Jurnal UMP Social Sciences and Technology Management
Vol. 3, Issue. 1,2015
Design of professional ethics for educational managers
with Islamic Iranian approach
Maryam Baghi
Department of Curriculum development, College of Psychology&Social Sciences, Islamic Azad university,
CENTRAL TEHRAN BRANCH, Tehran, Iran.( [email protected])
Abstract
This research was done with purpose of designing professional ethics for educational
managers with Islamic Iranian approach. The statistical population of the research consisted
of 116 school principals of district 5 of Tehran educational system. Using Krejcie and Morgan
sample table, Number of 86 principals of mentioned schools was chosen as sample size using
simple random sampling method. Data collection method were based on questionnaires of
designing factors of professional ethics for educational managers with Islamic Iranian
approach at which some of the questions were derived from standard questionnaires of
professional ethics for educational managers field. Data analyses and hypotheses tests were
performed in two sections of measurement model and structural part using structural
equation modeling and Smart PLS 2 software. In the first section, technical characteristics of
the questionnaire were studied including al reliability, convergent and divergent validity of
PLS. In the second section, significance coefficients of the software for the research
hypotheses were used. Finally, the research results confirmed the role of improvement
components of human environment health, cultural and moral trainings, emphasizing on
preservation of human dignity and benevolence, orientation to equality, and a servant
leadership in professional ethics model for educational managers with Islamic Iranian
approach in the statistical population.
Keywords: professional ethics, educational managers, Islamic Iranian approach, human
dignity.
Introduction
Today, organization managers have concluded that they can’t handle the organizations just
by laws, but they need another tool titled morality. According to experts, to handle
organizations better, it’s necessary to consider ethics as much as laws. Self-control should be
replaced with else-control and moral goals should turn to ethical laws. If ethics have role in
human work life, working will be sweet, full of job satisfaction, self-actualization, people’s
satisfaction, work progress, thereby it causes consent of the creator, rain of his blessings and
mercy (Bazr afshaan araani, 2014). Since recent decades in industrial world, concept of
“professional ethics” has been introduced as a principle in all sections of management
knowledge especially in academic executive American circle. In fact, two topics were raised:
managers’ executive responsibilities and their professional ethics (Gharamaleki, 2007).
Professional ethics are the most important variables in organization success. Although
humans don’t have the same definition of success, they are all seeking for success. Humans’
common and meaningful ideal is success in personal, professional, and organizational life.
Organizations have several ways to achieve their success, but they have many problems and
detours to face. Management is nothing but getting to recognize ways of organization success
and planning to improve them, increasing facilitating factors, and solving problems or
decreasing them. Due to these facts, establishment of professional ethics in organizations can
considerably help organizations to achieve their goals and to decrease tensions. Nowadays,
having professional ethics is considered as a competitive advantage in organizations especially
for managers (Saalehi et al, 2010). Global approach to situation of conventions, different ethical
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laws, and serious efforts to establish and improve civil and ethical organizations and institutions
indicate the renewed interest of recent human societies in facilitation of ethics and human
nature in social relationships dynamics and they also indicate the pervasive determination to
form the scientific and expanding process of ethical endeavors in national and international
communities. Today, dealing with morality and ethical values is one of the necessities in
analyses of organizational behavior. The role of ethics in performances, making decisions, and
communications is very decisive, so the ethics subject has been a top issue of management
major. Ethical topics are constantly related to organizational, professional, and routine life
activities. They are important in affairs like making decisions, policies, human resources, and
etc. (Gbadamosi, 2004). Furthermore, we should consider that our society has legacy of three
hidden treasures in professional ethics: the legacy of Ancient Persia ethics, enriched legacy of
professional ethics in Islamic teachings, and legacy of professional ethics in Islamic civilization.
