paste to the sum of volumes of the
hydrated cement paste and of the capillary pores. Higher the
gel/space ratio more will be the strength of concrete. In
present investigation concrete mixes with artificial sand,
quarry dust occupies the pore spaces reducing the capillary
pore in concrete. It reduces gel/space ratio. It resulted in the
reduction in strength of concrete mixes with artificial sand
with quarry dust.
Figure 2: 28 day split tensile strength for various
concrete mixes
VI. CONCLUSION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Figure 3: 28 day flexural strength for various concrete mixes
Page | 186
Workability decreased with decreasing size of
aggregate.
Concrete mixes with natural sand exhibited better
workability than those with artificial sand with quarry
dust.
More water was required for maintaining design
slump.
Compressive strength of concrete produced using
artificial sand with quarry dust as fine aggregate is
less than that with natural river sand.
Split tensile strength of concrete produced using
artificial sand with quarry dust as fine aggregate is
less than that with natural river sand.
Flexural strength of concrete produced using artificial
sand with quarry dust as fine aggregate is less than
that with natural river sand.
www.ijsart.com
IJSART - Volume 1
7.
8.
Issue 4 –APRIL 2015
Split tensile strength of concrete is found to be 9% to
11% that of compressive strength of concrete
produced with natural sand whereas 10 % to 11% that
of the compressive strength of concrete produced
with artificial sand with quarry dust.
All the mixes (both using natural and artificial sand)
exhibits a relation of 0.85fck to 0.9fck for flexural
strength of concrete.
ISSN [ONLINE]: 2395-1052
[8]
Dr. P. B. Sakthivel, C. Ramya and M. Raja, - An
Innovative Method of Replacing River Sand by
Quarry Dust Waste in Concrete for Sustainability,
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, ISSN 2229-5518, Vol. 4, Issue 5,2013,
pp. 246-249.
[9]
M. Adams Joe, A. Maria Rajesh, P. Brightson, M.
Prem Anand, - Experimental Investigation on The
Effect of M-Sand In High Performance Concrete,
American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER)
e-ISSN: 2320-0847, p-ISSN: 2320-0936, Vol. 2,
Issue-12, 2013, pp.46-51.
[10]
Abhishek Kulkarni, Kalyani Bhutada and Ajay
Shelorkar, - Determination of Mechanical Strength
for High Grade Concrete by Partial Replacement of
Artificial Sand, International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science Engineering and Technology
(IJIRSET), ISSN: 2319-8753, Vol. 3, Issue 5,
2014.
[11]
Sonam Magare, Dr. M. B. Varma, - Experimental
study of self-compacting concrete and conventional
concrete by replacing natural sand with artificial
sand, International Journal of Advanced
Technology in Engineering and Science, Vol. 2,
Issue 12, ISSN (online): 2348 – 7550, 2014, PP.
535-541.
[12]
P. Mogre1 and Dr. Dhananjay K. Parbat, Behaviour of Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced
Concrete with Artificial Sand, International
Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science
(IRJES), ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 23191821, Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2012, pp.37- 40.
[13]
M. G. Shaikh, - Durability studies of concrete
made by using artificial sand with dust and natural
sand, International Journal of Earth Sciences and
Engineering, ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No. 06
SPL, 2011, pp. 823-825.
[14]
T. Subbulakshmi, B. Vidivelli, - Mechanical
Properties of High Performance Concrete in
Corporating with Quarry Wastes, International
Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology
(IJEAT), ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Vol. 3, Issue-6, 2014,
pp. 231-236.
[15]
IS: 12269: 1987, Specifications for 53 Grade
Ordinary Portland cement.
REFERENCES
[1]
A model document on impacts and methodology of
systematic and scientific mining of the river bed
material, Geological Survey of India.
[2]
M. Naveen Saviour, - Environmental impact of soil
and sand mining : A review, International Journal
of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 1,
No. 3, 2012, pp. 125 – 134.
[3]
Prof. M. R. Wakchaure, Er. A.P.Shaikh, Er. B.E.
Gite, - Effect of Types of Fine Aggregate on
Mechanical Properties of Cement Concrete,
International Journal of Modern Engineering
Research (IJMER), ISSN: 2249-6645, Vol.2,
Issue.5, 2012,pp-3723-3726.
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Page | 187
Prof. B. V. Venkatarama Reddy,- Suitability of
manufactured sand (M-Sand) as fine aggregate in
mortar and concrete, CSIC project, Govt. of
Karnataka, 2012,CP 6597/0505/11-330.
Saeed Ahmad and Shahid Mahmood, - Effects of
crushed and natural sand on the properties of fresh
and hardened concrete, 2008, 33rd conference on
OUR
WORLD
IN
CONCRETE
&
STRUCTURES, Singapore.
Priyanka A. Jadhav and Dilip K. Kulkarni, - An
experimental investigation on the properties of
concrete
containing
manufactured
sand,
International Journal of Advanced Engineering
Technology (IJAET), E-ISSN 0976-3945, Vol.III,
Issue II, 2012, pp101-104.
Puneet N., Radhakrishna and Praveen Kumar K., Mechanical Properties of Cement Concrete with
Alternative Fine Aggregates, Journal of Civil
Engineering Technology and Research, Volume 2,
No.1, 2014, pp.129- 135.
www.ijsart.com
IJSART - Volume 1
Issue 4 –APRIL 2015
[16]
IS: 383-1970, - Specifications for coarse and fine
aggregates from natural sources for concrete,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[17]
IS: 10262: 2009, recommended guidelines for
concrete mix design, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
[18]
IS: 456-2000, -Code of practice for plain and
Indian Standards, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
[19]
IS: 1199: 1959, Methods for sampling and analysis
of concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
[20]
IS: 516 – 1959, Methods of tests for strength of
concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. .
Page | 188
ISSN [ONLINE]: 2395-1052
www.ijsart.com