PHYCOLOGIA 9 (3/4) 1970 Diatoms attached to floating Sargassum in the western Sargasso Seal EDWARD J. CARPENTER Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, U.S.A. Accepted August 19, 1970 Thirteen species of diatoms, including two new species, were observed as epiphytes on Sargassum collected at seven locations in the western Sargasso Sea. The most widespread species was Mastogloia binotata (Grun.) CI., being found at all seven locations. Eight species of Mastogloia were observed along with one each of Cyc/otella, Cocconeis, Nitzschia, Synedra, and Navicula. In comparison with epiphytic diatoms from inshore and freshwater areas, the number of species of diatoms on floating Sargassum is relatively low. Phycoiogia, 9(3/4): 269-274 (1970) Introduction Many investigations have been carried out on littoral or epiphytic diatoms from inshore areas, but few have been made on epiphytic diatoms of pelagic seaweeds, such as Sargassum. Hent schel (1921) found Cocconeis sp. attached to floating Sargassum in the Sargasso Sea, but no further literature could be found on epiphytic diatoms on floating Sargassum. The purpose of this study was to determine the identity of such diatoms from the western Sargasso Sea. Methods Sargassum was collected with a hand net at seven locations (Table 1) on cruise No. 56 of Atlantis II between Woods Hole and St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. Sargassum fiui tans was collected at five locations and S. natans was obtained at two. The Sargassum 1 Contribution No. 2536 from the Woods Hole Ocean ographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543. This study was supported by National Sci ence Foundation Grant GZ ]]31. was preserved in distilled water containing formalin at a concentration of 3 per cent. To clear the diatoms for microscopic examination and remove them from the Sargassum, an ultra violet-light oxidation procedure similar to that described by Swift (1967) was used. A I-cm length of Sargassum stipe, two pneumatocysts (flotation bladders), and five blades were re moved from the algae collected at each station. These parts were placed in quartz tubes with about 50 ml distilled water and 7-8 drops of 30 per cent H202• The tubes were irradiated with ultraviolet light for twelve hours during which time they were shaken periodically to assure that all plant surfaces were irradiated. After oxidation, Sargassum was visibly eroded, and attached diatom frustules were released into the water. The plant parts were washed with distilled water to remove any diatoms that remained on their surfaces and then examined with a light microscope to be sure that no dia. toms remained. Before irradiation, dense popu lations of diatoms could be seen on the plant surface. TABLE 1 Location, date of collection, and species of Sargassum from which diatom samples are taken Sample Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location Species Date (1970) S. fluitans 36°42.5'N, 69°55.0'W Feb. 5 S. fluitans 32°17.0'N, 68°49.0'W Feb. 6 S. fluitans 30° 14.0'N, 67"41.5'W Feb. 7 S. natans 28°06.0'N, 66°41.0'W Feb. 7 S. natans 26°06.5'N, 65°28.0'W Feb. 8 S. fluitans 24°00.0'N, 65°16.0'W Feb. 8 S. natans 20000.0'N, 64°28.0'W Feb. 9 269 CARPENTER: Diatoms on floating Sargassum PHYCOLOGlA, VOL. 9(3/4), 1970 Mastogloia pusilla Gron. Cells about 1 3 p'm long, 7 p'm wide, with 25 striations/10 p.m. Present at five locations. Also found in the Caribbean Sea (Hagelstein, 1938) and the Mediterranean Sea (Peragallo and Peragallo, 1897). Mastogloia gomphonemoides Hust. Found in one sample. About 17 p'm long, 4 p'm wide, with 36 striaellOp.m. Also seen at the South Pacific island of Funafuti (Hustedt, 1959). Apparently this is the first record for this species in the Atlantic Ocean. Mastogloia erythraea Grun. Frustule has two and sometimes four enlarged loculi. Length 36 p'm, width 13 p'm, with 22 striae/10 p.m. Found at five locations. Also found in the Caribbean Sea, and the Red Sea (Hagelstein, 1938). Mastogloia angulata Lewis. The specimens observed in this study were smaller than those described by Hustedt (1959). The frustules on Sargassum were from 22-26 p'm long, and 10-12 p'm wide. Hustedt describes this species as ranging from 35-80 p'm long and 25-30 p'm wide. The areolae were difficult to see. They could only be resolved in a few large indi viduals, so the species is drawn (Fig. 1) as the majority of individuals appeared. Also found in the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Coast of North America (Hagelstein, 1938). Mastogloia guillardi sp. nov. Valve elliptical, ends obtusely rounded, 12-16 p'm long and 3.5-4.5 p'm wide. Striae slightly radiate, 30 in 10 p.m. Five coarse striae in median area. Lo- For each sample the diatom frostules were concentrated by settling and mounted on eight glass slides in Hyrax. A transect was made through each slide using an oil immersion ob jective of high resolution at X 1,350 magnifi cation, and the occurrence of each species was recorded. From 200 to 