Although the term ‘profession’ has a wide variety of concepts today, understanding theses three
treasures indicates the strategic position of professional ethic in our culture and religion
(Gharamaleki, 2009). The famous prophetic narration indicates the importance of morality in
Prophet Mohammad’s (PBUH) invitation direction and ethics are mentioned as the second
prophetic miracle. There are several verses in the Quran insisting on ethics in professions. In
Hud chapter of the Quran (verses 84-86), the duty of prophet Shoaib was called invitation to
God, establishment of justice, and avoidance of use of short weights.In professional ethics,
caring for others’ rights is the basis of professional ethics and Imam Sajjad’s (PBUH) epistle of
rights has explained these rights in the best way. Generally leadership ethics, There are several
topics specifically discussed about ethics, management, and specialized positions in
Nahjolbalaghe. Ali (PBUH) prohibited managers from emotional reactions in many positions
and he recommended to Malek Ashtar: control your pride, rage, authority, and harshness of
your words… (Sermon 31).The writings and evidences also indicate the Iranian civilization of
emphasis on professional ethics at work including occupation ethics of Pishdadian and
Kayanian, moral value of Sasanian, fair wages in Achaemenid, and professional crafts and ethics
in Ancient Persia. There are many books written about polite speaking and occupation etiquette
like Sheikh Ansari’s Makaseb. Zakariya Raazi is a typical example of scientists who paid much
attention to the ethics of his profession. His ethical principles were published in a book titled
philosophical treatises by Paul Kraus in 1935 and it was translated to different languages
(Gharamaleki, 2012). The professional ethics issue is much more serious about educational
organizations specially school principals who have a very important role in human education.
Educational managers face the ethics issue in different situations. Daily decisions of managers in
division of labor, organization, teaching, using technology, grading, judging others, and
punishment or encouragement have positive or negative effects on thoughts, personality, and
current or future behavior of learners.
Goals, policies, and long-term plans of
organizations like providing appropriate and equal situation to use educational opportunities,
socializing students, creating spirit of thinking and researching in individuals have close
relationship with community development. Therefore, decisions and plans need many
considerations to be considered at the moment of conclusion, otherwise they will lead to social
and individual problems (Mirkamaali, 2003). One of the effective hypotheses about educational
organizations is considering them as an ethical society. This attitude creates an ethical
relationship between managers, staffs, teachers and learners and helps them to obtain a selfleadership (Sergiovanni, 2004). National association of school principals of America has
established some standards for school principals. The fifth standard is about ethics stating that
the school principal is an educational leader who somehow improves success of all students.
Based on this standard, three domains of knowledge (understanding various ethical frameworks
and perspectives on professional ethics and different criteria...), tendencies (believing and
commitment to values like discarding their own interests for the best interest of school, using
ethics in decision making…), and performance ( accepting responsibilities for school activities,
Using influence to advance the curriculum and not the individual interests, and treating people
impartially, fairly, and respectfully…) are considered (Dipaola&Hoy, 2008).Pointing out Peter
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Drucker quotes, Mike batter (1993) said that most of the organizational theories are related to
commercial and economic organizations and the results aren’t necessarily generalizable to
educational organizations, while every kind of organization is different and the educational
organizations have major and considerable differences from other organizations. His point was
to mention caring about the importance, value, and sensitivity of ethics issue in educational
organizations. Most importantly, if there is not any moral theory and practice in managers’
attitudes, the teachers will be skeptical about managers’ support of values, so they won’t be
convinced to cooperate with them (Lashway, 1996).Issues like equity, deciding what is wrong or
right, and specifying the actions and regulations that confirm the responsible behavior among
groups and individuals are in ethical fields (Orme & Ashton, 2003).Today, to manage ethical
behaviors and compliance with the laws, large organizations provide official and important
programs, but these attempts have been fruitless mostly in developing countries unfortunately.
It seems that the main reasons of failure in mentioned programs are disregarding the root
causes and failure to follow professional ethics by human resources in organization (Abtahi,
2004). In spite of the bright historical outlook and the golden cultural and religious legacy in
our country, we are a bit away from industrialized western countries and even some progressive
eastern countries which aren’t consistent with our suitable historical status. As briefly
mentioned, the cultural and religious history of this country has worthy treasures in this subject.
An important point that should be noted is that the western approach to professional ethics in
management seems instrumentalist approach; not purposive approach. Professional ethics in an
Islamic country must be Islamic and scientific. Westerns rely on the ethics which is in our
religious texts, but our society doesn’t have enough recognition of this treasure of teachings
(Gharamaleki, 2009). Islamic and Iranian terms are significant due to the pattern. The Islamic
term indicates the valuable essence of this pattern and what it represents, and the word Iranian
indicates the national and specific essence of the pattern. The purpose of Iranian term is the
compliance with the historical, cultural, and social features of Iran (Rashaad, 2013). Briefly and
quantitatively comparing between the published researches of industrialized countries and the
published studies in our society, it indicates that we have lack of knowledge about professional
ethics. In our educational organizations, code of values hasn’t been valued and followed enough.
