1. society
2. work
3. unemployment

INDIAN LABOUR YEAR BOOK
2011 AND 2012
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT
LABOUR BUREAU
SHIMLA/CHANDIGARH
PREFACE
The 59th issue of Indian Labour Year Book 2011 and 2012 covers eleven subjects viz.,
Employment and Training, Wages and Earnings, Family Income and Expenditure Surveys and
Consumer Price Index Numbers, Industrial Relations, Labour Welfare, Industrial Housing, Health
and Safety, Labour Administration, Labour Legislation, Agricultural/Rural Labour, India and the
International Labour Organisation. In addition, it also contains a brief account of the content and
titles of various publications of Labour Bureau, list of important Labour Acts (Central and State),
Conventions & Recommendations adopted by the International Labour Conference as well as those
ratified by India, list of various journals on labour related issues published in India, a bibliography
of the publications of various Organisations, Departments, Ministries and Autonomous Bodies in
the field of labour.
The information contained in this issue throws light on the various welfare programmes
and policies launched and implemented by the government for the welfare of labour class in the
field of health, education, employment, housing, social security and other incidental benefits that
have been extended to labourers working in the organized as well as the unorganized sectors. It is
hoped that this publication would be useful to all the users interested in labour matters.
Various Central and State Government agencies have played an important role in bringing
out this publication by supplying data on various facets of labour. Labour Bureau expresses its
gratitude for the support and cooperation extended by them in bringing out this publication.
I also place on record my appreciation in equal measure for the efforts made by the officers
and staff engaged in bringing out this issue.
Suggestions for improvement are welcome.
DALJEET SINGH
DIRECTOR GENERAL
Labour Bureau
Shimla/Chandigarh
Dated: 16.03.2015
2
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Employment
Employment Services and Recruitment
Training
Absenteeism
Labour Turnover
Women and Child Labour
Pages
11
21
25
29
32
36
CHAPTER 2
WAGES AND EARNINGS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Manufacturing Industries
Mines
Plantations
Transport and Communications
Central Government Employees
Employees Covered under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948
Wages of Agricultural Labour
Occupational Wage Survey
Index Numbers of Wage Rates
Productivity
Labour Cost
40
54
57
58
58
59
59
64
66
70
70
CHAPTER 3
FAMILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE SURVEYS AND
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX NUMBERS
1.
2.
Family Income and Expenditure Surveys
Consumer Price Index Numbers
74
77
CHAPTER 4
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Trade Unions
Industrial Disputes
Machinery for the Prevention and Settlement of Industrial Disputes
Consultative Machinery
Workers, Participation in Management and Workers‘ Education
89
102
110
112
112
CHAPTER 5
LABOUR WELFARE
1.
2.
3.
4.
Activities of the Government of India
Activities of the State Government and Union Territories
Welfare Work by the Employers
Welfare Work Under Statutory Welfare Funds
3
114
114
117
120
CHAPTER 6
INDUSTRIAL HOUSING
1.
2.
3.
4.
Urban Housing Development
Housing Schemes of the State Governments
Housing for Workers in Major Industries
Rural Housing Schemes
122
124
124
126
CHAPTER 7
1.
2.
3.
HEALTH AND SAFETY
Health of Industrial Workers
Industrial Injuries
Industrial Safety
127
134
135
CHAPTER 8
LABOUR ADMINISTRATION
1.
2.
Central Machinery
State Machinery
138
146
CHAPTER 9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
LABOUR LEGISLATION
Factories:
The Factories Act, 1948
Mines:
The Mines Act, 1952
Plantations:
The Plantations Labour Act, 1951
Transport:
(a)The Railways Act, 1989
(b)The Dock Workers‘ (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1948
(c )The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
(d)The Motor Transport workers‘ Act, 1961
Shops and Commercial Establishments:
The Shops and Commercial Establishments Act (Central and State Acts)
Industrial Housing
Safety and Welfare
Wages and Bonus:
(a)The Payment of Wages Act, 1936
(b)The Minimum Wages Act, 1948
(c ) The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965
Social Security:
(a)The Workmen‘s Compensation Act, 1923
(b)The Employees‘ State Insurance Act, 1948
(c)The Employees‘ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
(d)The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
(e)The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
4
147
151
152
155
155
156
156
159
162
162
163
163
165
166
167
169
171
176
10.
11.
1.
2.
3.
Industrial Relations:
(a) The Trade Unions Act, 1926
(b)The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946
(c)The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947
Miscellaneous:
(a)The Children‘s (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933
(b)The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986
(c)The Collection of Statistics Act, 2008
(d)The Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act,
1959
(e)The Apprentices Act, 1961
(f)The Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966
(g)The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970
(h)The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
(i)The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976
(j)The Sales Promotion Employees‘(Conditions of Services) Act, 1976
(k)The Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and
Conditions of Service) Act, 1979
(l)The Emigration Act, 1983
(m)The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment
and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 and the Building and Other Construction
Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1996
CHAPTER 10
AGRICULTURAL/RURAL LABOUR
Agricultural/Rural Labour
Rural/ Agricultural Labour Enquiries
Socio-economic Welfare of Rural Labour
176
177
183
183
184
185
186
186
187
187
188
188
188
189
189
190
191
193
199
CHAPTER 11
INDIA AND THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION
200
CHAPTER 12
LABOUR BUREAU PUBLICATIONS
216
APPENDICES
1.
2.
3.
List of Important Labour Acts
List of Conventions and Recommendations adopted by the International
Labour Conference, 1919-2012
Select Bibliography
5
221
225
234
CHAPTER 1
EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING
Generation of decent gainful employment is both a mean and an end of any just and
equitable society. Lack of employment opportunity breeds poverty, deprivation and consequently
creates ground for social unrest. It is, therefore, imperative to orient policies and programs for
providing productive employment opportunities as the same is essential for achieving poverty
reduction and sustainable economic and social development. During pre-reforms period, the
Central and State Governments were looked upon as the major employers. However, with
liberalization and privatization, the employment opportunities in the government sector started
shrinking relatively and the onus of providing jobs was shifted to the private sector. The
Central/State Governments do have a supportive role in the changed situation, which is to create
conducive environment for accelerating the growth of decent employment and also selfemployment. The broad principle of inclusive growth which permeates all the policies of the
Government has resulted in various innovative employment-generation programs, including some
backed by legislation._
Scenario of Employment Growth:
The Eleventh Plan aimed at bringing the overall unemployment down by generating new
work opportunities exceeding the projected addition to the labour force. The results of NSS 66 th
round (2009–10) indicate that 18 million new work opportunities were created on Current Daily
Status (CDS) basis between 2004–05 and 2009–10. The unemployment in absolute terms came
down by 6.3 million and the unemployment rate declined to 6.6 per cent in 2009–10 for the first
time since 1993–94, after increasing to 7.31 per cent in 1999–2000 and 8.28 per cent in 2004–05.
On Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status (UPSS) basis also, the unemployment rate declined to 2
per cent in 2009–10 from 2.3 per cent in 2004–05. The overall labour force expanded by just 11.7
million. The increase in labour force was lower compared to previous years. This, however, is a
positive development as it can be attributed to higher retention of the young in schools and colleges,
and also lower distress labour participation by working age women as family incomes improved in
both rural and urban areas.
Quantitative Dimensions of Employment:
The quantitative dimensions of employment captures the trends in Labour Force, Work
force at rural–urban, Male Female and sectoral level. Table 1.01provides the Labour Force (LFPR)
and Work Force Participation Rates (WFPR) during the decade 1999–2000 and 2009–10. It
emerges that the second half of the last decade witnessed the decline in LFPR in spite of increase in
the population growth. Further it emerges that there has been decline in both rural and urban LFPRs
and WFPRs during the second half of the decade. Female LFPR and WFPR show greater
fluctuations particularly in rural India. The rise in female LFPR and WFPR during the first half of
the decade might be the result of agricultural distress which depressed household income and
pushed women into the labour force. Since all women entering the labour force did not get
employment, the first half of the decade was also characterised by an increase in unemployment
rate. In absolute terms, the first half of the decade experienced an increase of 20 million workers
(238 million to 258 million) in agriculture. The slow growth in the labour force and hence in work
force in second half of the decade may be due to rising participation in education by both male and
female after the enactment of the Right to Education for 6–14 years old.
Table 1.01
LFPR and WFPR by Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status, 1993–94, 2004–05 and 2009–10 (%)
Persons
LFPR, WFPR and Unemployment Rate of 1999–00, 2004–05 and 2009–10 by UPSS
LFPR
WFPR
UR
1999-00 2004-05 2009-10 1999-00 2004-05 2009-10 1999-00 2004-05 2009-10
Rural
42.3
44.6
41.4
41.7
43.9
40.8
1.5
1.7
1.6
Urban
35.4
38.2
36.2
33.7
36.5
35
4.7
4.5
3.4
All
43
40
39.7
42
39.2
2.3
2
Source: NSS 55th, 61st and 66th Rounds.
6
Impact of Economic Slow down on Employment:
In order to assess the impact of the global financial crisis on employment in the country,
Labour Bureau conducted a quick survey in January 2009 covering a sample of 2581 units in the
selected industries/sectors from 20 centres. The survey showed that over half a million people lost
their job during the quarter October 2008 – December 2008. Most affected sectors were gems and
jewellery and automobile where employment declined by 8.58% and 4.03% respectively.
Since then (upto March, 2013) seventeen surveys have been conducted. The results of
seventeenth quarterly survey (January – March, 2013) showed an overall increase in employment
by 1.07 lakh during the period December, 2012 to March, 2013. At industry level the maximum
increase is observed in the textile including apparels sector where the employment has increased by
0.40 lakh followed by 0.28 lakh in the IT/BPO sector, 0.13 lakh in gems & jewellery, 0.12 lakh in
automobiles and 0.11 lakh in metal sector. In the direct category of workers, the employment has
increased more rapidly than in the contract category of workers during the period March, 2013 over
December, 2012. At overall level, 0.80 lakh increase in employment is visible in the direct workers
during the quarter. Out of a total increase of 1.07 lakh employment at the overall level during the
period March, 2013 over December, 2012, 0.81 lakh increase has been registered in the export
oriented units. However, the net addition to the employment during the period March, 2013 over
March, 2012 is 3.48 lakh at the overall level.
Annual Employment Unemployment Survey:
In order to fill the data gap for ascertaining the employment-unemployment scenario in the
country, Labour Bureau has been entrusted the task of conducting Annual EmploymentUnemployment surveys. So far three such surveys have been conducted, reports prepared and
released by the Labour Bureau. The first Nation-wide Employment and Unemployment survey
with the coverage of 300 districts spread across 28 States/UTs was launched in April, 2010. About
46,000 household schedules were surveyed during the survey. A multi stage stratified systematic
sampling technique was adopted for the survey. The report was released by the Ministry in
November, 2010.
The Second Employment-Unemployment Survey (EUS) was launched in July, 2011. In the
second EUS survey all the districts in the 35 States/UTs of the country were covered. The sample
size in the second EUS was 1.28 lakh household schedules. A multi stage stratified systematic
sampling technique was adopted for the survey. The report was released in the month of July, 2012.
The major findings of the report are given below:
Table 1.02
Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Worker Population Ratio (WPR) and
Unemployment Rate (UR) based on all the four approaches at All India Level for 15 year &
above
(in percent)
Approaches
Usual Principal Status Approach(UPS)
Usual Principal & Subsidiary Status Approach (UPSS)
Current Daily Status Approach (CDS)
Current Weekly Status Approach (CWS)
LFPR
52.9
55.4
51.5
55.6
WPR
50.8
53.6
48.2
53.0
UR
3.8
3.3
6.3
4.6
The Third Employment-Unemployment Survey (EUS) was launched in October, 2012. In
the third survey all the districts in the 35 States/UTs of the country are covered. The sample size in
the third EUS is about 1.35 lakh household schedules. A multi stage stratified systematic sampling
technique has been adopted for the survey.
7
Poverty Alleviation and Employment Generation Programmes:
The government is following a focused approach through various flagship schemes in the
areas of poverty alleviation and employment generation to achieve inclusive development. As the
last exercise conducted in 2002 to identify people living in poverty in rural areas had several
limitations, the Dr. N. C. Saxena Committee was constituted to advise on the methodology for
conducting a below poverty line (BPL) census. Consequently, a Socio Economic and Caste Census
(SECC) has commenced in June 2011 through a door-to-door enumeration across the country,
which after due deliberation will form the basis of targeting beneficiaries under various socialsector progarmmes. Some important poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes
are as follows:
Mahatma Gandhi NREGA: This flagship programme of the government aims at enhancing
livelihood security of households in rural areas by providing at least one hundred days of
guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members
volunteer to do unskilled manual work with the stipulation of one-third participation of women.
The MGNREGA provides wage employment while also focusing on strengthening natural resource
management through works that address causes of chronic poverty like drought, deforestation, and
soil erosion and thus encourage sustainable development. The MGNREGA is implemented in all
districts with rural areas. At national level, with the average wage paid under the MGNREGA
increasing from Rs.65 in FY 2006-7 to Rs.115 in FY 2011-12, the bargaining power of agricultural
labour has increased as even private sector wages have increased as shown in many studies.
Improved economic outcomes, especially in watershed activities, and reduction in distress
migration are its other achievements. Wages under the MGNREGA are indexed to the consumer
price index for agricultural labour (CPI-AL). While some initiatives have been taken recently, with
better planning of project design, capacity building of panchayati raj institutions (PRIs), skill
upgradation for enhanced employability, and reduction of transaction costs, gaps in implementation
could be plugged to a greater extent and the assets so created could make a much larger
contribution to increasing land productivity.
National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) - Aajeevika: The Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar
Yojana (SGSY)/NRLM a self-employment programme implemented since April 1999 aims at
lifting the assisted rural poor families (swarozgaris) above the poverty line by providing them
income-generating assets through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy. The rural poor are
organized into self-help groups (SHGs) and their capacities built through training and skill
development. The scheme is implemented with active involvement of PRIs. Since the inception of
the SGSY 42.05 lakh SHGs have been formed, of which approximately 60 per cent are women
SHGs. Total investment under the SGSY is Rs.42,168.42 crore comprising Rs.28,824.53 crore as
credit and Rs.13,343.89 crore as subsidy. Approximately 168.46 lakh swarozgaris have been
assisted with bank credit and subsidy. The SGSY now restructured as the NRLM has been renamed
Aajeevika and implemented in mission mode across the country since 2011. The main features of
Aajeevika are: a) one woman member from each identified rural poor household to be brought
under the SHG network, b) ensuring 50 per cent of the beneficiaries from SC/STs, 15 per cent from
minorities, and 3 per cent persons with disability while keeping in view the ultimate target of 100
per cent coverage of BPL families, c) training for capacity building and skill development, d)
ensuring revolving fund and capital subsidy, e) financial inclusion, f) provision of interest subsidy,
g) backward and forward linkages, and h) promoting innovations.
Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY): The SJSRY launched on 1 December 1997
aims at providing gainful employment to the urban unemployed and underemployed, by
encouraging them to set up self-employment ventures or creating wage employment opportunities.
The scheme has been revamped w.e.f. April 2009. A total of 4,06,947 people have benefited from
this scheme during 2012-13.
8
Working PopulationAccording to the Census of India, 2011, the workers (comprising of main workers and
marginal workers) formed 39.79 per cent of the total population as against 39.10 per cent in 2001
census. Total population and the total number of workers, as revealed by the 2011 census, have
been presented in Table 1.03.
Table 1.03
Total Workers in India – 2011 Census
Population/Workers
Persons
Male
Female
1
2
3
4
Population
Total
Workers
1210569573
613121843
587447730
481743311
331865930
149877381
39.79
53.26
25.51
833463448
427632643
405830805
348597535
226763068
121834467
41.83
53.03
30.02
377106125
195489200
181616925
133145776
105102862
28042914
35.31
53.76
15.44
Percentage of Workers
Population
Rural
Workers
Percentage of Workers
Population
Urban
Workers
Percentage of Workers
Source
: Office of the Registrar General, India.
