RETINA TIMES The Official Publication of the American Society of Retina Specialists Fall 2012 Issue 46 46 RETINA TIMES <Wbb(&'(?iik[*, Lebkc[)&"DkcX[h* Retina Times (ISSN 2164-4411) is published 5 times a year by the American Society of Retina Specialists (ASRS) as a service to its membership. The mission of the publication is to strive to be the definitive information source for ASRS members on Society news, meeting plans, socioeconomic topics, international news, and other relevant information on issues, instruments, and study updates for the practicing retinal specialist. Articles published herein are reviewed by the editor-in-chief and managing editor for editorial content only. The accuracy of information contained is the responsibility of the individual author. Letters and other unsolicited material are assumed to be intended for publication and are subject to rejection or editing. All articles which appear in Retina Times are intended for informational purposes only and should not be relied on by any reader for any other purpose. The opinions and positions expressed in Retina Times articles are solely those of the authors and do not represent the opinions or positions of the American Society of Retina Specialists Board of Directors, members, employees, or Retina Times editorial staff and volunteers. Funding for Retina Times is provided by advertisements contained within. Organizational Staff J. Michael Jumper, MD Editor-in-Chief San Francisco, CA [email protected] Susan Raef, MSMC Managing Editor Chicago, IL [email protected] phone: 312-578-8760 www.asrs.org © 2012 American Society of Retina Specialists. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form, without the prior written permission of the American Society of Retina Specialists. <_dWdY_Wb:_iYbeikh[iEh]Wd_pWj_edWbIjW\\ Dr. Jumper – COVALENT MEDICAL, INC: Equity Owner, Stock; Dutch Ophthalmics USA: Speaker, Honoraria. Ms. Blim – None. Ms. Raef – None. Ms. Schedler – None. Ms. Zallman – None. Oonagh Petrizzi Proofreader Stamford, CT Stacy Kiff Annual Meeting Section Editor Chicago, IL John T. Thompson, MD ASRS President Baltimore, MD William T. Koch, COA, COE, CPC Coding Pitfalls Section Editor St. Louis, MO Gaurav K. Shah, MD ASRS Communications Committee Chair St. Louis, MO Mathew W. MacCumber, MD, PhD ASRS-AAO Councilor Representative Chicago, IL Jill F. Blim, MS ASRS Executive Vice President Chicago, IL Charles W. Mango, MD E-Retina Section Editor New York, NY Section Editors Michael M. Altaweel, MD Literature Roundup Section Co-Editor Madison, WI Carl C. Awh, MD Fellows’ Forum Section Editor Nashville, TN Zélia M. Corrêa, MD, PhD Ocular Oncology Section Co-Editor Cincinnati, OH Pravin U. Dugel, MD Research & Development Section Editor Phoenix, AZ Nicholas E. Engelbrecht, MD Pediatric Retina Section Co-Editor St. Louis, MO Philip J. Ferrone, MD Site Selection Section Editor Great Neck, NY Mitchell S. Fineman, MD Block Time Section Co-Editor Philadelphia, PA Brett T. Foxman, MD Film Festival Section Editor Northfield, NJ Ms. Petrizzi – None. Dr. Thompson – GENENTECH: Investigator, Grants; REGENERON K. Bailey Freund, MD X-Files Section Editor New York, NY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Investigator, Grants; PFIZER, INC: Investigator, Grants. Dr. Shah – ALCON LABORATORIES, INC: Consultant, Equipment (department or practice); ALLERGAN, INC: Consultant, Equjpment (department or practice); QLT, INC: Consultant, Equipment (department or practice); DORC: Consultant, Equipment (department or practice). Sunir J. Garg, MD Block Time Section Co-Editor Philadelphia, PA Omesh Gupta, MD, MBA Retina Education Section Co-Editor Philadelphia, PA Larry Halperin, MD Retinomics Section Editor Ft. Lauderdale, FL On the Cover Intraretinal neovascularization associated with macular fibrosis in Coats disease, courtesy J. Michael Jumper, MD. G. Baker Hubbard, III, MD Pediatric Retina Section Co-Editor Atlanta, GA J. Michael Jumper, MD PAT Survey Section Editor San Francisco, CA Marcus H. Colyer, MD, MAJ, MC, USA Retina in the Military Section Co-Editor Bethesda, MD Chicago, IL 60606 Suber S. Huang, MD, MBA President, Foundation of the ASRS Cleveland, OH Ana Schedler Graphic Designer Toby Zallman Production Artist Schedler Brennan Design + Consulting Chicago, IL Jerald A. Bovino, MD Jerry’s Wisdom Section Editor Aspen, CO 20 North Wacker Drive, Suite 2030 Jeffrey S. Heier, MD Clinical Trials: Future Pathways Section Editor Boston, MA J. William Harbour, MD Ocular Oncology Section Co-Editor Miami, FL Tarek S. Hassan, MD Road Test Section Editor Royal Oak, MI Peter K. Kaiser, MD ASRS-AAO Councilor Representative Cleveland, OH John R. Minarcik Jr, MD, CDR, MC, USN Retina in the Military Section Co-Editor Fairfax, VA Robert A. Mittra, MD PAT Survey Section Co-Editor Minneapolis, MN Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, MD Retina Education Section Co-Editor Durham, NC Joel Pearlman, MD, PhD Retina Genetics Section Co-Editor Sacramento, CA Dante J. Pieramici, MD What’s News Section Editor Santa Barbara, CA P. Kumar Rao, MD Uveitis Section Editor St. Louis, MO Carl D. Regillo, MD KOL Corner Section Editor Philadelphia, PA David Rhee, MD Road Test Section Editor Philadelphia, PA William L. Rich III, MD AAO Medical Director of Health Policy Falls Church, VA SriniVas R. Sadda, MD Ocular Imaging Section Editor Los Angeles, CA Michael A. Samuel, MD In the Spotlight Section Editor Pasadena, CA Reginald J. Sanders, MD Practice Management Meeting Section Editor Chevy Chase, MD Chirag P. Shah, MD, MPH Clinical Trials: Future Pathways Section Co-Editor Boston, MA Marc J. Spirn, MD KOL Corner Section Co-Editor Philadelphia, PA Asheesh Tewari, MD Literature Roundup Section Co-Editor Detroit, MI Trexler M. Topping, MD Tea Leaves Section Editor Boston, MA Kang Zhang, MD, PhD Retina Genetics Section Co-Editor San Diego, CA CONTENTS >> Photo courtesy J. Michael Jumper, MD Color photograph corresponding to the angiographic image on the cover. The macular fibrosis is associated with an intraretinal vascular anastamosis and neovascularization. 7 FROM THE PRESIDENT ASRS Version 3.0: Moving the Vision Forward 20 INTERNATIONAL CORNER Bringing the International Retina Community Together 8 FOUNDATION UPDATE Foundation Seeks Volunteers in 4 Key Areas 22 RETINOMICS 9 FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK A Special Thanks to Our Active-Duty Military Retina Specialists 10 FILM FESTIVAL Film Festival Honors Winners from 5 Countries 44 RETINA PRACTICE PEARLS The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: 2010-2012— a Curmudgeon’s Report Card 46 BLOCK TIME How Has the Retina Subspecialty Changed Since Vitrectomy? The ACA Opens the Door to Health Coverage for Millions 50 JERRY’S WISDOM Everybody Is Sellin’ Somethin’ 26 ASRS SYMPOSIUM Clinical Trials ‘Unplugged’— Part 1: Applying AMD Trial Results to Clinical Practice ASRS 30TH Anniversary 42 THE KOL CORNER Wet AMD: The Changing Landscape 51 TEA LEAVES Concierge Retina—That’s What We Already Provide! 12 ASRS 30th ANNUAL MEETING HIGHLIGHTS ASRS Celebrates 30th Anniversary at Annual Meeting 33 RETINA IN THE MILITARY Serving in Afghanistan: 3 Deployed Retina Specialists Share Their Stories 53 LITERATURE ROUNDUP 38 POINT/COUNTERPOINT NEW 56 X-FILES SOLUTION 16 CLINICAL TRIALS: FUTURE PATHWAYS Understanding Time-to-Event Analysis Counterpoint: Most Primary Retinal Detachments Can Be Repaired With a Vitrectomy 4 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, Point: Scleral Buckling Has a Continuing Role in Repairing Retinal Detachment | 52 THE ASRS X-FILES 57 ADVERTISER INDEX FROM THE PRESIDENT >> John T. Thompson, MD President, ASRS ASRS Version 3.0: Moving the Vision Forward I am honored to serve you as I begin my term as the 18th president of the ASRS, and I look forward to helping the Society advocate on behalf of retina specialists. As you know, we just celebrated our 30th annual meeting in Las Vegas—an outstanding event with record attendance of nearly 1000 retina specialists. (For a recap of the meeting, including photos, please see page 12.) This year’s gala dinner and Umbo Lounge at the Haze Nightclub were as memorable as the 1999 Rome meeting gala, which featured chariots, Roman centurians, and attendees wearing togas. (The togas were Kirk Packo’s idea.) The field of retina has changed substantially since the first ASRS meeting in 1983. Being a retina specialist 30 years ago meant spending about half of your time in the OR and seeing some patients in the office for preop/postop visits and laser treatments. Vitreous surgery was relatively new, and the early Vitreous Society meetings were devoted mostly to sharing surgical techniques and insights about new indications for vitrectomy. The recent advent of anti-VEGF agents for choroidal neovascularization, venous occlusive disease, and diabetic macular edema has been the most transformative change in retina since the development of vitreous surgery. All of our practices are adapting to the new paradigm where most of our time is spent in the office seeing more patients and less time is spent in the OR. I have titled my first column “ASRS Version 3.0” to highlight where our Society has come from and what we hope to accomplish in the next few years. 7IHI'$&0BWkdY^_d]Wd _dYbki_l[h[j_dWieY_[jo The first few Vitreous Society meetings were organized by founders Jerry Bovino, Roy Levit, and Allen Verne with an emphasis on collegiality and informality. In the mid-1980s, the idea of a retina meeting where any retina specialist could attend was a novel one—predating the AAO Retina Subspecialty Day— and the organization grew from 3 founders and 44 charter members as word spread within the retina community. Our Society’s first 2 administrators, Dee Smith (Roy’s secretary) and Jerry Lewis (Allen’s office manager), were focused primarily on admitting new members, processing dues, and organizing the annual meetings. The 2 accomplished much, even though Jerry worked out of her home and the membership records were kept on file cards. The Vitreous Society was granted ACCME accreditation during Jerry Lewis’ tenure, and it was under her leadership that a club became a society with 1400 members. The first Vitreous Society meeting I attended was in 1992 at the Ritz-Carlton, Laguna Niguel in Dana Point, California, an idyllic cliff-side resort overlooking the Pacific Ocean. I brought my family to another Vitreous Society meeting at the Ritz-Carlton in Aspen, Colorado during the summer of 1994 and realized this group knew how to ensure a great time for my family as well as me. (The meeting itself was pretty good, too.) One afternoon, all attendees went whitewater rafting on the Colorado River and we enjoyed dumping buckets of water on nearby members’ rafts. 7IHI($&0;nfWdZ_d]m_j^ Wd[mdWc["Wm_Z[hiYef[ Cordie Miller became our executive director after the 2000 Annual Meeting in Cancun, Mexico, and opened the first Vitreous Society office in Chico, California. She helped the Vitreous Society to evolve into the American Society of Retina Specialists by moving many Society activities online and managing an organization that became larger and more complex. By 2002, the scope of ASRS had increased to include The Vitreous Society Times (now Retina Times) published 4 times a year, in addition to a much larger annual meeting and ancillary conferences such as the practice management and masters meetings. 7IHI)$&0?cfb[c[dj_d]j^[ ijhWj[]_Y]hemj^fbWd David Williams, president from 2008 to 2010, recognized that the ASRS infrastructure was limiting the Society and needed to change if we wished to implement many of our members’ great ideas. He assembled a committee of leaders and future leaders early in his presidency. Their mission: to develop a strategic plan to take advantage of our increasing size and influence. ‘Today, I am assuming the presidency of an organization with substantially improved capacity for managing change.’ A multiyear plan was formulated to move ASRS forward. This required a major improvement in the capabilities of ASRS that was made possible when Jill Blim was hired as our executive vice president in 2010. The ASRS headquarters moved to Chicago and the organization quickly outgrew its office space. Suber Huang implemented many new initiatives during his presidency, including integrating the Foundation with ASRS and overseeing development of an enhanced ASRS website, new educational initiatives, redesigned ASRS/Foundation logos, and the Retina Image Bank. | Issue *, | Volume )&, Number * | Fall 2012 | retina times | 7 FROM THE PRESIDENT >> Today, I am assuming the presidency of an organization with substantially improved capacity for managing change. I visited the new, larger ASRS office this summer and can assure you that Jill has assembled a talented staff to improve the Society’s ability to expand existing programs and initiate new ones. ASRS has grown from 1 full-time employee in the summer of 2010 to 7 today. Chicago is a great place to find experienced people to staff medical organizations, as many have headquarters in this area. The fiscal conservatives among you will question how we can afford such growth. ASRS used to subcontract many services to external vendors, but now most of those functions have been moved in-house. The new ASRS employees also help with many other important activities throughout the year, further increasing the Society’s ability to work for you. outstanding Executive Committee consisting of Tarek Hassan, Mark Humayun, John Pollack, Tim Murray, and Carl Awh. Suber Huang has completed his term as president, but he is not leaving us. He has agreed to serve as president of the Foundation of the ASRS and will be expanding the role of the Foundation in physician and patient education as well as in philanthropic work. Educating our members will require more than just gathering at an annual meeting. We plan to produce more online educational content and will promptly apprise you of the latest developments in the treatment of retinal diseases. We’ve had great meetings in the past and will organize even better ones in the future. The changing needs of our members will require ASRS to take a more active role in protecting retina specialists and patients in a rapidly changing health care environment. Our new Retinal Advocacy and Federal Affairs Committee (RAFA) will increase our efforts in the socioeconomic arena with federal and state government, as well as with insurers who try to regulate the practice of medicine Staff support is especially important with the Society’s increasing reliance on work by committees, as we are fortunate to have many talented members who have offered their skill and time. I will be working with an through reimbursements. I wish to safeguard the power of patients to make medical decisions based on the best advice from their physicians. The vitreoretinal specialty was virtually unknown by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and private insurers in the past; however, the advent of expensive pharmaceuticals has increased their desire to understand the growing costs of retina care and ultimately to manage them. We are also working more closely with our members around the world with a new International Affairs Committee to understand how ASRS can help them and how international members can enhance our Society. I certainly don’t know what ASRS will look like in 10 years for its 40th anniversary, but I will work diligently to help move it forward. Please email me at [email protected] if you have ideas that will help me to serve you better as your president. Financial Disclosures :h$J^ecfied – GENENTECH: Investigator, Grants; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Investigator, Grants; PFIZER, INC: Investigator, Grants FOUNDATION UPDATE >> Foundation Seeks Volunteers in 4 Key Areas As I write my first column as President of the Foundation of the American Society of Retina Specialists (FASRS), I am reminded of the many positive changes the Foundation has recently undergone. We have a new name and a new branding that exemplify our synergy with the ASRS. We have a new mission as the official fundraising arm of the ASRS—to support the Society in improving the quality of life for all people with retinal diseases. Our new governance structure overlaps with the ASRS board and will assist the Foundation in achieving its mission to secure funds to support the ASRS’s high-priority initiatives. The Foundation’s strategic plan clearly defines its overall strategy and goals, which include attracting new donors in 4 key areas: corporate, member, patient, and Foundation. Our next step is to build our leadership team to assist us in achieving these goals. We are now actively recruiting members for the following committees: 8 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, | Suber S. Huang, MD, MBA President, Foundation of the American Society of Retina Specialists sThe Corporate Fundraising Committee will increase the number and type of corporate donors as well as the level of contributions. sThe Member Fundraising Committee will establish a culture of philanthropy and will increase the number of contributions and the level of annual contributions. sThe Patient Fundraising Committee will develop a grateful-patient strategy that relies on member involvement and commitment. sThe Foundation Fundraising Committee will maximize Foundation opportunities that mesh with ASRS programs. Each committee is integral to the Foundation’s success; together, they will work to grow FASRS into the charitable arm of the ASRS. The committees will educate the public on our specialty, identify new revenue streams, and build a solid infrastructure for ASRS projects. Our Foundation is at an advantage because we are focused on things that matter most to donors. We are guided by a well-defined list of projects, so contributors will know exactly where their support dollars are going. 8[Yec[W<ekdZWj_edlebkdj[[h The Foundation is looking for leadership volunteers at all levels—no donation of time is too small. If you would like to become involved, please contact ASRS Foundation Director Robyn Lira at 312-477-8866 or [email protected] for more information. Thank you for contributing to the Foundation’s continued success. Financial Disclosures :h$>kWd] – SEQUENOM: Advisory Board, Honoraria; SECOND SIGHT: Consultant, Honoraria; NOTAL VISION: Consultant, Honoraria; BAUSCH+LOMB: Advisory Board, Honoraria; ALCON: Speaker, Honoraria FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK >> J. Michael Jumper, MD Editor-in-Chief A Special Thanks to Our Active-Duty Military Retina Specialists All ASRS members know that retina specialists almost always become involved with any case of globe trauma. What you may not know is that ocular trauma accounts for approximately 13% of all injuries due to modern armed conflict. Considering that there have been nearly 50,000 injuries to American soldiers engaged in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan (2001-present) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003-2008), military retina specialists have been very busy. The stories of 3 recently deployed military retina specialists are featured on page 33. Their experiences have been remarkable. I joined the United States Air Force as a retina specialist in 1998, during the same month that the US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were attacked, leaving 258 dead and 5000 injured. A small fraction of those with eye injuries were evacuated to US military hospitals. The mean time to initial evaluation by an ophthalmologist was 4 days; the time to initial globe rupture repair was 5 days; and the time to intraocular foreign body (IOFB) removal was 9 days. When on duty at their military medical center in the United States, these vitreoretinal surgeons are incredibly busy with the most complex trauma repairs on soldiers evacuated from the battlefield. There have been many important publications over the past decade describing injury patterns, surgical techniques, and outcomes of the many eye injuries during this time. One such publication (co-authored by our ‘Our current military ophthalmologists have risen to the challenges brought on by the horrible epidemic of ocular trauma resulting from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.’ I, along with others, worked to decrease the time to definitive ophthalmic surgery by developing a rapidly deployable, self-contained surgical unit. A year later, as a part of a humanitarian mission and joint military exercise, I was performing vitreous surgery in a small village in Cameroon using equipment we checked onto a commercial airliner. This was pre-9/11. Imagine checking an argon laser as your carry-on today! ‘[O]cular trauma accounts for approximately 13% of all injuries due to modern armed conflict.’ Of course, September 11, 2001 changed everything. The residents I worked with in San Antonio, Texas at Wilford Hall Medical Center and Brooke Army Medical Center became part of the first wave of ophthalmologists to be deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. Now, 11 years later, many advances have allowed injured soldiers to receive definitive care sooner. In the case of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, ophthalmologists have become an important part of the trauma teams at the hospitals in theater. The 3 retina specialists featured in the story on page 33—Maj Darrell Baskin, MD, USAF; Capt Steve O’Connell, MD, USN; and LCDR Bryan Propes, MD, USN—represent the latest of the vitreoretinal surgeons who have served in the United States military since the “war on terror” began in 2001. When overseas, these retina specialists are called on to be comprehensive ophthalmologists in the greatest sense of the word. For the local civilians, allied soldiers, and adversaries with an eye problem, if they can’t do it, it won’t get done. Maj Mike Jumper, MD, USAF, performing vitrectomy and lensectomy in Garoua, Cameroon in 1998. Retina in the Military Section Editor, Marcus Colyer) relates the experience at Walter Reed Army Medical Center during the height of the conflict in Iraq from 2003-2006. They treated 523 eyes in 387 soldiers, 198 of which were open-globe injuries. Our current military ophthalmologists have risen to the challenges brought on by the horrible epidemic of ocular trauma resulting from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. I am proud to have worked with some of them. I think I can speak for the ASRS when I offer my gratitude and appreciation for their efforts. Financial Disclosures :h$@kcf[h – COVALENT MEDICAL, INC: Equity Owner, Stock; Dutch Ophthalmics USA: Speaker, Honoraria. | Issue ** | Volume )&, Number 2 | Summer 2012 | retina times | 9 FILM FESTIVAL >> Brett T. Foxman MD Chair, ASRS Film Festival Film Festival Honors Winners from 5 Countries The 14th Annual ASRS Film Festival featured 37 outstanding films from Society members around the globe, with topics ranging from vitrectomy to vitreous humor. If you missed the 30th ASRS Annual Meeting in Las Vegas, you can view the films at http://meeting.asrs.org/Film-Festival/Films. We sincerely thank the 45 judges who spent many hours watching, reviewing, and grading the films for the 9 Rhett Buckler Awards presented at the Annual Meeting’s gala dinner. After the meeting, we also presented the new Doctors’ Choice Award based on voting from ASRS members. Use of Perfluoron for Large-Volume Vitreous Biopsy—Or, How We Learned From Aesop’s Crow Pauline T. Merrill, MD (Oak Park, Illinois); Renaud Duval, MD, FRCSC (Chicago, Illinois); Kirk H. Packo, MD, FACS (Chicago, Illinois) If you would like to be a judge for next year’s Film Festival, please email chayal.patel@asrs. org. It’s not too early to start thinking of ideas for the 2013 Annual Film Festival in Toronto. Surgical Management of Myopic Traction Maculopathy (Myopic Foveoschisis) Sung Pyo Park, MD, PhD; Gregory Chang, BA; Gonzalo A. Sepulveda Moreno, MD; and Stanley Chang, MD (all of New York, New York) (&'(H^[jj8kYab[h7mWhZM_dd[hi A New Technique for Safe, Atraumatic Removal of Intraocular Foreign Bodies Jeffrey L. Olson, MD; and Douglas L. MacKenzie, MD (both of Aurora, Colorado) BEST OF SHOW Post-Traumatic Aniridia: Artificial Iris Combined With IOL Implantation Cesare Forlini, MD (Ravenna, Italy) “Vitreoschisis”—Live! Malhar Soni, DO, MS, DNB, FRCS (London, England) Scleral-fixated IOL Using a 25-Gauge Needle Scleral Tunnel Phoebe Lin, MD, PhD; and Sharon Fekrat, MD, FACS (both of Durham, North Carolina) The True Nature of OCTs Gilles Desroches, MD, FRCSC (Ottawa, Canada) Sutureless Scleral Fixation of a Dislocated Three-Piece Intraocular Lens Jonathan L. Prenner, MD (Lawrenceville, New The winning films earned the coveted Rhett Buckler Award, an impressive 8-pound, 24-carat-gold-plated statuette custom-sculpted by RS Owens & Company, manufacturer of the famous Oscar. Jersey); Harold M. Wheatley, MD (Edison, New Jersey); and Leonard Feiner, MD, PhD (Teaneck, New Jersey) OutVITing the Humor: The Art of PVD Induction Manish Nagpal, MD, FRCS; Navneet Mehrotra, DNB; and Siddharth Bhardwaj, MS (all of Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India) DOCTORS’ CHOICE AWARD Endoscopic Vitrectomy in Pediatric Vitreoretinal Diseases: Improving Visualization and Outcomes S. Chien Wong, MBBS, FRCSEd(ophth), MRCOphth (Los Angeles, California) Financial Disclosures: Film Festival winners Gilles Desroches, MD, FRCSC; Jeffrey L. Olson, MD; Pauline T. Merrill, MD; Renaud Duval, MD, FRCSC; Manish Nagpal, MD, FRCS; Cesare Forlini, MD; Sung Pyo Park, MD, PhD; and Film Festival Chair Brett T. Foxman, MD. 10 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, | Dr. Foxman – GENENTECH: Investigator, Other Financial Benefit; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Investigator, Other Financial Benefit. ASRS 30TH Anniversary HIGHLIGHTS >> @e^dJ$J^ecfied"C: ASRS Scientific Program Chair IjWYoA_\\ ASRS Director of Education ASRS Celebrates 30th Anniversary at Annual Meeting On August 25-29, nearly 1000 retina specialists from around the world gathered at the Aria Resort in Las Vegas for the 2012 Annual Scientific Meeting. The 30th anniversary conference presented 149 scientific papers, 155 posters, 23 instructional courses, 37 films, and a full array of social events. Incoming ASRS President John Thompson, MD, and his wife, Mary Ann; Pyron Award winner Daniel Martin, MD, and his wife, Pam; outgoing President Suber Huang, MD, MBA; Gloria Sternberg; Emily Chew, MD; and keynote speaker Paul Sternberg, MD. )&j^7ddkWbC[[j_d]>_]^b_]^ji IWjkhZWo0IkXif[Y_Wbjoh[l_[mi" Retina Case Conference The ASRS 30th Annual Meeting opened on Saturday afternoon with uveitis, glaucoma, and neuro-ophthalmology subspecialty reviews. Narsing Rao, MD, noted infectious uveitis entities not to miss: treponema pallidum (syphilis), tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, and herpetic infection, as well as masquerade syndromes such as primary intraocular lymphoma. Rohit Varma, MD, MPH, pointed out that a diagnosis of chronic open-angle glaucoma is determined by optic nerve damage and glaucomatous visual fields, not by IOP level. Anthony Arnold, MD, gave an entertaining review of specific neuro-ophthalmic conditions, including optic neuritis, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, arteritic AION, “Viagra blindness,” and optic nerve sheath meningioma. Drs. Carl Awh, William Mieler, and Richard Spaide moderated the Retina Case 12 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, | ASRS President John Thompson, MD, (right) congratulates Harry Flynn Jr, MD, co-author of the winning AMD poster, “Management of Submacular Hemorrhage Secondary to Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration With Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Monotherapy.” The Foundation grant was awarded