However, few conferences with a focus on ethics in management represent interest in the
subject, but we still have to address the special ethical lacks of our managers. The researches
done in the topic are mostly addressing the theoretical dimensions of the subject. Barrett et al
(2012) have studied the substructure dimensions of teachers’ judges for different ethical or
unethical behaviors. Findings indicate that the individual offenses and the offenses due to
negligence are some factors effecting teachers’ judging about whether behaviors are ethical. In a
research, Martin (2012) studied the barriers to professional ethics. His findings indicate that lack
of job satisfaction, inefficient system of compensation, lack of occupational competence of
staffs, and lack of procedural and distributive justice are the most important commitment
barriers of teachers. In a paper, Ozturk (2010) has studied teachers’ beliefs about professional
ethics. Using structured interviews, he collected the dada from the 29 elementary school
teachers, and then he extracted the ethics codes for the teachers.In the research “ethics
management: study of ethical deciding literature”, Man Christabel &Ho Fong (2009) had a
critical review of ethical deciding literature during 1980-2008 in order to show the difference
between theory and practice.With the goal of studying development of ethical education, in the
research” leadership and ethical moral education in intercultural schools”, Walker (2007)
concluded that the leaders with knowledge, moral virtues, and moral reasoning skills are the
basis of ethical education development in schools. In the research “ethical leadership in
schools”, Green Feld (2004) studied the genesis of ethical leadership in management and he also
studied the examples of researches of exploring this idea during 1979-2003.
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We have some internal researches in this regard including:
In the research “review of educational managers’ behavior compliance with ethical Islamic
criteria”, Shafipur Motlagh (2002) considers the four factors of educational, motivational,
cultural, and evaluation system as effective factors in compliance. This research is in masters of
university and seminary perspective. In The research” ethics and social responsibilities in
educational management”, Mirkamaali (2003) did the research to clarify and show the examples
of the terms of ethics and social responsibilities in educational management.In the research” an
introduction to criteria and methods of evaluation of ethical leadership”, Ozgoli (2005) studied
the leadership goal, which is creation of effectiveness on searching criteria of successful leaders.
He indicated that leaders’ success will lose its credit and stability without ethics and honesty.
Finally, he discussed a pattern for practical and ethical evaluation of leaders, criteria for their
practical effectiveness, and an exploring of influence dimension for more effectiveness. Azamian
Bidgoli (2009) studied the ethical components of management in Islamic system with the
purpose of investigating the ethical requirements of managers in this system. In the research” a
look at the issues and strategic patterns of ethics promotion in educational organizations”, in a
descriptive-analytic study, Shalibaaf (2009) investigates the internal and external factors of
educational organizations and specifies the ethical responsibilities of each of them for
themselves and others. The research “professional ethics in educational management and
educational organizations”, Shaakeri, 2010, was an attempt to introduce the professional ethics,
features of educational managers with ethics, how to achieve it, and why it’s necessary for
organizations.The research” ethical leadership in educational organizations”, Siadat et al, 2010,
was an attempt to describe ethical leadership in educational organizations with the purpose of
introducing managers of educational institutions with virtues, moral values, and promoting
them in workplace. Nayeri, Golparvar & Mehdaad (2010) did the research “role of ethical values
and moral leadership in decrease of personnel job stress” in the steel company and indicated
that there is a significant relationship between ethical values and the stress caused by
ambiguities and limitations of authorities and responsibilities, the stress caused by conflicts, and
the overall job stress. As a result, the compliance with the ethical values and criteria in form of
moral leadership provides the decrease of job stress. In a correlational study titled “the
relationship of moral leadership with intrinsic motivation for personnel’s innovation and
creativity”, Padaash and Golparvar (2010) indicated that the moral leadership affects the
intrinsic motivation and innovation at first, and then the intrinsic motivation in innovation
causes the improvement of creativity in workplace in a chain process. The research “ethics in
universities and higher education institutions: an option for improvement of behaviors”
(Araaste, Jaahed, 2011) studied the ethics in the four dimensions of management, education,
research, and student and also the development and expansion factors of methods of using
professional ethics in organizations.Answering this basic question that why ethics are not worth
the attention of managers in the research “ethical behavior challenges and compliance with
ethics by organization managers”, Alavi Matin, Ramezaani & Sepehr (2012) concluded that
factors like lack of attention to Meritocracy in organizations, inappropriate management
systems, and personal gains influence on the situation and also the structural factors have even
more influence. Abedi Jafari and Hossein Zaade (2012) studied the role of management and
organization ethics knowledge in Iran. The results indicate that the most important content of
ethics literature of management and organization is the general and public ethics and the work
ethics has even the second rank. This means the professional ethics haven’t gained its position
as a complement ethics theory yet. The vacancy of Islamic philosophy in management and
organization thoughts is also pointed in the research. Therefore, according to the position of
ethics in management and the important role of managers in organizations, there is a deficient
of research in field of the ethics in educational management. The lack of appropriate pattern of
professional ethics draws attention of educational staffs. This question is being discussed that
how is the appropriate pattern of professional ethics for educational managers based on Islamic
teachings and local requirements? So far, the people who studied these issues were
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Design of professional ethics for educational managers…
philosophers, academicians, and social critics, so they weren’t managers. Therefore, many of the
articles written about work ethics aren’t based on managers’ practical needs (Soltaani, 2003).