Employment in the Organised Sector
As per Economic Survey 2012-13, the total employment in organised sector (all Public
Sector Enterprises and all Non-agricultural Enterprises in the Private Sector employing 10 or more
workers) as on 31st march for the year 2003 to 2011 are given below:
Year
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Employment (in crore)
2.70
2.64
2.65
2.70
2.73
2.75
2.82
2.87
2.90
Only a small percentage of the total workforce of the country is employed in the organized
sector. Organised sector employment as on March 31, 2011 was 29.00 million of which 60.52 per
cent or 17.55 million was in public sector.
9
Table 1.04
Employment in the Public Sector by Branch/ Industry
(Lakh persons as on 31 March)
Sl.
No.
1
Industry / Branch
2
A. By Branch
2003
2004
2005
3
4
5
2006 2007
6
2008
2009
8
9
7
2010
2011
10
11
1
Central Government
31.33 30.27 29.38 28.60 28.00
27.39
26.60 25.52
24.63
2
State Governments
73.67 72.22 72.02 73.00 72.09
71.71
72.38 73.53
72.18
3
Quasi-Governments
59.01 58.22 57.48 59.09 58.61
57.96
58.44 58.68
58.14
4
Local Bodies
21.79 21.26 21.18 21.18 21.32
19.68
20.73 20.89
20.53
Total 185.80 181.97 180.07 181.88 180.02 176.74 177.95 178.62
175.48
B By Industry
1
Agriculture, hunting etc.
5.06
4.93
4.96
4.69
4.75
4.71
4.77
4.78
4.77
2
Mining and quarrying
8.47
10.30 10.14 11.46 11.37
11.21
11.12 11.03
10.90
3
Manufacturing
12.60 11.89 11.30 10.92 10.87
10.44
10.60 10.66
10.16
4
Electricity, gas and
water
9.13
8.74
8.60
8.49
8.49
7.96
8.39
8.35
8.31
5
Construction
9.48
9.32
9.11
8.94
8.66
8.52
8.45
8.59
8.47
6
Wholesale and retail
trade
1.82
1.81
1.84
1.82
1.78
1.65
1.74
1.71
1.70
7
Transport, storage &
communication
29.39 28.15 27.51 26.75 26.37
26.34
26.01 25.29
30.84
8
Finance, insurance, real
estate etc.
13.77 14.08 14.08 13.90 13.69
13.47
13.56 14.13
13.61
9
Community, Social &
personal services
96.09 92.76 92.52 91.76 90.90
88.54
90.11 90.51
90.95
Total 185.80 181.97 180.07 178.73 176.88 172.84 174.75 175.05
172.71
Note: Industry-wise break-up not tally due to non-inclusion of data as per NIC 1998, information in respect of J&K,
Manipur and Daman & Diu not included in 2011.
Source : Ministry of Labour and Employment (DGE&T) ; Economic Survey 2012-13
Table 1.05
Employment in the Private Sector by Industry
(Lakh persons as on March 31)
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Industry
2
Agriculture, hunting etc.
Mining and quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, gas and
water
Construction
Wholesale and retail
trade
Transport, storage &
Communication
Finance, insurance, real
estate etc.
Community, Social &
personal services
Total
2003
3
8.95
0.66
47.44
0.50
2004
4
9.17
0.65
44.89
0.47
2005
5
9.83
0.79
44.89
0.49
2006
6
10.28
0.95
45.49
0.40
2007
7
9.50
1.00
47.50
0.50
2008
8
9.92
1.11
49.70
0.51
2009
9
8.96
1.15
51.98
0.64
2010
10
9.23
1.61
51.84
0.64
2011
11
9.18
1.32
53.97
0.70
0.44
3.60
0.45
3.51
0.49
3.75
0.55
3.87
0.70
4.10
0.69
2.72
0.80
4.72
0.91
5.06
1.02
5.46
0.79
0.81
0.85
0.87
1.00
1.04
1.32
1.66
1.89
4.26
4.58
5.23
6.52
8.80
10.96
13.11
15.52
17.18
17.56
17.92
18.20
18.78
19.50
21.73
20.23
21.40
23.50
84.21
82.46
84.52
87.71
92.40
98.38 102.91 107.87 114.22
Note: Coverage in construction, particularly on private account, is known to be inadequate
Source : Ministry of Labour and Employment (DGE&T) ; Economic Survey 2012-13
10
Table 1.06
Estimates of Employment in Organised Public and Private Sectors by Sex
(Lakh persons as on March 31)
Year
1
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Male
2
168.49
168.80
168.66
167.94
168.31
166.55
166.04
164.57
162.79
158.86
156.75
153.07
150.86
151.85
149.84
146.34
147.04
146.66
143.77
Public Sector
Female
Total
3
4
24.77
193.26
25.65
194.45
26.00
194.66
26.35
194.29
27.28
195.59
27.63
194.18
28.11
194.15
28.57
193.14
28.59
191.38
28.87
187.73
29.05
185.80
28.90
181.97
29.21
180.07
30.03
181.88
30.18
180.02
30.40
176.74
30.91
177.95
31.96
178.62
31.71
175.48
Male
5
63.01
63.41
64.31
67.20
67.77
67.37
66.80
65.80
65.62
63.83
63.57
62.02
63.57
66.87
69.80
74.03
78.88
81.83
86.69
Private Sector
Female
Total
6
7
15.50
78.51
15.89
79.30
16.28
80.59
17.92
85.12
19.09
86.86
20.11
87.48
20.18
86.98
20.66
86.46
20.90
86.52
20.49
84.32
20.64
84.21
20.44
82.46
20.95
84.52
21.18
88.05
22.94
92.74
24.72
98.75
24.98
103.77
24.63
108.46
27.83
114.52
Public and Private Sector (Total)
Male
Female
Total
8
9
10
231.51
40.26
271.77
232.21
41.54
273.75
232.97
42.28
275.25
235.14
44.26
279.41
236.08
46.37
282.45
233.92
47.74
281.66
232.84
48.29
281.13
230.37
49.23
279.60
228.40
49.49
277.89
222.71
49.35
272.06
220.32
49.68
270.00
215.09
49.34
264.43
214.42
50.16
264.58
218.72
51.21
269.93
219.64
53.12
272.76
220.37
55.12
275.49
225.92
55.80
281.72
228.49
58.59
287.08
230.39
59.54
289.99
Note (i) Includes all establishments in the Public Sector irrespective of size of employment and non-agricultural
establishments in the Private Sector employing 10 or more persons.
(ii) Excludes Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep as these are not yet covered
under the programme.
Source : Ministry of Labour and Employment (DGE&T) ; Economic Survey 2012-13
1. EMPLOYMENT
A.
Factories
The data on average daily employment in registered factories received from the State Chief
Inspectors of Factories are compiled and disseminated by the Labour Bureau. The coverage is
confined to factories as defined under the Factories Act, 1948, viz. (i) factories using power and
employing 10 or more workers on any working day of preceding twelve months; (ii) factories not
using power and employing 20 or more workers on any working day of the preceding twelve
months and (iii) factories notified under Section 85 of the Factories Act by the State Governments/
Union Territories.
State-wise data relating to the number of working factories and estimated average daily
employment therein for the year 2009 & 2010 is given in Table 1.07.
11
Table: 1.07
Number of Working Factories and Estimated Average Daily Employment during 2009 & 2010
State/Union Territory
1
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chattisgarh
Goa
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Nagaland
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh
Jammu&Kashmir
West Bengal
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Gujarat
A&N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
D&N Haveli
Puducherry
Total
Note:-
Number of working Factories
2009
2010
2
3
30827
31953
2759
3048
6941
7739
3569
720
713
10306
10519
..
..
..
..
34118
34962
944
975
98
136
..
519
2469
2595
17168
17318
11575
11849
29619
1626
1747
1743
..
13577
..
..
..
..
15453
..
7182
..
..
20715
..
25004
42
472
472
8004
..
..
..
..
..
143389
226087
Estimated average daily employment
2009
2010
4
5
953034
1023639
137432
150228
122475
138549
264706
64670
68273
737709
782590
..
..
..
..
1531229
1683087
9249
10308
6030
8204
..
9074
218424
264589
592839
615644
606115
569591
1499591
51620
58312
165305
..
934139
..
..
..
..
1160681
..
389652
..
..
772226
..
1296035
5454
11179
12433
341556
..
..
..
..
..
6488459
10777412
.. Not available
Source: Annual Returns under the Factories Act, 1948.
It may be seen from Table 1.07 that during 2009 & 2010 the total number of working
factories was 143389 and 226087 with an estimated average daily employment of 6.5 million and
10.78 million respectively. The number of working factories and average daily employment were
the highest in Maharashtra during 2009 and 2010.
B. Mines
The Director General of Mines Safety collects information pertaining to the number of persons
employed in mines and quarries (except those specially exempted by the Central Government)
statutorily under the Mines Act, 1952. All the persons covered under Section 2(b) of the Mines Act,
1952, whether employed permanently or on a temporary basis either directly or through contractor
is included.
12
Average daily employment in mines (State-wise) for the years 2008 and 2009 has been
presented in the Table No. 1.08.
Table 1.08
Employment in Mines for the Years 2008 and 2009
State/
Union Territory
1
A & N Islands
No. of Reporting Mines and Average Daily Employment
2008
2009
No. of Mines
Employment
(in ‗000)
No. of Mines
Employment
(in ‗000)
2
3
4
5
2
100
1
58
341
68917
341
74335
1
392
2
475
Assam
29
11026
33
10568
Bihar
11
384
11
413
Chattisgarh
97
42390
98
42509
Goa,
91
6110
94
6688
135
17614
137
18778
Himachal Pradesh
37
1191
38
1160
Haryana
45
4494
42
4465
365
114437
374
115987
5
640
5
710
201
16223
214
15643
22
1851
20
1945
7
412
9
477
Madhya Pradesh
163
55964
162
53862
Maharashtra
133
35233
134
35370
Orissa
246
53175
240
55666
Rajasthan
252
22521
259
23495
Tamil Nadu
173
20808
182
21338
3
1007
3
1007
Uttrakhand
36
1888
36
1918
Uttar Pradesh
13
7095
13
7611
West Bengal
132
65203
136
63910
2540
549075
2584
558388
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Gujarat
Jharkhand
J&K
Karnataka
Kerala
Meghalaya
Tripura
All India
Source: Director General of Mines Safety, Dhanbad
C. Plantations
Labour Bureau collects statistics of employment in tea, coffee, rubber and other plantations
under the Plantations Labour Act, 1951 from the concerned States/Union Territories. During the
years 1998 to 2009 the employment data in various Plantations are given in Table 1.09.
13
Table 1.09
Employment in various Plantations during 1998 to 2009
Year
1
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Tea
Coffee
Rubber
2
8,94,932
8,52,675
9,03,024
3,22,004
6,65,554
6,15,195
6,91,026
6,26,093
4,21,582
6,10,115
7,13,931
7,20,315
3
28,333
26,137
29,249
31,237
22,769
21,872
14,712
21,641
18,282
18,640
21,741
19,975
4
22,092
18,831
26,556
28,164
29,329
30,789
23,934
25,804
25,997
18,433
17,143
19,534
Other Plantations
(Cinchona,Cardamom, etc.)
5
5,649
4,488
6,784
7,557
2,534
5,524
3,797
3,834
3,195
6,387
5,268
5,262
Total
6
9,51,006
9,02,131
9,65,613
3,88,962
7,20,186
6,73,830
7,33,469
6,77,372
4,69,056
6,53,575
7,58,083
7,65,086
Note:
The figures relate only to the Plantation Estates submitting returns and include adult male and female
workers, adolescent and children.
Source: Annual returns received under the Plantations Labour Act, 1951.
D. Census of Central Government Employees
Table 1.10 given below shows gradual changes that have taken place in the index of
Central Government Employment from 1989 to 2009.
Table 1.10
Trends in the Central Government Employment during the period 1989 to 2009
(All Employees)
Year (as on 31st
Central Government Employment
Index of
March of each year) Number (in Lakh)
Percentage increase (+) Employment
(Base:1971=100)
decrease (-) over the
previous available year
1
2
3
4
1989
37.48
1.32
138.87
1990
37.74
0.69
139.83
1991
38.13
1.03
141.27
1995
39.82
4.43
147.54
2001
38.76
(-)2.66
143.61
2004
31.64
(-)18.37
117.23
2006
31.16
(-)1.52
115.45
2008
31.12
(-)0.13
115.30
2009
30.99
(-)0.42
114.82
Source: Census of Central Government Employees, Directorate General of Employment and Training, New Delhi.
(i) Department of Posts
The Department of Posts created in January 1985, after the bifurcation of the erstwhile
Posts and Telegraphs Department, has the total staff strength of 4.66 lakh (including Gramin Dak
Sewak) as on 31st March, 2011. Out of which, 36188 and 14639 were scheduled caste and
scheduled tribe employees respectively.
14
(ii) Department of Telecommunications
The total number of staff employed in the Department of Telecommunications as on 31 st
March, 2012 was 2230, including 376 scheduled caste and 111 scheduled tribe employees.
(iii) Railways
The Railway Board compiles the statistics pertaining to the number of persons employed in
Railway.
Table 1.11 shows that as on 31st March, 2011, there were 1328.0 thousand regular
employees as against 1362.0 thousand as on 31st, March, 2010 showing a decrease of 34 thousand
employees.
Table 1.11
Year-wise and Group-wise Number of Personnel in the Railways
Year
Number of Staff as on 31st March (in thousands)
1
Groups A&B
2
Group C
3
Group D
4
Total
5
1950-51
1960-61
1970-71
1980-81
1990-91
2000-01
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2.3
4.4
8.1
11.2
14.3
14.8
15.0
15.4
15.8
16.1
16.4
16.7
16.8
223.5
463.1
583.2
721.1
891.4
900.3
873.7
883.9
906.6
907.5
913.3
926.5
1076.9
687.8
689.5
782.9
839.9
746.1
630.2
535.7
513.1
484.0
470.9
456.2
418.8
234.5
913.6
1,157.0
1,374.2
1,572.2
1,651.8
1,545.3
1424.4
1412.4
1406.4
1394.5
1386.0
1362.0
1328.0
Source: Indian Railways, Annual Report and Accounts, 2010-11.
Management personnel (Groups A&B) make up 1.2% of the total strength, for the year
2009-10 and 1.3% for the year 2010-11, while Group C and D comprise 68.0% and 30.7%,
respectively for the year 2009-10, 81% and 17.6% for the year 2010-11. Of the employees in
Group C and D, 4.02 lakh (29.9%) are workshop employees and artisans for the year 2009-10 and
3.8 lakh (29.3%) for the year 2010-11. 9.42 lakh (70.04%) in 2009-10 and 9.2 lakh (70.7%) in
2010-11 form other categories including running staff. R.P.F. personnel totalled 53,151 in 2010
and 53,409 in 2011.
Number of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes employees on the rolls of the Indian
Railways as on 31.3.2010 and 31.3.2011 (category-wise) is given in Table 1.12.
15
Table 1.12
Category- wise Number of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Employees
in the Railways as on 31.3.2010 and 31.3.2011
Category
1
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
(excluding Safaiwalas)
Group D
(Safaiwalas)
Total
(excluding Safaiwalas)
Grand Total
Number of Scheduled Castes
employees
As on 31.3.2010
As on 31.3.2011
2
3
1,255
1,170
(14.5%)
(13.22%)
1,264
1,141
(15.43%)
(14.08%)
1,39,744
1,59,165
(15.02%)
(14.75%)
62,553
39,366
(16.49%)
(19.48%)
21,920
16,690
(54.60%)
(49.43%)
2,04,816
2,00,842
(15.44%)
(15.47%)
2,26,736
2,17,532
(16.59%)
(16.33%)
Number
of
Scheduled
Tribes
employees
As on 31.3.2010
As on 31.3.2011
4
5
647
636
(7.47%)
(7.18%)
509
506
(6.21%)
(6.25%)
61,151
70,887
(6.57%)
(6.57%)
26,648
16,855
(7.03%)
(8.34%)
2,233
1,563
(5.56%)
(4.64%)
88,955
88,884
(6.71%)
(6.85%)
91,188
90,447
(6.67%)
(6.79%)
Note: - Figures in brackets indicate percentages to the total staff in the respective groups.