to poster author Gary Shienbaum, MD; other co-authors included Carlos A de A Garcia-Filho, MD; and Philip J. Rosenfeld, MD, PhD. Conference, featuring 26 clinical presentations. Saturday night concluded with a welcome reception at the Aria Resort. Suber Huang, MD, MBA, presented the Founders Award to David Parke II, MD, for excellence in vitreoretinal medicine. IkdZWo0Iocfei_W"WmWhZiY[h[cedo Sunday’s activities started at 6:00 AM with the Foundation’s 6th Annual 5K Indoor/ Outdoor Run/Walk for Retina. Nearly 60 runners and walkers participated in the fundraising event. John Kitchens, MD, head of the Young Physicians Section, presented the Crystal Apple Award to Dean Eliott, MD. Outgoing Foundation President Mark Hammer, MD, presented the Foundation Report, and Retina Image Bank Curator Suber Huang, MD, MBA, presented the Retina Image Bank Report. The Foundation grant was awarded to Gary Shienbaum, MD, for the best AMD poster. The scientific symposia began Sunday morning after opening remarks by Program Chair and incoming President John Thompson, MD. In the AMD I Symposium, presenters Zohar Yehoshua, MD, MHA, and Philip Rosenfeld, MD, PhD, noted that COMPLETE study results show systemic complement inhibition with eculizumab anti-C5 antibody does not slow the progression of dry AMD nor reduce drusen volume. At Sunday’s awards ceremony, John Thompson, MD, presented Daniel Martin, MD, the Pyron Award for his outstanding contributions to knowledge about vitreoretinal disease. Outgoing President The morning concluded with a presentation of the 2012 ASRS Preferences and Trends (PAT) Survey by Survey Editor J. Michael Jumper, MD. Results showed that 67% of US and Canadian respondents follow a treat-and-extend protocol in managing wet AMD, whereas International members see patients monthly and treat as needed. Complete PAT Survey results— as well as multi-year trending data—are available at www.asrs.org/asrs-community/ pat-survey. Nearly 60 early risers participated in the Foundation’s 6th Annual Indoor/Outdoor Run/Walk for Retina, held at the Aria Resort and Crystals at CityCenter Las Vegas. RETINAWS panelists. Front row: Alay Banker, MD; Ehab El-Rayes, MD, PhD; moderator Kourous Rezaei, MD; José Garcia Arumi, MD. Back row: Mathew MacCumber, MD, PhD; George Williams, MD; Homayoun Tabandeh, MD; ASRS Past-President Kirk Packo, MD. Women in Retina Case Conference organizers Alice Lyon, MD; Jennifer Lim, MD; and Pauline Merrill, MD. Sunday afternoon began with the Macular Surgery I Symposium. Presenter Emmanuel Chang, MD, PhD, reported on his retrospective study of all patients who underwent bilateral macular hole surgery between 1985 and 2011. He reported an incidence of bilateral macular holes of 3.1%, with a 3:1 female-to-male ratio. The study concluded that the outcomes of bilateral macular holes are excellent with the indocyanine green-assisted ILM peeling technique. that telemedicine screening is effective at identifying patients who need further examinations. Afternoon sessions also included the Imaging Symposium, Retinal Vascular Symposium, and the Women in Retina (WinR) Case Conference. The AMD II Symposium presented rapid-fire papers on initial experiences with aflibercept. Presenter Allen Ho, MD, reported on the 96-week results of the VIEW 1 and VIEW 2 studies; 2457 patients were randomized to ranibizumab 0.5 mg q4 weeks, aflibercept 0.5 mg q4 weeks, aflibercept 2.0 mg q4 weeks, or aflibercept 2.0 mg q8 weeks. In the second year, patients were treated PRN with a minimum of quarterly aflibercept injections. There was a similar treatment effect in all 4 treatment arms, with a faster fluid resolution in the 2.0 mg aflibercept arms. Monday: Scientific sessions, social events Monday morning began with the Diabetic Retinopathy I Symposium. Ingrid ZimmerGaller, MD, reported on a study in which she and her colleagues imaged 1151 patients with a remote non-mydriatic camera to test the feasibility of a telemedicine screening program. They found that 25% had diabetic retinopathy and 41% had non-diabetic retinopathy ocular findings, suggesting Monday’s symposia also included Ocular Oncology and Retinal Surgery I. The evening concluded with social events including the wine and cheese reception, new member/International Delegate reception, Young Physicians Section dinner, and the Fellows-in-Training Section dinner. In the Socioeconomic Sessions, Wiley Chambers, MD, who has worked for the FDA for 25 years, gave an overview of the FDA drug approval process. He noted that the biggest reason that a pharmaceutical product is not approved by the FDA is that no one submitted an application. Tuesday: Instructional courses, gala dinner Tuesday morning began with symposia on Trauma/Pharmacology, Inflammation, and Infections. Harry Flynn Jr, MD, reported that after studying the recent endophthalmitis outbreak following intravitreal injections in South Florida, the CDC and the Florida Health Department studies confirmed Streptococcus mitis/oralis contamination of the bevacizumab as the most likely source of the outbreak. At the AMD III Symposium, Tarek Hassan, MD, presented the results of a patient questionnaire showing that retina surgeons and industry representatives underestimate patients willingness’ | Issue 46 | Volume 30, Number 4 | Fall 2012 | retina times | 13 HIGHLIGHTS >> At the third annual “Unplugged” Symposium, physicians and investigators discussed the real-world implications of clinical trial results. Panelists included (l-r): Peter Kaiser, MD, Jeffrey Heier, MD, Jay Duker, MD, David Boyer, MD, and moderator Pravin Dugel, MD. In foreground: Panelist William Mieler, MD. Allen Verne, MD, and Jerry Bovino, MD, 2 of the Society’s founders, offer a toast to the ASRS’s 30th anniversary at the gala dinner. Incoming President John Thompson, MD, enjoys the welcome reception with ASRS co-founder Roy Levit, MD, and ASRS Board Member and Retina Times Tea Leaves Section Editor Trexler Topping, MD. to continue intravitreal injections indefinitely to maintain their vision. Challenge the Masters, moderated by Calvin Mein, MD The Retinal Surgery II Symposium featured Timothy Murray, MD, MBA, describing how MIVS 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy can effectively manage complex retinal detachments in eyes having undergone 125-iodine brachytherapy for uveal melanoma. Nearly half (48%) achieved a visual outcome of 20/40 or better. Anterior Segment Surgery for the Vitreoretinal Surgeon: Discussion and Wetlab, led by Carl Awh, MD Vitreous Manipulation with Ocriplasmin, by Michael Trese, MD Pneumatic Retinopexy: Pearls and Pitfalls, by Emmanouil Mavrikakis, MD, PhD Sophie Bakri, MD, organized the Special Interest Group luncheons featuring casual roundtable discussions on a variety of conditions, treatments, and procedures. RETINAWS: When the Going Gets Tough, the Tough Get Going: Challenging Cases in Vitreoretinal Surgery, by Kourous Rezaei, MD Tuesday afternoon featured 23 instructional courses, a few of which included: High-Stakes Vitrectomy: Vitreoretinal Surgery in Inflamed Eyes, by Thomas Albini, MD The Third Annual ASRS Research and Development Committee Symposium: Clinical Trials “Unplugged”—Real, Practical Questions and Answers, led by Pravin Dugel, MD (see page 26) Tuesday evening concluded with the 30th anniversary gala dinner and Umbo Lounge, featuring opening remarks by ASRS founders Jerry Bovino, MD, and Allen Verne, MD. Brett Foxman presented this year’s Film Festival winners (see page 10), and the celebration Newer Advances in Vitreo-Retina Surgeries: Tools and Techniques, by S. Natarajan, MD 14 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume 30, Number 4 | Issue 46 | continued at the Aria’s Haze Nightclub with performances by dancers, aerialists, and magicians. Wednesday: Symposia, wrap-up In the Macular Surgery II/Anterior Segment Surgery Symposium, Maziar Lalezary, MD, reported baseline findings on the Prospective Retinal and Optic Nerve Vitrectomy Evaluation (PROVE) study. PROVE is a 5-year longitudinal analysis of eyes undergoing unilateral pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) to evaluate long-term outcomes compared with the non-vitrectomized fellow eye. Patients undergoing routine PPV for epiretinal membrane, macular hole, or vitreous opacity may have unidentified risks for glaucoma at baseline, specifically narrow angles, found in 13%, and abnormal visual fields, found in 18%. The AMD IV Symposium featured Christine Gonzales, MD, reporting on a Phase I study targeting tissue factor with a single dose of intravitreal hI-con1 for wet AMD. In the study, just one injection demonstrated safety and biologic activity—regression of choroidal neovascularization, reduced OCT thickness, The wet lab provided hands-on instruction. Cesare Forlini, MD, of Ravenna, Italy, winner of the ASRS Film Festival’s Best of Show Award, enjoys the festivities with Carl Awh, MD; Dr. Forlini’s daughter-inlaw Caterina Benatti, MD; his son Matteo Forlini, MD; and Philip Ferrone, MD. Dean Eliott, MD, winner of the Crystal Apple Award, and John Kitchens, MD, ASRS Board member and head of the Young Physicians Section. Reginald Sanders, MD; Adrienne Scott, MD; and William Rich III, MD attend the wine and cheese reception in the exhibit hall. and improved vision. HI-con1 is a novel agent that binds tissue factor, leading to natural killer cell destruction of abnormal vascular endothelial cells. reporting that initial experience shows oral rifampin was found to have an apparent therapeutic effect on patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. In the Pediatric Retina Symposium, Audina Berrocal, MD, FACS, demonstrated the importance of digital fluorescein angiography-guided laser treatment for various pediatric retinal diseases including Coats and FEVR. She noted that wide-field angiography is especially good at detecting areas of capillary dropout. Following the Wednesday morning symposia, John Thompson, MD, concluded the meeting just before noon. The Diabetic Retinopathy II Symposium featured Elliott Sohn, MD, presenting the outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy for tractional retinal detachment secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The 10-year data on 240 eyes of 203 patients showed that 12% of patients had a combined traction/rhegmatogenous retinal detachment; 6.3% required reoperation, and 1.3% required enucleation. The Instrumentation/Pharmacology Symposium featured Zac Ravage, MD, MD; Jeremiah Brown Jr, MD, MS; Mina Chung, MD; Pouya N. Dayani, MD; Nicholas E. Engelbrecht, MD; Mitchell J. Goff, MD; Judy E. Kim, MD; Tamer H. Mahmoud, MD, PhD; Andrew A. Moshfeghi, MD, MBA; Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, MD; Joel Pearlman, MD, PhD; Polly A. Quiram, MD, PhD; Chirag P. Shah, MD, MPH; Michael A. Singer, MD; Asheesh Tewari, MD; and Robert W. Wong, MD. 7jj[dZ[[ihWj[j^[c[[j_d]^_]^bo Evaluations by more than 400 attendees showed: FbWdjeWjj[dZ(&')7ddkWbC[[j_d] in Toronto Mark your calendar for the 31st Annual Meeting, August 24-28, 2013, at the Sheraton Centre Toronto. The ASRS Annual Scientific Meeting has earned its place as the premiere educational event for retina specialists. Beginning in January 2013, online registration and abstract submission will be available at www.asrs.org/annual-meeting. Questions? Contact ASRS Director of Education Stacy Kiff at [email protected]. //mekbZh[Yecc[dZj^[c[[j_d] to their colleagues. /-iW_Zj^[c[[j_d]^[bf[Z_dYh[Wi[ confidence in their ability to do their job. /'m_bbcWa[Y^Wd][i_dfhWYj_Y[WiW result of the knowledge or skills gained through the meeting. If[Y_Wbj^Wdaijeekhf^oi_Y_Wdh[fehj[hi Retina Times thanks the physician reporting team who gathered the news for the daily email updates at the Las Vegas meeting: Thomas M. Aaberg Jr, MD; Kevin J. Blinder, Financial Disclosures: Dr. Thompson – GENENTECH: Investigator, Grants; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Investigator, Grants; PFIZER INC: Investigator, Grants. Ms. Kiff – None. | Issue *, | Volume )&, Number * | Fall 2012 | retina times | 15 CLINICAL TRIALS: FUTURE PATHWAYS >> Desmond E. Thompson, PhD DES Enterprises New Hope, Pennsylvania Chirag P. Shah, MD, MPH Jeffrey S. Heier, MD Section Co-Editor Section Editor Understanding Time-to-Event Analysis s#ANMULTIPLECAUSESOFTHEEVENTBETAKEN into account? s(OWDOPARTICULARCIRCUMSTANCESOR characteristics increase or decrease the odds of being event-free? Time-to-event analysis is often used in medical, epidemiological, and sales research. Survival analysis—or more generally, timeto-event analysis—is of interest when the data represent the time to a defined event. While well-established in oncology and cardiology, time-to-event analysis has not been widely applied to ophthalmology research, possibly because the data are usually collected intermittently rather than continuously, and because of the awkwardness of interpreting treatment effect in survival terms. However, this method is an interesting approach for analyzing time to elevated IOP, absence of fluid, gain of 15 or more letters, or loss of 5 letters. Is it correct to infer that the treatments were equally effective without knowing when the events occurred? Figure 1 shows that INTREATMENTGROUP!THEEVENTSOCCURRED at 30 days (2 patients), 60 days (1 patient), and 90 days (2 patients). One patient discontinued the study at day 50. In treatment group B, the events occurred at 300 days (1 patient), 330 days (2 patients), and at 360 days (2 patients). One patient discontinued the study on day 60. The total time at risk INGROUP!XXXX 360x4 = 1790 days at risk. Time-to-event analysis attempts to answer questions such as: s7HATFRACTIONOFAPOPULATIONWILLBEEVENT free past a certain time? s!TWHATRATEWILLTHOSEWHOAREEVENTFREE at a given time experience the event in the future? The event rate equals the total number of events divided by the total time at risk, or 5/1790 (0.0028 events per day or 2.8 events per 1000 days at risk). The total time at risk INTREATMENTGROUP"XX XXXDAYSATRISK The event rate is 5/3180 (0.0016 events per day or 1.6 events per 1000 days at risk). Thus, the ratio of the rates is 2.8/1.6 = 1.75. The simple interpretation would be that patients INTREATMENTGROUP!WERETIMESMORE likely to gain 10 or more letters than patients in treatment group B. Kaplan-Meier curves M_bbWbmWoijh[dZkfmWhZÆWij^[ l[hoZ[Ód_j_ede\YkckbWj_l[ _dY_Z[dY[ik]][iji 9WdWbieYheii"WimWii[[d_dj^[ :_WX[j[i9edjhebWdZ9ecfb_YWj_edi Jh_Wb:99J"m^[h[j^[h[mWiWd [Whbomehi[d_d]e\h[j_defWj^o_dj^[ ]hekfjh[Wj[Zm_j^_dj[di_l[j^[hWfo I^emZWjWYedi_ij[djm_j^WYedijWdj h[bWj_l[h_iaeh^WpWhZ_dceij YWi[iÆjhWdibWj_d]_djeWkd_\ehcbo _dYh[Wi_d]i[fWhWj_edX[jm[[dj^[ AWfbWd#C[_[hYkhl[i Fall 2012 | Volume 30, Number 4 | Issue 46 The following hypothetical example illustrates some key concepts in time-to-event analysis. )NITPATIENTSWITHWET!-$ARERANDOMLY ASSIGNEDTOTREATMENTGROUPS!PATIENTS and B (10 patients) and will be followed for 360 days. The outcome of interest is the incidence of gaining 10 or more letters on the %4$23SCALEDURINGTHESTUDY !SSUMETHATTHETREATMENTGROUPSARE balanced at baseline as to outcome-influencing characteristics. In each treatment group, there were 5 events. Thus, the proportion experiencing the event is 50% in each group and the relative risk = 50%/50% or 1. Time-to-event analysis can address the clinically relevant question of who improves sooner (eg, gain of 15 or more letters) or who gets worse earlier (eg, loss of 5 or more letters). Such analysis uses data from all time-points to define the likelihood of getting better or worsening throughout the entire assessment period. These data can then be used to quantify and test the difference between 2 or more therapies. 16 | retina times | Interpreting rates vs proportions )TCANBESEENTHATALLTHEEVENTSINGROUP! occurred earlier in the study than those in | group B. When the data are viewed with regard to time-to-event, it is clear that there is a substantial treatment advantage not revealed by the initial analysis based on proportions. Perhaps the simplest way to evaluate time-toevent analysis is to examine the ratio of the rates. This is often called the hazard ratio or the relative risk.!RATIOOFMEANSTHEREISNO DIFFERENCEBETWEENTHETREATMENTGROUPS! RATIOOFGREATERTHANOFTREATMENT!TREATment B (and all members of the confidence interval are >1) supports the hypothesis that THERATEINGROUP!ISGREATERTHANTHATIN GROUP"!RATIOSUPPORTSTHEHYPOTHESIS THATTHERATEINGROUP!ISLESSTHANTHERATEIN group B. If the confidence interval of the ratio contains 1, one cannot rule out equality of the rates in the 2 treatment groups. Understanding KaplanMeier curves The usual method of analyzing binary data is to compute the simple proportion of those with the event of interest at the end of the study and compare these proportions BETWEENTHEORMORETREATMENTGROUPS!S noted earlier, this method ignores the time at which the events occur and can lead to erroneous conclusions. There is a method that uses proportions, yet takes into account the time of event and the fact that not all patients can complete THESTUDY!TEACHVISITDURINGACLINICALTRIAL patients are assessed for the presence or absence of the event. For example, did the patient gain 10 or more letters? The cumulative incidence of the event is computed using a special method called the product-limit formula. The resulting curves provide Kaplan-EIERESTIMATES4HESTEPSINTHECURVESOCCUR only when there is an event at the visit. +APLAN-EIERMETHODOLOGYATTEMPTSTOESTImate the cumulative incidence at each point during the follow-up period. These curves are a simple means to visualize the cumulative incidence of an event, enabling one to see if there is evidence of an early effect and—more important—to estimate the difference in the effect between groups. Kaplan-Meier curves are presented in 2 ways: 1. A downward-trending plot displays the proportion of patients free of the event (see Figure 2A on page 18). This proportion will, of course, decline over time. 2. An upward-trending plot shows the cumulative proportion of patients experiencing the event by time (see Figure 2B on page 18). ‘The Kaplan-Meier method computes the expected proportion having an event at the end of the study. This is not exactly the same as the observed proportion …’ other in a statistically meaningful manner. The method most often used for this purpose is the log-rank test, based on comparing the observed data with the expected data. Three steps to evaluate time-toevent analysis If the log-rank test identifies a significant difference between the curves, methods are needed to quantify it. The Cox proportional hazard model is widely used to calculate the relative hazard (ratio of rates). The difference between the curves can be reported with a statistic called the hazard ratio, with confidence intervals to show its precision and a test of significance to determine the likelihood that any difference is due to chance. 2. A test of whether the curves are different J^[be]#hWdaj[ijfheXWXboj^[ most widely used J[ijcWa[il[ho\[mWiikcfj_edi about the data 1. A figure KikWbboAWfbWd#C[_[hYkhl[i I[fWhWj[fbej\eh[WY^]hekf 3. The means to quantify the risk reduction 9enfhefehj_edWb^WpWhZceZ[b normally used Jhis procedure requires some assumptions M^o_iY[dieh_d]ki[Z5 In principle, both curves contain the same information, but the visual perceptions of treatment group comparisons can be quite different.1 There is no statistical advantage of one representation over the other—it can be viewed as the cup being half-full or half-empty. An essential feature of the Kaplan-Meier methodology is that the 2 curves are generated independent of each other. Means are needed to establish whether the time-to-event data represented in these curves differ from each Patients not followed long enough for the event to occur have their event times censored at the last follow-up. One reason for censoring is that patients cannot be followed forever. At some point, the study must end and not all people will have experienced the event. Another common cause is that people are lost to follow-up during a study—whether due to death, relocation, an adverse drug reaction, or simply a wish to discontinue participation. can take that into account. In evaluating the difference between curves, it is assumed that the censoring pattern is random and the same in both treatment groups. Each step in a Kaplan-Meier curve provides evidence of the time the patient experienced the event. There are no steps to recognize the time of a censored observation. In some reports, the times of the censored observations are indicated on the Kaplan-Meier curves. In others, the number at risk and the cumulative number of events are provided at the bottom of the graph. These are examples of random censoring, when follow-up ends for reasons not under the investigator’s control. However, in time-to-event analysis, censored observations contribute to the total number at risk up to the time that they ceased to be followed. One advantage: the length of time an individual is followed does not have to be equal for everyone. All observations can have different amounts of follow-up time, and the analysis This information enables the reader to determine whether the number at risk toward the end of the follow-up period is large enough to make meaningful comparisons between the treatment groups. In essence, it can question whether the extreme right of the Kaplan-Meier curves should have influence in the overall conclusion. The concept of time at risk means that all available follow-up is put to good use; this reduces the bias that can creep into analyses if only data at the end of a study are used to assess the treatment effect. >emje9ecfkj[J_c[WjH_iaWdZj^[HWj[e\Wd;l[dj Group A 36 72 108 144 180 216 252 288 324 The summary table that provides the rate of events and the relative hazard (or risk) has not been frequently used in ophthalmology. Rates when expressed as the number of events per unit of time at risk can be very flexible. In epidemiology, the rate is expressed as events per 100,000 patient years at risk. In clinical trials, smaller numbers are used. as the number of events is low. It is strongly recommended that summary statistics be included in a table or on the curve. This should include the rates, the relative risk, and the 95% confidence interval. 360 Time in Days Group B FIGURE 1 Rates can be large if the number of events is large, or if the time at risk is small— Redfern JS, Thompson D. The risks and hazards of interpreting and reporting health study measures: a simple, practical overview. AMWA Journal. 2011;26(3):111-116. | Issue *, | Volume )&, Number * | Fall 2012 | retina times | 17 CLINICAL TRIALS: FUTURE PATHWAYS >> particularly when assessing early effects of a treatment in one group compared with late effects in the control group. The number of events may be the same in both groups, but the time to event—and hence the time at risk—is the key that differentiates the treatment groups. Kaplan Meier Survival Estimate, by Era, Va = 20/200 or Worse (n = 58) Proportion Free of Event 1.00 In addition to describing the treatment difference for selected baseline characteristics, time-to-event analysis can be very useful in visualizing the role of treatment factors. Interpretation of Kaplan-Meier curves comes with experience. An important point of interest is the time point at which the curves appear to begin to separate. There is no statistical test to determine that point; it is mainly a descriptive measure. FIGURE 2A Cumulative Incidence of a Sustained Change in Retinopathy in Patients With IDDM Receiving Intensive or Conventional Therapy Percentage of Patients 60 Dr. Shah – ALCON: Grant Support; ALIMERA SCIENCES: Grant Support; ALLERGAN, INC: Grant Support; GENENTECH: Grant Support; GENZYME: Grant Support; GLAXOSMITHKLINE: Grant Support; MOLECULAR PARTNERS: Grant Support; NEOVISTA: Grant Support; PALOMA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Grant Support; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Grant Support. 50 Conventional 40 30 P<0.001 20 Intensive 10 0 Dr. Heier – ACUCELA INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; ALLERGAN, INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; BAUSCH+LOMB: Consultant, Consulting Fees; BAYER HEALTHCARE: Consultant, Consulting Fees; ENDO OPTIKS INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; FORSIGHT LABS, LLC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; FOVEA PHARMACEUTICALS SA: Consultant, Consulting Fees; GENENTECH: Consultant, Consulting Fees; GENZYME: Consultant, Consulting Fees; HEIDELBERG ENGINEERING: Consultant, Consulting Fees ; KATO PHARMACEUTICALS: Consultant, Consulting Fees; NEOVISTA, INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; NOTAL VISION: Consultant, Consulting Fees; ORAYA THERAPEUTICS, INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; PALOMA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; QLT OPHTHALMICS: Consultant, Consulting Fees; QUARK PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; SEQUENOM: Consultant, Consulting Fees. Dr. Thompson – REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Consultant, Other Financial Benefit. Issue 46 6 Tibbetts MD, Shah CP, Young LH, Duker JS, Maguire JI, Morley MG. Treatment of acute retinal necrosis. Ophthalmol. 2010;117(4):818-824. Financial Disclosures | 4 Acyclovir-only Newer antivirals 1.Pocock SJ, Clayton TC, Altman DG. Survival plots of time-to-event outcomes in clinical trials: goodpractice and pitfalls. Lancet. 2002;359(9318):1686-1689. Volume 30, Number 4 2 Analysis time (years) Reference | 0.25 0 The use of time-to-event analysis in ophthalmology is increasing and represents a modern way of looking at data. Such analysis provides valuable information on the patient experience during the follow-up period. Ignoring the temporal information, which is not provided when simple proportions are used, can lead to less-than-optimal use of the information collected during the study. This loss of information can potentially lead to erroneous conclusions. Fall 2012 0.50 0.00 One cannot determine from Kaplan-Meier analysis the point at which the drug begins to be effective; Kaplan-Meier analyses were not intended for that purpose. It is not appropriate to ask at what point the differences between the curves become significant, although it is sometimes useful to speculate on the shape of the curve. 18 | retina times | 0.75 | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Year of Study Number at Risk Conventional 348 324 128 79 Intensive 354 335 136 93 FIGURE 2B The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;(329)14:977-986. INTERNATIONAL CORNER >> Kourous A. Rezaei, MD Chair, International Affairs Committee Bringing the International Retina Community Together ASRS has members in 55 nations. Beginning with this issue of Retina Times, the International Corner will profile retina societies from countries around the world. We encourage you to visit their websites, find out more about their conferences, and become involved in the international retina community. Brazilian Retina WdZL_jh[eki IeY_[jo ® The Brazilian Retina and Vitreous Society (SBRV), headquartered in São Paulo, Brazil, was founded in 1977 and has grown to 920 members. SBRV’s goal is to promote educational and professional interaction among retina and vitreous specialists by sponsoring meetings and offering support for collaborative scientific research. 