Therefore, this research is a step towards specific development of management literature in
this field and it’s also a help to interested managers in ethical performance. The purpose of this
research is to design a professional ethics pattern for educational managers with Islamic
teachings components and based on local requirements. Using the framework above, we are up
to study the effective factors in professional ethics of mangers in the three fields of knowledge,
orientation, and behavior in professional ethics. Finally, studying the literature review, it seems
that factors and components like improvement of human environment health, ethical and
cultural teachings, emphasis on preserving human dignity, orientation to equality, emphasis on
rights of people in regulating the professional interactions, and servant leadership are some
indices of designing professional ethics model for educational managers with Islamic Iranian
approach. Therefore, in this study, the following hypotheses are proposed:
 First hypothesis: improvement of human environment health is effective on creating professional
ethics for educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach.
 Second hypothesis: ethical and cultural teachings are effective on creating professional ethics for
educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach.
 Third hypothesis: emphasis on preserving human dignity is effective on creating professional ethics
for educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach.
 Fourth hypothesis: orientation to equality is effective on creating professional ethics for educational
managers with Islamic Iranian approach.
 Fifth hypothesis: servant leadership is effective on creating professional ethics for educational
managers with Islamic Iranian approach.
 Finally, the research conceptual model is presented in the figure below:
Improvement of human
environment health
Ethical and cultural teachings
Emphasis on preserving human
dignity
Professional ethics for
educational managers
with Islamic Iranian
approach
Orientation to equality
Servant leadership
Figure1: conceptual model of the research
Methodology
The method used in this research was practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-casual
in terms of data collection. The data collection type was quantitative. In this regard, a
questionnaire has been distributed in order to collect the remarks of school principals in district
5 of Tehran in 2014, and then the results have been inserted. Since a cause and effect
relationship is studied in this research, the research method is casual in terms of relationships
between the variables. Therefore, for a comprehensive study of the conceptual model of the
research, the Structural Equation Model has been used. This model is the best tool to analyze
the researches that the observed variables of them are measured with error and also the
relationship between the variables is complex. Using this method, on one hand, the accuracy of
the indices or the observable variables can be measured, and on the other hand, the casual
relationship between the latent variables and the expressed variance can be reviewed. The
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structural equation model is composed of two parts, Measurement Model and Structural Model.
The variables of the model are divided into two groups of Observed and Latent variables.
The statistical population of the research consisted of all the managers of educational
organizations including the school principals of Tehran, district 5. In order to determine the
sample size after collecting the facts and figures, through 110 individuals and using Krejcie and
Morgan sample table, number of 86 individuals were chosen from the school principals of
mentioned district by simple random sampling method. In order to collect the data, a
questionnaire about the factors of creating professional ethics for educational managers with
Islamic Iranian approach was used. Some of the questions were derived from the standard
questionnaire about the professional ethics of organizational managers. The other questions
were designed according to the existing components including improvement of human
environment health, ethical and cultural teachings, emphasis on preserving human dignity, and
orientation to equality, and servant leadership. The questionnaire was designed with 35
questions and 7 questions were devoted to each component. The 35 questions were graded on
five levels of strongly disagree to strongly agree based on Liker scale.