Source:- Indian Railways, Annual Report and Accounts, 2010-11.
(iv) Department of Road Transport and Highways
Employment Statistics in respect of the Department of Road Transport and Highways is
presented in Table No. 1.13.
Table 1.13
The Total Number of Government Servants and Number of SCs and STs employees
(As on December 2012)
TECHNICAL
Group
Sanctioned
Strength
Group ‗A‘
Group ‗B‘
Group ‗C‘
Total
227
81
07
315
Group
Sanctioned
Strength
Group ‗A‘
Group ‗B‘
Group ‗C‘
Group ‗D‘
Total
Grand Total
64
229
256
36
585
900
Total No. of
employees in
position
172
48
04
224
SCs
24
09
01
34
% to Total
employees in
position
14.0
18.8
25.0
15.2
STs
13
04
0
17
% to Total
employees in
position
7.6
8.3
0.0
7.6
NON-TECHNICAL
Total No. of
employees in
position
51
236
200
31
518
742
SCs
8
38
63
10
119
153
% to Total
employees in
position
15.7
16.1
31.5
32.3
23.0
20.6
STs
4
10
9
4
27
44
% to Total
employees in
position
7.8
4.2
4.5
12.9
5.2
5.9
Source: Annual Report, 2011-12, Department of Road Transport and Highways.
16
E. Port and Dock Labour
Dock Labour Boards (DLBs) were set up under the Dock Workers‘ (Regulation of
Employment) Act, 1948 at the major ports of Mumbai, Kolkata, Visakhapatnam, Cochin, Chennai,
Mormugao and Kandla.
The employment statistics pertaining to employees /workers etc. in respect of major Ports
and Dock Labour Boards are presented in the tables 1.14, 1.15 and 1.16.
Table 1.14
Employment in major ports as on 31st March 2003 to 2011
Maritime/State
Kolkata
Paradip
Visakhapatnam
Chennai
Tuticorin
Cochin
New Mangalore
Mormugao
J.L Nehru
Mumbai
Kandla
Ennore
Total
2003
12621
3513
6227
11172
2963
4414
2220
3556
1820
22217
3929
17
89397
2004
11836
3407
5889
10329
2788
4353
2124
3385
1810
21480
3788
17
84920
2005
11099
3306
5550
8842
2589
3959
1985
3243
1791
19388
3574
21
65347
2006
10494
3158
5216
8582
2574
3849
1908
3135
1779
19682
3506
20
63903
2007
9931
3013
5208
9755
2407
4822
1862
3082
1766
14935
3414
45
60211
2008
9619
2910
5069
9065
2259
4306
1770
3018
1763
14481
4237
59
58556
2009
9489
2851
5052
8117
2224
4103
1819
2967
1746
14296
4149
65
56878
2010
9173
2761
4877
8020
2191
3948
1719
2891
1739
14059
4008
86
55472
2011
8678
2634
4584
7774
2079
3749
1636
2817
1730
13391
3774
88
52934
Table 1.15
Employment in non-major ports as on 31st March 2003 to 2011
Maritime/State
Andhra Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Pondicherry
Karnataka
Kerala
Maharashtra
Gujarat
Goa
A & N Islands
Lakshadweep
Daman & Diu
Orissa
Total
2003
109
110
79
99
316
173
2662
166
477
217
22
NA
4430
2004
62
73
79
76
257
165
2048
139
470
217
22
NA
3608
2005
66
89
75
105
121
154
1816
139
468
217
22
NA
3272
2006
57
68
75
109
121
154
1265
134
452
NA
22
NA
2457
2007
57
68
42
103
185
154
1743
133
447
NA
22
NA
2954
2008
69
62
33
55
191
153
1718
146
452
NA
22
118
3019
2009
269
60
59
146
175
130
1650
140
454
NA
22
118
3223
2010
269
60
59
145
175
84
1590
140
454
NA
22
118
3116
2011
269
51
66
145
195
84
981
141
448
NA
22
118
2520
Table 1.16
Number of Dock Worker as on 31st March 2003 to 2011
Major Ports
Kolkata Dock System
Visakhapatnam
Mumbai
Kandla
Total
2003
1660
1473
NA
897
4030
2004
1353
1449
NA
862
3664
2005
1034
1386
NA
833
3253
2006
715
1360
NA
814
2889
17
2007
543
1322
NA
971
2836
2008
40
125
NA
NA
166
2009
177
NA
NA
NA
1605
2010
140
978
NA
NA
1477
2011
100
859
2586
789
4334
F.
Shops and Commercial Establishments
Employment data in respect of shops and commercial establishments, cinemas, theatres,
hotels, restaurants, etc., are collected by the Labour Bureau under the State Shops and Commercial
Establishments Acts and the Weekly Holidays Act, 1942 in the areas covered by the respective
Acts. These Acts are applicable only to select urban areas of individual States/Union Territories
and even for these areas, arrangements for collection of employment data are not uniform, regular
and satisfactory in all the States/Union Territories. In many States, no statutory annual returns from
the units are called for and the employment data are based either on figures furnished by the
employers at the time of registration of the units or on the information collected specifically by
Inspectors. The number of establishments and the number of persons employed therein during the
years 1998 to 2009 is given in Table 1.17.
Table 1.17
No. of Establishments & the number of employees therein during 1998 to 2009
Year
1
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
No. of Establishments (Shops, Commercial Establishments,
Cinemas, Theatres, Hotels, Restaurants, etc.)
2
5,541,409
5,800,916
5,536,095
6,023,103
5,895,036
5,612,879
4,560,664
6,884,095
4,966,157
5,884,400
5,177,589
2,886,096
No. of persons
employed
3
5,934,067
6,503,444
6,878,097
6,928,145
7,363,986
6,994,775
5,893,701
9,722,054
7,986,793
9,617,734
9,626,757
4,060,793
Note: Data relates to the responding States only.
Source: Annual returns under the Shops & Commercial Establishments Act
G.
Employment in Un-organised Sector
The term ‗unorganised worker‘ has been defined under the Unorganised Workers‘ Social
Security Act, 2008, as a home based worker, self-employed worker or a wage worker in the
unorganised sector and includes a worker in the organised sector who is not covered by any of the
Acts mentioned in Schedule-II of Act i.e. The Employee‘s Compensation Act, 1923; The Industrial
Disputes Act, 1947; The Employees‘ State Insurance Act, 1948; The Employees Provident Funds
and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952; The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961; and The Payment of
Gratuity Act, 1972. As per the survey carried out by the National Sample Survey Organisation in
the year 2009-10, the total employment in both organized and unorganized sector in the country
was of the order of 46.5 crore. Out of this, about 43.7 crore were in the unorganized sector. Of
which 24.6 crore workers were employed in agriculture sector, 4.4 crore in construction, and
remaining were in manufacturing activities, trade and transport, communication & services. A large
number of unorganized workers are home based and are engaged in occupations such as beedi
rolling, agarbatti making, papad making, tailoring, and embroidery work.
H.
Agricultural Workers
As per the survey carried out by the National Sample Survey Organisation in the year
2009-10, the largest segment of workers in the unorganised sector are agricultural workers (24.6
crore), who are extremely vulnerable to exploitation on account of their low level of literacy, low
level of awareness, persistent social backwardness and absence of unionism and other forms of
viable organisation.
18
I.
Building and other Construction Workers
Construction workers constitute one of largest categories of workers in the unorgnised
sector. According to the National Sample Survey conducted by NSSO in 2009-2010, about 4.4
crore workers are employed in the construction activities.
J.
Migrant Workers Magnitude
According to the 2001 Census, 314.54 million persons had changed their place of residence
within the country and out of this, 29.90 million or 9 per cent left their place for work. In order to
protect the rights and safeguard the interests of migrant workers, the Inter-State Migrant Workmen
(Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 was enacted.
K.
Women Workers
Women form an integral part of the Indian workforce. As per Census 2011, the total
number of female workers in India is 149.8 million comprising of 121.8 and 28.0 million in rural
and urban areas respectively. Out of total 149.8 million female workers, 35.9 million females are
working as cultivators and another 61.5 million are agricultural labourers. Of the remaining, 8.5
million are in household Industry and 43.7 million are classified as other workers. As per Census
2011, the work participation rate for women is 25.51 per cent as compared to 25.63 per cent in
2001. The work participation rate of women was however 22.27 per cent in 1991. The work
participation rate for women in rural areas is 30.02 per cent as compared to 15.44 per cent in the
urban areas.
In so far as the organized sector is concerned, in March 2011, women workers constituted
20.5 per cent of total employment in organized sector in the country which is higher by 0.1 per cent
as compared to the preceding year. As per the last Employment Review by Directorate General of
Employment & Training (DGE&T), on 31st March, 2011, about 59.54 lakh women workers were
employed in the organized sector (Public and Private Sector). Of this, nearly 32.14 lakh were
employed in community, social and personnel service sector. The average daily employment of
women in factories is given in Table 1.18.
Table 1.18
Average Daily Employment of Women in Factories ('000)
Year
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Total Employment
(000)
5214.3
5208.7
5242.4
5494.2
4660.6
4683.4
4882.5
5169.6
4983.7
2194.5
3272.1
3330.4
2139.5
3554.0
3848.1
4373.0
3054.0
2628.4
2662.4
4713.7
Women's
Employment ('000)
507.1
524.4
577.9
629.9
513.8
528.8
676.9
818.2
676.8
210.5
474.4
542.6
235.6
635.0
640.4
730.0
313.9
220.9
194.0
737.6
%age share of women
in total employment
9.7
10.1
11.0
11.5
11.0
11.3
13.9
15.8
13.6
9.6
14.5
16.3
11.0
17.9
16.6
16.7
10.3
8.4
7.2
15.6
Source: Annual Returns under the Factories Act. 1948 received by the Labour Bureau
19
L.
Child Labour
As per 2001 census, the total number of working children between the age group 5-14
years in the country was 1.26 crore. However, as per NSSO survey 2009-10, the working children
are estimated at 49.84 lakh as against 90.75 lakh in 2004-05.
Table 1.19
State-wise Distribution of Working Children According to 2001 Census
Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Name of the State/UT
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Chhatisgarh
Manipur
Meghalaya
Jharkhand
Uttaranchal
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Arunachal Pradesh
Chandigarh
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Delhi
Daman & Diu
Goa
Lakhshadweep
Mizoram
Pondicherry
Total
Working children population.
1363339
351416
1117500
485530
253491
107774
175630
822615
26156
1065259
764075
364572
28836
53940
407200
70183
45874
377594
177268
1262570
16457
418801
21756
1927997
857087
1960
18482
3779
4274
41899
729
4138
27
26265
1904
1,26,66,377
Note:- Figures relates to workers of age group 5-14 years
Source: Census of India, 2001
M.
Home-based Workers
In India, there is no authentic data on home based workers. However, it has been estimated
that over 3 crore workers in the country are home based workers. Among these, 45 lakh workers
are employed in beedi rollings, 65 lakh in handloom weaving, 48 lakh artisans and craft persons.
The other major occupations of the home based workers are agarbatti makers, zari workers, papad
makers, cobblers, lady tailors, carpenters, etc.
20
A.S.I. Data on Employment
Labour Bureau compiles data on Employment collected under the Annual Survey of
Industries conducted annually under the Collection of Statistics Act, 1953. The A.S.I. 2009-10
round data on employment is presented below:
Table 1.20
Sector
1
All India
Public
Joint
Private
Average Daily Employment
Directly Employed
Contract
Workers
Men
Women
Children
2
3
4
5
4934978
1218765
3004079
177263
26028
59191
178586
18129
83103
4579128
1174608
2861786
All
Workers
6
9157822
262482
279817
8615523
All
Employees
7
11792075
357980
386990
11047105
- = Nil.
N.B.- For State-wise and industry-wise break-up of data kindly refer to our publications ―ASI 2009-10, Statistics on
Employment and Labour Cost (Census Sector and Sample Sector separately) Vol.I‖.
2. EMPLOYMENT SERVICES AND RECRUITMENT
Policies, standards and procedures for the National Employment Service are laid down by
the Central Government in consultation with the State Governments. A Working Group on
National Employment Service comprising the representatives of the Central and State Government
facilitate this consultative process. The Employment exchange (Compulsory Notification of
Vacancies) Act, 1959 provides for compulsory notification of vacancies and submission of
employment returns (ER-I and ER-II) by employers to the Employment Exchanges. It applies to all
establishments in the Public Sector and such establishments in the Private Sector engaged in nonagricultural activities and employing 25 or more workers. Enforcement of the Act is the
responsibility of the States and Union Territories. Majority of the States/ Union Territories have
special enforcement machinery for this purpose. Employment Exchanges not only provide
placement and Vocational Guidance Services to Job seekers registered with them but also collect
labour market information. Since inception, the network of employment services has expanded
from 18 Employment Exchanges to 969 Employment Exchanges at the end of December, 2010.
Special emphasis was laid on promotion of self-employment by motivating and guiding the job
seekers. Self Employment Promotion Cells (SPEC) in 28 selected Employment Exchanges was
established in the country. Out of these now 22 Self-Employment Promotions Cells are rendering
special assistance to job seekers towards promotion of Self Employment. Up to the end of July,
2011 about 1.15 lakh placed in self employment, out of which 0.91 lakh (79.09%) were men and
0.24 lakh (20.91%) were women. About 2.18 lakh persons were on the live Register of these cells.
The Self Employment Promotion Cells also continue to function during 2011-12.
The Employment Service continued making efforts to cater to the special needs of
vulnerable sections of the society. 20 Vocational Rehabilitation Centres (VRC) for the
Handicapped provided a comprehensive package of services to the Handicapped. During the period
2011-12, these 20 functional Vocational Rehabilitation Centres registered 22522, evaluated 22377
and rehabilitated 8028 persons with disabilities. Placement service to the disabled Ex-servicemen/
Border Security Forces personnel and their dependants is provided through Ex-servicemen Cell set
up in DGE&T (Hqrs). At the end of Nov 2011, there were 256 disabled soldiers and 2432
dependants awaiting employment assistance through Ex-servicemen Cell. 23 Coaching-cumGuidance Centres for SC/STs have been set up in 23 States. Vocational guidance and training in
confidence building is provided to SC/ST job seekers through these Centres. Besides, the facilities
for practicing typing and shorthand are provided. These Centres have also been arranging Pre
recruitment training programme. DGE& T are providing various training facilities for women
through the ―National Vocational Training Institutes for Women, Noida (NVTI) and Regional
21
Vocational Training Institutes set up in different parts of the country. More than 90,039 women
have been trained since inception in 1979 in various training courses until 2011-12 (as on
30.09.2011).
A.
General
(i) Employment Exchanges - The National Employment Service spans the entire country. There
were 966 Employment Exchanges functioning at the end of 2011 including 83 University
Employment Information and Guidance Bureau (UEIGBX), 15 Professional and Executive
Employment Exchanges, 42 Special Employment Exchanges for the Physically Handicapped and
one Special Employment Exchange for Plantation labour. The total number of job seekers on the
Live Register of Employment Exchanges in Dec, 2011 was 401.71 lakh.
The main activities of the Employment Exchanges are registration, placement of job
seekers, career counseling and vocation guidance and collection of employment market
information. Year-wise No. of employment exchanges, registrations, placement, vacancies notified,
submissions made and live register for the period 2002 to 2011 are given in Table 1.21(a).
