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29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
State of the art in the Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
Kaunas Technical University
Invited Presentation
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
0. Lecture Structure
1. Introduction
2. Terms and definitions
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
4. Case Studies
5. Q+A
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
1
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
1. Introduction
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) addresses the environmental aspects and
potential environmental impacts of a product (e.g. use of resources and
the environmental consequences of releases) throughout its life cycle
from raw material acquisition through production, use, end-of-life
treatment, recycling and final disposal.
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
1. Introduction
LCA is one of several environmental management techniques and might
not be the most appropriate technique to use in all situations. LCA
typically does not address the economic or social aspects of a product,
but the life cycle approach.
The information developed in an LCA study can be used as part of a
much more comprehensive decision process.
Comparing the results of different LCA studies is only possible if the
assumptions and context of each study are equivalent.
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
2
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
1. Introduction
Areas in which LCA can assist
1. Identifying opportunities to improve the environmental performance of
products at various points in their life cycle,
2. Informing decision-makers in industry, government or non-government
organizations (e.g. for the purpose of strategic planning, priority setting,
product or process design or redesign),
3. The selection of relevant indicators of environmental performance,
including measurement techniques
4. Marketing (e.g. implementing an ecolabelling scheme, making an
environmental claim, or producing an environmental product declaration).
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
1. Introduction
Decision Making – The four pillars
Decision
Making Pillars
Financial
Criteria
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Technical
Criteria
Environmental
Criteria
Social
Criteria
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
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29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
1. Introduction
Multi Criteria Analysis
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
1. Introduction
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
4
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Life cycle
Life cycle assessment (LCA)
Life cycle inventory (LCI)
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)
Life cycle impact categories
Life cycle interpretation
System boundaries (cradle to grave, cradle to gate, gate to gate)
Life cycle assessment functional unit
Life cycle framework
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Life Cycle and what is Life Cycle Assessment
life cycle
consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw
material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal
life cycle assessment
LCA
compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential
environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
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29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Life Cycle and what is Life Cycle Assessment
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
LCA Product
product
any goods or service
The product can be categorized as follows:
⎯ services (e.g. transport);
⎯ software (e.g. computer program, dictionary);
⎯ hardware (e.g. engine mechanical part);
⎯ processed materials (e.g. lubricant, building material).
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
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29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
life cycle inventory analysis
LCI
phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and
quantification of inputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle
life cycle inventory analysis result
LCI result
outcome of a life cycle inventory analysis that catalogues the flows
crossing the system boundary and provides the starting point for life cycle
impact assessment
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
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29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
8
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
life cycle impact assessment
LCIA
phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the
magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts for a
product system throughout the life cycle of the product
impact category
class representing environmental issues of concern to which life cycle
inventory analysis results may be assigned
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Life Cycle Impact Categories
Global Impacts
Global Warming - polar melt, soil moisture loss, longer seasons, forest
loss/change, and change in wind and ocean patterns.
Ozone Depletion - increased ultraviolet radiation.
Resource Depletion -decreased resources for future generations.
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
9
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Life Cycle Impact Categories
Regional Impacts
Photochemical Smog - “smog,” decreased visibility, eye irritation,
respiratory tract and lung irritation, and vegetation damage.
Acidification - building corrosion, water body acidification, vegetation
effects, and soil effects.
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Life Cycle Impact Categories
Local Impacts
Human Health - increased morbidity and mortality.
Terrestrial Toxicity - decreased production and biodiversity and decreased
wildlife for hunting or viewing.
Aquatic Toxicity - decreased aquatic plant and insect production and
biodiversity and decreased commercial or recreational fishing.
Eutrophication – nutrients (phosphorous and nitrogen) enter water bodies,
such as lakes causing excessive plant growth and oxygen depletion.
Land Use - loss of terrestrial habitat for wildlife and decreased landfill
space.
Water Use - loss of available water from groundwater and surface water
sources.