7hWX7\h_YWdIeY_[joe\ Retina Specialists Each quarter, the Society publishes The Brazilian Retina and Vitreous Society Journal, which will soon be indexed. The idea to form the Arab African Society of Retina Specialists (AASRS) originated in 2004 at the first Cairo Retina Meeting. AASRS’s aim is to promote collaboration and continuing education between retina specialists in the Arab world and Africa, as well as with their scientific colleagues around the world. FbWdjeWjj[dZj^[(&') I8HL7ddkWbC[[j_d] The 5th Cairo Retina Meeting will be held in January 2014 at the Cairo Marriott Hotel and Omar Khayyam Casino in Cairo, Egypt. For information, visit www.crmaasrs.com. | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, International Delegates Attend ASRS Annual Meeting Many of the more than 20 international delegates nominated by their countries’ retina societies attended the ASRS 30th Annual Meeting in Las Vegas. Their response was most enthusiastic: “Best retina meeting I have ever attended.” “Great meeting, meeting old friends and making new ones ...” “This is my first time at ASRS ... I hope I could bring more retina specialists to ASRS.” Financial Disclosures SBRV invites ASRS members to participate in the 38th Annual Meeting, to be held in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil on April 11-13, 2013 at the Minas Centro Convention Center. 77IHI?dl_j[ioekjej^[+j^9W_he H[j_dWC[[j_d] Fall 2012 For information and registration, visit www.retina2013.com.br. “ASRS was outstanding as usual ... It was a unique experience to meet many colleagues from different countries ....” In 2010 at the third Cairo Retina Meeting, the AASRS was launched with Egypt as its headquarters. The Cairo Retina Meeting, now held every 2 years, became the official meeting of the AASRS in 2012. The AASRS and the European School for Advanced Studies in Ophthalmology organized the 2012 meeting with 24 invited guest speakers, attracting more than 600 participants from 24 countries. AASRS now has 412 members representing 18 nations. 20 | retina times | The meeting will feature leading experts from Europe, the US, and Latin America. | Dr. Rezaei – ALCON LABORATORIES, INC: Other, Grants, Honoraria; GENENTECH: Other, Grants, Honoraria; BMC OPHTHALMOLOGY: Consultant, Honoraria; ALIMERA SCIENCES: Advisory Board, Honoraria; THROMBOGENICS: Advisory Board, Honoraria; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Other, Grants. RETINOMICS >> William L. Rich III, MD, FACS President, Northern Virginia Ophthalmology Associates Falls Church, Virginia Medical Director of Health Policy American Academy of Ophthalmology Larry Halperin, MD Section Editor Retina Group of Florida Boca Raton and Fort Lauderdale, Florida The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: 2010-2012—A Curmudgeon’s Report Card The Affordable Care Act, or “Obamacare”, will affect all of us, our practices, and our patients, for years to come. The US Supreme Court legitimized certain aspects of the Act; thus, presidential politics aside, healthcare reform is upon us. Following are perspectives from Bill Rich, a hero of our profession, and from Chris Fisher, the health care advisor to Florida Democratic Representative Ted Deutch. Please contact me with comments at [email protected]. —Larry Halperin In 1915, Theodore Roosevelt first proposed compulsory health insurance. It failed to pass. FDR, Truman, and Kennedy also pursued this unsuccessfully. Finally, President Johnson proposed limited programs to cover the elderly, poor, and disabled. Medicaid and Medicare were enacted in 1965. However, the number of uninsured continues to expand annually and costs have exceeded predictions. What led to the passage of President Obama’s historic Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)? sMILLIONUNINSUREDACCORDINGTOTHE53#ENSUS"UREAU s(EALTHCARESPENDINGONAMETEORICRISE s.OCOMPARATIVEEFFECTIVENESSRESEARCHONGROWINGTECHNOLOGYTHE major cause of increased utilization of services s0ERCEIVEDPOORQUALITY The ACA is complex, comprehensive, and evolving legislation. However, the administration’s implementation plans can be evaluated. J^[kd_dikh[Z The ACA has taken a moderate approach to the uninsured; it is not the “socialistic” insurance plan favored by liberal Democrats, where government is the single payer as in Canada and Great Britain. The ACA more closely models the approach developed by the conservative Heritage Foundation. Consider the Dutch system, where benefits are defined; there are individual and employer mandates to purchase insurance from competing private insurance firms. Patients can select a plan to meet their needs. Sound familiar? Massachusetts? The ACA? The ACA individual mandate was reaffirmed by the recent Supreme Court decision. Competing plans offered in state exchanges will be available to patients in 2014 for those whose employer declined to offer insurance or who qualify for government subsidies to purchase insurance. Federal subsidies are provided for the working poor—both individuals and small firms. For those at less than 133% of the poverty level, expansion of state Medicaid is available. The Supreme Court also ruled that states that decline to expand their Medicaid rolls will not lose federal contributions for existing Medicaid programs. However, hospitals and care providers would be left bearing the burden of uncompensated care. These providers are aggressively lobbying Republican governors to take the federal money. ‘The cost of insurance will far outweigh the small tax/penalty for not obtaining coverage.’ Hurdles include the complexity and cost of implementing state insurance exchanges, as well as the definition of the minimum benefit package. Expanded Medicaid and state insurance exchanges are slated to start in 2014—a short time line. The strength of the ACA is that it could: s%XPANDCOVERAGETOANADDITIONALMILLION!MERICANSWITHAMODEL that has worked in other countries s"UILDONOURSYSTEMOFPRIVATEINSURANCE s%XPANDOURCURRENTPUBLICPROGRAMS s)NTRODUCETYPICALLY!MERICANPRINCIPLESOFCOMPETITIONINTHEPRIVATESECTOR s!VOIDASINGLEPAYERSYSTEMSUPPORTEDONLYBYPROGRESSIVE$EMOCRATS The individual mandate is a prerequisite for 2 popular ACA reforms: “guaranteed issue” and “community rating.” A major weakness is the low “tax” for noncompliance with the individual mandate. The cost of insurance will far outweigh the small tax/penalty for not obtaining coverage. Some economists predict that up to 30% of eligible patients may elect to pay the tax. This would negatively affect the risk pool and increase the costs for those purchasing insurance. For political reasons, the ACA fails to make insurance available to the more than 7 million undocumented workers, leaving an uncompensated burden for hospitals and physicians. Scorecard: Design: A / ?cfb[c[djWj_ed: Incomplete, but the model has proved successful in the Netherlands and Germany. Republicans might try to limit the implementation, but will not be able to repeal the legislation. Even if the Republicans did overturn the ACA, they would still face the same problems that led to its passage. Continued on page 24 22 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, | RETINOMICS >> Chris Fisher Legislative Assistant to Congressman Ted Deutch (D-FL-19) The ACA Opens the Door to Health Coverage for Millions The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) makes access to quality, affordable health insurance part of the American experience. For the tens of millions of uninsured and underinsured Americans, this law represents the only path to comprehensive coverage and access to the health care system. Ophthalmologists know that comprehensive coverage and access to primary care can stem the tide of preventable vision loss if, for example, patients with early macular degeneration can talk to their doctors about recent vision changes. Overhauling the nation’s health care system and reforming a broken insurance market faced peculiar headwinds. Despite the poor comparative scores of the US health care system, most Americans are satisfied with their coverage. Fear of the unknown, distrust of a president committed to extending coverage to the working poor, or even a sincere belief that American health care outperforms the world in critical metrics left policymakers with severely limited options. Asking taxpayers to further subsidize a health care system that spends almost twice as much per capita as the rest of the world—without better outcomes—would have surely been unsustainable. The popular private insurance market reforms alone would have caused premiums to skyrocket, leading to a complete market collapse. Provisions like bans on pre-existing conditions, rescissions, and coverage limits were designed by insurance companies for actuarial soundness in the absence of a regulated marketplace with coverage mandates. ‘For the tens of millions of uninsured and underinsured Americans, [the ACA] represents the only path to comprehensive coverage and access to the health care system.’ Health care reformers were left with the unenviable task of restraining costs and mandating coverage, while navigating the waters of politically powerful health care interests. Fortunately, all stakeholders agreed on the dual premise: the system is broken, and this may be the last chance to repair it. The Affordable Care Act will extend Medicaid to all adults up to 133% of the poverty level and will make private insurance affordable for families up to 400% of the poverty level. It will create state-based exchanges where insurance companies, bound by new federal pro-patient regulations, can compete for customers. The ACA will use Medicare’s market influence to accelerate delivery-side reforms, provide performance incentives, and curb excessive billing. The recent Supreme Court case considered whether the federal government could: s-ANDATETHEPURCHASEOFPRIVATEHEALTHINSURANCE s#OMPELSTATESTOEXPANDTHEIR-EDICAIDROLLSBYUSINGEXISTING Medicaid funding as leverage The government argued that because all Americans participate in the health care system, the mandate was simply regulating how care was financed. The law’s supporters were concerned that a conservative court would not only strike the mandate, but be unwilling to sever the provision, striking down insurance reforms and affordability credits as well. ‘The ACA will use Medicare’s market influence to accelerate deliveryside reforms, provide performance incentives, and curb excessive billing.’ In the end, a slight majority found that the mandate could survive as a tax, but that the federal government could not compel the expansion of Medicaid. This reversal of widely used federal power may preclude Medicaid coverage for millions of working poor Americans in states that choose to opt out of federal health care dollars. The ACA’s success in improving the nation’s health and health care finances depends almost exclusively on absolute implementation. The numerous, interdependent provisions of this public-private health partnership will function most efficiently in states that aggressively take ownership of the health of their populace. Any successful efforts to repeal or sabotage the ACA will necessarily take place prior to successful implementation. Once the promise of health care has been delivered to millions of Americans and adequately financed, it will become exceedingly difficult to undo. We have seen “Obamacare” become characterized positively by those already affected: newly insured young adults, seniors in the donut hole, and small businesses that can now afford to cover their workers. While those in health care and politics know that the ACA will mean expanded coverage and consumer-friendly reforms, most Americans remain focused on keeping their current situations from getting worse. When it yields better access to more cost-effective insurance instead of death panels and government takeovers, the ACA will join Social Security and Medicare in the minds of middle-class families as an historic American achievement. Financial Disclosures Ch$<_i^[h – None. | Issue *, | Volume )&, Number * | Fall 2012 | retina times | 23 RETINOMICS >> Continued from page 22 Costs Exploding health care costs have been a monumental problem for our society for decades. Past attempts to curb costs have all failed: Nixon’s price controls, the Health Planning Act, managed care and managed competition, a resource-based physician fee schedule, and prospective payment of hospitals. The financing problems that stimulated passage of the ACA include: s0ROJECTEDBANKRUPTCYOF-EDICARE0ART!IN s$OUBLINGOFPATIENT0ART"PREMIUMSINYEARS s/UTOFPOCKETCOSTSFORAFAMILYOFWEREINRISINGTO IN s!DOUBLINGOFEMPLOYERHEALTHCAREPREMIUMSINYEARS s(EALTHCARECOSTSTHELEADINGCAUSEOFDECREASESINDISPOSABLEHOUSEhold income, leading to economic stagnation over the last decade The ACA is based on a belief that moving from fee-for-service to paying providers based on quality and efficiency will lead to decreased expenditures—a more than problematic assumption. The Obama administration has claimed that passage of the ACA has already led to “bending the cost curve.” Ridiculous. Health care spending growth began to moderate in 2005, well before the recession, and has continued to the present day. Physician revenue growth has been lower than any other sector of health care spending, probably a result of flat public payments and more cost-sharing for private patients. The ACA had no impact. ‘The ACA is based on a belief that moving from fee-for-service to paying providers based on quality and efficiency will lead to decreased expenditures—a more than problematic assumption.’ The ACA mandated the formation of the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI) within the Centers for Medicare & -EDICAID3ERVICES#-3WITHABUDGETOFBILLIONTODEVELOPNEW value-based payment methodologies and innovative care delivery models. CMMI has recruited many bright staffers with a primary care and master of public health (MPH) orientation who have had little or no experience leading physicians, administering care delivery, or understanding how to change physician behavior. Because these staffers have eschewed cooperation with long-time CMS administrators, their policies have been top-down, focused on primary care, insular, and unresponsive to specialty care input. telemedicine program to improve renal dialysis patient adherence and education, creating only 3 new jobs, and affecting patients who already congregate in a delivery site 3 times a week? Enough said. Most CMMI payment models are no more promising. Accountable Care Organizations Elliot Fisher, MD, Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy, and Glenn Hackbarth, JD, chair of MedPac, hypothesized a new model for integrating care to improve quality and decrease costs: an accountable care organization (ACO). An ACO is an organization, virtual or real, that provides care for a particular population while achieving specified quality objectives and containing costs. An ACO emphasizes integration of care and shared savings. There are 2 types of ACOs: s!SHAREDSAVINGSMODELDEVELOPEDAROUNDHOSPITALSYSTEMSORLARGE medical groups like California independent physician associations (IPAs) s!0IONEER!#/-ODELFORMEDBYLARGEINTEGRATEDSYSTEMSLIKE+AISER or Geisinger Market share consolidation by hospitals and large IPAs will lead to little change for Medicare, but will very likely drive up overall health care spending. The Pioneer ACOs will probably be successful, but their small number will result in little impact on federal Medicare expenditures. The ACO concept is based on the CMS Group Demonstration Project, in which 10 large medical groups agreed to be measured on quality and costs over 5 years. Those who achieved savings and met quality goals would get a bonus. Many achieved targets on measures of simple quality process measures. Three received no bonus at all. Only 2 received a bonus in all 5 years. ACO DEVELOPMENTCOSTSSTARTAROUNDMILLION4HEDEMOCOVEREDLIVES -EDICARESAVEDMILLIONOVERYEARSORPERBENElCIARY0EANUTS Bundling of services Most of the new payment models being considered by Congress entail large penalties for physicians not involved in one of the new value-based payment models. CMMI elected to develop its initial bundled payment initiatives around a high-cost hospital episode of care—eg, a major joint replacement. However, disputes over allocation of revenue and costs among hospitals, surgeons, anesthesia, radiology services, short-stay nursing facilities, and rehabilitation services have been problematic. ‘Market share consolidation by hospitals and large IPAs will lead to little change for Medicare, but will very likely drive up overall health care spending.’ Examples of CMMI initiatives: sPartnership for Patients: !BILLIONDOLLARINITIATIVETOIMPROVEPATIENT safety in hospitals and develop new care models post-discharge. Result: A proliferation of consulting contracts with no evidence of efficacy. sChallenge grants: 7ELLMEANINGBILLIONTOPDOWNAPPROACHTO improving care, lowering costs, and creating jobs through 3-year grants. !GRANTOFMILLIONTO'EORGE7ASHINGTON5NIVERSITYWOULDFUNDA 24 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, | CMMI declined to develop bundling for outpatient chronic disease treatment provided by a single specialty, even though this would have been easier to develop and would have saved money and improved outcomes. Wet AMD and diabetic macular edema, 2 clinical entities with huge costs and wide variation in resource use, would have been successful bundling efforts. Continued on page 36 ASRS SYMPOSIUM >> Pravin U. Dugel, MD ASRS Research and Therapeutics Committee Chair Phoenix, Arizona ASRS Research and Therapeutics Symposium: Clinical Trials ‘Unplugged’ Part 1: Applying AMD Trial Results to Clinical Practice The third annual ASRS Research and Therapeutics “Unplugged” Symposium, moderated by Pravin Dugel, MD, focused on the real-world applications of key clinical trial results. Practicing retina specialists and leading researchers engaged in a spirited discussion, seeking to understand differences between clinical trial findings and what is done in everyday practice. Pravin Dugel opened the discussion by presenting 2009 Medicare utilization data: In the first year after neovascular AMD diagnosis, the number of anti-VEGF injections per patient averaged between 5.8 for ranibizumab and 4.5 for bevacizumab. Robert L. Avery, MD J. Michael Jumper, MD California Retina Consultants Santa Barbara, California West Coast Retina San Francisco, California ANTI-VEGF USE IN NV AMD 12 David S. Boyer, MD Peter K. Kaiser, MD Retina-Vitreous Associates Medical Group Los Angeles, California Cole Eye Institute Cleveland, Ohio Average number = 9 6 3 2006 2007 2008 ANCHOR (2006) Ranibizumab Jay S. Duker, MD William F. Mieler, MD New England Eye Center Boston, Massachusetts University of Illinois, Chicago Chicago, Illinois 0 2009 MARINA (2006) 12 Average number = 9 6 3 Harry W. Flynn Jr, MD Timothy G. Murray, MD, MBA Bascom Palmer Eye Institute University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida Murray Ocular Oncology and Retina Miami, Florida 2006 2007 ANCHOR (2006) Bevacizumab 2008 0 2009 MARINA (2006) FIGURE 1* Yet, according to randomized controlled trials (ANCHOR and MARINA), patients should receive 11 to 12 injections in that first year. The Medicare data showed similar discrepancies from other clinical trials: Jeffrey S. Heier, MD Michael A. Singer, MD Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston Boston, Massachusetts Medical Center Ophthalmology Associates San Antonio, Texas s !NTI6%'&USEINBRANCHVEINOCCLUSION"6/WAS INJECTIONSCOMPAREDTO"2!6/AT s &ORCENTRALVEINOCCLUSION#6/ANTI6%'&USEWAS compared with CRUISE at 8.8 s $IABETICMACULAREDEMA$-%USEOFANTI6%'&WAS compared with DRCR.net Protocol I at 9 injections 26 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume 30, Number 4 | Issue 46 | ANTIVEGF USE IN BVO ANTI-VEGF 9 Average number = 7 5 2 2006 2007 2008 BRAVO (2011) 0 2009 Bevacizumab ANTI-VEGF ANTIVEGF USE IN CVO 9 Average number = 7 5 2 2006 2007 2008 CR I (2011) ‘I don’t see my patients every month when I’m treating and extending, and I don’t think it’s a disservice. I think it may be better to treat them before they recur every time instead of after —Robert Avery, MD they recur.’ Monthly follow-ups, however, are not always practical. “When you can find the interval where they don’t recur, I feel it’s not unsafe to extend a few weeks beyond the monthly visit,” said Robert Avery. “I don’t see my patients every month when I’m treating and extending, and I don’t think it’s a disservice. I think it may be better to treat them before they recur every time instead of after they recur.” Michael Jumper added that “in some ways, it is emotionally easier on the patient to say, ‘You’re going to get an injection every time you come. We’re hoping that you get to the point where you are coming in every 6 weeks and then every 8 or 10 weeks.’” 0 2009 Bevacizumab ANTI-VEGF ANTIVEGF USE IN DME 9 Average number = Practical considerations weigh into the decision to treat on a monthly basis or individualize treatment. If the latter, what treatment strategy does one employ? While treat and extend has not yet been proven effective in a randomized clinical trial, most panelists felt it was a reasonable strategy. Jeffrey Heier stated that the “best data show that you either treat monthly or, at a minimum, any non-monthly regimen mandates monthly follow-up.” 7 Peter Kaiser noted that it is easy to become lulled into complacency in our own practice patterns as we do not critically look at our visual acuity results, anatomic outcomes, and number of injections in the same way as in a randomized clinical trial. He recommended periodically looking at your results to ensure you are achieving similar visual results as the clinical trials. “Now I’m interested in hearing about what we’re treating,” said Pravin Dugel. “We’ll start with the case studies. 5 2 2006 2007 2008 0 2009 RCRne4 I (Ran'e) a3e2) (2011) Bevacizumab FIGURE 2* AMD Case #1: Persistent fluid Pravin Dugel presented a case from his practice, a 65-year-old monocular woman who is an occasional smoker. “She lives alone, so her 20/40 vision is important to her,” he noted. “I started treating this patient in 2005 with Macugen and continued to treat her with Lucentis. She did well with both; actually, the OCT improved nicely.” The clinical trial data show a direct correlation between the treatment “If you had spectral-domain OCT available early on, you would have frequency and visual acuity, approximating a one-to-one relationship for said there’s fluid there,” Peter Kaiser observed. AMD, DME, and vein occlusion. When asked to explain why patients received significantly fewer injections in practice than in clinical trials, the panelists offered a number of ‘[O]ur patients don’t live in patient-centric explanations and identified data deficiencies. Jay Duker —Jay S. Duker, MD pointed out that “our patients don’t live in clinical trials,” and, as William clinical trials.’ Mieler noted, some patients would not be eligible for many reasons including presenting vision, disease characteristics, and comorbidities. “For nonfinancial reasons, the patient wanted Avastin,” Dr. Dugel added. “Recall that at that time, we thought Avastin lasted longer, * Slater D, Yeh WS, Chia YJ, Kowalski JW. Real-world utilization of intravitreal because it is a larger molecule—and now she loves Avastin. She does anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents in common retinal diseases. Poster presented at: Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy not want to switch.” Educational Conference; October 19-21, 2011; Atlanta, GA. | Issue 46 | Volume 30, Number 4 | Fall 2012 | retina times | 27 ASRS SYMPOSIUM >> AMD Case #1— Presented by Pravin Dugel, MD By 2011, after continued Avastin treatment, the fluid appeared to have increased, but the patient’s vision remained 20/40. Jay Duker commented, “Maybe this is no longer VEGF-mediated disease; perhaps those are cysts over the fibrotic scar and they’re never going to go away.” “You can figure that out that very easily,” said Peter Kaiser. “Do an injection; bring her back in a week. If it’s VEGF-responsive, you’ll see an effect at one week. If not, I would have to think about doing something else and obtain indocyanine green (ICG) imaging to see if there’s any other pathology, especially a masquerade syndrome. If it’s truly choroidal neovascularization (CNV) or polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, I’d probably add verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT) to see if I can dry the macula better.” 9/27/05 MACUGEN ‘[The] best data show that you either treat [with anti-VEGF agents] monthly or, at a minimum, any nonmonthly regimen mandates monthly —Jeffrey S. Heier, MD follow-up.’ Jeffrey Heier commented that to determine whether a patient is VEGFresponsive, he would follow a similar protocol, but double the dose and bring the patient back at 2 weeks. “I want to know if she is anti-VEGF responsive,” he explained. 2/16/06 LUCENTIS “It’s been a number of years now,” said Pravin Dugel. “This is starting in 2005. She’s perfectly happy with her vision. The fluid may be a little bit more there. She’s still 20/40. Is it wrong to just keep going? Is this treatment failure?” “She’s reading and driving,” said Jay Duker. “You haven’t failed, no.” Peter Kaiser said that even though the patient is happy, he would consider switching her to Eylea for 2 reasons. “At the minimum, I’m hoping that I can get the Q2 month dosing of Eylea maybe even a longer interval. My reasoning is that normally I do not switch someone who is happy to another medication, but since she’s monocular, I would want to limit the number of injections as much as possible,” he explained. 5/14/07 AVASTIN ‘[W]e like to get patients as dry as possible, but I’m not convinced that in every case we have to do that. [If the patient is happy], I can live with a little bit of fluid there.’ —William F. Mieler, MD William Mieler recommended a slightly different approach. “I agree that we like to get patients as dry as possible, but I’m not convinced that in every case we have to do that. This patient has been very stable; vision is 20/40 and she’s happy. I’d be pretty happy. I can live with a little bit of fluid there.” 8/24/11 AVASTIN FIGURE 3 28 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume 30, Number 4 | Issue 46 | AMD Case #2— Presented by Robert Avery, MD Baseline Baseline 20/200 20/200 Avastin #1 Month 1 Month 1 20/70 20/70 Avastin #2 Month5 5 Month 20/60-1 20/60-1 Avastin #6 Avastin #1 Avastin #2 Avastin #6 10/26/11 Month 80 20/30 20/30 Lucentis #65 Lucentis #65 Month 1/4/1283 20/60 20/60 Lucentis #67 Lucentis #67 8/15/12 Month 90 20/30 20/30 Eylea #7#7 Eylea FIGURE 4 Jeffrey Heier said the patient seems to be one of a group that may have a higher VEGF load. “They respond to the Eylea; but then if I try to extend them out at all, I can’t,” he said. “Although to date there’s no well-performed clinical study to show that switching someone from Avastin to Eylea is any more beneficial than continuing the anti-VEGF they’re on,” said Peter Kaiser, “there have been numerous anecdotal reports suggesting that we have a possibility of improving outcomes in this patient by switching. If this were a 2-eyed patient, you could take the risk and say, ‘Okay, we’ll skip this shot and we’ll see you in a month and see if the fluid increases and your vision drops.’ But getting that vision back once it drops is much harder than preventing it from dropping in the first place. We can’t make a mistake in this patient.” After a discussion of the pharmacokinetic issues of anti-angiogenesis agents, Pravin Dugel asked, “Would you be worried about safety issues with long-term Avastin use in a patient like this?” “I’m not particularly worried if the patient is not at a high risk for stroke,” said Robert Avery. “The people I worry about are those who have had previous strokes or arrhythmias, or who are at high risk for stroke. I look at the safety data in the VIEW 1, VIEW 2, CATT, and IVAN, and I don’t see much stroke risk in the average person. A meta-analysis in the October 2012 Retina seems to imply that if you are at high risk for stroke, your risk with these drugs may be higher.”1 AMD Case #2: Early Avastin patient Robert Avery presented a case of a patient with 20/200 vision from neovascular AMD in his better eye. “We began Avastin therapy on him in 2005,” he explained. “He did well and came back to about 20/60 vision after 6 injections, but still had persistent fluid and pigment epithelial detachment (PED). After a year of Avastin, we changed him to Lucentis, and he stayed in the 20/60 range with monthly treatment. He still had PED and some fluid at the edge of it.” After 65 monthly Lucentis injections, the patient was back to 20/40, with a small amount of persistent fluid. He started to lose a bit of vision in 2012, so he was switched to Eylea. “I hoped this would last longer and dry the fluid out,” Dr. Avery explained. The intraretinal fluid decreased and his vision slowly came back to 20/30 after 6 or 7 Eylea injections. “This is indicative of what I see—a slight improvement in some patients with Eylea, just as I saw with Lucentis over Avastin for a few patients,” Dr. Avery added. “But what’s going to happen in the future? Is the patient going to continue to dry up and develop atrophy? Should I have chased this fluid?” “In a lot of cases, the location of the fluid is what matters,” noted Peter Kaiser. “The beginning images of this case showed a lot of the fluid was intraretinal or subretinal. Now it’s almost all sub-RPE.” Michael Singer queried the panel and the audience on whether they had extended patients on Eylea who previously had been nonresponsive to Lucentis. “When the patients have dried out, have you been able to extend them to 2 months?” he asked. No one raised their hand. “This has been my experience as well,” said Dr. Singer. “I have been able to extend treatment-naïve patients, but have not been able to extend patients whose lesions have been resistant to treatment such as PEDs.” “I think we’re biased,” said Michael Jumper. “In our practice, the only people we treat with Eylea are those who have persistent fluid on another drug. When reimbursement issues allow for patients to start out on Eylea, we might have the sort of treatment-naïve patients who are more like those in the VIEW studies.” AMD Case #3: Bilateral choroidal vascularization Jay Duker presented the case of an elderly woman, still quite sharp, who recently noticed a rather sudden vision decrease in her left eye. “She’s 20/50 right eye, 20/400 left. Her fluorescein clearly shows bilateral choroidal vascularization, and in the right eye, it’s extrafoveal.” Dr. Duker noted that the patient was treatment-naïve and asked whether the panel was comfortable treating her bilaterally on the first visit. William Mieler commented, “I have no trouble treating bilaterally, but usually at the first visit I’ll treat just one eye so the patient understands the process. You hate to induce a problem bilaterally on day one.” ‘In a lot of cases, the location of the fluid is what matters.’—Peter K. Kaiser, MD Others commented that they would inject both eyes the first time, which is what Dr. Duker did after discussion with the patient. Peter Kaiser offered a caveat: “I assume all of you are saying you would treat bilaterally with Lucentis the first time, because if you’re going to use Avastin … Whenever I use bilateral Avastin, I always use different lots of the compounded medication.” “Excellent point,” Dr. Duker responded, adding, “And you always record that in your document chart.” Harry Flynn asked, “Does it matter if it’s the same compounding pharmacy?” | Issue 46 | Volume 30, Number 4 | Fall 2012 | retina times | 29 ASRS SYMPOSIUM >> This question prompted a discussion surrounding Avastin safety. “At the Cole Eye Institute, our Avastin is compounded by our own Cleveland Clinic pharmacy,” Peter Kaiser explained. “They send samples of each lot to the microbiology lab to test for contamination before the lot can be used. It’s done in the same place, so that you could argue that it’s an issue if there’s a systemic problem, but at least I’m using 2 different lots.” AMD Case #3— Presented by Jay Duker, MD Right eye Baseline “I use Avastin from 2 different compounding pharamacies to minimize the risk,” David Boyer commented. VA = 20/50 Month 12, Lucentis #12 “We at the University of Miami take 1 out of every 10 syringes, culture it, and quarantine it for 2 weeks,” said Harry Flynn. “Once it’s culture-negative, we release the other 9.” He added that none of the approximately 60,000 syringes at Bascom Palmer have tested culture positive. Dr. Duker presented a slide showing the patient’s eyes after one ranibizumab injection in both eyes. “She didn’t want an off-label medication,” he noted. “She had a little less fluid in both eyes and improvement in her vision. We treated her again and went to 3 monthly injections. The right eye showed just a trace subretinal fluid; the left eye still showed subretinal fluid. “At that point we started to talk about the maintenance phase,” Dr. Duker added, “with the idea that you treat monthly until dry or until you get no further improvement in the fluid or vision and then go into maintenance. The patient had several options, and after I discussed them with her, she said, ‘I want continued monthly injections in both eyes,’ so that’s what we did.” Dr. Duker presented a slide showing the patient after a year of treatment. “The right eye 20/50, initially 20/30. I think we’d all agree she’s doing just fine with monthly injections,” he said. “And after a year, the left eye is visually doing great. She perceives no difference between the vision in her 2 eyes, but she still has subretinal fluid in the PED in her left eye. “I think this illustrates what we’ve been talking about—that sometimes a little bit of subretinal fluid in the PED doesn’t preclude good vision,” Dr. Duker continued. “And I don’t believe that holding off treatment in a PRN fashion puts this kind of patient at higher risk for a hemorrhage. The worst hemorrhages I’ve gotten in the last couple years have been within a month of treatment.” “Here again, the location of the fluid is important,” said Pravin Dugel. The panelists agreed they would be willing to do bilateral same-day injections on those patients. ‘We at the University of Miami take 1 out of every 10 syringes, culture it, and quarantine it for 2 weeks. Once it’s culture-negative, we release the —Harry W. Flynn Jr, MD other 9.’ VA = 20/30 Month 24, Lucentis #22 VA = 20/30 Left eye Baseline Month 12, Lucentis #12 Month 24, Lucentis #21 and Eylea #1 VA = 20/400 VA = 20/30 VA = 20/30 FIGURE 5 Do AREDS supplements help bilateral wet-AMD patients? PAT Survey Editor Michael Jumper posed a question referring to past years’ survey responses: If patients with bilateral wet AMD are being maintained and their condition is controlled, should they continue taking AREDS vitamins even though there’s no proof that it’s worthwhile for advanced AMD patients? “We know CATT data about atrophy being a potential problem,” Dr. Jumper explained. “Do you consider keeping patients with bilateral wet AMD on AREDS vitamins? “We get asked that all the time, don’t we?” Jay Duker commented—and other panelists and audience members concurred. “My response is that continuing AREDS supplements is essentially locking the barn door when the cow’s out, but it’s only costing $20 or $30 a month,” said Dr. Duker. “I tell patients, ‘If you want to keep doing it, fine. I don’t think it’s helping you.’” Lack of data on switching anti-VEGF agents Pravin Dugel noted the lack of clinical data on patients who switched from one anti-VEGF agent to another. “I remember meetings where case reports were presented of patients switching from Lucentis to Avastin and improving vision. There were also accounts of the reverse 30 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume 30, Number 4 | Issue 46 | with similar results. Now we have reports of patients switching from Avastin or Lucentis to Eylea who have improved. “We must be appropriately skeptical of all these case reports and must not fall in the trap of extrapolating their results,” Dr. Dugel cautioned. “There is no credible scientific data whatsoever that switching patients from one anti-VEGF drug to another is of any benefit.” ‘I use Avastin from 2 different compounding pharmacies to minimize the risk.’ —David S. Boyer, MD If fluid increases, it might have done so if the patient had stayed with the previous anti-VEGF agent as well. “In those studies, it’s important to ask how many injections were done before the switch,” Dr. Dugel advised. “Ultimately, you’ll see in most reports that there may not have been an optimal injection frequency prior to declaring failure; the patients were often in a treat-and-extend phase. Then they switched anti-VEGF agents, went into a monthly injection regimen, and did better. This improvement may have occurred had the same monthly frequency been adopted with the original anti-VEGF agent. We must not draw unwarranted conclusions without head-to-head data—and we do not have this.” Jeffrey Heier asked, “Are you saying that we should be careful and not switch them?” Dr. Dugel answered, “No. What I’m saying is that we should understand and admit where we have data and where we don’t. There’s no reason not to switch if you feel that’s a proper thing to do—but we must be honest and admit that this is not based on any level-one scientific evidence. “It is not that we cannot act without level-one scientific evidence; we can, and often do so,” Dr. Dugel concluded. “Rather, if we chose to do that, we must be truthful and transparent about our dearth of scientific knowledge to our patients, to our colleagues, and to ourselves.” Reference 1. Bressler NM, Boyer DS, Williams DF, et al. Cerebrovascular accidents in patients treated for choroidal neovascularization with ranibizumab in randomized controlled trials. Retina. 2012;32(9):18211828. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e31825db6ba Financial Disclosures Dr. Dugel – ABBOTT LABORATORIES: Consultant, Honoraria; ALCON LABORATORIES, INC: Consultant, Honoraria; ALLERGAN, INC: Consultant, Honoraria; ARCTICDX: Consultant, Honoraria, Stockholder, Stock; GENENTECH: Consultant, Honoraria; MACUSIGHT INC: Consultant, Honoraria, Stockholder, Stock; NEOVISTA, INC: Consultant, Honoraria, Stockholder, Stock; ORA: Consultant, Honoraria; THROMBOGENICS: Consultant, Honoraria; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Consultant, Honoraria; OPHTHOTECH CORP: Consultant, Stockholder, Honoraria; ALIMERA SCIENCES: Consultant, Honoraria; Bausch+Lomb: [ed: Please specify relationship, eg, consultant] Honoraria; LUX BIOSCIENCES, INC: Consultant, Honoraria; ACUCELA, INC: Consultant, Honoraria; NEUROTECH INC: Consultant, Stock; QLT INC: Consultant, Honoraria; NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION: Consultant, Honoraria; TOPCON MEDICAL SYSTEMS: Consultant, Honoraria; HEIDELBERG ENGINEERING: Consultant, Honoraria; DIGISIGHT: Consultant, Stock.. Dr. Avery – ALCON LABORATORIES, INC: Consultant, Investigator, Speaker, Grants, Honoraria; ALLERGAN, INC: Consultant, Investigator, Grants, Honoraria; GENENTECH: Consultant, Investigator, Speaker, Grants, Honoraria; NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION: Consultant, Stockholder, Honoraria, Stock; NOTAL VISION: Consultant, Honoraria; OPHTHOTECH CORPORATION: Consultant, Honoraria; REPLENISH, INC: Advisory Board, Consultant, Stockholder, Intellectual Property Rights, Royalty, Stock; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Consultant, Stockholder, Honoraria; Stock; ALEXION PHARMACEUTICALS: Stockholder, Stock; QLT INC: Consultant, Honoraria; I-TECH JV DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, LLC: Stockholder, Stock. Dr. Boyer – ALCON LABORATORIES, INC: Advisory Board, Consultant, Investigator, Speaker, Grants, Honoraria; ALLERGAN, INC: Advisory Board, Consultant, Investigator, Speaker, Grants, Honoraria; ALLEGRO OPHTHALMICS: Advisory Board, Stockholder, Honoraria; GENENTECH: Consultant, Investigator, Speaker, Grants, Honoraria; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Consultant, Investigator, Grants, Honoraria; iCo THERAPEUTICS INC: Consultant, Investigator, No Compensation Received; GLAXOSMITHKLINE: Consultant, Honoraria; NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION: Consultant, Investigator, Grants, Honoraria; BAYER HEALTHCARE: Consultant, Honoraria; QUARK PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Investigator, Grants. Dr. Duker – HEMERA BIOSCIENCES INC: Founder, Stock; OPHTHOTECH CORPORATION: Consultant, Stock; EYENETRA: Consultant, Stock; PALOMA PHARMACEUTICALS: Advisory Board, No Compensation Received; EMC/SERONO, INC: Consultant, Honoraria; GENENTECH: Consultant, Honoraria; ALCON LABORATORIES, INC: Consultant, Honoraria; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Consultant, Honoraria; THROMBOGENICS: Consultant, Honoraria; CARL ZEISS MEDITEC: Other, Equipment (Department or Practice); TOPCON MEDICAL SYSTEMS, INC: Other, Equipment (Department or Practice); OPTOVUE: Other, Equipment (Department or Practice); NEOVISTA, INC: Advisory Board, Honoraria; NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION: Consultant, Honoraria; QLT INC: Consultant, Honoraria. ‘There is no credible scientific data whatsoever that switching patients from one anti-VEGF drug to another is of any benefit.’ —Pravin U. Dugel, MD Dr. Flynn – ALIMERA SCIENCES: Consultant, Honoraria; PFIZER, INC: Consultant, Honoraria; SANTEN: Consultant, Honoraria. “This highlights the danger of cross-trial comparisons and unwarranted extrapolations,” Dr. Dugel explained. “We must recognize the nature of disease itself, as well as the level of credibility of studies. The disease is variable and is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. For instance, the baseline neovascular lesion size will have a direct and profound impact on the vision outcome. Cross-trial comparisons cannot be done because such biases cannot be controlled. However, in a properly randomized and powered clinical trial, such biases can be negated, or at least minimized. Dr. Jumper – COVALENT MEDICAL, INC: Equity Owner, Stock; Dutch Ophthalmics USA: Speaker, Honoraria. “Finally, we must subject untested recommendations to the appropriate scientific rigor,” Dr. Dugel added. “Remember that there is no level-one data to recommend a particular anti-VEGF agent or to switch to a particular anti-VEGF agent based on efficacy. None of the 3 anti-VEGF drugs have been proven to be superior. Dr. Heier – Dr. Heier – ACUCELA INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; ALLERGAN, INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; BAUSCH+LOMB: Consultant, Consulting Fees; BAYER HEALTHCARE: Consultant, Consulting Fees; ENDO OPTIKS INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; FORSIGHT LABS, LLC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; FOVEA PHARMACEUTICALS SA: Consultant, Consulting Fees; GENENTECH: Consultant, Consulting Fees; GENZYME: Consultant, Consulting Fees; HEIDELBERG ENGINEERING: Consultant, Consulting Fees ; KATO PHARMACEUTICALS: Consultant, Consulting Fees; NEOVISTA, INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; NOTAL VISION: Consultant, Consulting Fees; ORAYA THERAPEUTICS, INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; PALOMA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; QLT OPHTHALMICS: Consultant, Consulting Fees; QUARK PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Consultant, Consulting Fees; SEQUENOM: Consultant, Consulting Fees. Dr. Kaiser – ALCON LABORATORIES, INC: Consultant, Honoraria; NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION: Consultant, Grants, Honoraria; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Consultant, Grants, Honoraria; BAYER HEALTHCARE: Consultant, Honoraria; SKS OCULAR, LLC: Stockholder, Stock; ARCTICDX: Consultant, Stock Options; ALIMERA SCIENCES: Consultant, Honoraria; OPHTHOTECH CORPORATION: Consultant, Honoraria; ORAYA THERAPEUTICS, INC: Consultant, Honoraria. Dr. Mieler – GENENTECH: Consultant, Honoraria; ALCON LABORATORIES, INC: Consultant, Honoraria; ALLERGAN, INC: Consultant, Honoraria; QLT INC/NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION: Consultant, Honoraria; ALIMERA SCIENCES: Consultant, Honoraria. Dr. Murray – ALCON LABORATORIES, INC: Consultant, Honoraria; THROMBOGENICS: Consultant, Honoraria. Dr. Singer – GENENTECH: Investigator, Speaker, Grants, Honoraria; ALLERGAN, INC: Advisory Board, Consultant, Investigator, Speaker, Grants, Honoraria; DRCR.NET: Investigator, Other, Grants, No Compensation Received; NEOVISTA, INC: Investigator, Other, Grants, No Compensation Received; ISTA PHARMACEUTICALS: Investigator, Grants; OPTOS PLC: Investigator, Equipment (Department or Practice), No Compensation Received; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Speaker, Investigator, Grants; SANTEN: Consultant, Consulting Fees. | Issue *, | Volume )&, Number * | Fall 2012 | retina times | 31 RETINA IN THE MILITARY >> Marcus H. Colyer, MD, MAJ, MC, USA John R. Minarcik Jr, MD, CDR, MC, USN Section Co-Editor Section Co-Editor Serving in Afghanistan: 3 Deployed Retina Specialists Share Their Stories After a decade of combat in Southeast Asia, the US military continues to see a steady stream of eye injuries, from corneal abrasions to complex globe and oculoplastics injuries. In recent years, ophthalmology care has evolved in Afghanistan; and with rising combat activity, there has been a commensurate increase in the number of deployed ophthalmologists. Most deployed ophthalmologists are not retina-trained, but there have been several military retina specialists in the recent past. We asked 3 of our recently deployed retina specialist brethren—Darrell Baskin (Craig Joint Theater Hospital, Bagram Air Base, 2010), Bryan Propes (Kandahar Airfield, 2011), and Steve O’Connell (Kandahar Airfield, 2012) to comment on their experiences. Maj Darrell Baskin, MD, USAF I took over the reins from a close friend and fellow ophthalmologist in August 2010; as Chris Kurz, MD, detailed and demonstrated my new responsibilities, I quickly realized my vastly expanded scope of practice. We ran a 24/7 clinic for our US military servicemen and women to field any ocular complaints, and we could airevacuate any who required an escalation in care. Nearly every single active-duty person who received a globe repair or enucleation by my hands was evacuated before I rounded on the first postoperative day. I also took care of many International Security Assistance Force coalition troops and even some members of the media. For the rest of my patients, though, air evacuation was not an option. During my time in particular, we accepted civilian patients from the host nation, Afghan National Army and police, and even hostile forces. For these patients, I was the only eye doctor they might ever encounter. If I could not or would not fix their ocular problem, there weren’t any other options. Tuesdays and Thursdays were particularly difficult, as my clinic was populated with local Afghans with a broad range of ailments, from acid burns to ocular prosthesis fittings. The range of conditions could easily have covered half of the topics in The Wills Eye Manual. Given the complexity of the wounds, I was grateful for the coaching I received from our deployed oculoplastic surgeon, Daniel Elizondo, MD, the first ophthalmologist in Kandahar, for many oculoplastics procedures beyond my comfort zone. I was particularly appreciative of his help when I had to perform my first and only dermis fat graft for an infected and extruding polymethylmethacrylate orbital implant. Typical deplaning at Bagram But my retina training did not completely wither on the vine during my deployment. Gary Lane, MD, one of the best retina surgeons I know, coordinated the transport ‘The range of conditions [treated] could easily have covered half of the topics in The Wills Eye Manual.’ —Maj Darrell Baskin, MD, USAF Dr. Baskin’s first scleral buckle procedure in Afghanistan of an Alcon Accurus system to Afghanistan. With 2 weeks remaining in my 3-month deployment, I was able to perform 7 vitrectomies. Most cases were for retained lens material associated with open-globe injuries in the local Afghan population. Thanks to Gary, we performed the first posterior vitrectomy in the history of deployed US warfare. I am grateful for the experience and the opportunity to serve, but I was terribly relieved to come home 2 weeks before my beautiful wife was due with our fourth child. An enucleation specimen; much of the sclera could not be located in the orbit. | Issue 46 | Volume 30, Number 4 | Fall 2012 | retina times | 33 RETINA IN THE MILITARY >> Capt Steve O’Connell, MD, USN Greetings from the other side of the world and thanks to all who have supported me in the Kandahar Airfield (KAF) NATO Role 3 Multinational Medical Unit mission. It’s a privilege to be given this responsibility and of course a daunting challenge. I’m the fourth ophthalmologist to attend here as we wind down our Afghanistan involvement. At the moment, there seems to be as much military action as ever. Dr. Propes at Kandahar “Role 3” Hospital Dr. Propes teaching an Afghani doctor The concept is One Deep. There’s only one neurosurgeon, one oral surgeon, and one ophthalmologist in southern Afghanistan. Like a modern day Noah’s Ark, there are pairs or multiples of other specialties and nonphysicians. There are usually about 5 surgeons (vascular, plastic, general, trauma) and 5 orthopedic surgeons (spine, trauma, foot, hand, general), but only one ophthalmologist. There’s plenty of nonsurgical ophthalmology here, eg, patients whose vision is not only blurry, but their eyes are red and/or they hurt. An unbelievable variety of foreign bodies seem to make their way into the eye. Other diagnoses are those typical of any general ophthalmology practice: syphilis, chlamydia, multiple sclerosis causing internuclear ophthalmoplegia, cataract, thalamic infarct producing a skew deviation, herpes simplex virus, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, anesthetic abuse, new-onset Harada’s disease, bacterial keratitis, pituitary tumor producing a bitemporal field deficit, chalazia, reactive arthritis/iritis—the list goes on. We have 2 or 3 additional general surgeons, orthopedic surgeons, and anesthesiologists from Australia and Belgium for the next couple of months. The plastic and maxillofacial surgeons can do facial skin and bones, but no one does globes except the ophthalmologist. What this means is careful planning for 6 to 7 months. The nature of the typical injury is shocking and shockingly predictable. Most injuries involve a local national army or police member engaged in hazardous duty without eye protection. Many times, defusing a bomb is performed by someone wearing only light clothing and no eye protection, even though it has been given to them. Trauma is inherently unpredictable. No one knows when there will be multiple casualties, so we must always be prepared, whether going to the gym, meals, the exchange, etc. Within 2 weeks of my arrival, I had 7 open globes in 36 hours. As I sit here writing this on a Sunday afternoon, I’ve already been to the hospital 3 times to see patients with a migraine and a trailer hitch to the orbit, and a sailor with shrapnel to the cornea who took his eye protection off for just a few moments. On my way back to the barracks, I saw the ER crew gearing up and passed one of the 2 radiologists on his way in to review essentially whole-body CT scans on every trauma patient. I make sure the pager is nearby at all times with a good battery. I know it will sound off shortly. Dr. Propes at the surgical microscope There used to be an Army optometrist stationed here. Apparently this position was simply terminated, even though there was no commensurate reduction in personnel or need. The duties that used to be performed by the optometrist have now fallen to the ophthalmologist by default. There are roughly 30,000 personnel on KAF, and numerous forward operating bases that rely on KAF for routine eye care services. Entrance to the Kandahar OR 34 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, | Often, someone will walk in saying they can no longer see well enough to drive a convoy vehicle, fly their jet, or aim their weapon with their current spectacles. Performing a refraction is a simple but essential task to ensure our forces have good acuity for the mission. Lives depend on good vision. ‘Lives depend on good vision.’ —Capt Steve O’Connell, MD, USN The force of the blast rips off limbs, macerates facial skin, and propels dirt deep into the tissues. It’s as if they’ve been tattooed with dirt. Brown ooze will continue to exit burned skin for days. The cornea is usually extremely edematous. Defects are not lacerations as much as they are punch-type wounds with missing tissue—difficult to close with suture material alone. Fortunately, there is a little time to treat a ruptured globe. Unlike a chemical burn or a retro-bulbar hemorrhage that needs and gets immediate attention, a ruptured globe can sometimes wait hours while life-saving procedures (transfusions, chest tubes, amputations) are carried out. The typical sequence is the notification that multiple Afghan National Army or coalition personnel have been involved in an improvised RETINA IN THE MILITARY >> explosive device (IED) explosion and multiple eye injuries have been sustained. The duty general surgeon will act as traffic cop, orchestrating the use of ER and OR resources to prioritize and accomplish all of the required procedures. Three rooms and a minor procedure room are available. When a room is open, an excellent, but ever-changing cadre of nursing and corps staff helps you accomplish your globe closure, enucleation, lid laceration, etc. Rarely, you’ll be asked to give up the room before you’re done if suddenly there’s a double or a triple amputation coming in. When possible, you may bring your patient back in. Life, limbs, and eyesight are given the highest priority. LCDR Bryan Propes, MD, USN Every day you see young people—our fighting soldiers, sailors, and marines— children, enemy combatants, and innocent civilians—all horribly injured. Not an individual with a wounded leg or extremity, or an eye wound or abdominal wound, but someone with all of the above, and bilateral open globes and a facial degloving injury with a fractured mandible and a Le Fort type III all at the same time. And not just that person, but 3 or 4 just like him, all arriving at the same time, all needing multiple surgical procedures. As soon as those patients are triaged, 3 or 4 more are just as likely to come in; sometimes before you get through the first batch, more will arrive. Mostly they come in stable, or at least with tourniquets on and not exsanguinating. At least once or twice a week, someone comes in and requires immediate life-saving surgery and undergoes massive transfusion—20-30 units of PRBCs. They live, almost always, but they often lack extremities and other vital pelvic organs. The ethical obligation to train an ophthalmologist has never been more apparent than in Afghanistan. In the entire country, there are only about 40 or so ophthalmologists practicing. There are a few frustrations practicing ophthalmology here, most having to do with practicing on the local population. First, you must work to do everything during a single surgery with as little follow-up as possible. This requires performing slightly different surgeries than you ordinarily would. Your patients are unlikely to ever again see a properly trained surgeon, and are even unlikely to follow up with you. trained to save sight. It’s what we do. It’s why we are here. There are some obvious reasons—there’s only one of me and I’ll need to sleep sometime, there is a finite supply of drugs, equipment, etc, and these must be judiciously used to ensure proper treatment of patients who meet the medical rules of engagement. Regardless, I find it very difficult to turn away a patient who needs to be treated. I took an oath; there is a moral obligation to treat a suffering patient, and seeing a patient could help the wider goal of winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. So it was for my first couple of months here that I would agree to see essentially anyone who asked to be seen. Dr. O’Connell preparing for a Sunday drive ‘The ethical obligation to train an ophthalmologist has never been more apparent than in Afghanistan.’ —LCDR Bryan Propes, MD, USN A medevac helicopter lands at Kandahar Halfway through my deployment, I met a senior Naval officer. One of his responsibilities is the state of Afghanistan health care after we leave, and he was giving a presentation at a mini-meeting set up by our command. During his talk, he explained that by seeing patients who don’t meet the medical rules of engagement, we are putting the local doctors out of business. Thus, when we leave, there will be no one to take care of the local population. Quite a simple concept, really, but one that I had completely overlooked. Now, I require any local national who was not involved in conflict-related injury to obtain a referral from a local ophthalmologist. Typical American muscle car in Afghanistan Disclaimer: The views expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy of the Department of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Department of Defense, or US government. Financial Disclosures Dr. Colyer – None. Dr. Minarcik – None. Dr. Baskin – None. Dr. O’Connell – None. Dr. Propes – None. Dr. O’Connell at Kandahar Airfield Secondly, you must refuse to see some local national patients. This kills me, as we are | Issue *, | Volume )&, Number * | Fall 2012 | retina times | 35 RETINOMICS >> Continued from page 24 Some CMMI initiatives were brilliantly conceived and have great promise, such as the Comprehensive Primary Care Initiative headed by Richard Baron, MD, MACP. This initiative will coordinate public and private insurer funding of comprehensive medical homes not constrained by the top-down NCQA criteria. ‘[I]mplementation of the ACA follows a disturbing pattern of overreliance on MPH public policy mavens rather than listening to concerned and cooperative physicians.’ CMMI has failed to meet the lofty triple-aim goals of former CMS Administrator Donald Berwick, MD: improved health, better experience of care, and lower costs. When these new models fail in 2015-2017, we will face a financing crisis and physician payments will be targeted, despite the fact that expenditures on physician services have lagged behind all other sectors of health care spending growth since 2005. Scorecard: Design: D / ?cfb[c[djWj_ed: D 9ecfWhWj_l[[\\[Yj_l[d[iih[i[WhY^9;H True evidence-based CER benefits all except providers or developers of marginal technologies who gain market share via marketing strategies rather than demonstrated value. The promise of CER is exemplified by the CATT trial. The ACA established the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute 0#/2)WITHABUDGETOFBILLIONTOMEETTHISNEED(OWEVERTHE design by Congress emphasized “patient centeredness” rather than true CER. As a result, the initial PCORI grants financed studies to measure “patient centeredness” rather than patient-centered outcomes research. The PCORI policies have proven a great benefit to industry that doesn’t really want CER, and a great disservice to patients suffering from diseases where there are treatment controversies. The flawed PCORI approach is the fault of the congressional design. The Foundation for Informed Decision Making is a successful entity that educates patients and their families on treatment options independent of the professional providing the service when there are competing approaches. Wouldn’t it have made more sense to fund needed CER and utilize an extant patient-centered educational tool rather than funding measurement of “patient centeredness”? GkWb_jo The ACA has mandated National Quality Forum-endorsed measurement in ACOs, bundled payments, and all their new payment initiatives. Few measures address eye care because of the ACA and CMMI singular emphasis on primary care and public health, and because there are no payment models that invite meaningful ophthalmic participation. Scorecard: Design: B+ / ?cfb[c[djWj_ed: B+ As a physician in a large ophthalmic group in a suburban Northern Virginia county with the highest per-capita household education and income in the United States, I was depressed by the 35% uninsured status of obstetrical patients in our large referral hospital. Three pediatric ophthalmologists in my group have an even higher number of uninsured patients. Many of us have been infuriated by the disjointed care received by an elderly, frail parent that resulted in medical errors and needless hospital admissions. We are all frustrated by the disruptive commercial insurance policies on coverage limits, exclusions for pre-existing conditions, and administrative hassles. (Under the ACA, there is relief in 2014.) For these reasons, I strongly supported passage of health care reform legislation. However, implementation of the ACA follows a disturbing pattern of over-reliance on MPH public policy mavens rather than listening to concerned and cooperative physicians. The strength of the ACA lies in the expansion of health care coverage. However, the weak individual mandate and state decisions not to expand Medicaid may result in less than half the projected patients attaining coverage. More important, the new payment models will not lead to lower costs and will result in a funding crisis within 5 years. ‘The strength of the ACA lies in the expansion of health care coverage. However, the weak individual mandate and state decisions not to expand Medicaid may result in less than half the projected patients attaining coverage.’ The failure to achieve the ACA cost savings envisioned by Congress is due to hubris, an overemphasis on primary care, and the revenge of the Harvard MPHers. Stay tuned. Change will be forthcoming to address these deficiencies in the ACA. Financial Disclosures Scorecard: Design: D / ?cfb[c[djWj_ed: B- PCORI staff :h$H_Y^ – None. are limited by the legislative language Dr. Halperin – ALIMERA SCIENCES: Consultant, Honoraria. 36 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, | POINT/COUNTERPOINT >> Robert A. Mittra, MD Edwin H. Ryan Jr, MD VitreoRetinal Surgery, PA Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota VitreoRetinal Surgery, PA Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota Point: Scleral Buckling Has a Continuing Role in Repairing Retinal Detachment Scleral buckling (SB) with an episcleral exoplant was popularized by Charles Schepens, MD, and others in the 1950s as a means to repair rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), and was successful for a variety of cases.1,2 After the introduction of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in the early 1970s by Robert Machemer, MD,3 this technique began to be employed for RRD repair, especially in complex cases,4,5 post-trauma,6,7 and when proliferative vitreoretinopathy was present.8-10 ‘While some cases can be managed successfully with PPV, a significant subset of patients will benefit from SB surgery, either alone or in conjunction with PPV.’ The use of PPV has expanded greatly in recent years with advances in instrumentation and the widespread availability of wide-angle viewing systems. Some have suggested that PPV alone should be employed for nearly all RRDs. While some cases can be managed successfully with PPV, a significant subset of patients will benefit from SB surgery, either alone or in conjunction with PPV. All RRDs are not created equal The underlying problem with suggesting that PPV or SB alone is superior is that RRD is not a homogenous condition that can be treated similarly in all cases. While this may be possible with most cataract cases, as any clinician can attest, a wide variety of presentations of RRD and several key factors can affect the choice of the required procedure to ensure the highest success rate. These factors include, but are not limited to the: s0ATIENTSAGE s3TATUSOFTHEVITREOUS s0RESENCEORABSENCEOFLATTICEDEGENERATION s3TATUSOFTHELENS s0RESENCEOFHYPOTONYANDCHOROIDALSPROLIFERATIVEVITREORETINOPATHY and/or significant vitreous hemorrhage Patient systemic factors such as use of anticoagulant medications can also be a mitigating factor. Following are some clinical scenarios where SB might be superior to PPV, and other situations where adding SB to PPV can increase the success rate. Clinical settings where scleral buckling alone is superior Young phakic patients with a limited retinal detachment, particularly with holes in lattice and an inferior location, are ideal for scleral 38 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume 30, Number 4 | Issue 46 | buckling. In these patients, the vitreous is typically not detached, and segmental or encircling scleral buckling is almost invariably successful in repairing these detachments with minimal refractive change.11-13 A middle-aged person, typically a phakic myope, who presents with a posterior vitreous detachment and one or more retinal tears with a subtotal acute retinal detachment, can also be repaired with scleral buckling alone. The reported single-surgery success rate if the macula is attached was 97%,14 with an overall success rate of 99% in a second series.15 Retinal detachment due to dialysis is most commonly seen in young people, and usually the vitreous remains attached centrally. This detachment is usually amenable to treatment with a segmental sponge or silicone element with or without encircling buckle, with a greater than 90% likelihood of stable reattachment noted with one operation.11,16 Scleral buckling as an adjunct to vitrectomy PPV is beneficial for repair of pseudophakic retinal detachment, particularly when the breaks are small, anteriorly located, and problematic to find and treat using indirect ophthalmoscopy. During PPV, especially with wide-field viewing, these peripheral breaks are often easily identified.17 PPV alone can be sufficient for the repair of RRD in APSEUDOPHAKICSETTINGASLONGASTHEPATIENTSVITREOUSISSEPARATEDOR can be separated far into the periphery. The issue of vitreous separation arises repeatedly when discussing whether scleral buckling is necessary in repair of retinal detachment, as the status of the vitreous is by far the most important variable to consider. Young patients generally have vitreous that is attached or only partially separated. When these patients develop RRD, removal of core vitreous is relatively straightforward. However, separation of the posterior hyaloid and other areas of adherent vitreous in the periphery of an eye that has very mobile retina can be technically intricate, especially when concurrent lattice degeneration is present.18 ‘The underlying problem with suggesting that PPV or SB alone is superior is that RRD is not a homogenous condition that can be treated similarly in all cases.’ These eyes have an elevated risk of recurrent detachment, either from new breaks resulting from contraction of the residual vitreous or from proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) with residual vitreous serving as a scaffolding for fibrous proliferation.19 While most pseudophakes with Continued on page 40 Manfred von Fricken, MD Retina Group of Washington Fairfax and Tysons Corner, Virginia Counterpoint: Most Primary Retinal Detachments Can Be Repaired With a Vitrectomy Leo Tolstoy wrote, “Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” Similarly, all successful retinal detachment repairs resemble one another, but all unsuccessful surgical procedures are memorable and imperfect in their own way. There is no consensus among vitreoretinal surgeons on the optimal management of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), although a recent evaluation of peer-reviewed literature suggests that scleral buckling and primary pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) may yield comparable success rates.1 Historically, retinal detachment repair has evolved from ignipuncture to diathermy and dissected scleral beds; from polyethylene tubes to large encircling elements and bands, segmental and circumferential sponges, in-office pneumatic retinopexy, and PPVs—with or without scleral buckles.2-6 We can choose from a wide variety of procedures and techniques, all of which have merit, precedent, and support in the literature. Primary vitrectomy alone for RRD repair has also evolved and gained support.7-14 Most literature on retinal detachment repair is retrospective. Efforts have been made to perform prospective comparisons of primary buckles and vitrectomy, although patient selection and surgeon bias can materially affect these reports.15-18 ‘The primary vitrectomy became the preferred procedure for many surgeons in the early 1990s when wide-angle viewing systems were developed …’ More than 30 years ago, scleral buckle surgery involved hospital stays, often for several days, bed rest with bilateral patching, positioning, and pain management. The advent of primary vitrectomy has allowed this surgery to be done as an outpatient procedure; and the evolution of minimally invasive small-gauge vitrectomy with 25- and 23-gauge instrumentation has lessened trauma and significantly reduced patient discomfort without creating refractive or myopic shifts. The primary vitrectomy became the preferred procedure for many surgeons in the early 1990s when wide-angle viewing systems were developed, allowing visualization of the peripheral retina for the first time without using the indirect ophthalmoscope or a mirrored contact lens. FWj_[dji[b[Yj_ed07a[o\WYjeh The scleral buckle is emphatically not obsolete and remains the procedure of choice in specific settings. It is the preferred procedure in young patients with an RRD in the absence of a vitreous detachment, regardless of the RRD’s size or location. These are eyes with chronic RRD and RPE changes with subretinal bands and subretinal demarcation lines. There is often associated moderate or high myopia and lattice degeneration with atrophic holes. ‘Older patients with some pre-existing nuclear sclerosis or existing cataract and very high myopes who may need future cataract surgery are encouraged to have primary vitrectomy ...’ Management consists of external drainage of usually proteinaceous subretinal fluid and cryopexy and/or laser to the breaks. The minimal scleral buckle needed is used to support the breaks, usually a circumferential segmental sponge, but occasionally a #41 encircling band or radial sponge element. This approach also works for idiopathic or traumatic inferotemporal dialyses. Likewise, a buckle can be used for select PVR cases and for some recurrent RRDs, especially with inferior disease or in patients unable to position postoperatively for gas tamponade. Some RRDs can be repaired in-office with pneumatic retinopexy, although patient selection is important. In my practice, all aphakic or pseudophakic patients presenting with RRD are treated with primary vitrectomy, and most other retinal detachments are preferentially approached with PPV, my technique since the early 1990s with the advent of wide-angle viewing systems. Since 2005, almost all primary RRDs have been done with small-gauge instruments, mostly 25-gauge, and occasionally 23-gauge. Phakic eyes undergoing vitrectomy are faced with the almost certain progression of nuclear sclerosis; this must be disclosed and discussed with the patient when obtaining consent and may result in the patient choosing a primary scleral buckle. Older patients with some pre-existing nuclear sclerosis or existing cataract and very high myopes who may need future cataract surgery are encouraged to have primary vitrectomy, as are patients with: s0OSTERIORBREAKSASSOCIATEDWITHLATTICEDEGENERATION s$ENSEVITREOUSHEMORRHAGE s7AGNER3TICKLERDISEASE s/THERVITREORETINOPATHIESSUCHASCICATRICIALRETINOPATHYOF prematurity (ROP) s#OMBINEDTRACTION22$S s#OMPLEXRETINOSCHISIS22$ Continued on page 41 | Issue *, | Volume )&, Number * | Fall 2012 | retina times | 39 POINT/COUNTERPOINT >> Drs. Mittra and Ryan, continued from page 38 RRD are older, younger pseudophakes with RRD (patients younger than 55-60 years old) often have peripheral vitreous still adherent during PPV when excision is attempted. In these cases, a scleral buckle encircling the globe is often quite helpful in reducing the risk of recurrent detachment from either new breaks in the periphery or PVR arising from areas of residual vitreous attachment. There are several other RRD repair scenarios in which an SB should be considered to supplement PPV. One example is eyes with significant PVR on presentation.20 Support in the inferior quadrants with a buckle can sometimes prevent recurrent RD.21 Other indications for adding an SB to PPV revolve around the issue of visualization (especially of the periphery) during vitrectomy. Eyes with dense peripheral vitreous hemorrhage, phakic patients with marked cortical spoking, and pseudophakic eyes with peripheral capsular opacification will all have areas of peripheral vitreous that may be difficult to safely remove. These eyes can benefit from an SB to support the remaining vitreous should it contract and/or form anterior fibrous proliferation. Why is scleral buckling falling out of favor? Significant skill and practice are needed to place a scleral buckle in the correct location with the desired indentation to support the retinal breaks and to drain subretinal fluid without complications. Scleral buckling is very different from microscope-based ophthalmic surgery, and there appears to be a significant learning curve associated with it.22 Those who train surgeons find that microscope-based surgery is easier to monitor than indirect ophthalmoscopy, and many fellowship programs correspondingly allow their trainees to do only a small number of these cases on their own. Surgeons end up getting trained predominantly with vitrectomy for RRD and often find themselves uncomfortable unless the retina is completely flat at the end of the case. ‘Scleral buckling is very different from microscope-based ophthalmic surgery, and there appears to be a significant learning curve associated with it.’ There are several situations in which scleral buckling is superior to PPV and others in which it is helpful as an adjunct to PPV. Scleral buckling still has a role in retinal detachment repair, and it remains an important skill for retinal surgeons. References 1. Custodis E. Treatment of retinal detachment by circumscribed diathermal coagulation and by scleral depression in the area of tear caused by imbedding of a plastic implant [in German]. Klin Monatsblatter Augenheilkd Augenarztl Fortbild. 1956;129(4):476-495. 2. Schepens CL, Okamura ID, Brockhurst RJ. The scleral buckling procedures. 1. Surgical techniques and management. Arch Ophthalmol. 1957;58(6):797-811. 3. Machemer R, Buettner H, Norton EW, Parel JM. Vitrectomy: a pars plana approach. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1971;75(4):813-820. 4. Machemer R, Allen AW. Retinal tears 180 degrees and greater. Management with vitrectomy and intravitreal gas. Arch Ophthalmol. 1976;94(8):1340-1346. 5. Michels RG. Vitrectomy techniques in retinal reattachment surgery. Ophthalmol. 1979;86(4):556-585. 6. Hutton WL, Snyder WB, Vaiser A. Vitrectomy in the treatment of ocular perforating injuries. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976; 81(6):733-739. 7. Peyman GA, Huamonte FU, Rose M. Management of traumatic retinal detachment with pars plana vitrectomy, scleral buckling, and gas injection. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1975; 53(5):731-737. 8. Michels RG. Surgery of retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Retina. 1984;4(2):63-83. 9. Hanneken AM, Michels RG. Vitrectomy and scleral buckling methods for proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Ophthalmol. 1988;95(7):865-869. 10. de Bustros S, Michels RG. Surgical treatment of retinal detachments complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;98(6):694-699. 11. Häring G, Wiechens B. Long-term results after scleral buckling surgery in uncomplicated juvenile retinal detachment without proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Retina. 1998;18(6):501-505. 12. Lincoff H, Kreissig I. Extraocular repeat surgery of retinal detachment. A minimal approach. Ophthalmol. 1996;103(10):1586-1592. 13. Tillery WV, Lucier AC. Round atrophic holes in lattice degeneration--an important cause of phakic retinal detachment. Trans Sect Ophthalmol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1976;81(3 Pt 1):509-518. 14. Wilkinson CP. Visual results following scleral buckling for retinal detachments sparing the macula. Retina. 1981;1(2):113-116. 15. Tani P, Robertson DM, Langworthy A. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment without macular involvement treated with scleral buckling. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;90(4): 503-508. 16. Stoffelns BM, Richard G. Is Buckle Surgery Still the State of the Art for Retinal Detachments Due to Retinal Dialysis? J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2010;47(5):281-287. doi:10.3928/01913913-20091019-10. 17. Campo RV, Sipperley JO, Sneed SR, et al. Pars plana vitrectomy without scleral buckle for pseudophakic retinal detachments. Ophthalmol. 1999;106(9):1811-1815. 18. Michels RG, Wilkinson CP, Rice TA. Retinal Detachment. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1990:16 A failure of vitrectomy for retinal reattachment may not be apparent to the surgeon for many weeks, whereas a failed scleral buckling operation is apparent often within days. Those with a cynical view as to why physicians make choices between procedures would point out that because vitrectomy reimburses more than SB and can take less time (and SB is not reimbursed at all when combined with PPV), many are apt to forego placement of a buckle despite any potential benefit.23 ‘Scleral buckling still has a role in retinal detachment repair, and it remains an important skill for retinal surgeons.’ 40 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume 30, Number 4 | Issue 46 | 19. Michels RG, Wilkinson CP, Rice TA. Retinal Detachment. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1990:1068. 20. Wickham L, Connor M, Aylward GW. Vitrectomy and gas for inferior break retinal detachments: are the results comparable to vitrectomy, gas, and scleral buckle? Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(11):1376-1379. 21. Alexander P, Ang A, Poulson A, Snead MP. Scleral buckling combined with vitrectomy for the management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with inferior retinal breaks. Eye (Lond). 2008;22(2):200-203. 22. Sagong M, Chang W. Learning curve of the scleral buckling operation: lessons from the first 97 cases. Ophthalmologica. 2010;224(1):22-29. 23. Ryan EH Jr, Mittra RA. Scleral buckling versus vitrectomy, the continued role for scleral buckling in the vitrectomy era. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128(9):1202-1205 Financial Disclosures Dr. Mittra – None. Dr. Ryan – ALCON LABORATORIES, INC: Consultant, Intellectual Property Rights. Dr. von Fricken, continued from page 39 Patients who present with RRD associated with giant tears are managed with primary lens-sparing PPV and no scleral buckle. The anterior vitreous is carefully shaved where it is attached to the anterior retinal flap, followed by a perfluorocarbon-1000 CS silicone oil exchange. Not doing a fluid-air exchange reduces retinal slippage and minimizes the surface area of exposed RPE. This may reduce the severe PVR historically associated with giant tears. The silicone oil is removed after several months unless there is proliferation of membranes or PVR in which case the membranes are removed under silicone oil. Giant tears should be thought of as staged procedures. Determining a surgical technique Using a routine encircling element such as a #240 band or #41 band when performing a small-gauge PPV for RRD is more invasive than necessary, especially in sutureless surgery. A limbal conjunctival peritomy may affect future filtering surgery, a point made emphatically by a glaucoma surgery colleague. An encircling band in a primary PPV creates an unneeded safety net and may imply to the patient that “everything that can be done has been done.” However, the original intent of encircling elements was to create a new ora serrata, preventing the posterior movement or guttering of subretinal fluid over the encircling element. ‘Primary vitrectomy for the repair of retinal detachment is an elegant and highly effective procedure.’ Vitreous traction is best reduced by carefully shaving or excising the vitreous base with external scleral depression. This scleral depression can be done by the surgeon with chandelier illumination, or bimanually with a skilled assistant depressing 360°. This removes traction from flap tears and allows careful shaving and debulking of the vitreous base using a mostly closed port duty cycle and low infusion pressure, even in areas of detached retina, with minimal risk for forming iatrogenic breaks. Eyes with very posterior lattice degeneration have the vitreous debulked over the areas of lattice degeneration, as further anterior vitreous separation is not physically possible. Using diluted triamcinolone acetonide to identify and better visualize the vitreous base is advocated by some. Clearly, in the absence of an encircling element or scleral buckle, it is crucial to perform a meticulous peripheral vitrectomy and to ensure that all breaks are identified and treated. A benefit of primary PPV is that the surgeon can remove all vitreous opacities, deal with opacified lens capsules, and address macular puckers. It is possible to peel epiretinal membrane (ERM) and inner limiting membrane (ILM) in cases where there is substantial macular distortion from puckers or mild PVR involving the macula. Fluid-fluid exchange followed by fluid-air exchange removes viscous subretinal fluid. It is rare to have chronic and persistent submacular fluid in vitrectomized eyes, which can occur in macula-off RRDs repaired with a scleral buckle. Subretinal fluid is removed with a soft-tip extrusion cannula through a small internal retinotomy or through existing breaks. Some surgeons effectively use perfluorocarbon (PFO) liquids in primary RRD, while others tend to reserve PFO in cases of giant retinal tears or select diabetic and PVR cases. The retinotomy and all breaks are treated with endolaser or indirect ophthalmoscopic laser photocoagulation. Gas tamponade is usually 20% SF6 and slightly expansile SF6 for inferior RRDs. C3F8 is probably not necessary in primary RRDs. Postoperative positioning and compliance are crucial for the success of primary PPV, and the importance of patient education can’t be overemphasized. There is a role for scleral buckle in patients who have physical disability and are unable to position, although primarily with inferior retinal detachments. In macula-off RRDs, the patients remain supine in the recovery room or are positioned with the temporal retina in a down or dependent position to avoid creating a macular fold. All patients leave the operating room with a wristband identifying the intraocular gas bubble. ‘We are all products of our training, but we must continue to evolve and mature as surgeons and apply new surgical developments.’ Our retinal community has been fortunate to have had input from extremely talented and innovative surgeons and the commitment of manufacturers. This has led to the development of vastly improved vitrectomy platforms, more rigid small-gauge cutters with improved fluidics, superior endoilluminators, and wide-angle viewing systems. Primary vitrectomy for the repair of retinal detachment is an elegant and highly effective procedure. While there will always be a role for the scleral buckle in select cases, my preference is to approach RRD with vitrectomy alone, except in the cases described above. Arguably, this remains a complex and controversial topic, and there is no real “right” or “wrong” way to fix a detached retina. All surgical approaches should be driven by what is in that patient’s best interest and what best fits the particular circumstances of the patient. The 2012 ASRS Preferences and Trends (PAT) survey shows trends toward more vitrectomies or vitrectomies with scleral buckle and fewer primary scleral buckles.19 I look forward to future surveys and believe that vitrectomy will continue to be embraced and widely adopted. We are all products of our training, but we must continue to evolve and mature as surgeons and apply new surgical developments. The principle of surgical evolution has always been to make procedures less invasive, safer, and with quicker recovery and good outcomes. References 1. Schwartz SG, Flynn HW. Primary retinal detachment: scleral buckle or pars plana vitrectomy? Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2006;17(3):245-250. 2. Gonin J. The treatment of detached retina by sealing the retinal tears. Arch Ophthalmol. 1930;4(5):621-625. 3. Custodis E. Bedeutet die plombenaufnahung auf die sclera einen fortschritt in der operatven behandlung der netzhautablosung. Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges. 1953;58:102. 4. Schepens CL. Scleral buckling procedures. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1958;(62)2:206-218. 5. Schepens CL. Symposium: Present Status of Retinal Detachment Surgery. Scleral Buckling with Circling Element. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1964;68:959-979. Continued on page 55 | Issue 46 | Volume 30, Number 4 | Fall 2012 | retina times | 41 THE KOL CORNER >> Marc J. Spirn, MD Carl D. Regillo, MD Section Co-Editor Section Editor Wet AMD: The Changing Landscape Since 2005, when intravitreal bevacizumab was first recognized as a treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), patient outcomes have been greatly enhanced. Visual acuity gains with bevacizumab and ranibizumab were typically far better than with thermal laser, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and pegaptanib. Yet after several years and hundreds of thousands of patients treated, several questions remained: J^_i?iik[ÊiA[oEf_d_edB[WZ[hi David Boyer, MD s7ERERANIBIZUMABAND bevacizumab equivalent? s(OWOFTENSHOULDPATIENTSBETREATED and/or followed? s7HATISTHEBESTWAYTOTREAT suboptimal responders? s7HATWOULDBETHENEXTBLOCKBUSTER pharmacotherapy for neovascular AMD? Omesh P. Gupta, MD, MBA Retina-Vitreous Associates Medical Group Los Angeles, California Mid Atlantic Retina Philadelphia, Pennsylvania In the last year, new light has been shed on several of these questions. The CATT trial showed that with possible small-scale differences, bevacizumab and ranibizumab are largely equivalent. Aflibercept, which inhibits placental growth factor in addition to VEGF-A, was introduced in November 2011 with much fanfare. So now, instead of 2 highly effective treatment options, we have 3. David M. Brown, MD Retina Consultants of Houston Houston, Texas Fall 2012 | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, | I would use a treat-and-extend protocol. If there is continued fluid on OCT, I would switch to ranibizumab or aflibercept to dry the OCT and continue to treat until dry. If an RPE detachment were also present, I would probably favor aflibercept. Omesh Gupta: This patient would be treated as most patients in my practice, with anti-VEGF agents. I would initially treat monthly until there are no signs of exudation. Treatment regimen is a continually evolving issue, and is often tailored to individual needs. Patients with a very active lesion, a fellow eye with a disciform scar, or monocular vision for any other reason are treated much more aggressively. As the HARBOR trial comparing high-dose (2.0 mg) to standard-dose Lucentis (0.5mg) (Genentech, South San Francisco, CA), comes to a close and with the drug pipeline full of exciting new therapies, the treatment choices for neovascular AMD will likely become even more complex and effective. In this environment, we sought several key opinion leaders to discuss how they are treating wet AMD. Patients with minimally active lesions or a pigment epithelial detachment as the only remaining sign of exudation are treated less aggressively. In these patients, the treatment interval might be gradually extended or, in some cases, intravitreal injections might be stopped until signs of exudation recur. An 86-year-old woman presents with new-onset, predominantly classic, subfoveal neovascular AMD and visual acuity of 20/100 in her right eye. What treatment and regimen would you use for this patient? David Brown: My preferred treatment would be induction with either Eylea (Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY) or Lucentis for 3 months. If dry at 3 months, we would discuss the option of very close observation—particularly if the other eye is relatively good, as 20% of patients are lucky enough to dry out with induction and not require ongoing injections. David Boyer: I would start with an anti-VEGF agent. If there is any doubt on insurance status, I would use bevacizumab and obtain co-pay assistance forms to be filled out. I would see the patient in one month and 42 | retina times | retreat. If she is dry or has had a significant improvement in OCT, I would continue the bevacizumab and schedule the next visit 4-5 weeks later. If there is any fluid at 3 months, I would continue monthly therapy until dry. Should the fluid ever recur with close observation, I would use a treat-and-extend regimen—never extending more than 2 weeks at a time. I’m more conservative on the extension in monocular patients, typically not going more than 6 weeks. For a patient with a Medicare Advantage Plan (HMO) that discourages Eylea or Lucentis use, I would typically recommend Avastin (Genentech, South San Francisco, CA) monthly for 3 months with very cautious extension, as the CATT 2-year data imply that very few patients dry up on monthly Avastin, and PRN Avastin therapy is detrimental. After 6 monthly intravitreal bevacizumab injections, a 67-year-old man with neovascular AMD has decreased, but persistent, subretinal fluid on OCT and visual acuity of 20/70. Do you change your treatment regimen? David Boyer: I assume the patient has received monthly injections of bevacizumab. At this point, I would switch the drug to ranibizumab or aflibercept and have the patient return in 10 days. If the OCT shows a response, I would reevaluate 4 weeks after the last injection and continue monthly injections with the hope of eventually extending the treatment intervals. If there has been no response on the OCT at 10 days, I would have to assume this is a non-VEGF-related disease such as polypoidal and would re-image the patient with indocyanine green (ICG), autofluorescence and intravenous fluorescein angiography (IVFA), though aflibercept may work on polypoidal disease. Omesh Gupta: With other very good options available, my threshold to consider other treatments is very low. I may not change treatment in every case in which there is persistent subretinal fluid at 6 months of monotherapy. At this time, I would consider switching to intravitreal ranibizumab. While bevacizumab and ranibizumab are similar, differences in response have been well described. In time, as aflibercept eventually is covered by more insurance carriers, it will become a more compelling option. I would also consider using photodynamic therapy in combination therapy. David Brown: I would prefer to switch the patient to Eylea or Lucentis if the insurance coverage allows it. If this is not an option, I would continue monthly therapy, as many of these patients with subretinal fluid (SRF) maintain VA. I would also make sure the patient doesn’t have a thickened choroid— indicative of central serous retinopathy (CSR)—or polyps on ICG angiography. If either CSR or idiopathic polypoidal choroidopathy (IPC) is suspected, I would treat with concomitant photodynamic therapy. reported a significantly greater number of bevacizumab patients suffered serious systemic adverse events. David Brown: As CATT 2-year data show that Avastin is not as durable as Lucentis, I treat more aggressively (more injections) in patients who are on Avastin. I am also more reticent to use Avastin in patients with systemic heart disease or CVA, given the anti-VEGF systemic suppression shown in IVAN. The anti-VEGF suppression seen with intravitreal use shown in IVAN was recently added to the European Avastin warning label. How have the CATT and IVAN trials affected your prescribing of bevacizumab and ranibizumab? Have they altered your daily practice? If so, how? David Boyer: The CATT trial made me realize that a PRN treatment of ranibizumab can result in good vision, but the patient needs to be followed monthly. I also felt better that I was not compromising vision by using bevacizumab. A 72-year-old man with new-onset neovascular AMD and decreased visual acuity asks to be treated with aflibercept. You agree and begin treatment. After the third injection, despite a significant improvement in subretinal fluid, mild subretinal fluid persists. You inject him again. When would you ask the patient to return for repeat evaluation? Under what circumstances would you extend your treatment interval? Because I tend to treat and extend, I would probably favor ranibizumab due to its superior drying effect. The CATT and IVAN trials did not allay my concern for systemic safety, though the biologic mechanism for the increase signal is not apparent. Omesh Gupta: While a significant amount of information can still be extracted from these data sets, the 2-year results of the CATT study have changed my practice patterns. This study demonstrated that monthly dosing produced slightly more vision gain than an as-needed regimen. Treating patients with individualized protocol, such as treat and extend, has become a popular approach in my practice. David Boyer: I treat until dry, so I would see the patient in 4 weeks. I have found that there are patients who have persistence of subretinal fluid despite monthly injections. Though the studies showed injections of aflibercept given every 2 months (after 3 loading doses) yielded the same visual results as ranibizumab or aflibercept given monthly, I treat until dry if possible. I extend my interval only when the OCT is dry. If it has taken a long time to dry the patient out, I proceed very slowly. While I still attempt to individualize care based on a number of factors, I tend to be a bit more conservative with extending follow-up. In fact, in some “high-risk” patients as described above, I may recommend monthly dosing. However, in the CATT study, the final visual results were also similar in all treatment groups, regardless of dosing frequency. As more data are obtained, my treatment regimen will also evolve. Omesh Gupta: While there are a lot of factors to consider, I would still continue with Eylea. After 3 monthly injections, it has been proposed that Eylea be dosed every 2 months. For all patients I treat with Eylea, I always discuss this unique treatment protocol before initiating treatment. At this point, similar efficacy was demonstrated with every2-month dosing compared with monthly dosing. Again, I would continue with Eylea q2 month dosing. We must be careful in interpreting results regarding systemic adverse events (SAEs). The CATT and IVAN studies were neither designed nor powered to evaluate SAEs. In the CATT trial, more events occurred in the patient group that received fewer injections, which is not the typical doseresponse relationship. If the subretinal improvement and/or visual acuity do not continue to improve with subsequent injections, I would consider bevacizumab, ranibizumab, or photodynamic therapy. I would also discuss surgical options for patients with a concurrent epiretinal membrane or vitreomacular traction. The IVAN trial observed more arteriothromboembolic events or heart failure with ranibizumab than with bevacizumab. On the other hand, the CATT study | Issue *, | Volume )&, Number * | Fall 2012 | retina times | 43 THE KOL CORNER >> Omesh Gupta: Photodynamic therapy is the only option I still use—typically in patients in whom I want to limit the injection burden. There are a couple of scenarios where PDT has worked really well. David Brown: I would treat monthly until dry. In my experience, approximately 30%-40% of Eylea patients need dosing more frequently than q8 weeks. If all intraretinal fluid is gone but SRF persists, I really look at the EDI-OCT and ICG. If the patient has evidence of a thickened choroid (CSR), hyperpermeability (CSR) or polyps (IPC), I recommend concomitant PDT therapy. One patient was receiving monthly dosing and the treatment interval could not be extended without an exudative recurrence. She lived a significant distance from our nearest office and was inquiring about other options. After one round of half-fluence PDT, I was able to stabilize her treatment interval at 2-3 months. I may also use PDT in patients who refuse injections or are “high-risk.” Are there instances when you consider therapies other than bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept when treating neovascular AMD, such as pegaptanib, focal choroidal laser, or PDT? David Brown: As mentioned, masquerade syndromes of CSR and IPC should be considered, particularly in patients with persistent fluid despite monthly therapy; if present, they should be treated with PDT. However, I would caution against using PDT if the choroid is atrophic as determined by EDI-OCT, as PDT causes choroidal hypoperfusion, which may lead to decreased VA in these eyes. David Boyer: I still use PDT with anti-VEGF in patients with extrafoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) or growing peripapillary CNV lesions. I also treat patients with PDT and anti-VEGF for reactivation of previously quiescent scars that begin to activate on the margin (usually in the better eye of the patient) with fluid and/or hemorrhage. I occasionally recommend Macular Photocoagulation Study (MPS)-style laser for extrafoveal and peripapillary lesions if the lesions require ongoing monthly injections. If the patient is undergoing chemotherapy for colon cancer, I sometimes suggest that the oncologist consider systemic Avastin or Zaltrap (Sanofi-Aventis US, LLC, Bridgewater, NJ; and Regeneron Pharma- I rarely use focal choroidal laser, but would if the lesion were extrafoveal and well demarcated (mostly non-AMD patients). I have not used the LEVEL trial results very much and can think of only 1 or 2 patients I converted to Macugen (Eyetech, Inc, Cedar Knolls, NJ) after a stroke when I discussed the potential risks of an additional stroke. ceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY) as part of the regimen, as this will control the AMD process without the need for ongoing intravitreal injections. Financial Disclosures Dr. Regillo – GENENTECH: Consultant, Investigator, Speaker, Grants, Honoraria; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Consultant, Investigator, Speaker, Grants, Honoraria; GLAXOSMITHKLINE: Consultant, Investigator, Grants, Honoraria; OPHTHOTECH CORPORATION: Investigator, Grants; NEOVISTA, INC: Investigator, Grants; SECOND SIGHT: Investigator, Grants; ACT: Investigator, Grants; AMO: Advisory Board, Consultant, Honoraria; ALCON LABORATORIES, INC: Consultant, Investigator, Grants, Honoraria; ALLERGAN, INC: Consultant, Investigator, Grants, Honoraria. Dr. Spirn – None. :h$8eo[h – ALCON LABORATORIES, INC: Advisory Board, Consultant, Investigator, Speaker, Grants, Honoraria; ALLERGAN, INC: Advisory Board, Consultant, Investigator, Speaker, Grants, Honoraria; ALLEGRO OPHTHALMICS: Advisory Board, Stockholder, Honoraria; GENENTECH: Consultant, Investigator, Speaker, Grants, Honoraria; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Consultant, Investigator, Grants, Honoraria; iCo THERAPEUTICS INC: Consultant, Investigator, No Compensation Received; GLAXOSMITHKLINE: Consultant, Honoraria; NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION: Consultant, Investigator, Grants, Honoraria; BAYER HEALTHCARE: Consultant, Honoraria; QUARK PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Investigator, Grants. :h$=kfjW – None. Dr. Brown – GENENTECH/ROCHE: Advisory Board, Consultant, Investigator, Grants, Honoraria; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Advisory Board, Consultant, Investigator, Grants, Honoraria; ALLERGAN, INC: Advisory Board, Consultant, Investigator, Grants, Honoraria; ALCON LABORATORIES, INC: Advisory Board, Consultant, Investigator, Grants, Honoraria. RETINA PRACTICE PEARLS >> ‘Follow the 5-year plan: At ‘Gratitude is a memory of the end of 5 years in your the heart.’’ —Credited to Jean Baptiste Massieu (1772-1846), practice, you and your spouse pioneering deaf educator Submitted by Suber Huang, MD, MBA or significant other should vote on whether to stay or leave. One vote to leave means you both ‘The things you do for yourself leave and find a new practice are gone when you are gone, location. I have shared this advice with all of my fellows over but the things you do for others remain as your legacy.’ the last 25 years, and Judy and —Credited to Kalu Kalu, Professor of Political Science, I both firmly believe in it.’ Auburn University Montgomery Submitted by Suber Huang, MD, MBA —Submitted by Trexler Topping, MD; credited to his wife, Judy 44 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, | ‘Learn and be accountable for your mistakes. Try not to make the same mistake twice.’ —Submitted by Paul E. Tornambe, MD Send us your Retina Practice Pearls Have a Retina Practice Pearl to share? Please send it to [email protected], noting whether the quote is your own; if it is, we will give you full attribution. If the quote is attributable to someone else, please specify the originator. We will credit the source and acknowledge you for submitting the quote. BLOCK TIME >> Sunir J. Garg, MD Mitchell S. Fineman, MD Section Co-Editor Section Co-Editor PA R T 2 How Has the Retina Subspecialty Changed Since Vitrectomy? In the 30th Anniversary Retina Times, Block Time asked 6 veteran retina educators how the retina subspecialty has progressed from its inception in the 1960s and 1970s. Part 2 of this series explores the evolution in treatment of diabetic patients, as well as how vitrectomy has changed the practice of retina. Thomas Aaberg Sr, MD, MSPH Jay Federman, MD Professor of Ophthalmology Wills Eye Institute Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Former Chair, Department of Ophthalmology Emory University Atlanta, Georgia What happened to diabetic patients in the pre-vitrectomy era? allowed us to manage the most severe complications of diabetic retinopathy. Lov Sarin: They often did poorly. Prior to vitrectomy, we had contact lens laser, but pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) was a boon for diabetic patients. Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) became accepted around the time we started using vitrectomy routinely, so both technologies developed together. Jay Federman: Xenon arc photocoagulation (Meyer Schwickerath, MD) and then laser photocoagulation (Frank L’Esperance, MD) led the way both in Europe and the US to cause regression of the proliferative component. But even then, traction RDs could be managed only with large buckles and 360° scleral resections and infoldings. Thomas Aaberg Sr: We were using PRP and focal ablative laser for neovascularization elsewhere (NVE), but little was done for diabetic cystoid macular edema until after the ETDRS trial was completed. Gary Abrams, MD Lov Sarin, MD Professor of Ophthalmology Former Chair Kresge Eye Institute Wayne State University Detroit, Michigan Professor of Ophthalmology Wills Eye Institute Philadelphia, Pennsylvania William Benson, MD William Tasman, MD Former Director The Retina Service Wills Eye Institute Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Professor and Emeritus Chairman Wills Eye Institute and Jefferson Medical College Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ‘In the pre-vitrectomy era, if the PRP didn’t contain the proliferative retinopathy, diabetic patients would get horrible traction RDs or a vitreous hemorrhage and go blind.’ —William Benson, MD Gary Abrams: If a traction retinal detachment (TRD) wouldn’t settle with a scleral buckle (SB) or scleral shortening procedure, there was really nothing to do. In the early 1970s, PRP was introduced only shortly before vitrectomy; both of these major advances 46 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, | William Tasman: What happened before vitrectomy? There were diabetic traction detachments, some of which we did cure, miraculously enough, with scleral buckles. Before scleral buckling, diabetic retinopathy was treated with all kinds of witchcraft. For example, some patients were put on rhubarb to treat their vitreous hemorrhages. Vitrectomy was a real blessing—one of the major advances of the 20th century. William Benson: In the pre-vitrectomy era, if the PRP didn’t contain the proliferative retinopathy, diabetic patients would get horrible traction RDs or a vitreous hemorrhage and go blind. When vitrectomy was introduced, did retina specialists think it was a major advance, or simply another fad? Lov Sarin: Until Robert Machemer invented a closed system to remove vitreous, a lot of people thought you should never touch the vitreous, so all we had were buckles. Can you imagine how difficult it is to find a hole in a bullous RD even with the indirect ophthalmoscope? PPV made life easier and less stressful for these types of cases, and also had a better success rate. Thomas Aaberg Sr: Some thought it was heresy to interfere with the anatomic structure of the vitreous, although “open-sky” vitrectomy through the limbus had been used for several years and localized vitreous “bands” had been severed (in part) with pars plana insertion of scissors or forceps. However, the advent of closed-eye mechanical pars plana vitrectomy made believers of most retina specialists. Jay Federman: Most felt vitrectomy was a major advance, as it was the most efficient way to manage nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage, but that it was a very aggressive procedure fraught with potential complications and performed by only a few retina specialists. Gary Abrams: At first I don’t think everybody realized the importance of the advance. Robert Machemer said that Ron Michaels was the first fellow at Miami to truly grasp the importance of the procedure and to make vitrectomy his main fellowship objective. I think Robert had been doing vitrectomies for about 3 years by the time Ron started his fellowship. ‘Until Robert Machemer invented a closed system to remove vitreous, a lot of people thought you should never touch the vitreous, so all we had were buckles.’ —Lov Sarin, MD I was a first-year resident in the fall of 1973 with Tom Aaberg in Milwaukee. Interestingly, the fellow let me scrub on all of the vitrectomies during my 2-month retina rotation because he wanted to scrub on all the scleral buckles. I think that is a comment on the attitude at that time. William Tasman: It was obvious to me that vitrectomy was a major advance, and we got in on this very early because Dr. Machemer was generous enough to spread his knowledge around the world. There was a real learning curve when you started to do vitrectomy, which can be true for any operation. William Benson: I think most people recognized that vitrectomy was a great thing. Initially when people started doing vitrectomies, some ophthalmologists thought, “So what? You of long-acting gases (Stanley Chang), and perfluorocarbon liquids (Stanley Chang, separately and simultaneously Gholam Peyman), and more creative instrumentation, the debate of scleral buckle vs vitrectomy or combined procedures became more prominent in the early 2000s. Although some of us used vitrectomy a little earlier for non-PVR detachments, I think this is relatively new thinking in the past decade. operate and remove the blood, but they will just bleed again,” and people didn’t initially realize that once you took the traction off the neovascularization it often regressed. Some of the patients did re-bleed, but many did not. When did vitrectomy become a regular surgical option for RD repair? Lov Sarin: Initially, PPV was used for cases with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). There was a movement toward vitrectomy because it was easier to find the breaks, especially in bullous RD. PPV also reduced how often we used cryo, which was starting to be recognized as a contributor to PVR. Once people realized they could find breaks during vitrectomy, it began to be used even more for routine RD repairs. ‘PPV was used for PVR repair in the early to mid-1970s, but success rates were poor until the intraocular argon laser was developed in the early 1980s …’ With buckles, we had to find all the holes, and in many cases, there could be holes anteriorly, posteriorly, etc—and all had to be identified and supported. During PPV, all we had to do was remove the gel and do 360° laser. PPV increased success and made life less stressful. —Thomas Aaberg Sr, MD Thomas Aaberg Sr: PPV was used for PVR repair in the early to mid-1970s, but success rates were poor until the intraocular argon laser was developed in the early 1980s, as xenon photocoagulation could not be readily employed in an air-filled eye. Gary Abrams: For the first 15 years, vitrectomy was used only for complex retinal detachments and never for primary, uncomplicated detachments. Rich Escoffery and the group in St. Louis presented their series of primary detachments managed with vitrectomy without an SB at the Vail Vitrectomy Meeting, and the paper was published in the American Journal of Ophthalmology in 1985.1 The presentation and paper were not well-received initially, and vitrectomy for primary retinal detachment did not become common until the mid-1990s. Jay Federman: When I completed my retinal fellowship at the Retina Service of the Wills Eye Hospital in 1971, all the retina surgeons only resected scleral beds, creating buckles, and used diathermy with scleral/ transchoroidal drainage. The attendings were all scleral buckle-trained and vitrectomy did not exist. In 1972, I started to do vitrectomy at Wills, mainly for nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage, traction RDs, recurrent RDs with PVR, retained lens material and vitreous incarceration after cataract surgery, and endophthalmitis. The report by Bartz-Schmidt, et al in the British Journal of Ophthalmology in 19962 that showed excellent results in pseudophakic RDs was important; vitrectomy gradually became the most common technique for pseudophakic detachments after that. From 1997 to 2007, according to the Medicare database, vitrectomy with or without SB increased 72%, while SB without vitrectomy decreased by 69%.3 For complicated RDs, the vitrectomy was usually combined with a buckling procedure with a silicone plate, band, or sponge and cryo. We did not have the laser delivery systems of today, so if a posterior lesion needed treatment, we used external transscleral cryo; if you could not reach the posterior problem, you used internal cryo. This was a challenge. William Tasman: Vitrectomy became a regular part of retinal detachment repair in the 1980s. There were other techniques that came along in the interim, like pneumoretinopexy, which is obviously still done. But vitrectomy matured and was more and more accepted. Today it seems to be the most popular procedure—even for primary detachments. In the late 1970s and 1980s as the viewing systems, instruments, and techniques improved, we began to find more uses where vitrectomy was beneficial, such as for giant tears and macular puckers. In the 1980s and 1990s as more retina specialists were trained in vitrectomy, and with the development William Benson: I stopped doing surgery in 2000, but we were still doing primary buckles. The real breakthrough was pneumatic | Issue *, | Volume )&, Number * | Fall 2012 | retina times | 47 BLOCK TIME >> long-acting gas, silicone oil, retinectomy techniques, and perfluorcarbon liquids. We started doing vitrectomy for giant tears early, but we couldn’t unfold them with the patient in a supine position. retinopexy. At first, I was afraid that putting gas into the vitreous would increase the incidence of PVR, and then you wouldn’t be able to fix the detachment with a buckle. But when I saw the results of a collaborative trial indicating that even if pneumatic failed, you still would be able to fix the RDs at the accustomed rate, I became somebody who really enjoyed doing pneumatics. ‘The introduction of perfluorocarbon liquids took giant-tear management out of the medical center and into the community.’ In the early days, which cases underwent vitrectomy? Lov Sarin: Ninety percent of the cases were vitreous hemorrhage (VH) due to diabetes. We did some complicated PVR detachments as well. However, some people got a little carried away with vitrectomy and spent 90 minutes fixing an RD with PPV, when a number of those cases could be fixed in 10 minutes with a buckle. —Gary Abrams, MD We used a Stryker table modified to make the patient prone following vitrectomy, then unfolded the giant tear with a prone fluid-air exchange (with the surgeon on the floor, looking up at the prone patient). It was very difficult and fraught with potential complications and failure. Jay Federman: As mentioned, nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage, traction RD, and PVR RD followed. The development of intraocular lenses (IOLs) and phacoemulsification was just in its infancy and most cataract procedures were open-sky; vitrectomy proved most effective in managing many complications resulting from these anterior segment procedures. Vitrectomy was also performed very early for endophthalmitis. I remember when Kim Frumar from Sydney, Australia, who had trained with Peter Leaver at Moorfields Eye Hospital in the United Kingdom, came through Milwaukee in 1984; he drew me a diagram on a dinner napkin on how to manage a giant tear with silicone oil with the patient in a supine position. On July 4, 1984, I repaired a 270° giant tear with the technique on a young woman and never did another prone fluid-air exchange for a giant tear again. ‘For complicated RDs [in the early 1970s], the vitrectomy was usually combined with a buckling procedure with a silicone plate, band, or sponge and cryo.’ It was really exhilarating to be able to let go of that terrible technique. Many of us used fluidsilicone oil exchange to unfold giant tears until perfluorocarbon liquids were introduced. It was a good technique that few people outside of a few major centers did, so I got to do a lot of giant tears in the mid to late 1980s. The introduction of perfluorocarbon liquids took giant-tear management out of the medical center and into the community. —Jay Federman, MD Thomas Aaberg Sr: I began doing closed-eye pars plana mechanical vitrectomy in 1970, and the vast majority of the early series that I, as well as others, reported were for eyes with vitreous opacification, most commonly hemorrhage. William Tasman: The first cases were diabetic vitreous hemorrhages, especially the long-standing ones that had so-called yellow ochre membranes. These lent themselves beautifully to vitrectomy, as these were patients who might not have been able to see for years, and then you took this opacification out of the vitreous cavity and their sight was restored. It was not one of the more difficult vitrectomies—in fact, it wasn’t difficult at all because most of the time the vitreous Gary Abrams: Diabetic vitreous hemorrhage was the most common indication. Trauma was also an early indication. We operated on complex detachments even early in the vitrectomy era, but the success rate was not good until advances of air pump, endolaser, 48 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, | was detached, and all you had to do was get through the yellow ochre membranes so you could identify the retina, and then just eat up the vitreous. Following that, of course, vitrectomy expanded into difficult retinal detachments— those with PVR—and I think it was helpful in traumatic cases, especially perforating injuries where the missile might have gone in and out of the eye. It became helpful there because we could reach exit sites in the posterior pole that were inaccessible prior to vitrectomy. Giant tears were also important; we found we could do much better with a vitrectomy than we had with all of the earlier procedures. William Benson: Diabetic hemorrhages and giant tears are the 2 I can think of right now. I was there when Machemer unrolled the retina—he took a needle, unrolled the retina, and the giant tear rolled over. That was a miracle. How has training of your fellows changed since the 1970s? Lov Sarin: Certain aspects have been the same throughout. Some of the fellows were exceptionally talented. The fellowship went from 1 to 2 years, which was a big change. At one point, we had 6 or 7 fellows per year. We got a lot of complaints about how many specialists we as a retina community were training, so we went to 2 or 3 for a 1-year fellowship. Then our volume and the amount to learn became so great that the fellowship went to 2 years. Thomas Aaberg Sr: Retina fellows now get great experience with office intravitreal injections, OCT and real-time ultrasonography, photocoagulation, and vitrectomy, but their training in scleral buckling is often deficient. Gary Abrams: Until the 1990s, most fellowships lasted only 1 year and that was plenty of time to learn what was necessary to do vitrectomy and repair retinal detachments with scleral buckles. However, as vitrectomy became more complex and we were doing more technically challenging procedures, it was apparent that clinical fellowships should be 2 years. My approach to fellowship training has not changed much over the years. I firmly believe that fellows learn best by doing, so I have always allowed fellows to do what they can safely do. I closely supervise them and let them continue until I detect that they are not making progress or are struggling with technique. At that point, I usually take over, but try to let them back in at some later point in the case so they will feel a sense of accomplishment at the end of the case. With each new advance, we usually get the fellows involved relatively early with the process. Be it use of perfluorcarbon liquids, membrane peeling, retinectomy, or internal limiting membrane peeling, once we as teachers became comfortable with a technique, we allowed the fellow to begin doing it. We are doing different techniques than many years ago, but I don’t think the approach to training has changed much. Fellows now have the opportunity for early training with computerized surgical simulators, but it is still a specialty that requires direct apprenticeship with great surgeons to gain skill. ‘The first [vitrectomy] cases were diabetic vitreous hemorrhages, especially the longstanding ones that had so-called yellow ochre membranes.’ —William Tasman, MD Jay Federman: The fellowship has evolved with time, mostly as the technology improved. Vitrectomy machines improved with the development of full-function units, smaller-diameter instruments resulted in smaller incisions, viewing systems improved, infusion fluids have been made safer, operating time is much shorter. Other improvements include use of silicone oil and long-acting gases, vitreous and membrane stains, more varied disposable instruments, and improved viewing systems. day—it was difficult. The fellows also had to show up to make rounds on the people in the hospital for 4 days post-op. They had to make rounds on them every day before surgery. Now with surgery centers, 4 cases can be done by 10:00 AM. Fellows used to work a lot longer hours; the current fellows that I see are going home some days at 1:00 or 2:00 PM. William Tasman: The big change was switching from buckles to vitrectomy. Over the last 10-15 years, training of fellows has accentuated vitrectomy. Fellows today don’t have to know how to do an old-time scleral buckle—and their idea of a buckle compared with mine can be very different. Sometimes a buckle is referred to as just a band around the eye, and I think that’s pretty common today. Of course, buckles were much more involved when they were the procedure of choice. References 1. Escoffery RF,Olk RJ,Grand MG,Boniuk I (1985) Vitrectomy withoutscleral buckling for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.Am J Ophthalmol 99:275–281Escoffery RF,Olk RJ,Grand MG,Boniuk I (1985) Vitrectomy withoutscleral buckling for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.Am J Ophthalmol 99:275–2811. Escoffery RF, Olk RJ, Grand MG, Boniuk I. Vitrectomy without scleral buckling for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;99(3):275-281. 2. Bartz-Schmidt KU, Kirchhof B, Heimann K. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:4 346-349. doi:10.1136/bjo.80.4.346. The emphasis now is on vitrectomy training, and rightly so. I think the surgical results speak for themselves and that the training changes as the field evolves. Fellows have moved to operating with the microscope rather than simply operating on the outside of the eye. The fellows become proficient in vitrectomy, learn how to peel membranes, and do not have to use a buckle as the primary method of attack in many cases. 3. Ramulu PY, Do DV, Corcoran KJ, Corcoran SL, Robin AL. Use of retinal procedures in Medicare beneficiaries from 1997 to 2007. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128(10):1335-1340. William Benson: Training fellows changed because as new techniques were developed, we added them to their training. I remember Lov Sarin telling me that doing 4 cases was a really busy day. Part of the problem we had was with general anesthesia and the turnover time was long and it was hard to do more than 4 cases. Sometimes you’d do 5 or 6, but you really had to press to get it done. :h$7WX[h]ÅNone. Financial Disclosures :h$=Wh]ÅMD INTELLISYS: Stockholder, No Compensation Received; GENENTECH: Investigator, Grants; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, IN C: Investigator, Grants; LUX BIOSCIENCES: Investigator, Grants; EYE GATE: Investigator, No Compensation Received; ALLERGAN, INC: Speaker, Honoraria; QLT INC: Consultant, Honoraria. :h$<_d[cWd—THROMBOGENICS: Consultant, Grants; PHYSICIAN RECOMMENDED NUTRICEUTICALS: Consultant, Honoraria. :h$7XhWciÅALCON RESEARCH INSTITUTE: Advisory Board, Honoraria. :h$8[diedÅ NATIONAL EYE INSTITUTE: Investigator, Grants; GENENTECH: Investigator, Grants; ALCON LABORATORIES, INC: Investigator, Grants; LUX BIOSCIENCES: Investigator, Grants; JOHNSON & JOHNSON: Investigator, Grants; GLAXOSMITHKLINE: Investigator, Grants. :h$<[Z[hcWdÅOMTI (telemedicine software company): Director/Principal, No Compensation; ESCALON MEDICAL CORP: Director, Stock Options; RETINA IMPLANT AG: Consultant. Dr. Sarin – None. :h$JWicWdÅNone. After the fellows had finished the day in the OR at 5:00 or 6:00 PM, they had to work up the patients who had been admitted for the next The American Society of Retina Specialists gratefully acknowledges the following Corporate Members who have committed generous support to the Society for 2012. Emerald Corporate Member Genentech Platinum Corporate Member Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Allergan, Inc. Silver Corporate Members Bronze Corporate Members Bausch + Lomb Carl Zeiss Meditec Insight Instruments, Inc. QLT, Inc. DORC International BV/ Dutch Ophthalmic USA Santen Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. IRIDEX Corporation ThromboGenics PanOptica, Inc. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Synergetics™ USA, Inc. | Issue *, | Volume )&, Number * | Fall 2012 | retina times | 49 JERRY’S WISDOM >> Jerald A. Bovino, MD Section Editor Everybody Is Sellin’ Somethin’ you until he had the back of your head pinned firmly against the wall. To make the situation even more desperate, he had the world’s worst case of bad breath. If the Iranians could put that breath in centrifuges and weaponize it, they would have no need to build an atomic bomb. The Western world would just surrender after one whiff. Just a sniff of concentrated neurosurgeon breath, and all American women would be wearing burkas. The hospital dinner was running late and the doctors were furious. Hospital dinners seem anachronistic in this age of outpatient surgery. However, those of you who started out with me in the early Pleistocene era will remember when we were forced to attend hospital staff dinners each month to keep our surgical privileges. ‘They ran to Johnny and started taunting him: “Your mom’s a whore!”’ The neurosurgeon proceeded to tell us in great detail how he was raised in an affluent family in New Jersey horse country. As a boy, he spent his summer vacations at the beach in Atlantic City, which was actually quite fashionable and even chic back in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Of course, that all changed as the honky-tonk of the boardwalk took over and evolved into the messy vitality of the casino era, but Atlantic City, especially before air conditioning, was a playground of the rich. On this particular night, the executives droned on about the waves of HMOs and PPOs that were washing across the medical landscape. They told us that we would have to discount this or that and work harder and be happy being a member of the hospital team. In return, the doctors were all lamenting the undesirable and unwanted commercialization of medicine. “Why can’t they just let us be doctors and practice medicine?” we wondered. “Why does medicine have to be like a Turkish bazaar?” The clock was pushing 11:00 PM as the neurosurgeon reminisced about playing on the beach with 10 or 12 other privileged boys from his elite private school. However, there was one boy who joined the group who simply did not fit into the affluent mold. It was clear that Johnny was from the wrong side of the tracks, but he was ebullient and athletic and a great ballplayer, and they all became fast summer friends. As we digested the last of our overcooked chicken and prepared to dash for the exits, one of the neurosurgeons invited himself to the podium, grabbed the mike, and started telling a seemingly irrelevant and out-of-place story about his boyhood. “Has he lost his mind?” we thought. “Shut the guy up so we can get home!” One day toward the end of the summer, one of the horse-country-boys’ parents told her son the most horrifying thing that he could possibly imagine. It seems that Johnny’s mother was “working” the boardwalk. The boys were stunned. They ran to Johnny and started taunting him: “Your mom’s a whore! Your mom’s a whore!” This particular neurosurgeon was even more peculiar than most in his specialty. That says a lot! The doctor wore tweedy bespoke British suits, shoes that didn’t match, and striped Ivy League ties that were always wrinkled. He was a tall man with rigid posture, but he had a high-pitched, squeaky voice that made it sound like he had just been sucking on a helium balloon. He was one of those guys who always had Phi Beta Kappa and AOA keys and fobs hanging from a gold chain attached to the middle buttonhole on his vest, and he fondled them excessively as he talked. Another idiosyncrasy was that he had absolutely no understanding of the concept of personal space. The neurosurgeon was brilliant beyond compare, but if he stopped you in the hallway, he would keep inching toward 50 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, | rich kids just made Johnny cry because of my line of work,” she told the boys. “I am going to tell you something now and I want you to remember it your entire life.” As the boys cowered and held their breath, she said “Everybody is sellin’ somethin’!” We are a lot more fortunate than the young lady in the yellow sun dress. You and I have been able to get a sound education, a medical degree, specialized training in an ophthalmology residency, and a great fellowship in retina surgery. We can be proud of our profession and our accomplishments and the wonderful things we do every day to help patients. However, just like Johnny’s mother, to be successful, you will be “sellin’ somethin’” your entire life. It might be convincing your chairman that you are a great researcher. Maybe it’s trying to get your paper published in the AJO. It could be demonstrating to a patient that you are a compassionate physician. It can happen when you get up to give a lecture to your peers about a new instrument or procedure or drug at the ASRS meeting. ‘[Johnny’s mom] told the boys, “I am going to tell you something now and I want you to remember it your entire life … “Everybody is sellin’ somethin’!”’ Johnny was embarrassed, started crying uncontrollably, and dashed out of sight. Fifteen minutes later, Johnny’s mom, a pretty woman in her early 30s, walked toward the group. Terrified, the boys ducked under the boardwalk to hide, but she quickly stuck her head beneath the timbers. She was wearing a bright yellow sundress with big white flowers and the young boys’ eyes were as wide as saucers as she started to talk. We serve our patients as part of a noble profession, but never lose sight of the fact that almost everyone in our field is promoting something. Sometimes they are simply promoting themselves. It’s neither good nor bad—but it’s important to evaluate every lecture, every new drug, and every new device through the prism of this knowledge. She spoke in slow, measured tones. “I understand that you are only 10 years old, but you Financial Disclosures :h$8el_de– EYE SCIENCE OCULAR VITAMIN COMPANY: Board of Directors, No Compensation Received. >> >> BREAKING TEA LEAVES NEWS Trexler M. Topping, MD Section Editor Concierge Retina—That’s What We Already Provide! Those of us who are deeply involved with health policy feel that we will experience a 15% income drop in the next 5 to 10 years due to the inevitable juggernaut of health care reform. Not surprisingly, all branches of medicine are contemplating how to maintain income. The internists and primary care physicians are selling concierge medicine, a process by WHICHAPATIENTPAYSTOAYEAR to ensure access to the doctor, usually by phone or email. Patients are normally also permitted an appointment within 24 hours. Can we do this in ophthalmology— specifically in retina practices? In concierge medicine, your retainer covers services that are typically not covered, such as refractions, corneal topography, etc. However, virtually all that we as retina specialists do is already covered by Medicare and insurance companies—so what “extra” can we sell to be concierge retina specialists? ‘[V]irtually all that we as retina specialists do is already covered by Medicare and insurance companies— so what “extra” can we sell to be concierge retina specialists?’ Well, we can assure patients that we, or our staff, will speak with them on the phone whenever they call. We can see patients right away if they call with new flashes, floaters, or a field defect—and if AMD patients have new distortion in the fellow eye, they can come right in for evaluation and possible immediate treatment with the best modalities known to mankind. As retina specialists, we will enhance both our practice efficiency and delivery paradigms to give personalized, patient-centered care in less time. We won’t bellyache about low reimbursement levels as many internists do, but will creatively develop improved systems of patient management and care delivery. But wait a minute—that is exactly the current standard of care in American retina practices! Like it or not, we already provide a concierge level of retina medicine at no premium. In a sense, we give Mercedes-Benz care at Yugo prices. Meanwhile, our surgical approaches, techniques, and instrumentation have improved to the extent that our surgery works better, takes less time, and has better outcomes with much less patient morbidity. In the world of free enterprise, this would merit increases in physician income. However, in the real world of medicine, these improvements across the board result in decreasing payment for you, the physician. (Thank you, RVS Update Committee!) ‘Like it or not, we already provide a concierge level of retina medicine at no premium.’ Thinking out of the box has distinguished us vitreoretinal specialists from the beginning. Didn’t they say the vitreous was inviolate 50 years ago? We did not listen then, and we will not listen now. So how can we retina specialists cope with the forthcoming changes? We have an increasing patient population, we have more therapies that will improve the health of Americans, and yet we face decreasing reimbursement. Retina specialists accept these challenges in stride. And we will do what we have always done. We retina specialists will gather in small or large groups and solve the delivery problem. We will develop best-practice solutions, and will share the approaches with each other at our local meetings and at ASRS. As a group who already provides a concierge level of retina care, that is how we will succeed in the face of the significant health care funding obstacle ahead. We will address the issues, see where care is required—looking at the increasing number of graying Americans like me—and see where new treatment modalities are leading toward changes in practice needs. For example, just as the advent of anti-VEGF therapy for AMD caused changes, we will see similar changes caused by adding diabetic retinopathy to the conditions responding to anti-VEGF injections. Contact Trexler Topping at tmtopping@ eyeboston.com. Financial Disclosures Dr. Topping – OPHTHALMIC MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY: Board of Directors, Honoraria; NATIONAL EYE INSTITUTE: Contract Research, Grants. | Issue *, | Volume )&, Number * | Fall 2012 | retina times | 51 THE ASRS X-FILES >> K. Bailey Freund, MD Jerome Giovinazzo Sarah Mrejen, MD Section Editor Case History: A 21-year-old male with no medical or family history experienced the sudden onset of a central scotoma in his left eye 3 days prior to presentation. On examination, his best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in the right eye and 20/200 in the left eye. The anterior segment examination of both eyes was normal. Color photographs showing the funduscopic findings and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) of both eyes at presentation are shown in Figure 1. Two weeks later, the patient returned after being seen in the emergency room for acute abdominal pain. His best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in the right eye and 20/70 in the left eye. Color photographs and SD-OCT of both eyes at follow-up are shown in Figure 2. The next day, the patient developed a partial left hemiparesis and began slurring his words while in his internist’s office. What is your diagnosis? See discussion on page 56 ‘[T]he patient returned after being seen in the emergency room for acute abdominal pain.’ Figure 1: Color photographs and SD-OCT of both eyes at presentation Color photograph of the right eye (A) shows an area of intraretinal hemorrhage and nerve fiber layer whitening along the superotemporal arcades, with slight obscuration of vessels at the nasal margin of the optic nerve. Color photograph of the left eye (B) shows a sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhage overlying the fovea, some obscuration of the disc margins, a few intraretinal hemorrhages at the superior and inferior poles of the optic disc, a small cotton-wool spot superiorly in the macular region, and moderate congestion of the venous system. SD-OCT horizontal scan of the right fovea (C) is normal. SD-OCT vertical scan through the left fovea (D) shows a sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhage overlying the fovea with a fluid-erythrocyte separation. Figure 2: Color photograph montages and SD-OCT scans of both eyes at 2-week follow-up Color montage photograph of the right eye (A) shows 3 Roth’s spots in the superior and temporal mid-periphery of the fundus. Color montage photograph of the left eye (B) shows a foveolar hemorrhage, more intraretinal hemorrhages and cotton-wool spots, and more pronounced optic disc edema compared with initial presentation (Figure 1). SD-OCT scan through a Roth’s spot (C) shows a hyperreflective lesion at the level of the superficial and inner retina with underlying subretinal fluid and overlying numerous hyper-reflective dots in the vitreous. SD-OCT vertical scan through the left foveal hemorrhage (D) shows an intraretinal isoreflective lesion that contains numerous hyper-reflective dots. 52 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, | LITERATURE ROUNDUP >> Michael M. Altaweel, MD Amol Kulkarni, MD Asheesh Tewari, MD Section Co-Editor 7(#O[WhFheif[Yj_l[HWdZec_p[Z9edjhebb[Z Jh_Wbe\?djhWl_jh[Wb8[lWY_pkcWXehBWi[h J^[hWfo8EBJ_dj^[CWdW][c[dje\:_WX[j_Y CWYkbWh;Z[cW0(*#Cedj^:WjW0H[fehj) [published online ahead of print April 9, 2012] Rajendram R, Fraser-Bell S, Kaines A, et al. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130(8):972-979. doi:10.1001/ archophthalmol.2012.393. The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) showed that macular laser photocoagulation decreased the risk of vision loss of 15 letters due to clinically significant macular edema (CSME) by 50% compared with eyes that did not receive treatment. However, there is a subset of patients unresponsive to this therapy. Intravitreal injections with bevacizumab have been demonstrated to be safe and effective for treating persistent diabetic macular edema (DME) despite laser treatment. The Bevacizumab or Laser Therapy (BOLT) in the Management of Diabetic Macular Edema study is a prospective, randomized controlled trial evaluating the role of intravitreal bevacizumab and modified ETDRS macular laser therapy (MLT) in patients with persistent DME. The study consisted of 80 patients with center-involved DME who had previously received focal laser and had visual acuity of 20/40 to 20/320. Patients were randomly assigned to a bevacizumab arm receiving injections every 6 weeks for the first 3 months and every 6 weeks as needed thereafter, and a laser arm receiving as-needed macular laser every 4 months. At 2 years, the bevacizumab arm gained a median of 9 ETDRS letters vs 2.5 letters for laser group. Forty-nine percent of patients treated with bevacizumab gained 10 or more letters as compared with 7% in the laser group. The median number of treatments over 24 months was 13 for bevacizumab and 4 for laser. A mean of 4 injections were required in the second year. Application to Practice: Persistent center-involving macular edema despite previous laser photocoagulation is a common clinical dilemma faced by practitioners. The BOLT trial specifically focused on this subgroup with persistent DME; results support the longer term use of bevacizumab. This trial reconfirms that the benefits of laser photocoagulation may not be fully realized until at least the second year of follow-up. ;\\[Yje\9ecX_dWj_edJ^[hWfoM_j^8[lWY_pkcWX WdZ:[nWc[j^Wied[?djhWl_jh[Wb?cfbWdj_d FWj_[djiM_j^H[j_dWbL[_dEYYbki_ed Singer MA, Bell DJ, Woods P, et al. Retina. 