Table 1.21 (a)
Number of Employment Exchanges, Registrations, Vacancies Notified, Placements Effected and
Submission Made on the Live Register during 2002-2011
(Figures in thousands)
Year
No. of
Registrations Vacancies
Placement
Submission Live Register
Employment
Notified
made
at the End of
Exchanges @
the Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
939
5064.0
220.3
142.6
1748.8
41171.2
2002
945
5462.9
256.1
154.9
1917.3
41388.7
2003
947
5373.0
274.6
137.7
1801.4
40457.6
2004
947
5437.1
349.2
173.2
2402.0
39347.8
2005
947
7289.5
358.2
177.0
3029.5
41466.0
2006
965
5434.2
525.8
263.5
3661.0
39974.0
2007
968
5315.9
570.8
305.0
3344.0
39112.4
2008
969
5693.7
419.5
261.5
2589.3
38152.2
2009
969
6186.0
706.9
509.6
3747.1
38826.9
2010
2011
966
6206.3
819.7
471.5
5142.9
40171.6
@ Including University Employment Information and Guidance Bureau (UEIGBx)
Source: Ministry of Labour and Employment, Annual Report (2011-2012)
Table 1.21 (b)
Number of Job Seekers on the Live Register of Employment Exchanges in the country classified by
Age group (2006-2010)
(In thousands)
Year
Age Group (in years)
15-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60+
Total
2006
9204.3
19876.0
10099.3
1995.5
271.1
20.4
41466.0
22.2
47.9
24.4
4.8
0.7
100.0
2007
8688.7
19221.5
9727.5
2043.5
242.9
49.9
39974.0
21.7
48.1
24.3
5.1
0.6
0.1
100.0
2008
8317.0
18646.0
9572.7
2245.0
264.3
67.0
39112.0
21.3
47.7
24.5
5.7
0.7
0.2
100.0
2009
8103.9
17786.6
9454.8
2419.1
309.9
78.0
38152.2
21.2
46.6
24.8
6.3
0.8
0.2
100.0
2010
8141.3
18174.0
9453.2
2540.3
411.1
107.0
38826.9
21.0
46.8
24.3
6.5
1.1
0.3
100.0
Note: Percent to the Total are in the second line.
Totals may not tally due to rounding off.
22
(ii) Central Employment Exchange, Delhi - It is responsible for the advertisement of the
vacancies of scientific and technical nature occurring in the Central Government Establishments.
From April to November, 2011, 196 vacancies notified by various Ministries/Departments were
advertised in the Employment News published by Directorate & Visual Publicity (DAVP). It
covers 18, 13, 56, 8 and 10 vacancies for SC, ST, OBC, Physically handicapped and Ex-Service
man respectively.
B.
Employment Market Information Programme (EMI)
Scope, Coverage and Limitation
Employment data in the organised sector is collected under the Employment Market
Information Programme, which initially followed a voluntary course of collection of information,
was provided the statutory base by the Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of
Vacancies) Act, 1959 and rules framed thereunder. The EMI programme now extends to all the
States/Union Territories. The programme covers all establishments in the public sector and nonagricultural establishments employing 25 or more workers in the private sector. The establishments
employing 10-24 workers are covered on a voluntary basis. The EMI Programme, however, does
not cover employment in the agricultural establishments (other than Plantation and Agricultural
Machine Operatives), self-employed or independent workers, part-time workers, Defence Forces,
and Indian Missions abroad, establishments employing less than 25 workers in the metropolitan
cities of Mumbai and Kolkata and tiny sector establishments (employing less than 10 workers). The
Employment Exchange (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959 makes it obligatory on
the part of employers to render Employment Return (ER-I) and Occupational Return (ER-II)
quarterly and biennial intervals respectively. The employment returns are rendered at quarterly
intervals showing employment at the end of 31st March, 30th June, 30th September and 31st
December every year whereas the Occupational Returns are collected biennially as at the end of
30th September of the year alternately for Public and Private Sectors establishments.
Occupational and Educational Pattern Studies
Occupational and educational profile of employees in organised sector is attempted
through this study. The data are collected under the Employment Market Information (EMI)
Programme at biennial intervals, covering public and private sector establishments in alternate
years through ER-II returns prescribed under the Employment Exchange (Compulsory Notification
of vacancies) Act, 1959. The occupational composition and educational levels of all employees in
organised sector, classified by industries and branches of the public sector and by size of
establishments in the private sector are presented in the reports titled ―Occupational and
Educational Pattern in India‖.
C.
Other Activities of the Directorate General of Employment and Training (DGE&T)
Surveys and Studies
(a) General- The Central Institute for Research and Training in Employment Service (CIRTES) is
responsible for imparting training to officers of the Employment Service and conducting research
to provide feedback on various programmes of NES and develop tools and techniques for better
implementation of NES programmes. It also prepares career literature vocational guidance and
career counseling.
(b) Manpower Surveys and Studies- The Survey Division of the DGE&T conducts employment
profile studies in selected industries on need basis. Main objective of such studies is to made
available the information on present and future employment potential and also to identify self
employment and wage paid employment opportunities.
23
D.
Employment of (a) Scheduled Castes/Tribes (b) Ex-Service Personnel and (c)
Minorities (d) Handicapped Persons
(a) Scheduled Castes/Tribes- The Performance of Employment Exchanges in respect of
Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe and Other Backward Class job seekers during 2007 and 2008 is
indicated in Table 1.22.
Table 1.22 (a)
Employment of Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribe and other Backward Class job-seekers
during 2007 and 2008 (in lakh)
Scheduled Castes
Scheduled Tribes
Other Backward Classes
Registration
Placement
Live Register
Registration
Placement
Live Register
Registration
Placement
Live Register
2007
6.69
0.22
63.21
2.57
0.21
21.32
8.93
0.12
88.16
2008
6.59
0.27
63.84
3.09
0.21
22.04
9.54
0.18
86.90
Source: Annual Report (2011-2012), Ministry of Labour and Employment
(b) Ex-Service Personnel- In order to provide placement services to the disabled Ex-Servicemen/
BSF personnel and the dependants of Defence Service personnel/ BSF personnel killed or severely
disabled in action against the vacancies reserved for Ex-servicemen and earmarked for priority
categories, an Ex- servicemen Cell was set up in the Director General of Employment & Training
in July, 1972.Subsequently, the scope of the special service was also extended for the benefit of exservicemen disabled during the peace time as well as dependants of the Defence Service personnel
killed or severely disabled in peace time provided that the death or disability attributable to military
service with effect from February, 1981. At the end of Nov, 2011 there were 256 disabled soldiers
and 2432 dependants awaiting employment assistance through the Ex- Servicemen Cell.
(c) Minorities- In pursuance of the Prime Minister‘s directive for full integration of minorities in
all aspect of national life, the State Governments have been advised to ensure that no
discrimination is made against minority communities in matters of Registration and in sponsoring
names by Employment Exchanges. The State Governments have also been advised to create
monitoring cells to watch the progress in this matter and instruct to organize Mobile Employment
Exchange Registration Camps in minority concentration areas. In all, there were 62.29 lakh job
seekers on the Live Registers of Employment Exchanges belonging to the minority communities at
the end of December 2007.These account for 15.7% of total job seekers on Live Register.
(d) Handicapped Persons – The employment service continued making efforts to cater to the
special needs of disabled job seekers. Special Employment Exchanges were also set up over three
decades for their selective placement. As on July 2011, 42 Special Employment Exchanges are
functioning in the country for Physically Handicapped persons. On the recommendations of the
Working Group on the National Employment Service and the Task Force on the re-organisation of
Special Employment Exchanges, 38 special Cells for the physically handicapped with a Special
Placement Officer attached to the normal Employment Exchanges and funded by the Central
Government have so far been set up by the Ministry of Social Justice & Employment. These are in
addition to the Special Cells/ Units opened for the handicapped applicants at the Employment
Exchanges by various State governments.
24
Table 1.22 (b)
Performance of Employment Exchanges in respect of Disabled Job seekers
(in thousands)
Year
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Registration
59.5
55.2
52.4
57.2
58.8
57.7
54.9
Placement
3.4
3.9
3.4
3.2
3.4
3.4
3.7
Live Register
532.7
651.8
565.9
578.9
597.4
660.0
669.4
3. TRAINING
A. General
Skill development is key to improve labour market outcomes and economic growth.
Considerable emphasis is being laid in India on evolving pragmatic strategies to upgrade and
enhance the relevant skill training and to improve access to skills for workers as a means to move
to a cycle of higher productivity, higher employability, higher income levels, and faster and
sustainable economic growth. The Ministry of Labour & Employment operates a number of
Training Schemes to ensure regular supply of skilled manpower to industry at different levels
required for technology and industrial growth of the country.
B. Training Programmes/Schemes
The details of the various schemes sponsored by the Ministry of Labour & Employment
through various departments working under it are discussed below:
(a)
National Skill Development Policy
In 2009, Ministry of Labour & Employment formulated a National Skill Development
Policy that targets the creation of 500 million skilled workers by 2022, with the following vision:






(b)
Skill development should harness inclusivity and reduce economic and social divisions
among Indian workforce particularly across rural–urban, male–female, organized–
unorganized and traditional–contemporary segments.
Matching the emerging demands for skills across various industries and economic
enterprises.
Evolving a National Vocational Qualification Framework comparable with international
standards
Developing standard certification system by recognizing and including quality skills
acquired through any informal system of learning
Greater and more active role for workers‘ organizations, industry, civil society, Panchayati
Raj institutions and other professional bodies
Greater reduction of poverty through enhanced earnings of skilled workers
Institutional Structure Governing Skill Development Mission
A three-tier institutional structure consisting of (i) the Prime Minister‘s National Council
on Skill Development, (ii) the National Skill Development Coordination Board (NSDCB) and (iii)
the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) has been set up to take forward the skill
development mission. The Prime Minister‘s National Council has outlined the core operating
principles, which, inter alia, advocate the need for co-created solutions for skill development based
on partnerships between states, civil society, and community leaders. The emphasis is on making
skills bankable for all sections of society, including the poorest of the poor. The issue of optimum
utilization of existing infrastructure for skill development available in the states and using the same
25
for skill training is also emphasized. 26 states and 5 Union Territories have set up Skill
Development Missions. As a next step, all these states/UTs need to assess the skill gaps in the
major sectors and formulate action plans for bridging them. Skill gap study has already been done
by States like Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, etc.
(c)
Expansion of Skill Development Institutions
Considerable efforts have been made in recent years for operationalizing new Government
& Private Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) especially, in backward regions. Considering that
ITIs mainly cater to the skill development requirements of the less advantaged income and social
groups, the significant growth in ITIs, along with the total seating capacity, is a significant step
towards further improving the access of the disadvantaged sections to skill development initiatives.
(d)
Upgradation of 500 ITIs through Domestic Funding and World Bank Assisted
Vocational Training Improvement Project
With domestic funding, existing 100 ITIs were upgraded into ―Centres of Excellence
(CoE)‖ for producing multi skilled workforce of world standard. Under the scheme, multi-skilling
courses are offered during the first year, followed by advanced and specialized modular courses in
the second year by adopting industry wise cluster approach, multi entry and multi exit provisions
and the concept of Public Private Partnership (PPP) in the form of Institute Management
Committees (IMCs) to ensure greater and more active involvement of industry in all aspects of
training. The scheme was completed in March, 2011 and an amount of Rs.115 crore (central share)
was released for upgradation of these ITIs. Under Vocational Training Improvement Project
(VTIP) taken up with the assistance of World Bank at a total cost of Rs.1581 crores, 400 ITIs are
being upgraded. Till 2010-11, central share of Rs.783 crore has been released to States/UTs.
Another Rs.70 crore has been spent for development of central institutes which are functioning
under the direct control of DGE&T.
(e)
Scheme of Upgradation of 1396 Government ITIs Through Public Private
Partnership
This scheme was launched in 2007-08 to improve the employment prospects of graduates
from the vocational training system, by making the delivery of training more demand responsive.
Under the scheme, an Institute Management Committee (IMC), headed by an industry partner, is
constituted in the ITI and registered as a Society. An interest-free loan of up to Rs.2.50 crore is
given by the central government directly to the IMC Society and financial and academic autonomy
is given to the Society. Interest-free loan amounting to Rs.2670.00 crore has been released for the
upgradation of 1068 government ITIs. Recent evidences indicate that the placement rate in those
ITIs which have been modernized has increased from 35 per cent in 2003 to about 80 per cent in
2010-11.
(f)
Skill Development Initiative (SDI) Scheme
The SDI scheme, based on the Modular Employable Skills (MES) framework, has been
operationalized from May, 2007 to provide vocational training for early school leavers and existing
workers, especially in the unorganized sector. It seeks to improve their employability by optimally
utilizing the infrastructure available in government and private institutions and the industry. One
million persons were required to be trained or their existing skills tested and certified, over a period
of five years, and one million every year thereafter. During the four years (from 2007-08 to 201011), 6454 Vocational Training Providers (VTPs) were registered to provide training under the
scheme adopting flexible delivery mechanism (part-time, weekends, full-time, onsite/offsite) to suit
the needs of various target groups. 1260 demand-driven short-term training courses based on MES
were developed and approved by the National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT). A total of
11.57 lakh persons were trained/tested, and 36 organizations, which are not involved in training
delivery, were empanelled as Assessing Bodies for testing of the skills of trainees to ensure that it
is done impartially.
26
(g)
Enhancing Skill Development Infrastructure in North-East States and Sikkim
A major development objective for the North East Region (NER)—the North Eastern
states and Sikkim—is the strengthening of its human resource base, particularly the youth, in order
to make them more skilled and employable. The North Eastern Region Vision, 2020 has stated that
despite expansion of the education infrastructure, and a satisfactory literacy rate and pupil–teacher
ratios in the region, the skills and knowledge base of the youth in NER is inadequate to equip them
to compete at national and international levels for employment or entrepreneurial activities. The
vision for the region, therefore, envisages a vast expansion in the availability of opportunity for
acquiring skills and competencies. However, there are, for example, only 68 ITIs in NER, with a
seating capacity of 10,308 as against the total seating capacity of 12.2 lakh in the country. The
number of ITIs in NER constitutes less than one per cent of the total ITIs in the country. Such a
scenario highlights the urgent need to draw up specialized programmes to expand the base of skill
development institutions in NER. New centrally sponsored scheme ―Enhancing Skill Development
Infrastructure in NE States and Sikkim‖ to enhance skill development of youth of the region has
been approved during 2010-11 at a cost of Rs.57.39 crore. The scheme consists of following three
components:



(h)
Upgradation of 20 ITIs at a cost of Rs.30.18 crore.
Supplementing deficient infrastructure in 28 ITIs at a total cost of Rs.24.24 crore.
Establishment of Project Management Unit at Centre and eight State headquarters at a total
cost of Rs.2.97 crore.
Training of 8000 Youth of Jammu and Kashmir
With an announcement of the Hon‘ble Prime Minister during his visit to Jammu &
Kashmir on October 28-29, 2009; the Scheme is being implemented to provide training to 8000
youth of the State of J&K under SDI scheme for their gainful employment in the year 2010-11 and
8000 youth in 2011-12. In this scheme, the first strategy is to identify sectors with large
employment potential and secondly, focus on placement oriented training based on the experience
of J&K and rest of India. For this, the selected sectors are Tourism, Handicraft, IT & IT enabled
services, Agriculture, Horticulture and Health sector in which a total of 4175 youth have been
trained and State Govt. is in the process of deputing remaining candidates for training in 35
Vocational Training Providers outside the State of J&K, identified by DGE&T. Also, State has
identified VTPs registered under SDI scheme who can conduct courses in the trade/sectors
identified by J&K which will have tangible employment potential in the state. In order to enhance
their employability and facilitating realization of inclusive socio-economic growth, youth are
trained inside as well as outside the State of J&K.