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
10
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methodologies
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Life Cycle Impact Categories
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
11
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Life Cycle Impact Categories
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Life Cycle Impact Categories
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
12
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
What is the next step?
life cycle interpretation
phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the
inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are evaluated in
relation to the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and
recommendations
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
What is the next step?
life cycle interpretation
LCA is an iterative technique. The individual phases of an LCA use
results of the other phases. The iterative approach within and between
the phases contributes to the comprehensiveness and consistency of
the study and the reported results.
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
13
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
LCA Interpretation
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
System Boundaries
system boundaries
set of criteria specifying which unit processes are part of a product system
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
14
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
System Boundaries
system boundaries
set of criteria specifying which unit processes are part of a product system
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
System Boundaries
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
15
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Functional Unit
functional unit
quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit
LCA is a relative approach, which is structured around a functional unit.
This functional unit defines what is being studied. All subsequent
analyses are then relative to that functional unit, as all inputs and
outputs in the LCI and consequently the LCIA profile are related to the
functional unit.
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Functional Unit
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
16
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Functional Unit
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
2. Terms and Definitions
Life Cycle Assessment Framework
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
17
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
Controversial issues
1. There is no single method for conducting LCA. Scientists have the
flexibility to implement LCA, in accordance with the intended application
and the requirements of the end use of the product;
2. The relative nature of LCA is due to the functional unit feature of the
methodology
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
Controversial issues – Literature Review of LCA for PCM
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
18
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
Controversial issues – Literature Review of LCA for PCM
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
Controversial issues – Literature Review of LCA for PCM
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
19
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
Controversial issues – Literature Review of LCA for PCM
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
Building Materials LCA Databases
1. BRE Green Guide
The Green Guide considers typical UK construction specifications and
compares their environmental impact on a scale of A+ (lowest
environmental impact) to E (greatest environmental impact).
Comparisons are made using specifications that achieve the same
levels of performance and the environmental impact is for a complete
lifecycle (from manufacture to end of life disposal).
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
20
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
Building Materials LCA Databases
1. BRE Green Guide
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
Building Materials LCA Databases
1. BRE Green Guide
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
21
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
Building Materials LCA Databases
1. BRE Green Guide
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
Building Materials LCA Databases
1. BRE Green Guide
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
22
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
Building Materials LCA Databases
1. BRE Green Guide
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
Building Materials LCA Databases
2. Athena Guide
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
23
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
Building Materials LCA Databases
2. Athena Guide
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials
Building Materials LCA Databases
2. Athena Guide
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
24
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
4. Case Studies – Sustainable Energy Research Group
Adobe Brick
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
4. Case Studies – Sustainable Energy Research Group
Adobe Brick
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
25
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
4. Case Studies – Sustainable Energy Research Group
Adobe Brick
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
4. Case Studies – Sustainable Energy Research Group
Adobe Brick
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
26
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
4. Case Studies – Sustainable Energy Research Group
Adobe Brick
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
4. Case Studies – Sustainable Energy Research Group
Concrete
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
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29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
4. Case Studies – Sustainable Energy Research Group
Concrete
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
4. Case Studies – Sustainable Energy Research Group
Concrete
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
28
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
4. Case Studies – Sustainable Energy Research Group
Concrete
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
Sustainable Energy Research Group
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
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29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
Sustainable Energy Research Group
The Sustainable Energy Research Group (SERG) in Frederick
University and Frederick Research Center, engages with the state-ofthe-art research regarding sustainable energy resources and building
physics. SERG, accredited with ISO 9001:2008, operates under high
quality standards and guarantees excellence and scientific reliability.
SERG activities include:
- research in the fields of experimental and computational building
physics, as well as in sustainable energy technologies laboratory and
consulting services
- teaching activities under the undergraduate and postgraduate
program of studies of Frederick University
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
Sustainable Energy Research Group
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
30
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
Sustainable Energy Research Group
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
Sustainable Energy Research Group
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
31
29/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
Sustainable Energy Research Group
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
State of the art in the LCA of buildings materials
Q+A
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
Visiting Lecturer
Frederick University
School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences
Contact Info:
http://sus-energ.org
[email protected]
Cyta Building: Room 113
+35722 394394, ext. 46129
Frederick University
Civil Engineering Department
Dr.-Ing. Paris A. Fokaides
28/04/2015
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