2012;32(7):1289-1294. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e318242b838. Retinal vein occlusions (RVOs) cause macular edema (ME), which can be treated with laser photocoagulation and/or intravitreal pharmacotherapy. The intravitreal medications available include triamcinolone, dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex; Allergan, Inc, Irvine, CA), and ranibizumab (Lucentis; Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA), as described in the SCORE, OZURDEX GENEVA, and BRAVO/ Section Co-Editor CRUISE studies respectively. Bevacizumab has also been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of ME secondary to RVO. This prospective, interventional case series consisted of 34 eyes of 33 patients with ME associated with RVO who were injected with bevacizumab, followed by dexamethasone intravitreal implant injection 2 weeks later. These patients were reexamined monthly and retreated with bevacizumab when ME recurred during the 6-month study period. The primary outcome measure was the time to reinjection based on OCT and vision criteria. Thirty-five percent of patients had central RVO (CRVO) and 65% had branch RVO (BRVO); 82% (28 of 34) needed at least 1 more injection before month 6, while 18% (6 of 34) did not need an additional injection of bevacizumab. Ninety-seven percent of patients gained vision during the study, and mean visual acuity improved from initially 11 letters to a maximum of 25 letters during the study period. OCT showed macular thickness decreased with the combination treatment, and the effect continued an average of 126 days from the initial bevacizumab treatment. Eighteen percent (6 of 34) of patients had an IOP of 23 mmHg or greater. Five of these 6 subjects were controlled with drops alone, while one required an additional selective laser trabeculoplasty. This study demonstrates efficacy and the duration of effect using a combination of bevacizumab and dexamethasone vs dexamethasone alone. The combination is synergistic, increasing visual acuity and prolonging the time between injections, compared with either medication alone. Application to Practice: Various treatment options are available for treatment of macular edema associated with RVO. This study demonstrates that the combination of a vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor and a dexamethasone implant may be a valuable option for RVO treatment. The study design is applicable to many patients with persistent ME secondary to RVO in the typical ophthalmology practice. H_ia\ehH[j_dWb:[jWY^c[dj7\j[h F^WYe[ckbi_ÓYWj_ed07M^eb[#FefkbWj_ed IjkZoe\9WjWhWYjIkh][hoEkjYec[i Clark A, Morlet N, Ng JQ, Preen DB, Semmens JB. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130(7):882-888. doi:10.1001/ archophthalmol.2012.164. There is 1% overall incidence of retinal detachment (RD) following cataract surgery. The risks include patient factors (younger age, male sex, and long axial length), surgical factors (operative technique, vitreous loss, and posterior capsule rupture), and postoperative factors (Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy). There has been a significant reduction in incidence of RD subsequent to adoption of phacoemulsification compared with intracapsular cataract extraction. The long-term risk for RD after phacoemulsification was studied in the entire Western Australia (WA) population using validated linked health administrative data from January 1989 to December 2001. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to calculate a cumulative incidence (CI) of RD as a percentage of cataract procedures. Cox proportional | Issue *, | Volume )&, Number * | Fall 2012 | retina times | 53 LITERATURE ROUNDUP >> hazards regression modeling was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs), which were 95% CIs for each risk factor examined. There were 237 RD cases following 65,055 phacoemulsification procedures, with a 10-year cumulative incidence of 0.68%. Significant risk factors were year of surgery (hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.28-0.66 [1999-2001 compared with 1989-1993] for each 5-year period after 1985), age younger than 60 years, male gender, and anterior vitrectomy. Hospital location, patient rural or remote locality, hospital cataract surgery volume, failed intraocular lens insertion, length of stay, and patient insurance status were not significantly associated with RD. The axial length and need for Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy in the RD cases were not examined. Thus, risk for RD after phacoemulsification has almost halved for each 5-year period since its adoption in the mid-1980s. Younger patient age and male gender significantly increased risk for RD. Phacoemulsification requiring anterior vitrectomy vastly increased risk for RD. Application to Practice: Pseudophakic RD is a rare, sight-threatening complication following phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Complicated cataract surgical procedures necessitating anterior vitrectomy carry significantly increased risk for RD. The study emphasizes the important risk factors for subsequent RD. A thorough knowledge of these risk factors is important for physicians to guide preoperative counseling and postoperative review with patients. ;d^WdY[Z:[fj^?cW]_d]Efj_YWb9e^[h[dY[ Jece]hWf^oe\IcWbb9^ehe_ZWbC[bWdecW0 9ecfWh_iedM_j^9^ehe_ZWbD[lki Shields CL, Kaliki S, Rojanaporn D, Ferenczy SR, Shields JA. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130(7):850-856. doi:10.1001/ archophthalmol.2012.1135. The clinical differentiation of small choroidal melanoma from benign choroidal nevus can be challenging, especially when lesion thickness is 3 mm or less. The various ophthalmoscopically visible factors include greater tumor thickness, the presence of subretinal fluid, overlying lipofuscin, tumor margin near the optic disc, and the absence of drusen and halo. OCT can be used for detection of subretinal fluid; however, little detail is apparent within the tumor or surrounding choroid. Recent improvements in enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain OCT (EDI-SD-OCT) allow for better imaging of choroidal detail. The retrospective comparative analysis consisted of 37 eyes with small choroidal melanoma and 51 eyes with choroidal nevi imaged using EDI-SD-OCT. The mean tumor thickness was 1025 μm by EDI-SD-OCT, compared with 2300 μm by ultrasonography. The choroidal features included optical shadowing and thinning of overlying choriocapillaris. There was subretinal fluid in 92%, and subretinal lipofuscin deposition in 95%. In comparison with similar-sized choroidal nevus, the statistically significant EDI-SD-OCT features for small choroidal melanoma include intraretinal edema (P = .003), shaggy photoreceptors or loss of photoreceptors (P = .005), loss of external limiting membrane (P = .008), loss of inner segment-outer segment junction (P = .02), irregularity of inner plexiform layer (P = .04), and irregularity of ganglion cell layer (P = .04) (t test and x2 test). The term shaggy photoreceptors describes the irregular, elongated, and presumed swollen photoreceptors from fresh subretinal fluid. Shaggy 54 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume )&, Number * | Issue *, | photoreceptors were found overlying small choroidal melanoma in 18 eyes (49%), but were not observed overlying choroidal nevus (P < .001). Thus, EDI-SD-OCT provides in vivo quantification of tumor dimensions and cross-sectional detail of the tumor and surrounding choroidal tissues that previously were not depicted. Application to Practice: EDI-SD-OCT is an exciting technology for imaging small choroidal lesions. It shows numerous changes in the overlying retina, especially shaggy photoreceptors, which can help differentiate small choroidal melanoma from similar-sized choroidal nevus. EDI-SD-OCT imaging is ideal only for smaller choroidal tumors (< 3 mm), particularly those located in the macula. Ijhea[HWj[i7\j[h?djheZkYj_ede\LWiYkbWh ;dZej^[b_Wb=hemj^<WYjeh?d^_X_jehi\ehCWYkbWh :[][d[hWj_ed07J_c[I[h_[i7dWboi_i [published online ahead of print June 19, 2012] Campbell RJ, Bell CM, Paterson JM, et al. Ophthalmol. 2012;119(8):1604-1608. AMD treatment has been revolutionized by intravitreal anti-VEGF medications. Ranibizumab and bevacizumab are the commonly used drugs and have comparable efficacy. Intravenous administration of bevacizumab in patients with cancer has been associated with an increased risk of stroke, and a meta-analysis has suggested an increased risk of stroke among patients with AMD receiving ranibizumab. The population-based, time series analysis was used to assess stroke rates among patients on therapy with bevacizumab and ranibizumab for AMD. The encrypted, linked health care databases in Ontario, Canada were used to select all patients aged 66 years or older with physician-diagnosed AMD in the previous 5 years between 2002 and 2010 (N = 116,388). A secondary analysis evaluated patients who had undergone photodynamic therapy (PDT) within the preceding year (N = 10,059). A segmented regression analysis was used to evaluate changes in the rate of hospitalization for ischemic stroke associated with bevacizumab and ranibizumab therapy. The stroke rate was compared across 3 mutually exclusive periods: the period before the availability of bevacizumab or ranibizumab, the period of bevacizumab-dominant AMD therapy, and the period of ranibizumab-dominant AMD therapy. Neither the trend nor the level of the stroke time series changed with bevacizumab or ranibizumab therapy. Similar results were observed in the analysis restricted to patients with recent PDT and in analyses stratified on age, sex, history of stroke, and history of diabetes. The present study was limited to strokes requiring hospitalization, and does not take into account milder vascular events not requiring hospitalization. Thus, use of intravitreal bevacizumab and ranibizumab for AMD is not associated with a change in the rate of hospitalization for stroke among Ontario seniors. Application to Practice: The study results agree with the Comparisons of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments (CATT) Trials regarding the safety of anti-VEGF agents. Stroke rates were not different in patients on bevacizumab and ranibizumab therapy. These results will assist clinicians as they balance the comparative efficacy, safety, and cost of these 2 closely related treatments. Incidence of Endophthalmitis and Use of Antibiotic Prophylaxis After Intravitreal Injections [published online ahead of print April 4, 2012] Cheung CS, Wong AW, Lui A, Kertes PJ, Devenyi RG, Lam WC. Ophthalmol. 2012;119(8):1609-1614. Intravitreal injections of VEGF inhibitors and triamcinolone acetonide are rapidly becoming the mainstay in treating various retinal diseases. A rare but sight-threatening complication of this procedure is endophthalmitis. The reported rates of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injections are low (0.019% to 1.4%). The preferred prophylactic method to minimize risk of endophthalmitis involves preparation of the injection site with topical povidone-iodine. There is conflicting evidence on the effectiveness of topical antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing endophthalmitis after intravitreal injections. The retrospective, comparative case series studied the incidence of endophthalmitis in association with different antibiotic prophylaxis strategies after intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF and triamcinolone acetonide. Three strategies of topical antibiotic prophylaxis were used by the treating physicians: antibiotics given for 5 days after each injection; antibiotics given immediately after each injection; and no antibiotics given. A total of 15,895 intravitreal injections (9453 ranibizumab, 5386 bevacizumab, 935 triamcinolone acetonide, 121 pegaptanib sodium) were reviewed for 2465 patients between January 5, 2005, and August 31, 2010. Nine eyes of 9 patients with suspected endophthalmitis after injection were identified. Three of the 9 cases had culture-positive results. The overall incidence of endophthalmitis per injection was 5 in 8259 for patients who were given antibiotics for 5 days after injection, 2 in 2370 for those who received antibiotics immediately after each injection, and 2 in 5266 who received no antibiotics. However, if considering culture-proven endophthalmitis alone, the use of topical antibiotics given immediately or for 5 days after injection showed lower rates of endophthalmitis compared with those without postinjection antibiotics. The incidence of endophthalmitis per injection was 2 in 935 for triamcinolone acetonide, 3 in 9453 for ranibizumab, and 4 in 5386 for bevacizumab. Thus, the overall rate of intravitreal injection-related endophthalmitis is greater with the use of topical antibiotics, given immediately or for 5 days after the injection, compared with no antibiotics. Application to Practice: These findings recommend no topical antibiotic use after intravitreal injection, and they raise concern about a higher rate of endophthalmitis after administration of topical antibiotics. However, because the study is retrospective, with a small sample of patients, the conclusions may be the result of a random sampling error. Financial Disclosures Dr. Altaweel – NATIONAL EYE INSTITUTE: Investigator, Grants; GLAXOSMITHKLINE: Investigator, Grants; PFIZER, INC: Investigator, Grants; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Investigator, Grants. Dr. Tewari – SYNERGETICS USA: Consultant, Honoraria. Dr. Kulkarni – None. POINT/COUNTERPOINT >> Dr. von Fricken, continued from page 41 6. Lincoff HA, Baras I, McLean J. Modifications to the Custodis Procedure for Retinal Detachment. Arch Ophthalmol. 1965;73(2):160-163. 7. Fujii GY, De Juan E, Jr., Humayun MS, et al. A new 25-gauge instrument system for transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy surgery. Ophthalmol. 2002;109(10):1807-1812; discussion 1813. 8. Escoffery RF, Olk RJ, Grand MG, Boniuk I. Vitrectomy without scleral buckling for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985; 99(3): 275-281. 9. Campo RV, Sipperley JO, Sneed SR, et al. Pars plana vitrectomy without scleral buckle for pseudophakic retinal detachments. Ophthalmol. 1999; 106(9):1811-1815; discussion 1816. 10. Speicher MA, Fu AD, Martin JP, von Fricken MA. Primary vitrectomy alone for repair of retinal detachments following cataract surgery. Retina. 2000;20(5):459-464. 11. von Fricken MA, Kunjukunju N, Weber C, Ko G. 25-Gauge sutureless vitrectomy versus 20-gauge vitrectomy for the repair of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina. 2009;29(4):444-450. 12. Weichel ED, Martidis A, Fineman MS, et al. Pars plana vitrectomy versus combined pars plana vitrectomy-scleral buckle for primary repair of pseudophakic retinal detachment. Ophthalmol. 2006;113(11):2033-2040. 13. Martínez-Castillo V, Boixadera A, Verdugo A, García-Arumí J. Pars plana vitrectomy alone for the management of inferior breaks in pseudophakic retinal detachment without facedown position. Ophthalmol. 2005;112(7):1222-1226. 14. Colyer MH, Barazi MK, von Fricken MA. Retrospective comparison of 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy to 20-gauge vitrectomy for the repair of pseudophakic primary inferior rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina. 2010;30(10):1678-1684. 15. Brazitikos PD, Androudi S, Christen WG, Stangos NT. Primary pars plana vitrectomy versus scleral buckle surgery for the treatment of pseudophakic retinal detachment: a randomized clinical trial. Retina. 2005;25(8):957-964. 16. Ahmadieh H, Moradian S, Faghihi H, et al. Anatomic and visual outcomes of scleral buckling versus primary vitrectomy in pseudophakic and aphakic retinal detachment: six-month follow-up results of a single operation—report no. 1. Ophthalmol. 2005;112(8):1421-1429. 17. Heiman H, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Bornfeld N, et al. Scleral buckling versus primary vitrectomy in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: a prospective randomized multicenter clinical study. Ophthalmol. 2007;114(12):2142-2154. 18. Koriyama M, Nishimura T, Matsubara T, Taomoto M, Takahashi K, Matsumura M. Prospective study comparing the effectiveness of scleral buckling to vitreous surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2007;51(5):360-367. 19. Jumper JM, Mittra RA, eds. ASRS 2012 Preferences and Trends Membership Survey. Chicago, IL. American Society of Retina Specialists. 2012. Financial Disclosures Dr. von Fricken – None. | Issue 46 | Volume 30, Number 4 | Fall 2012 | retina times | 55 X-FILES SOLUTION >> Continued from page 52 Case History: Discussion At initial presentation (Figure 1, page 52), the right color photograph (B) shows an area of intraretinal hemorrhage and nerve fiber layer whitening along the superotemporal arcades. There is slight obscuration of vessels at the nasal margin of the optic nerve. The photograph of the left eye (A) shows a sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhage overlying the fovea. There is some obscuration of the disc margins with a few intraretinal hemorrhages at the superior and inferior poles of the optic disc and a small cotton-wool spot superiorly in the macular region. There is moderate congestion of the venous system with some mild tortuosity. that time are shown in Figures 3 (right eye) and 4 (left eye). dots in the vitreous and a complete resolution of the subretinal fluid. The color photograph of the right eye (Figure 3) shows a near-complete resolution of the Roth’s spots. The SD-OCT horizontal scan through one Roth’s spot shows a major decrease in the size of the hyper-reflective lesion that seems to be located at the level of the retinal nerve fiber layer, with a near-complete resolution of the hyper-reflective In the left eye (Figure 4), the color photograph shows the complete resolution of the subinternal limiting membrane hemorrhage, intraretinal hemorrhages, and cotton-wool spots. The SD-OCT scan through the fovea shows the resolution of the sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhage with consequent focal SD-OCT vertical scan through the left fovea shows a sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhage overlying the fovea with a fluiderythrocyte separation. The SD-OCT horizontal scan of the right fovea is normal. The patient’s visual symptoms appeared to be related to a sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhage overlying the left fovea. Blood pressure at that time was normal. The patient was referred to his internist to rule out hematologic abnormalities causing hyperviscosity or vasculitic entities with associated retinal vascular changes. A medical work-up revealed blood on urinalysis, an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) at 10.1 mg/l, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) at 66 mm per hour, a normal white blood cell count and platelets. The complete blood count (CBC) showed low hemoglobin and hematocrit. When the patient returned for 2-week follow-up, the left color photograph (A—Figure 2, page 52) showed more intraretinal hemorrhages and cotton-wool spots and more pronounced optic disc edema. The right color photograph (B) showed multiple intraretinal hemorrhages centered by a white spot characteristic of Roth’s spots. The SD-OCT scan through a Roth’s spot showed a hyper-reflective lesion at the level of the superficial and inner retina with underlying subretinal fluid and overlying numerous hyper-reflective dots in the vitreous. At that time, the patient was immediately referred back to the internist for a complete work-up and had symptoms suggestive of a stroke in his office. Figure 3: Color photographs and SD-OCT scans of the right eye at second (2 weeks) and last (6 weeks) follow-up examinations Color photograph at last follow-up (B) shows near-complete resolution of Roth’s spots compared with previous examination (A). SD-OCT horizontal scan through one Roth’s spot at last follow-up (D) shows a decrease in the size of the hyper-reflective lesion that seems to be now located at the level of the retinal nerve fiber layer, a near-complete resolution of the hyper-reflective dots in the vitreous, and a complete resolution of the subretinal fluid as compared with previous examination (C). He was medically evaluated and subsequently diagnosed with infectious endocarditis related to a congenital bicuspid aortic valve. Cultures from his recent emergency room visit grew Streptococcus viridans. He underwent an aortic valve replacement after 4 weeks of intravenous antibiotics and had a full recovery from the stroke. Four weeks later, the best-corrected visual acuity recovered to 20/20 in both eyes. His color photographs and SD-OCT scans at 56 | retina times | Fall 2012 | Volume 30, Number 4 | Issue 46 Figure 4: Color photographs and SD-OCT scans of the left eye at second (2 weeks) and last (6 weeks) follow-up examinations Color photographs at last follow-up (B) shows resolution of intraretinal hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, and optic disc edema compared with previous examination (A). SD-OCT vertical foveal scan at last follow-up (D) shows resolution of the intraretinal isoreflective lesion with consequent thinning of the inner nuclear layer compared with previous examination (C). | X-FILES SOLUTION >> inner retinal thinning. Roth first described seeing white retinal lesions and separate oval hemorrhages in patients with sepsis in 1872. In 1878, Litten, a French ophthalmologist, described oval hemorrhages with pale centers in patients with endocarditis and named these spots “Roth’s spots.” Roth’s spots are nonspecific and there have been conflicting reports in the literature concerning their composition. of disease is high, immediate tests should be ordered. Blood cultures should be obtained prior to antibiotic therapy. A CBC with a differential, ESR, CRP, urinalysis, and an electrocardiogram (ECG) also should be included in the work-up, and an echocardiogram should be obtained. Once the tests have returned, the modified Duke criteria should be used to establish the possibility of endocarditis.9 Roth originally hypothesized that the white centers may contain bacteria but may also be composed of collections of sterile white blood cells.1 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a Roth’s spot has been evaluated with high-resolution SD-OCT imaging. Past histological studies have shown that the white centers surrounded by hemorrhages are fibrin-platelet aggregates or thrombi.10 Subacute bacterial endocarditis is thought to produce septic thrombi which can embolize to distant locations. One of the organs affected is the eye. The white center has also been hypothesized to be composed of fibrin thrombus at the site of the capillary rupture.2 These lesions can be seen in patients with leukemia,3 subacute bacterial endocarditis,4 severe anemia, hypertensive states, rheumatologic disorders, trauma, and HIV.5 Our patient initially presented with a subinternal limiting membrane hemorrhage directly overlying the fovea in the left eye and a few intraretinal hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, and mild optic disc edema in both eyes. Sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhages can occur in a variety of settings including increased venous pressure from a Valsalva maneuver, ocular trauma, and various retinal vascular diseases. Preretinal hemorrhages have been reported to be the presenting sign for subacute bacterial endocarditis.6-7 Li and Kapusta argued that the hemorrhage may be concealing retinal findings more consistent with subacute bacterial endocarditis, such as Roth’s spots.7 We suggest that patients presenting with a sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhage associated with other retinal vascular and optic nerve abnormalities be questioned regarding other manifestations of subacute bacterial endocarditis such as splinter hemorrhages, petechiae, clubbing, Janeway lesions, Osler’s nodes, and cardiac murmurs. Patients with a cardiac history are more likely to have infectious endocarditis than those without.8 When the clinical likelihood the lesion. We believe these SD-OCT findings show that the Roth’s spots in subacute bacterial endocarditis are more likely to represent inflammatory lesions than cotton-wool spots surrounded by hemorrhage. These images may support Roth’s and Litten’s original theory that Roth’s spots represent septic emboli. References 1. Gass JD. Inflammatory Diseases of the Retina and Choroid. In: Gass JD, ed. Stereoscopic Atlas of Macular Diseases. 4th ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 1997:601-603. 2. Duane TD, Osher RH, Green WR. White centered hemorrhages: their significance. Ophthalmol. 1980;87(1):66-69. 3. Kapadia RK, Steeves JH. Roth spots in chronic myelogenous leukemia. CMAJ. 2011;183(18):E1352. doi:10.1503/ cmaj.100561. 4. Falcone PM, Larrison WI. Roth spots seen on ophthalmoscopy: diseases with which they may be associated. Conn Med. 1995;59(5):271-273. Another presumptive cause of Roth’s spots proposed in more recent literature is a generalized thrombocytopenia from increased intravascular coagulation; this can lead to increased capillary bleeding in the retina.11 Compared with the typical high-resolution OCT imaging of cotton-wool spots, the OCT scan through the Roth’s spot in our patient showed additional findings: numerous hyper-reflective dots in the vitreous adjacent to the lesion and subretinal fluid underlying the lesion. These hyperreflective dots were seen focally in the vitreous directly overlying the lesion. 5. Vose MJ, Charles SJ. Roth’s spots: an unusual presentation of HIV. Postgrad Med J. 2003;79(928):108-109. doi:10.1136/pmj.79.928.108. 6. Kim JE, Han DP. Premacular hemorrhage as a sign of subacute bacterial endocarditis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;120(2):250-251. 7. Li G, Kapusta MA. Preretinal hemorrhages as the presenting sign of subacute bacterial endocarditis. Can J Ophthalmol. 2004;39(1):80-82. 8. Silverman ME, Upshaw CB Jr. Extracardiac manifestations of infective endocarditis and their historical descriptions. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100(12):1802-1807. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.07.034. 9. Moreillon P, Que YA. Infective endocarditis. Lancet. 2004;363(9403):139-149. doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(03)15266-X. 10. von Barsewisch B, ed. Perinatal Retinal Haemorrhages. Berlin, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1979. Based on their distribution, size, shape, and decrease in number over time (Figure 3), these hyper-reflective dots in the vitreous likely represent inflammatory cells. We hypothesize that these hyper-reflective dots may represent a “shedding” of inflammatory cells from the Roth’s spot lesion into the vitreous. There was also subretinal fluid below the Roth’s spot that resolved over time (Figure 3). 11. Ling R, James B. White-centred retinal haemorrhages (Roth spots). Postgrad Med J. 1998;74(876):581-582. doi:10.1136/pgmj.74.876.581. Financial Disclosures Dr. Freund – GENENTECH: Advisory Board, Investigator, Honoraria; REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC: Advisory Board, Consultant, Honoraria; QLT, INC: Consultant, Honoraria; ALIMERA SCIENCES: Advisory Board, Honoraria; DIGISIGHT: Advisory Board, Honoraria. Dr. Mrejen – None. We hypothesize that this subretinal detachment underlying the lesion likely indicates a transient inflammatory reaction adjacent to Mr. Giovinazzo – None. 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