(i)
Setting Up of ITIs and Skill Development Centres (SDCs) in Left Wing Extremism
Affected States
There is regional imbalance in Skill Development opportunities in districts affected by Left
Wing Extremism. Therefore, the youth are vulnerable and easily fall prey to groups propagating
extremist and destructive activities. To wean away youth from violent and destructive activities,
MoLE has formulated a ―Skill Development Plan‖ for youth of 34 districts affected by Left Wing
Extremism at a cost of Rs.232.95 crore. The scheme has two pronged strategy. As an immediate
measure, short term and long term Skill training programmes will be conducted for 5000 youth in
the existing institutes (Government & Private) during 2011-12. Also, additional infrastructure will
be created for 34 Industrial Training Institutes, one ITI per District and 68 Skill Development
Centres (SDCs), two SDCs per District. As long term measure, the above strategies will be scaled
up during the 12th Plan period depending upon the progress.
(j)
New Schemes
In order to comply with announcement of Hon‘ble Prime Minister on 15.8.2007 to set up
1500 ITIs and 50,000 Skill Development Centres, MoL&E is in the process of formulating
following schemes:
27




(k)
Setting up of 1500 ITIs: 1500 new Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) in PPP mode
preferably in un-serviced blocks. The state government will provide land with basic
infrastructure (i.e. electricity, road, communication etc.). Central government will provide
capital support in the form of Viability Gap Funding (VGF) while private player will take
the lead role in establishment of the institute. Approval process for the scheme is in
progress.
Setting up of 5000 Skill Development Centres: Although the Hon‘ble Prime Minister
announced for setting up of 50000 Skill Development Centres (SDCs), Planning
Commission has accorded ‗in principle‘ approval for setting up of 5000 SDCs.
Accordingly, MoL&E has formulated a scheme for establishment of 5000 Skill
Development Centres (SDCs) in PPP mode following the same architecture as 1500 ITIs.
Approval process for the scheme is in progress.
Establishment of 15 Advance Training Institutes (ATIs): There is acute shortage of trained
instructors in the country. The present requirement of instructors is around 70,000 and
additional annual requirement is around 20,000. The present instructor training capacity of
the country is 1,600. To meet the gap, MoL&E has formulated a scheme to establish 15
Advance Training Institutes (ATIs) in PPP mode. Approval process is underway.
Establishment of 12 Regional Vocational Training Institutes for Women (RVTIs): Skill
development facilities for women are quite inadequate at present. To improve upon the
women training facilities, MoL&E has formulated a scheme to establish 12 Regional
Vocational Training Institutes (RVTIs) in PPP mode. The process for approval of the
scheme is in process.
Modernisation of Employment Exchanges for Creating a Labour Market Information
System
National-e-Governance Plan (NeGP) has identified Modernization and Upgradation of
Employment Exchanges as one of the Mission Mode Projects (EEMMP). The EEMMP aims to
support all State Governments in the country to make effective use of IT in various activities of
employment services. EEMMP‘s strategic objective and vision is to increase the employability of
the youth through effective employment counseling and automated skill match exercise to be
offered through Employment Exchanges.
(l)
Development of National Vocational Qualification Framework (NVQF)
As mandated by National Policy on Skill Development, Ministry of Labour & Employment
has initiated work for setting up of NVQF. The background work for carrying out occupational
mapping in selected sectors has already started and technical assistance from European Union has
been sought for development of NVQF. NVQF will provide market linked, quality assured, and
relevant qualifications comparable with international standards. The students will get the
opportunity of horizontal and vertical mobility.
(m)
Setting Up of Sector Skills Councils
To make skill development system relevant to needs of industry, it has been decided to
constitute Sector Skill Councils (SSCs) with the support of all the major players of that sector.
National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) has been mandated to constitute SSCs. Six SSCs
have already been approved and 25 are in process. SSCs have been entrusted with the
responsibility of conducting research, skill-wise, region-wise and identifying skill gaps and
maintain sectoral Labour Market Information System (LMIS). They are also expected to partner
with various institutes to train the trainers and upgrading skill sets of existing industry. SSCs are
expected to design standards for competencies, course content, examination & certification. They
are also expected to have inter-face with skill development institutes to ensure consistency and
acceptability of standards.
28
4. ABSENTEEISM
Statistics on Absenteeism collected under the Annual Survey of Industries
Absence means failure of a worker to report for work when he is scheduled to work, i.e.,
when the employer has work available for him and the worker is aware of it. Authorised absence is
also treated as absence, while presence for even a part of a day or a shift is not considered as
absence. Absence on account of strike, lock-out or lay-off is not taken into account.
Serial statistics on Absenteeism are obtained on a uniform basis for various Industries in
the country through the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) under the Collection of Statistics Act,
1953, for the whole of the country, except Jammu & Kashmir. However, in the case of the State of
Jammu & Kashmir, Collection of Statistics Act, 1960 is in force with similar objective and scope.
The scope of the Survey extends to (i) all establishments registered under Section 2m(i) and 2m(ii)
of the Factories Act, 1948 (excluding factories under the control of the Ministry of Defence, Jails,
Technical Training Institutes and Oil Storage Depots) and (ii) The Bidi and Cigar Workers
(Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966. For the purpose of the Survey, the universe of the
establishments has been divided into (a) Census Sector, and (b) Sample Sector. The coverage of
units under the two sectors has been decided as under:
(a) Census Sector:
The Coverage under the Census Sector has been undergoing certain minor changes from
year to year. For the year 2009-10, the Census Sector comprised of the following:
i.
ii.
iii.
All the units employing 100 or more worker.
All the units located in States/Union Territories of Tripura, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland
and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
All factories declared as submitting ‗Joint Return‘, as identified by NSSO (FOD).
(b) Sample Sector:
The Sample Sector comprised all other industrial establishments not covered in Census
Sector.
The fieldwork for the Survey is entrusted to the N.S.S.O., while data dissemination is the
responsibility of the Labour Bureau.
Absenteeism statistics presented in this section relate to establishments covered both in
Census and Sample Sectors for the years 2008 and 2009. These statistics are based on data for the
months of January to December for establishments belonging to perennial industries and for the
working seasons in respect of seasonal industries.
Industry-wise and State-wise Absenteeism rate i.e. percentage of mandays lost due to
absence to the number of mandays scheduled to work, are presented in Tables 1.23 and 1.24,
respectively.
The rate of absenteeism among directly employed regular workers increased to 8.75
percent during 2009 from 8.65 percent during 2008. The absenteeism rate was reported to be more
than 12 percent in Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Delhi and Kerala in 2009 whereas it was
recorded at less than 2 percent in Nagaland, Manipur and Tripura. At the industry level, during
2009, absenteeism was reported to be more than 12 per cent in industry group 120 (Manufacture of
tobacco products), 221 (Manufacture of rubber products), 323 (Manufacture of sports goods) and
less than 6 per cent in Industry group 016 (Support activities to agriculture and post-harvest crop
activities), 089 (Mining and quarrying, n.e.c.), 142 (Manufacture of articles of fur), 351 (Electric
power generation, transmission and distribution), 353(Steam and air conditions supply), 360
(Water Collection, treatment and supply).
29
Table 1.23
Absenteeism Rates amongst Directly Employed Regular Workers in Industries (3-digit level
of NIC-2008) during the years 2008 and 2009
Industry
Code
(As per
NIC
2008)
Industry
1
2
Support activities to agriculture and post-harvest crop activities
Mining and quarrying, n.e.c.
Processing and preservation of meat.
Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans
and molluscs and products thereof.
Processing and preserving of fruit and vegetables.
Manufacture of vegetable and animal oils and fats.
Manufacture of dairy products.
Manufacture of grain mill products, starches and starch products.
Manufacture of other food products.
Manufacture of prepared animal feeds.
Manufacture of beverages.
Manufacture of tobacco products.
Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles.
Manufacture of other textiles.
Manufacture of wearing apparel, except fur apparel.
Manufacture of articles of fur.
Manufacture of knitted and crocheted apparel.
Tanning and dressing of leather; Manufacture of luggage, handbags,
saddlery and harness; dressing and dyeing of fur.
Manufacture of footwear.
Saw milling and planing of wood.
Manufacture of products of wood, cork, straw and plaiting materials.
Manufacture of paper and paper products.
Printing and service activities relating to printing.
Reproduction of recorded media.
Manufacture of coke oven products.
Manufacture of refined petroleum products.
Manufacture of basic chemicals, fertilizer and nitrogen compounds,
plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms.
Manufacture of other chemical products.
Manufacture of man-made fibres.
Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical
products.
Manufacture of rubber products.
Manufacture of plastic products.
Manufacture of glass and glass products.
Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products n.e.c.
Manufacture of basic iron and steel.
Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals.
Casting of metals.
Manufacture of structural metal products, tanks, reservoirs and steam
generators.
016
089
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
110
120
131
139
141
142
143
151
152
161
162
170
181
182
191
192
201
202
203
210
221
222
231
239
241
242
243
251
Absenteeism Rates (%)
30
2008
2009
3
6.14
4.48
7.00
6.79
4
5.28
4.44
11.99
6.38
6.62
6.56
7.42
6.83
9.15
8.32
8.09
13.51
9.12
7.00
9.02
8.46
6.03
9.66
6.88
6.53
6.77
7.11
9.90
7.39
8.09
15.64
8.81
7.70
8.55
4.54
6.35
8.33
9.98
9.75
11.08
7.29
8.58
16.26
6.24
9.91
9.07
8.71
9.20
10.22
8.95
8.30
9.30
6.45
10.00
9.82
7.72
12.40
7.88
7.56
8.16
8.44
10.54
8.65
9.36
9.32
5.57
9.32
9.41
8.10
14.62
7.62
11.46
8.62
7.32
8.83
9.73
7.44
1
252
259
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
271
272
273
274
275
279
281
282
291
292
2
Manufacture of weapons and ammunition
Manufacture of other fabricated metal products; metalworking
service/ activities.
Manufacture of electronic components.
Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment.
Manufacture of communication equipment.
Manufacture of consumer electronics.
Manufacture of measuring, testing, navigating and control
equipment; watches & clocks.
Manufacture of irradiation, electro medical and electrotherapeutic
equipment.
Manufacture of optical instruments and equipment.
Manufacture of magnetic and optical media.
Manufacture of electric motors, generators, transformers and
electricity distribution and control apparatus.
Manufacture of batteries and accumulators.
Manufacture of wiring and wiring devices.
Manufacture of electric lighting equipment.
Manufacture of domestic appliances.
Manufacture of other electrical equipment.
Manufacture of general purpose machinery.
Manufacture of special-purpose machinery.
Manufacture of motor vehicles.
Manufacture of bodies (coach-work) for motor vehicles;
manufacture of trailers and semi-trailers.
Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles.
Building of ships and boats.
Manufacture of railway locomotives and rolling stock.
Manufacture of air and spacecraft and related machinery.
Manufacture of weapons and ammunition.
Manufacture of transport equipment n.e.c.
Manufacture of furniture 17
Manufacture of jewellery, bijouterie and related articles.
Manufacture of musical instruments.
Manufacture of sports goods.
Manufacture of games and toys.
Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies.
Other manufacturing n.e.c.
Repair of fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment.
Installation of industrial machinery and equipment.
Electric power generation, transmission and distribution.
Manufacture of gas, distribution of gaseous fuels through mains.
Steam and air conditions supply.
Water Collection, treatment and supply.
Sewerage.
Waste collection.
Waste treatment and disposal.
Material recovery.
Remediation activities and other waste management services.
Others n.e.c.
293
301
302
303
304
309
310
321
322
323
324
325
329
331
332
351
352
353
360
370
381
382
383
390
400
All India
n.e.c. not elsewhere classified
31
3
8.26
11.01
4
7.52
9.72
8.02
11.38
7.58
9.87
8.04
9.25
9.04
6.95
6.23
9.61
9.24
8.02
6.81
6.58
7.83
8.45
7.92
7.80
7.92
9.78
7.75
9.21
9.44
8.28
9.68
12.27
8.93
9.63
8.26
8.77
8.96
8.70
7.89
9.55
8.98
8.79
9.41
6.06
9.99
9.52
8.18
10.32
9.47
8.74
6.57
16.40
9.17
9.65
9.09
9.16
10.19
7.45
7.82
7.72
7.53
5.49
7.00
8.65
8.11
8.14
10.03
7.00
7.11
10.96
10.04
8.82
11.66
12.73
8.20
7.85
9.15
8.24
10.10
5.58
8.24
3.80
1.59
9.77
7.78
8.75
Table 1.24
Absenteeism Rates amongst Directly Employed Regular Workers in States during the years
2008 and 2009
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
State/ Union Territory
2008
5.00
12.29
10.33
11.59
7.27
11.83
13.21
11.51
9.98
7.02
2.23
1.34
3.05
5.95
5.22
7.45
7.25
2.74
6.14
7.93
8.21
7.77
8.29
11.69
6.76
8.76
9.36
12.21
6.20
6.68
14.01
8.65
Jammu & Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh
Punjab
Chandigarh
Uttarakhand
Haryana
Delhi
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Bihar
Sikikim
Nagaland
Manipur
Tripura
Meghalaya
Assam
West Bengal
Jharkhand
Orissa
Chhattisgarh
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
Daman & Diu
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Goa
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Pondicherry
A & N Islands
All India
Absenteeism Rates (%)
2009
4.80
13.09
11.74
12.98
7.59
11.05
12.27
9.80
10.18
5.16
0.97
1.00
1.51
1.87
5.63
4.94
8.72
5.76
6.34
5.90
6.29
8.54
8.72
6.71
11.22
6.05
7.88
9.66
13.53
6.26
6.01
11.47
8.75
- Not available
5. LABOUR TURNOVER
Data on Labour Turnover, i.e., Accession and Separation are also collected under the
Annual Survey of Industries (ASI). For the purpose of the Survey, the term ‗Accession‘ is defined
as the total number of workers added to the employment during the period, whether new or reemployed or transferred from other establishments or units under the same management. Interdepartmental transfers within the same establishments are, however, ignored. The term
‗Separation‘ implies severance from employment at the instance of workers or employers. It
includes termination of service due to death or retirement. Retirement as a result of rationalisation
or modernisation or any other cause is also treated as separation. It also includes transfers out of the
establishment.
32
Tables 1.25 and 1.26 show Industry-wise and State-wise rates of Annual Labour Turnover
for the years 2008 and 2009, in respect of establishments covered under ASI (combined for both
Census as well as Sample Sectors).
Accession rate of Labour Turnover among directly employed regular workers has
decreased from 17.56 percent in 2008 to 17.50 percent during 2009. However, Separation rate has
decreased from 17.00 percent in 2008 to 15.73 percent during 2009. Among industries, highest
rates of Accession was recorded as 73.37 percent in industry group ‗016–Support activities to
agriculture and post-harvest crop activities ' and highest rate of separation was recorded as 81.31
percent in industry group ‗016–Support activities to agriculture and post-harvest crop activities‘.
During 2009, among States, the highest and lowest rates of Accession at 32.28 percent and 1.55
percent were reported in Delhi and Sikkim, respectively, whereas, the highest and lowest rates of
separation at 34.01 percent and 1.35 percent were also recorded in Delhi and Sikkim respectively.