800 cells were counted for each station, and low magnification scans assured that all species had been observed. Electron micrographs were made of some of the species. The cleared diatoms were placed directly on a carbon coated grid with 60 p. apertures and photographed at magnifications of X54,300 and X70,000. Results The following diatoms were found: Mastogloia binotata (Gron.) C l . This was the most abundant diatom on Sargassum. It was present at all stations and averaged 71 per cent of the cell numbers. It ranged from 93 per cent of the cell numbers at station four to 4.3 per cent at station five (Table 2). From 17-20 p'm long and from 12-14 p'm wide. Also found in the Caribbean Sea (Hagelstein, 1938), and in all coastal waters of France (Peragallo and Peragallo, 1897). Mastogloia ovulum Hust. About 17 p'm long, 8 p'm wide, 24 striae/ lOp., with 6 loculi per side. Present in two samples. Also found in the Mediterranean Sea, the Indo-Malayan region, and at Beaufort, North Carolina (Hustedt, 1955). TABLE 2 Distribution of diatoms on Sargassum and the per cent occurrence of species at each station Location of Collection Mastogloia binotata (Grun.) CI. 1 2 3 4 89.4 79.1 86.2 93.2 Mastogloia ovulum Hust. Mastogloia pusilla Grun. 0.2 1.4 3.4 Mastogloia angulata Lewis 3.5 Mastogloia guillardi sp. nov. 0.3 3.1 2.8 0.7 24.1 0.5 1.4 Mastogloia gomphonemoides Hust. 59.8 5.7 10.7 3.8 22.7 1.4 4.0 1.2 5.0 0.2 Cocconeis dirupta Greg. 1.9 1.5 Nitzschia sp. 0.8 Synedra sp. Navicula sp. 86.7 5.0 Mastogloia hulburti sp. nov. Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutz. 7 21.9 0.5 1.4 4.3 6 12.8 0.5 Mastogloia erythraea Grun. 5 1.9 1.5 6.4 270 15.0 8.6 3.4 20.7 1.4 CARPENTER: Diatoms on floating Sargassum PHYCOLOGIA, VOL. 9(3/4), 1970 c A B ] J ] J L ] FIG. 1. Diatoms found on Sargassum spp. A , Mastogloia gomphonemoides. B, M. binotata. C, M. angulata. D, M. ovulum. E, M. pusi/la. F, M. erythraea. G, M. hulburti. H, M. guillardi. I, Synedra sp. J, Cocconeis dirupta, two valves. K, Cyclotella meneghiniana. L, Navicula sp. M, Nitzschia sp. (Scales, all 101-'.) 271 CARPENTER: Diatoms on floating Sargassum PHYCOLOGIA, VOL. 9(3/4), 1970 culiferous rim 1.5 ",m wide in the middle, and undulate toward the ends. Five loculi on each side of valve. Valvae ellipticae, apicibus obtusis rotundatus, 1216 /Lm longae, 3.5--4.5 /Lm latae. Striae leniter radiantes, 30/10 /Lm, cum quinque gravibus striis. Annulus loculorum in media parte 1.5 /Lm latus, ad extremitates undulatus. Loculi quinque in margine valve. This species is widespread, being found at five of seven stations in the Sargasso Sea. Dedi cated to Dr. R. R. L. Guillard, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Mastogloia hulburti sp. nov. Valves elliptical with obtusely rostrate poles, 9-16 ",m long and 3-4 ",m wide. Transapical rows of striae slight ly radiate, about 32 in 10 ",m. Three to five coarse median striae on each side. Loculiferous rim 1.5 ",m wide in the middle, 0.5 ",m near the poles. One locule on each side of the valve, near the middle, placed obliquely to the op posite locule. Valvae ellipticus, polis obtusis rostratus, 9-16 /Lm longae, 3-4 /Lm latae. Series transapicales lenter radiantes, circiter 32/10 /Lm cum 3-5 gravibus mediis striis per marginem. Annulus loculorum in media parte 1.5 /Lm latus, prope apices 0.5 /Lm latus, loculis obliquis. sp. nov. resembles M. can easily be separated by the presence of the three five course median striae in M. hulburti. It differs from Mastogloia obliqua Hagelstein in that M. hulburti does not have an expanded central area. M. hulburti was very common, being found at five of seven locations. Dedicated to Dr. E. M. Hulburt of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Synedra sp. This diatom measures 60 ",m long, 3 ",m wide, and has 18 striaell 0 ",m. It resembles S. affinis Kutz., but it does not have as broad a pseudoraphe. Nitzschia sp. Cell is 27-37 ",m long, 3.5-4 ",m wide, with 26 striae/10 ",m, and 9-15 keel points/10 ",m. The specific identity of this dia tom could not be determined. Cocconeis dirupta Greg. Measures 4.5-10 ",m wide and 7-18 ",m long. It is smaller than the dimensions given by Cleve-Euler (1952) and Van Heurck (1896). It is a widely distri buted species, being found on Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America (Hagelstein, 1938) and in the seas of France (Peragallo and Peragallo, 1897). Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutz. Measures 10 Mastogloia hulburti minutissima Voigt, but ",m in diameter and contains 10 striae/10 ",m. The valve surface is crossed by undulations. Electron micrographs were made of this species and compared with those made of C. menegh iniana and other Cyclotella species by Helmcke and Krieger (1953) and Reimman, Lewin, and Guillard (1963). The Cyclotella from Sargas sum was identical to C. meneghiniana except that the former contained about 10 radial striae/10 ",m as opposed to about 5 to 7 striae/10 ",m for the latter. The central area of the frustule usually contained two pores, spaced near each other. The border between the marginal zone and central area is well de fined and the costae and intercostae in the mar ginal zone are similar to those shown by Helmcke and Krieger (1953). Found at two of seven locations. This is found in fresh waters in Holland, England, and Ireland (Van Heurck, 1896), and North Carolina (Whitford and Schumacher, 1969). Also, it is recorded from Virginia tidal waters (Mulford, 1962) and has been shown to grow in full strength seawater (Reimann et al., 1963). Navicula sp. Measures 1 ",m wide, 11 ",m long, with 9-11 heavy craticula/length of cell. It resembles Navicula cuspidata Kutz. in that it contains craticula, but it is much smaller and is linear-elliptic whereas N. cuspidata is lance olate. A raphe could not be resolved in light microscope preparations but could be seen clearly in electron micrograph preparations, thus indicating that this diatom was not of the genus Denticula. The specific identity of this diatom could not be determined. Discussion Thirteen species of six genera of the epi phytic diatoms on Sargassum have been ob served in this study as opposed to the one species of Cocconeis that Hentschel (1921) found. However, there are fewer species of diatoms epiphytic on floating Sargassum than on inshore marine and freshwater plants. For example, Jorgensen (1957) collected 57 species belonging to 19 genera of diatoms from Phrag mites stems in two lakes in Denmark. Takano (1961) found 42 species of 25 genera of dia toms on Japanese agar seaweeds from eight localities on the Japanese coast. He later found over 90 diatom species, 32 of which were the main members of the epiphytic community, on seaweeds from rock pools and intertidal zones 272 CARPENTER: Diatoms on floating Sargassum PHYCOLOGIA, VOL. 9(3/4), 1970 at thirteen localities near Japan (Takano, 1962). Grunow (1867) has reported 35 species of 18 genera of diatoms epiphytic on attached Sargassum in the coastal waters of Honduras. Since the distance between the northernmost and southernmost sample locations in the pres ent study was about 2,000 km, and Sargassum from seven locations was examined, it is sur prising that so few species of diatoms were found on floating Sargassum. Apparently the epiphytic diatoms of the western Sargasso �ea are few in species and, since six of the specIes were found at five or more stations, relatively homogeneous in their distribution over this rather large area. Specimens of two of the species, Mastogloia angulata and Cocconeis dirupta, were smaller than specimens that have been observed pre viously from inshore areas. Possibly the reduc tion in size of the Sargasso Sea diatoms is an adaption to the relatively low nutrient concen trations that are found there, although no literature could be found that supports this suggestion. On microscopic examination, diatoms could be seen covering whole areas of the Sargassum plant surface. These dense concentrations a�e of interest, since Fitzgerald (1969) found III field and laboratory studies that freshwater aquatic plants, Myriophyllum sp. Ceratophyl lum sp., Lemna minor, Cladophora sp., and Pithophora oedogonium, remained relatively free of epiphytes if the surrounding water was deficient in nitrogen. He believes that the aquatic weeds or filamentous green algae pre vent the growth of epiphytes by being better able to use the limited nitrogen compounds available. Since the Sargasso Sea is an area of relatively low nutrients, it is surprising that the Sargassum contains heavy growths of diatoms. A possible explanation for the epiphytes on Sargassum is given by Culliney (1970) who found that the phosphate (PO-P) concentra tions from water in a floating Sargassum patch was two to three times greater than that in the surrounding water. Apparently, diffusion of phosphate from Sargassum or from the ex cretory products of the animals associated with Sargassum significantly enriches the immedi ately surrounding water. In contrast to the freshwater plants that Fitzgerald (1969) stud ied, it is possible that the Sargassum acts to provide a favourable environment for epiphytes. Acknowledgements I would like to extend my appreciation to Mr. W. Gary Metcalf, Chief Sctentist on Cruise 56 of Atlantis II for allowing me to participate. Also, I thank Dr. Charles Remsen for the electron micrographs of the diatoms, Dr. E. M. Hulburt for writing the latin descriptions of the species, and Dr. Paul Hargr;;tve.s of t�e U�i versity of Rhode Island for aId III the IdentIfi cation of some of the species. I thank Drs. L. Hobson, G. Grice, T. Lawson, and W. Dun stan for reviewing the manuscript. Addendum I have recently observed two other diatoms, (Breb.) Ralfs and on Sargassum from the western Sargasso Sea. Asteromphalus heptacis Licmophora sp. epiphytic References CLEVE-EuLER, A. 1952. Die Diatomeen von Schwe den und Finland. Teil V. Kungl. Svensk. Vetensk. Mandl., B. 3, No. 3. 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