In order to measure the reliability of the data from the questionnaire, the statistical software
of SmartPLS 2 and Spss were used. In PLS method, the reliability is evaluated by Composite
Reliability (CR) method, and in Spss, the reliability is evaluated by Cronbach’s Aalpha. The
higher value than 0/7 indicates the acceptable reliability in these two criteria. In this research,
the results due to these two criteria are given in the table 1 and all the values are higher than 0.7
which indicates the appropriate validity of the research questionnaire.
Table 1. Cronbach’s Alpha and composite reliability values
variable
Improvement
Ethical
Emphasis
Orientation
of human
and
on
to equality
environment
cultural
preserving
health
teachings
human
dignity
Cronbach’s
Alpha
Composite
Reliability
Servant
leadership
0/778
0/801
0/739
0/824
0/734
Professional
ethics for
educational
managers with
Islamic Iranian
approach
0/812
0/715
0/820
0/794
0/832
0/824
0/821
The validity of the questionnaires was reviewed by convergent and divergent validity criteria
which are specific to Structural Equation Modeling. The AVE criterion was used for the
convergent validity. The acceptable value for AVE is 0/5. The findings indicated that all the AVE
values due to structures were higher than 0/5 which indicates the acceptable convergent validity
for the research questionnaire. In divergent validity, the difference value between indices of a
structure is compared to indices of other structures in model. It works by comparing the square
root of AVE for each structure with correlation coefficients between structures. In order to do
this, a matrix should be formed with square root of AVE coefficients of each structure as
diagonal values, and the correlation coefficients between each structure with other structures as
lower and higher values of the diagonal. The findings indicated that the square root of AVE for
each structure (diagonal values) is higher that the correlation coefficients of that structure with
other structures (the row and column values) which indicates the acceptable divergent validity
of the research questionnaires.
Findings
At this point, the cause and effect relationship of factors of creating professional ethics for
educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach is reviewed in form of a structural model.
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Design of professional ethics for educational managers…
As indicated in the following figure, the role of these factors in creating professional ethics for
educational managers
with Islamic Iranian approach is significant and positive.
0/51
0/44
0/42
Improvement of human
environment health
Ethical and cultural
teachings
Emphasis on
preserving human
dignity
Professional ethics
for educational
managers with
Islamic Iranian
approach
Identified
Factors
Orientation to
equality
Servant leadership
0/612
0/54
Figure 2- casual impact factor of research model
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The figure 2 indicates the casual impact factor of the research model and also the role of
variables in creating professional ethics for educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach.
Indicated in table 2, the PLS output proves the research hypotheses. Since all the t values
are higher than 1/96, all the hypotheses are confirmed.
Table 2-review of research hypotheses
hypotheses
t-value
Standardized
result
statistic
coefficients
Improvement of human environment health→
professional ethics for educational managers with
Islamic Iranian approach
Ethical and cultural teachings→ professional ethics for
educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach
0/44
13/46
Accepted
0/42
13/05
Accepted
0/51
16/11
Accepted
Orientation to equality→ professional ethics for
educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach l
0/54
15/67
Accepted
Servant leadership→ professional ethics for educational
managers with Islamic Iranian approach
0/612
16/98
Accepted
Emphasis on preserving human dignity→ professional
ethics for educational managers with Islamic Iranian
approach
Conclusion
Generally, today’s world is full of complexities that have faced the educational systems and
other educational institutions with problems in terms of growth and excellence. These
complexities have faced educational managers as planners, organizers, and leaders of education
fields with many challenges. In this situation, presenting a model of professional ethics for
educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach can be very helpful for our country’s
managers. In this step after analyzing the data and testing each of research hypotheses, we
concluded some results. We tried to mention the findings, express them, and compare them
with previous researches in the following, and we also tried to interpret the results correctly and
accurately.
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First hypothesis: improvement of human environment health is effective on
creating professional ethics for educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach.
The research findings confirmed the role of improvement of human environment health in
creating professional ethics for educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach in district 5
of Tehran educational system. Undoubtedly, if the human environment health situation be
appropriate, it’s effective on improvement of meritocracy system in organizations and decrease
of loss of expert human resources, because the human resources are interested in activity in a
healthy human environment. It also causes the satisfaction of managers in educational
organizations especially schools. Nevertheless, this subject has also been emphasized in Islamic
and Iranian culture and confirming its role in managers’ professional ethics in understandable.