Table 1.25
Labour Turnover Rates amongst Directly Employed Regular Workers in Industries (3-digit
level of NIC-2008) during the years 2008 and 2009
Sl.No.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Industry Code
(As per NIC
2008)
2
016
089
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
110
120
131
139
141
142
143
151
152
161
162
170
181
182
191
192
201
202
203
210
221
222
231
Annual Labour Turnover
Accession Rates (%)
2008
2009
3
4
23.62
73.37
11.47
46.81
12.33
16.69
14.90
39.93
18.35
17.77
13.68
21.49
8.75
9.58
15.00
18.36
29.15
29.31
9.93
14.94
11.19
13.03
8.83
12.19
13.88
13.18
16.71
16.69
27.94
28.28
41.66
12.10
14.65
15.32
20.36
18.45
38.52
30.92
5.20
9.80
14.37
17.39
12.20
12.14
16.05
13.68
32.62
11.89
14.24
5.02
4.85
13.50
8.88
9.70
12.00
10.56
5.28
3.61
17.56
15.77
18.12
24.16
19.79
15.11
12.36
14.74
33
Separation Rates (%)
2008
2009
5
6
21.13
81.31
79.22
11.77
10.83
11.36
35.41
19.35
16.94
11.47
19.58
8.55
7.63
13.68
17.92
30.30
29.55
13.23
9.05
9.89
9.88
9.94
10.24
15.69
12.56
15.80
14.09
27.82
25.76
12.26
12.76
18.19
17.34
22.57
23.73
4.13
9.46
13.19
16.53
10.72
10.37
16.16
13.05
8.95
6.40
6.25
8.93
9.55
9.99
11.13
9.92
15.94
5.08
12.51
11.59
16.37
22.56
16.01
12.43
10.40
12.13
1
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
2
3
4
239
12.54
14.02
241
10.82
8.40
242
10.02
12.67
243
16.82
17.75
251
24.51
13.63
252
12.45
14.23
259
20.52
18.78
261
20.69
18.27
262
12.15
12.54
263
20.44
17.09
264
15.04
17.51
265
13.42
18.97
266
32.61
9.02
267
13.68
10.16
268
8.49
17.13
271
15.07
16.08
272
18.66
13.24
273
12.53
17.46
274
23.07
22.34
275
21.84
28.04
279
17.42
14.11
281
14.91
12.79
282
16.02
13.03
291
44.67
36.99
292
18.31
22.69
293
21.27
19.70
301
38.54
3.81
302
7.84
6.16
303
24.21
16.08
304
11.17
7.43
309
19.83
18.28
310
21.15
15.58
321
16.29
16.52
322
14.16
4.35
323
17.00
20.46
324
9.30
22.34
325
13.68
21.44
329
12.97
18.07
331
13.03
18.55
332
8.29
6.14
351
10.26
10.07
352
5.10
10.81
353
27.52
12.90
360
4.64
6.73
370
3.77
5.11
400
15.25
14.60
All India
17.56
17.50
Note: Details of Industries may be seen in Table 1.23
34
5
11.27
10.43
9.55
17.67
12.95
8.28
19.31
13.46
10.78
14.83
15.84
10.58
7.56
8.56
14.76
12.74
12.55
21.40
17.67
30.76
12.01
15.29
60.25
15.28
22.08
29.53
8.76
13.07
17.98
21.93
17.10
23.38
15.51
14.25
13.21
8.43
9.70
8.77
14.17
17.00
6
12.56
8.48
8.63
15.87
11.82
17.18
14.71
14.73
15.24
16.65
17.05
9.31
18.88
14.74
7.49
17.06
20.83
15.18
14.18
12.56
13.51
23.59
10.92
14.58
3.57
7.28
11.94
15.58
13.88
16.01
14.98
17.51
17.16
15.40
6.77
6.90
13.29
15.35
4.95
12.18
15.73
Table 1.26
Labour Turnover Rates amongst Directly Employed Regular Workers in States during the
years 2008 and 2009
State/ Union Territory
1
Jammu & Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh
Punjab
Chandigarh
Uttarakhand
Haryana
Delhi
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Bihar
Sikkim
Nagaland
Manipur
Tripura
Meghalaya
Assam
West Bengal
Jharkhand
Orissa
Chhattisgarh
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
Daman & Diu
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Goa
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Pondicherry
A & N Islands
All India
Annual Labour Turnover
Accession Rates (%)
Separation Rates (%)
2008
2009
2008
2009
2
3
4
5
13.73
13.29
13.82
12.95
29.28
27.72
23.91
23.05
24.24
25.83
24.68
25.24
20.14
17.00
22.77
15.90
31.31
24.69
19.99
19.58
28.28
25.25
28.52
22.16
27.22
32.28
30.42
34.01
15.95
17.51
18.53
15.75
27.28
30.20
27.82
26.88
22.80
23.15
20.33
24.86
1.55
1.35
6.02
2.14
4.34
7.73
14.30
13.97
3.08
1.75
1.63
5.67
11.79
8.75
11.11
8.66
2.50
10.44
2.88
4.70
10.95
10.07
13.29
11.34
5.74
5.99
9.31
6.62
7.28
5.99
5.80
6.09
10.76
7.30
6.46
7.27
16.33
11.85
13.39
10.07
15.22
17.05
13.98
14.54
13.76
11.44
12.23
16.77
15.11
13.53
13.03
20.10
20.16
21.76
17.25
12.14
12.28
10.07
10.06
19.41
19.22
18.09
16.41
25.56
31.72
18.76
28.33
7.70
10.34
8.03
10.78
16.17
13.69
13.95
12.15
7.63
9.80
7.44
11.02
8.68
18.88
16.60
8.74
17.50
17.56
15.73
17.00
- Not available
35
6.
WOMEN AND CHILD LABOUR
Women and Children, who represent about two-third of the country‘s total population,
constitute the most important target groups in the present day context of development planning.
A.
Women Workers
Participation of women in socio-economic activities is a common practice in the developed
as well as the developing countries of the world. Women are known to work on farms, roads,
building and construction, and of late in service sector, in factories manufacturing garments and
electronic assembly plants. Skilled women workers also have been working in traditional village
industries either as self employed or as paid workers. In hill areas, search for forest products
including fuel wood engages a fairly large number of women. The majority of women work in the
unorganised sector for low wages and at low level of skills. In absolute terms, the number of
women workers during the last five decades has increased from 40 million in 1951 to 150 million in
2011.
Employment of women in organized sector (both public and private) as on March 31, 2011
was about 59.54 lakh, which constituted 20.5 per cent of the total organized sector employment in
the country. Of this, nearly 32.14 lakh were employed in community, social and personnel service
sector. As per Census 2011, the work participation rate for women is 25.51 per cent as compared to
25.63 per cent in 2001. The work participation rate of women was however 22.27 per cent in 1991.
The work participation rate for women in rural areas is 30.02 per cent as compared to 15.44 per
cent in the urban areas.
Table 1.27
Work Participation Rate in India (1971-2011)
Year
Total
Rural
Urban
2
Total
Rural
Urban
Persons
Males
Females
3
33.08
34.03
29.34
4
52.61
53.62
48.82
5
12.11
13.42
6.68
1981
Total
Rural
Urban
36.70
38.79
29.99
52.62
53.77
49.06
19.67
23.06
8.31
1991
Total
Rural
Urban
37.50
40.09
30.16
51.61
52.58
48.92
22.27
26.79
9.19
2001
Total
Rural
Urban
39.10
41.75
32.25
51.68
52.11
50.60
25.63
30.79
11.88
2011
Total
Rural
Urban
39.80
41.80
35.30
53.30
53.00
53.80
25.51
30.02
15.44
1
1971
Source: Office of the Registrar General, India
The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 provides for payment of equal remuneration to men
and women workers for same work or work of similar nature without any discrimination and also
36
prevent discrimination against women employees while making recruitment for the same work or
work of similar nature, or in any condition of service subsequent to recruitment such as
promotions, training or transfer. The provisions of the Act have been extended to all categories of
employment. The Act is implemented at two levels viz. Central level and State level.
In this period of economic liberalization and globalization, the quality of women‘s
employment will depend upon several factors. The foremost among these are access to education
and opportunities for skill development. The solution lies in creating awareness among women
about their legal rights and duties and by providing them adequate opportunities to upgrade their
skill level. The emphasis should be on effective enforcement of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948
and the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976. Proper enforcement of these Acts will create on enabling
environment for women workers. Besides these proactive measures, policies which encourage
education, skill development, and training among women also need to be given priority. There are
about 14 principal labour laws under which protection is extended to women. Special employment
programmes are being implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development.
Labour Bureau conducts surveys aimed at assessing the socio-economic conditions of
Women Workers and the extent of the welfare amenities available to them vis-a-vis various Labour
Laws. In the first instance these studies were conducted in the organised sector of the economy,
comprising mines, plantations and factories covered under the relevant Acts. Keeping in view the
utility of the data generated by these surveys, the scheme has since been extended to the
unorganised sector as well.
B.
Child Labour
Child labour though undesirable persists in various employments on account of socioeconomic compulsions. According to 2001 census figures, there were 1.26 crore working children
in the age group of 5-14 as compared to 1.13 crore in 1991. State-wise distribution of child labour
population in this age group shows that Uttar Pradesh (19 lakh) has the highest child labour
population in the country, followed by Andhra Pradesh (14 lakh), Rajasthan (13 lakh) and Bihar
(10 lakh). More than 90 per cent of the child labour is engaged in rural areas in agriculture and
allied employments like cultivation, agricultural labour, livestock, forestry and fishery. However,
as per NSSO survey 2009-10, the working children are estimated at 49.84 lakh as against 90.75
lakh in 2004-05.
Our Constitution provides for protection of children from involvement in economic
activities and avocations unsuited to their age. Directive Principles of State Policy in the
Constitution strongly reiterates this commitment and this is also provided for in the Fundamental
Rights. Government of India stands committed to the elimination of child labour in the country.
Realizing the multifaceted nature of this problem, Government had embarked on a holistic and
multi-pronged approach to eliminate child labour from the country in a phased manner, beginning
with children working in hazardous occupations and processes and progressively covering those
working in other occupations also. On the one hand, it provides for legal action for enforcement
purposes and on the other, it also focuses on general development programmes for the economic
empowerment of the families of children as well as project based action in areas of high
concentration of child labour.
As per the Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, employment of children below
the age of 14 years is prohibited in notified hazardous occupations and processes. The Act also
regulates employment of children in non-hazardous occupations and processes. There are at present
18 hazardous occupations and 65 processes, where employment of children is prohibited. The Act
provides for constitution of the Child Labour Technical Advisory Committee (which is a body of
experts) to advise the Central Government on inclusion of additional occupations and processes to
the Schedule of the Act. Under the Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, 1986 during the
last five years more than 10 lakh inspection were carried out, resulting in approximately 0.42 lakh
prosecutions out of which about 7000 convictions were obtained.
37
Constitutional and legislative provisions providing protection to children against
employment has been elaborated in the National Child Labour Policy announced in 1987. The
policy addresses the complex issue of Child Labour in a comprehensive, holistic and integrated
manner. For rehabilitation of child labour, Government had initiated the National Child Labour
Project (NCLP) Scheme in 1988 to rehabilitate working children in 12 child labour endemic
districts of the country. As on date the scheme is sanctioned in 270 districts. Under the NCLP
Scheme, children are withdrawn from work and put into special training centres, where they are
provided with bridging education, vocational training, mid-day meal, stipend, healthcare facilities
etc. and finally mainstreamed to the formal education system. At present, there are around 6000
NCLP training centres being run in the country with an enrolment of approximately 2.80 lakh
children.
Considering that the poverty and literacy are the root causes for child labour, Government
is following a multi-pronged strategy to tackle this problem. Educational rehabilitation of these
children has to be supplemented with economic rehabilitation of their families so that they are not
compelled to send their children to work. The Government is taking various proactive measures
towards convergence between the schemes of different Ministries like Ministries of Human
Resource Development, Women & Child Development, Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation,
Rural Development, etc. so that child labour and their families get covered under the benefits of the
schemes of these ministries also.
38
CHAPTER 2
WAGES AND EARNINGS
Wages refer to the remuneration which is paid by the employer to the employee in lieu of
the services provided by the latter engaged in a production or related process. The Payment of
Wages Act, 1936 defines wages as all remuneration (whether by way of salary, allowances or
other-wise) expressed in terms of money or capable of being so expressed which would, if the
terms of employment, expressed or implied, were fulfilled, be payable to a person employed in
respect of his employment or of work done in such employment.
There exists a mechanism for determination of wages in the organized and unorganized
sector though not uniform for all sectors of economy. Wages in the organized sector are
determined through negotiations and settlements between employer and employees. In the
unorganized sector, where the labour is vulnerable to exploitation due to illiteracy and ineffective
bargaining power, minimum rates of wages are fixed by the Govt. in the schedule employments
under the provisions of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948. The Act binds them to pay the wages so
fixed from time to time.
Labour Bureau collects and compiles data of average daily employment, gross wage bill
etc., from the Annual Statutory returns submitted by the State Governments/Union Territories
under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936. A brief description is given in the following paragraphs.
The Payment of Wages Act, 1936
The Payment of Wages Act, 1936 was enacted to regulate payment of wages to workers
employed in industries and to ensure a speedy and effective remedy to them against illegal
deductions and/or unjustified delay caused in paying wages to them. The wage ceiling under
Payment of Wages Act, 1936 was fixed at Rs.1600/- p.m. in 1982. With a view to enhance the
wage ceiling to Rs.6500/- p.m. for applicability of the Act, to empower the Central Government to
further increase the ceiling in future by way of notification and to enhance the penal provisions etc.
the Payment of Wages (Amendment) Act, 2005, which was passed by both Houses of Parliament
has been notified on 6.9.2005 as an Act 41 of 2005 by the Ministry of Law and Justice.
Subsequently the Ministry of Labour and Employment has issued the Notification S.O.1577(E) to
make the Payment of Wages (Amendment ) Act, 2005 effective from the 9 th November 2005. In
exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (6) of Section 1 of the Act, the Central
Government, on the basis of figures of the Consumer Expenditure Survey published by National
Sample Survey Organisation has enhanced the wage ceiling, further, to Rs. 10,000/- per month vide
gazette notification No. S.O. 1380(E) dated 8th August, 2007. The wage ceiling has further been
enhanced to Rs. 18000.00 vide notification No. SO 2260(E) dated 11th September, 2012.
On the basis of the returns received from the various State/Union Territory Governments,
Labour Bureau compiles data annually on per capita annual/daily earnings of workers etc. and
publishes for the use of researchers, policy makers and other stake holders.
The Minimum Wages Act, 1948
The Minimum Wages Act, 1948 provides for fixation/ periodic revision of minimum
wages in employments where labour is vulnerable to exploitation. The minimum wages system
serves a useful purpose in preventing workers exploitation in terms of payment of unduly low wage
and helps in reducing inequalities in the standard of living of different social groups of workers by
statutorily prescribing minimum wage rates. This helps in reducing poverty and improving the
position of low paid wage earners in the sweated industries.
The Labour Bureau brings out an annual report on the working of Minimum Wages Act,
1948 on the basis of returns/reports received from various State/U.T. Governments containing
information on employments added, employments in which the minimum wages were fixed for the
first time, the minimum wages in different scheduled employments prevalent during the year, the
range of minimum wages, comparative minimum wage rates prevailing in scheduled employments
and number of inspections etc.
39
1. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
(A)
Data of Per Capita Annual Earnings collected under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936.
Various States and Union Territories are collecting statistics of earnings of factory workers
on an annual basis under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936. Over the years various amendments
have been carried out in the Act thus widening its scope and coverage. The ceiling has been
enhanced in phases from Rs.200/- per month in 1958 to Rs.1600/- per month in 1982 and Rs.
6500/- per month in 2005 as per new NIC 2004. To further enhance the scope and coverage the
ceiling was raised to Rs. 10,000/- per month vide the Government of India Notification published
on 08.08.2007. The coverage of the Act has been extended to factories defined not only under
Section 2(m) of the Factories Act, 1948 but also to the factories covered under Section 85 of the
same Act.
The consolidated returns received from the States / Union Territories contain data in
respect of only those factories which submit returns. The returns contain industry-wise information
on the following items:(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Number of factories covered under the Act and submitting returns;
Average daily employment during the year;
Total man-days worked during the year; and
Total gross wage bill, before deductions, broken up into components like basic wages,
cash allowances, bonus, arrears and money value of concessions, etc.
Average daily employment in an industry is derived by dividing total attendances during
the year by the number of working days observed by that industry. Total gross wage bill for an
industry when divided by the corresponding average daily employment yields the per capita annual
earnings. Thus, the per capita annual earnings derived in this manner are subject to variation on
account of variation in the number of working days. It is for this reason that the per capita annual
earnings have been given only for perennial industries, where the variation in the number of
working days during the year is not likely to be appreciable.
The per capita daily earnings are derived by dividing the total gross wage bill for a year by
the corresponding figures of total mandays worked in that year. The per capita daily earnings are
compiled for all industries i.e. seasonal as well as perennial.
Per Capita Annual/Daily Earnings of workers in different States / Union Territories
State-wise per capita annual and daily earnings during 2009 and 2010 have been presented
in Table Nos. 2.01 (a) and 2.01 (b) respectively.
Table 2.01 (a)
Per Capita Annual Earnings of Employees in Manufacturing Industries by States/Union
Territories during 2009 and 2010
State/Union Territory.*
1
Andhra Pradesh
Goa
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Manipur
Rajasthan
Tripura
A & N Island
All STATES/U.Ts
Number of
Percentage of
Average
Per Capita Annual
Factories covered Factories furnishing Employment (000‘) Earnings
(In
Under the Act
Returns
Rupees)
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
26928
RNR
31.12
RNR
315
RNR
69219
RNR
RNR
RNR
2
RNR
66236
9594
10037
3.29
4.56
36
82
69463
67847
23
46
61648
64589
118
118
89.83
91.53
1
62589
75768
10712
8883
13.21
16.10
55
63
47184
64313
987
68
34.25
91.18
15
1
17722
65197
18
18
61.11
61.11
55116
95902
48357
19124
22.74
15.00
445
195
64410
65943
1. Per Capita Annual Earnings=Gross wage bill/Average daily employment
2. Per Capita Daily Earnings =Gross wage bill/Total mandays worked
40
3. Average Daily employment =Total attendance during the year/Number of working days reported
4. Mandays worked
=Total Number of attendance during the year
5. Number of days worked
= Number of days the production is carried on.
6. - = Nil information.
7. RNR = Return not received.
Note:
I.
Information has been received only from the above mentioned States.
II.
The figures exclude those for Railway Workshops and groups of Industries of seasonal nature consisting
of food beverages tobacco and construction.
III.
The Per Capita Daily / Annual Earnings less then 10000/- per month for the year 2009 and 2010 for
Employees covered under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936.
Source : Annual Returns under Payment of Wages Act, 1936 received from States / U.Ts.
Table 2.01 (b)
Per Capita Daily Earnings of Employees by States/Union Territories during 2009 and 2010
State/Union Territory*
1
Andhra Pradesh
Goa
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Manipur
Rajasthan
Tripura
A & N Island
All STATES/U.Ts
Per Capita Daily Earnings (In Rupees)
2009
2010
2
3
248.97
RNR
RNR
230.30
228.50
317.29
188.34
233.60
213.56
243.67
155.59
244.97
97.15
270.49
221.28
205.26
227.84
268.55
Note:- Please see foot notes under Table 2.01(a)
Source : Annual Returns under Payment of Wages Act, 1936 received from States / U.Ts.
The per capita annual earnings at All India level in Manufacturing Industries was
Rs.64410/- in the year 2009 which has increased to Rs.65943/- in 2010. The inter-state comparison
reveals that the States / U.Ts. with highest and lowest per capita earnings vary from year to year.
During 2009 the per capita Annual Earnings have been observed to be lowest (Rs. 17722/-) in
Tripura and highest (Rs. 69463/-) in Haryana and during the year 2010 per capita Annual Earnings
have been observed to be the lowest (Rs.64313/-) in Rajasthan and highest (Rs. 95902/-) in A & N
Island. The per capita daily earning during the year 2009 were lowest to (Rs. 97.15) in Tripura and
highest (Rs. 248.97) in Andhra Pradesh and the per capita daily earnings during the year 2010 were
lowest (Rs. 205.26) in A & N Island and highest (Rs. 317.29) in Haryana.
Per capita Annual / Daily earnings of workers in different Manufacturing Industries
Per capita annual earnings for 2009 and 2010 in Manufacturing industries have been given
in Tables 2.02 (a) and 2.02 (b) respectively. In order to have an idea of the coverage of these
statistics, the number of factories covered under the Act and the percentage of units submitting
returns have also been given in Table Nos. 2.02(a) and 2.02 (b). It has been observed that about
22.74 percent of factories covered under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 submitted returns in
2009 and which decreased to 15.00 percent in 2010. Average daily employment worked out to be
445000 in 2009 and 195000 in the year 2010. Similarly per capita annual earnings were Rs. 64410
in 2009 and Rs. 65943 in the year 2010. Tables 2.02(c) and 2.02(d) shows that per capita daily
earnings in the industries taken together were Rs.229.42 in the year 2009 and Rs.268.43 in the year
2010.
41
Table 2.02(a)
Industry wise Per Capita Annual Earnings of Employees in Manufacturing Industries during
the year 2009
NIC
Code
No.
2004
Industry
1
15
16
17
18
2
Manufacture of food products and beverages
Manufacture of tobacco products
Manufacture of textiles
Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and
dyeing of fur
Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of
luggage, handbags saddlery, harness and footwear
Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and
cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of
straw and plaiting materials.
Manufacture of paper and paper products
Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded
media
Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products
and nuclear fuel
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
Manufacture of rubber and plastics products
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral
products
Manufacture of basic metals
Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except
machinery and equipment
Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Manufacture of office, accounting and computing
machinery
Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus
n.e.c.
Manufacture of radio, television and
communication equipment and apparatus
Manufacture of medical, precision and optical
instruments, watches and clocks.
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semitrailers
Manufacture of other transport equipment
Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c.
Recycling
All Manufacturing Industries
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Number of Percentage of Average
Factories
units
daily
covered
submitting employment
under the
returns
(000‘)
Act
3
4
5
15450
24.49
99
309
16.83
8
3264
20.47
60
1014
5.82
14
Per Capita
Annual
Earnings
(Rs)
6
54918
42663
60453
58527
408
19.85
4
51067
5236
17.36
11
66713
566
482
49.82
48.55
20
8
76119
77264
204
19.61
1
69080
2163
1629
8768
31.30
29.10
21.37
42
19
55
83273
72235
46144
2223
2434
22.13
21.73
24
17
71047
68445
1340
28
21.49
50.00
11
0
75083
61132
847
22.90
23
87132
204
28.92
5
80016
195
8.21
1
56679
634
15.77
13
78930
118
829
12
48357
25.42
16.04
41.67
22.74
6
4
0
445
85618
52103
55390
64410
1. Per Capita Annual Earnings=Gross wage bill/Average daily employment
2. Per Capita Daily Earnings =Gross wage bill/Total mandays worked
3. Average Daily employment =Total attendance during the year/Number of working days reported
4. Mandays worked
=Total Number of attendance during the year
5. Number of days worked
= Number of days the production is curried on.
6. - = Nil information.
7. RNR = Return not received.
8. n.e.c = Not elsewhere covered.
Source : Annual Returns under Payment of Wages Act, 1936 received from States / U.Ts.
42
Table 2.02(b)
Industry wise Per Capita Annual Earnings of Employees in Manufacturing Industries during
the year 2010
NIC
Industry
Code
No.
2008
1
2
10 Manufacture of food products
11 Manufacture of beverages
12
Manufacture of tobacco products
13
Number of Percentage of Average daily
Factories
units
employment
covered under submitting
(000‘)
the Act
returns
3
4
5
1506
13.48
10
539
9.09
2
Per Capita
Annual
Earnings
(in Rs.)
6
79132
56410
47
6.38
0
62702
Manufacture of textiles
2681
12.20
33
55302
14
Manufacture of wearing apparel
1041
5.09
13
67788
15
Manufacture of leather and related
products
Manufacture of wood and products of
wood and cork, except furniture;
manufacture of articles of straw and
plaiting materials
Manufacture of paper and paper
products
Printing and reproduction of recorded
media
Manufacture of coke and refined
petroleum products
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical
products
Manufacture of pharmaceuticals,
medicinal chemical and botanical
products
Manufacture of rubber and plastics
products
Manufacture of other non-metallic
mineral products
Manufacture of basic metals
Manufacture of fabricated metal
products, except machinery and
equipment
Manufacture of computer, electronic
and optical products
Manufacture of electrical equipment
262
32.06
7
69610
835
2.75
2
71750
288
30.56
2
72267
159
10.69
1
85938
84
36.90
0
71274
798
22.31
5
67160
287
75.61
13
78537
775
21.16
6
69389
4307
10.98
15
62738
1459
1208
16.11
11.84
40
9
59282
90538
219
34.70
8
59865
585
38.29
12
62947
781
13.96
7
70207
518
14.09
6
77832
115
22.61
2
73798
254
334
19124
11.42
12.87
15.00
1
2
195
78305
78618
65943
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Manufacture of machinery and
equipment n.e.c
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers
Manufacture of other transport
equipment
Manufacture of furniture
Other manufacturing
All Manufacturing Industries
Note:- Please see foot notes under Table 2.02 (a)
Source : Annual Returns under Payment of Wages Act, 1936 received from States / UTs.
43
Table 2.02(c)
Industry wise Per Capita Daily Earnings of Employees during the years 2009
NIC
Code
No.2004
Industry
1
01
02
05
10
11
2
Agriculture, hunting and related service activities
Forestry, logging and related service activities
Fishing, aquaculture and service activities incidental to fishing
Mining of coal and lignite; extraction of peat
Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas; service activities incidental
to oil and gas extraction, excluding surveying
Mining of uranium and thorium ores
Mining of metal ores
Other mining and quarrying
Manufacture of food products and beverages
Manufacture of tobacco products
Manufacture of textiles
Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur
Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags,
saddlery, harness and footwear
Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture;
manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials
Manufacture of paper and paper products
Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media
Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
Manufacture of rubber and plastics products
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
Manufacture of basic metals
Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and
equipment
Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.
Manufacture of office, accounting and computing machinery
Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c.
Manufacture of radio, television and communication equipment and
apparatus
Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and
clocks
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
Manufacture of other transport equipment
Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c.
Recycling
Electricity, gas, steam and hot water supply
Collection, purification and distribution of water
Construction
Sale, maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail
sale of automotive fuel
Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and
motorcycles
Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of personal
and household goods
Hotels and restaurants
Land transport; transport via pipelines
Water transport
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
40
41
45
50
51
52
55
60
61
Per Capita Daily
Earnings(Rs.)
44
2009
3
211.65
225.00
258.01
129.48
197.72
177.68
290.95
258.59
215.41
262.06
202.83
247.25
178.98
227.16
223.50
247.02
225.25
262.18
240.35
195.42
231.03
198.51
233.59
204.07
291.86
270.94
216.74
287.38
261.15
182.43
195.20
268.07
229.38
156.45
240.36
232.65
370.73
283.38
-
1
62
63
64
65
66
67
70
71
2
Air transport
Supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies
Post and telecommunications
Financial intermediation, except insurance and pension funding
Insurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security
Activities auxiliary to financial intermediation
Real estate activities
Renting of machinery and equipment without operator and of personal
and household goods
Computer and related activities
Research and development
Other business activities
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
Education
Health and social work
Sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation and similar activities
Activities of membership organizations n.e.c.
Recreational, cultural and sporting activities
Other service activities
Activities of private households as employers of domestic staff
Extraterritorial organizations and bodies
All Industries
72
73
74
75
80
85
90
91
92
93
95
99
3
189.12
304.33
154.48
205.13
304.68
288.52
229.42
Note: Please see Footnotes under Table No .2.02(a)
Source: Annual Returns under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 received from States/UTs
Table 2.02(d)
Industry wise Per Capita Daily Earnings of Employees during the years 2010
NIC
Code
No.2008
1
01
02
03
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Industry
Per Capita Daily
Earnings(Rs.)
2
Crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities
Forestry and logging
Fishing and aquaculture
Mining of coal and lignite
Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas
Mining of metal ores
Other mining and quarrying
Mining support service activities
Manufacture of food products
Manufacture of beverages
Manufacture of tobacco products
Manufacture of textiles
Manufacture of wearing apparel
Manufacture of leather and related products
Manufacture of wood and products of wood and cork, except furniture;
manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials
Manufacture of paper and paper products
Printing and reproduction of recorded media
Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical
products
Manufacture of rubber and plastics products
45
2010
3
221.87
197.14
298.45
216.87
237.33
263.30
319.94
229.26
235.93
230.76
257.29
257.51
217.96
239.63
232.46
1
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
35
36
37
38
39
41
42
43
45
46
47
49
50
51
52
53
55
56
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
77
78
79
80
81
82
84
85
2
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
Manufacture of basic metals
Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and
equipment
Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products
Manufacture of electrical equipment
Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
Manufacture of other transport equipment
Manufacture of furniture
Other manufacturing
Repair and installation of machinery and equipment
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
Water collection, treatment and supply
Sewerage
Waste collection, treatment and disposal activities; materials recovery
Remediation activities and other waste management services
Construction of buildings
Civil engineering
Specialized construction activities
Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
Land transport and transport via pipelines
Water transport
Air transport
Warehousing and support activities for transportation
Postal and courier activities
Accommodation
Food and beverage service activities
Publishing activities
Motion picture, video and television programme production, sound
recording and music publishing activities
Broadcasting and programming activities
Telecommunications
Computer programming, consultancy and related activities
Information service activities
Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding
Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding, except compulsory social
security
Other financial activities
Real estate activities
Legal and accounting activities
Activities of head offices; management consultancy activities
Architecture and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis
Scientific research and development
Advertising and market research
Other professional, scientific and technical activities
Veterinary activities
Rental and leasing activities
Employment activities
Travel agency, tour operator and other reservation service activities
Security and investigation activities
Services to buildings and landscape activities
Office administrative, office support and other business support activities
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
Education
46
3
242.56
344.00
273.31
247.70
272.98
231.74
228.46
240.73
250.09
274.32
363.24
218.37
293.85
264.41
230.69
251.16
319.38
238.91
297.64
328.39
373.41
387.91
304.17
-
1
86
87
88
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
99
2
Human health activities
Residential care activities
Social work activities without accommodation
Creative, arts and entertainment activities
Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities
Gambling and betting activities
Sports activities and amusement and recreation activities
Activities of membership organizations
Repair of computers and personal and household goods
Other personal service activities
Activities of households as employers of domestic personnel
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies
All Industries
3
268.43
Note: Please see Footnotes under Table No .2.02(a)
Source: Annual Returns under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 received from States/UTs
Annual Earnings by Components
The percentage distribution of annual earnings according to various components viz. basic
wages, cash allowances, money value of concessions, bonus and arrears in respect of various States
and Union Territories is given in Table 2.03.
Table 2.03(a)
Percentage Distribution of Annual Earnings of Employees in Manufacturing Industries by
Components during the Year 2009
Sl.No
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
State/Union Territory
Basic
wages
Cash
allowances
Money value of
concessions
Bonus
Arrears
2
Andhra Pradesh
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Manipur
Rajasthan
Tripura
3
96.84
100.00
88.46
100.00
91.51
99.75
4
0.00
0.00
11.30
0.00
4.07
0.00
5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6
3.16
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.55
0.25
7
0.00
0.00
0.24
0.00
0.03
0.00
A & N Islands
All Above States/ U.Ts
100.00
96.15
0.00
1.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.60
0.00
0.02
N.B. Returns not been received from rest of the States/Union Territories.
Source: Annual Returns under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 received from States/UTs
Table 2.03(b)
Percentage Distribution of Annual Earnings of Employees in Manufacturing Industries by
Components during the Year 2010
Sl.No
State/Union Territory
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
Goa
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Manipur
Rajasthan
Tripura
A & N Islands
All Above States/ U.Ts
Basic
wages
3
66.11
100.00
84.28
100.00
92.34
99.94
100.00
90.70
Cash
allowances
4
6.93
0.00
15.51
0.00
5.58
0.00
0.00
5.76
Money value of
concessions
5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Bonus
Arrears
6
26.77
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.07
0.06
0.00
3.47
7
0.19
0.00
0.21
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.07
N.B. Returns not received from rest of the States/Union Territories till the finalisation of the Year Book.
47
Table 2.03(a) shows that during the year 2009, Basic Wages with 96.15 percent has the
highest share in Annual Earnings of Employees in Manufacturing Industries followed by Bonus
(2.60 percent), Cash allowances (1.08 percent), arrears (0.02 percent) and Money value of
concessions (0.00 per cent). Similarly, Table 2.03(b) shows that during the year 2010, Basic Wages
with 90.70 percent has the highest share in Annual Earnings of Employees in Manufacturing
Industries followed by Cash allowances (5.76 percent), Bonus (3.47 percent), arrears (0.07 percent)
and Money value of concessions (0.00 per cent).