Finally, the findings of the research are compatible with research results of scholars like Barrett
et al (2012), Nayeri et al (2010), and Gharemelki (2009).
Second hypothesis: ethical and cultural teachings are effective on creating
professional ethics for educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach. The
research findings confirmed the role of ethical and cultural teachings in creating professional
ethics for educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach in district 5 of Tehran
educational system. In this regard, it seems that the training of educational managers with
Islamic Iranian approach requires planning of authorities and decision makers of educational
system. The role of ethical and cultural teachings isn’t negligible in keeping with Islamic
principles and considering the culture of our country and it’s needed and prerequisite for a
comprehensive model of professional ethics with Islamic approach. Finally, the findings of the
research are compatible with research results of scholars like Gharemelki (2009) and Shafipur
Motlagh (2002).
Third hypothesis: emphasis on preserving human dignity is effective on creating
professional ethics for educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach. The
research findings confirmed the role of emphasis on preserving human dignity in creating
professional ethics for educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach in district 5 of
Tehran educational system. Preserving human dignity is accepted and emphasized in all the
divine religions and it’s also emphasized in Islam and our country’s culture. Obviously,
preserving human dignity, we can prevent the increase of suspicion about organization and
management, unpleasant interactions, and decrease of sense of commitment and loyalty to
organization and management in keeping with professional ethics of school principals. Findings
of Gharamaleki (2009), confirms the findings of this hypothesis.
Fourth hypothesis: orientation to equality is effective on creating professional
ethics for educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach. The research findings
confirmed the role of orientation to equality in creating professional ethics for educational
managers with Islamic Iranian approach in district 5 of Tehran educational system. In this
regard, if the orientation to equality gets institutionalized in educational organizations, it can
cause mangers to avoid prejudice in judgments and to avoid discrimination in in terms of
culture, social and economic class, race, and ethnicity. Therefore, professional ethics can be
improved to an acceptable level in schools. Besides, orientation to equality is in keeping with
Islamic principles and Iranian culture. Finally, the findings of the research are compatible with
research results of scholars like Martin (2012), Alavi Matin et al (2012), and Gharamaleki (2009).
Fifth hypothesis: servant leadership is effective on creating professional ethics for
educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach. The research findings confirmed the
role of servant leadership in creating professional ethics for educational managers with Islamic
Iranian approach in district 6 of Tehran educational system. Undoubtedly, if we want to
institutionalize the professional ethics in organizations, especially with Islamic Iranian
approach, we need servant and caring leaders who can develop strategic plans, consult and lead
educational managers and also who can lead the path to professional ethics improvement based
on Islamic and Iranian culture in schools. In fact, these leaders have a facilitating role and they
are required for success. This finding is compatible with findings of scholars like Walker (2007),
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Padaash and Golparvar (2010), Siadat et al (2010), Gharamaleki (2009), and Ozgoi (2005).
Finally, based on confirmation of the present research hypotheses, the professional ethics model
for educational managers with Islamic Iranian approach is presented as follows:
servent
leadership
ethical and
cultural
teachings
improvement
of human
environment
health
emphasis on
preserving
human
dignity
orientation
to equality
creating
professional
ethics for
educational
managers
with islamic
iranian
approach
Figure 3- proposed model of professional ethics for educational managers with Islamic
Iranian approach
Recommendations
According to results of similar studies, the recommendations are presented:
 Managers and austerities of the educational system should emphasis on teaching the
theoretical and religious principles of Islam especially in improvement of human environment
health and emphasis on human dignity, and inform the school principals’ minds by holding
seminars and conferences about the subject.
 Determining the educational contents, Designers and planners of educational systems and
universities should pay more attention to ethical and cultural teachings, therefore in addition
to covering main functionalities, they are more attractive to managers, and also they are
appropriate with their career development.
 Holding justifying meetings for school principals in order to identify the importance, fields,
goals, and professional ethics approach based on Islamic approach. Holding these meetings,
the managers’ information about the subject is increased and the senior managers’
commitment to the subject will be guaranteed. This would involve the allocation of sufficient
sources and removal of organizational barriers in educational system.
 Assigning needed organizational and financial resources to facilitate further goals of
professional ethics and highlighting the importance of professional ethics among managers.
 Reforming the educational system structures based on Islamic and Iranian culture theories in
order to train the professional ethics to educational managers due to needs of society and more
success.
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