(B)
Statistics on Average Daily Earnings of Workers collected through Annual Survey of
Industries (ASI), under Collection of Statistics Act, 1953.
Data on worker‘s Earnings is collected through the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI)
under the Collection of Statistics Act, 1953 every year. Data under the Survey (ASI) is collected
and released under two heads, viz. Census Sector and Sample Sector. Coverage under these two
sectors has been explained in Chapter-I under the heading Absenteeism. The latest year for which
data on Earnings has been collected and disseminated pertains to the year 2009-10. Data presented
in this chapter correspond to both Census and Sample Sectors combined.
For the purpose of the Survey, the term ‗Earnings‘ has been defined as ―all remuneration
capable of being expressed in terms of money which would, if the terms of employment (expressed
or implicit) were fulfilled, be payable more or less regularly for each pay period whether
conditional upon regular attendance, good work, conduct or behaviour of the person employed or
otherwise to a person in respect of his employment or work done in such employment‖. This
include basic wages, dearness allowances, compensatory, house rent, other allowances and regular
bonuses such as production bonus, attendance bonus, incentive bonus, etc., which are paid more or
less regularly for each pay period. It does not include profit sharing, festival, year-end and other
bonuses which are paid at less frequent intervals. The statistics relate to gross earnings before
deductions for fines, damages, taxes, contributions to provident fund, employee's state insurance,
etc.
The statistics of average gross daily earnings of workers per manday worked by
States/Union territories and by major industry groups (as per NIC-2008) for the years 2008-09 and
2009-10 have been presented Tables 2.04 (a) and 2.04 (b) respectively.
At all India level, the average daily earnings per manday worked for all workers was
estimated at Rs. 219.56 in the year 2009-10 as compared to Rs 191.28 in 2008-09. During the year
2009-10, the highest and lowest average earnings per manday worked was recorded at Rs. 557.36
and Rs. 77.05 respectively in industry groups ‗291–Manufacture of motor vehicles‘ and ‗151–
Tanning and dressing of leather; Manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery and harness; dressing
and dyeing of fur‘. Among the states, highest (Rs. 371.71) and lowest (Rs. 75.41) average earnings
per manday worked for all workers, was recorded in Jharkhand and Nagaland respectively during
the year 2009-10.
48
Table 2.04(a)
Average Earnings per Manday Worked in Industries (3-digit level of NIC-2008) during the
years 2008-09 and 2009-10
Sl.
No.
NIC
Code
1
1
2
016
2
089
3
101
4
102
5
103
6
104
7
105
8
106
9
107
10
108
11
110
12
120
13
131
14
139
15
141
16
142
17
143
18
151
19
152
20
161
21
162
22
170
23
181
24
182
Year
3
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
Average Daily Earnings by
Directly Employed Workers
Contract
workers
Men
Women
4
5
7
124.39
101.03
127.80
101.37
122.61
141.69
145.26
122.27
135.57
109.78
108.68
156.69
219.32
146.75
197.48
229.15
172.72
203.01
138.07
105.14
127.91
166.66
129.22
149.33
177.53
91.48
132.22
173.68
126.25
164.41
133.87
112.83
161.62
154.00
109.17
162.55
253.35
185.66
154.25
330.57
207.92
181.63
131.26
92.53
138.99
126.36
112.59
147.72
182.76
89.12
139.09
191.73
95.78
156.90
167.49
139.23
134.47
195.49
126.08
162.83
241.24
151.55
165.51
254.58
151.95
185.99
141.03
68.73
59.03
176.45
80.13
61.57
164.92
94.84
165.01
184.97
116.34
178.67
168.43
137.37
152.03
182.50
135.61
183.77
162.32
125.78
196.88
167.58
131.72
179.50
180.11
355.00
131.95
150.43
104.19
175.00
166.23
147.08
177.46
180.01
157.93
142.54
153.18
119.76
172.57
54.96
137.16
195.44
147.44
97.52
182.38
183.63
121.47
269.00
155.18
87.08
152.61
119.45
90.52
134.87
152.05
121.75
174.00
151.12
97.47
180.58
210.17
105.29
145.41
242.87
125.13
167.93
212.29
121.84
161.53
245.98
140.02
217.83
188.92
131.28
161.79
49
All Workers
8
121.08
117.76
136.65
148.07
203.54
214.85
125.16
148.56
138.98
160.92
145.08
155.81
219.14
269.42
130.37
132.02
148.00
159.00
154.74
182.25
201.88
217.42
74.24
83.34
153.44
172.76
158.75
174.44
149.49
153.47
278.66
146.16
159.80
169.54
151.12
77.05
134.16
174.42
142.45
115.64
155.66
155.08
184.64
213.96
199.79
232.95
164.96
25
191
26
192
27
201
28
202
29
203
30
210
31
221
32
222
33
231
34
239
35
241
36
242
37
243
38
251
39
252
40
259
41
261
42
262
43
263
44
264
45
265
46
266
47
267
48
268
49
271
50
272
51
273
52
274
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
645.40
313.67
408.93
292.84
1109.63
286.69
443.75
216.77
241.91
441.69
346.72
260.60
294.01
193.37
334.62
136.98
209.72
218.15
226.39
206.06
213.01
337.07
326.09
222.41
671.59
221.25
260.31
237.44
325.96
209.93
161.50
205.28
213.57
245.62
316.75
291.43
303.94
284.91
325.15
293.19
330.20
354.34
349.14
207.83
379.53
233.46
257.32
269.32
341.98
304.91
398.21
274.30
349.89
258.19
247.22
222.46
310.27
519.10
367.09
236.95
156.35
213.77
73.20
87.20
152.34
152.87
218.54
214.74
160.32
175.45
90.11
117.10
128.39
148.06
111.48
121.68
501.39
234.21
141.49
542.29
144.41
170.36
149.69
223.47
178.49
135.79
131.59
150.28
205.67
220.89
276.51
276.91
258.81
252.15
271.88
280.76
209.26
207.85
178.21
317.33
180.06
186.13
293.11
214.39
215.07
258.16
154.31
212.03
169.48
178.77
159.67
50
193.47
142.57
170.01
169.93
260.16
152.44
206.25
162.04
173.89
219.52
234.99
182.80
198.50
80.99
204.35
148.94
174.85
152.83
161.73
148.69
155.48
175.13
191.63
142.05
169.30
178.60
190.95
146.89
211.69
156.29
127.90
154.44
178.09
160.27
179.28
194.07
252.82
187.91
499.41
185.13
220.91
203.16
225.49
171.03
206.80
148.74
144.76
176.84
162.26
185.42
235.38
182.09
191.50
169.75
175.55
177.15
380.60
259.54
359.58
240.53
529.17
237.04
345.05
166.21
186.91
405.77
328.72
228.76
249.15
152.59
294.51
136.21
192.28
196.15
202.44
174.53
181.35
282.78
275.09
208.26
480.30
206.37
232.11
195.92
268.38
202.03
150.67
187.86
200.91
221.27
269.35
248.01
278.11
250.79
458.29
254.76
293.74
301.15
301.03
190.33
326.04
219.95
239.08
273.98
194.62
264.22
334.43
238.04
302.84
225.89
218.06
198.33
53
275
54
279
55
281
56
282
57
291
58
292
59
293
60
301
61
302
62
303
63
304
64
309
65
310
66
321
67
322
68
323
69
324
70
325
71
329
72
331
73
332
74
351
75
352
76
353
77
360
78
370
79
381
80
382
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
250.54
214.80
244.94
202.05
195.00
315.24
379.50
287.40
314.27
396.10
622.44
199.63
194.82
262.80
293.88
507.22
597.54
295.47
297.31
193.49
372.20
164.81
150.57
266.70
320.18
249.16
276.16
274.87
295.89
152.05
177.77
146.59
154.25
159.45
163.57
217.02
228.54
179.61
193.64
272.52
336.33
306.71
321.32
325.66
276.20
185.23
325.97
212.33
285.10
243.55
312.13
213.87
277.44
234.27
339.55
174.85
178.27
143.54
165.26
184.79
172.77
162.76
273.64
217.93
240.01
583.43
595.86
126.38
241.92
160.39
213.23
405.52
540.83
233.67
263.03
265.71
405.26
286.29
237.13
235.54
232.21
87.12
146.04
200.91
190.27
119.92
162.18
91.11
135.77
134.98
141.34
217.56
218.61
101.01
116.94
323.95
276.22
199.70
207.07
111.99
176.78
236.84
250.36
73.80
93.92
413.05
125.28
39.11
51.82
51
191.71
178.45
205.61
165.61
197.33
238.62
384.86
203.34
207.01
323.52
204.90
187.70
224.86
201.29
221.37
332.90
368.20
119.74
159.63
263.94
253.60
216.94
245.86
197.99
235.83
201.16
203.83
273.90
303.22
95.61
181.28
154.51
170.47
142.63
169.39
164.42
193.92
154.69
172.97
210.84
274.28
186.87
178.24
106.12
251.13
117.29
215.65
172.22
163.66
109.08
262.50
177.34
181.70
267.21
152.19
219.92
196.33
225.35
190.59
194.10
288.09
378.90
266.04
287.38
384.00
557.36
192.34
212.08
237.32
263.12
386.04
447.68
231.81
252.41
198.19
342.33
178.65
159.36
242.52
289.05
232.90
251.57
265.69
284.73
145.83
175.51
138.72
152.95
153.13
160.56
210.76
222.61
150.27
164.84
257.35
316.52
277.83
249.27
217.16
260.51
149.54
260.97
202.18
242.83
178.02
298.17
221.65
223.41
188.01
268.46
167.30
81
383
82
390
83
400
All-India
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
272.90
189.69
179.68
205.24
219.95
223.38
254.45
135.52
103.54
86.53
236.75
171.45
118.37
131.67
245.55
134.93
163.65
211.00
181.00
175.65
185.02
157.02
189.28
259.79
167.41
174.89
211.00
181.00
199.98
212.50
191.28
219.56
Note: Details of Industries may be seen in Table 1.23
Table 2.04(b)
Average Earning per Manday Worked in States during the year 2008-09 and 2009-10
Sl No.
State/UT‘s
Years
1
1
2
2
Jammu &
Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh
3
Punjab
4
Chandigarh
5
Uttarakhand
6
Haryana
7
Delhi
8
Rajasthan
9
Uttar Pradesh
10
Bihar
11
Sikkim
12
Nagaland
13
Manipur
14
Tripura
15
Meghalaya
16
Assam
17
West Bengal
18
Jharkhand
3
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
Average Earning per Manday Worked (Rs.) by
Directly employed Workers
Contract
All Workers
Workers
Men
Women
4
5
7
8
143.76
94.52
133.49
136.48
175.50
125.94
152.55
163.45
138.05
68.01
120.14
127.47
185.67
170.81
161.97
178.03
150.05
141.31
141.94
148.20
183.78
150.22
153.48
176.26
246.94
243.83
158.16
231.46
261.03
230.86
172.24
246.81
259.71
146.67
241.08
248.88
288.49
176.87
174.97
234.46
222.70
157.38
211.82
216.36
235.58
199.18
275.19
254.20
159.04
127.06
164.10
157.49
187.88
166.85
193.33
187.58
188.50
104.93
158.51
176.98
211.06
118.19
174.56
197.96
200.26
155.76
136.61
178.69
180.46
173.15
159.23
174.44
200.28
96.42
110.89
165.47
231.13
152.99
128.93
177.43
215.03
158.09
130.62
163.65
80.16
71.92
82.88
80.88
95.52
17.95
85.52
75.41
101.21
88.12
96.76
95.75
113.37
104.87
125.05
113.87
152.86
86.56
86.23
102.48
176.63
29.72
100.25
115.43
110.81
114.31
217.16
137.93
200.43
245.77
200.70
201.93
102.09
65.84
175.07
108.89
162.68
119.43
135.97
157.23
230.62
266.94
148.63
214.22
225.69
168.63
175.63
212.43
414.38
342.45
130.52
370.92
411.47
413.31
170.22
371.71
52
19
Orissa
20
Chhattisgarh
21
Madhya Pradesh
22
Gujarat
23
Daman & Diu
24
D & Nagar Haveli
25
Maharashtra
26
Andhra Pradesh
27
Karnataka
28
Goa
29
Kerala
30
Tamil Nadu
31
Pondicherry
32
A & N Islands
All India
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
2008-09
2009-10
272.35
328.69
165.83
267.65
227.50
264.14
215.37
253.98
174.13
195.36
178.15
203.60
325.80
357.20
209.75
259.69
248.45
291.12
351.09
392.48
280.00
307.12
195.36
245.90
213.67
248.93
217.53
172.95
223.38
254.45
123.11
117.66
101.62
202.78
146.09
161.48
146.89
168.26
116.31
116.27
117.92
136.44
143.47
155.04
114.48
124.70
134.37
137.93
166.75
220.12
99.09
104.66
106.59
123.20
124.83
169.94
149.86
168.79
118.37
131.67
150.35
156.38
144.93
158.76
175.09
169.74
157.30
200.99
140.10
185.80
169.47
187.71
190.33
216.06
103.49
128.74
191.77
211.32
232.84
260.61
129.85
150.74
163.29
246.17
162.74
161.65
387.00
318.93
157.02
189.28
222.07
238.29
158.63
230.64
210.06
232.00
190.82
231.79
161.01
183.67
173.01
194.07
268.50
295.37
151.04
185.99
200.89
226.58
274.99
327.24
166.54
184.93
161.97
204.94
186.26
212.83
228.59
185.51
191.28
219.56
Constitution of Wage Boards
In all 27 Wages Boards have so far been set up by the Government of India in respect of 19
industries of manufacturing, mining and plantation sectors.
In the 1950s and 60s when the organised labour sector was at a nascent stage of its
development without adequate unionisation or with trade unions without adequate bargaining
power, Government in appreciation of the problems which arise in the arena of wage fixation,
constituted various wage Boards. The Wage Boards are tripartite in character in which
representatives of workers, employers and independent members participate and finalise the
recommendations. The utility and contribution of the Wages Boards in the present context are not
beyond question. Except for the Wage Boards for Journalists & Non-Journalists, Newspapers and
News-agency Employees, which are statutory Wage Boards, all other Wage Boards are nonstatutory in nature. Therefore, recommendations made by these Wage Boards are not enforceable
under Law. The importance of the non-statutory Wage Boards has consequently declined over a
period of time and no non-statutory Wage Boards have been set up, except for Sugar industry,
where last such Wage Board was constituted in 1985. The trade unions having grown in strength in
these industries are themselves able to negotiate their wages with the management.
Wage Boards for Newspaper Employees
The Working Journalists and other newspaper Employees (conditions of Service) and
Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1955 provides for regulation of conditions of service of working
journalists and other persons employed in newspaper establishments. The Section 9 and 13 C of the
Act, inter alia, provides for setting up of Wage Boards for fixation and revision of rates of wages in
53
respect of working journalists and non-journalists newspaper/news agency employees respectively.
According to the Act, Wage Boards shall consist of the following:
1.
2.
3.
Three persons representing employers in relation to newspaper establishment;
Three persons representing working journalists for Wage Board under Section 9 and three
persons representing non-journalists newspaper employees for Wage Board under Section
13 C of the Act.
Four independent persons, one of whom shall be person who is or has been a judge of High
Court or the Supreme Court and who shall be appointed by the Government
as
the
Chairman thereof.
The Act does not lay down the periodicity for constituting the Wage Boards. The Wage
Boards for such employees were set up in the years 1956, 1963, 1975, 1985 and 1994.
Two Wage Boards for (i) Working Journalists and (ii) Non-Journalists & News-paper and
News Agency employees were also constituted on 22nd Sept. 1994 under the common
Chairmanship of Retired Chief Justice Rajkumar Manisana Singh in November, 1994. The
Manisana Wage Board submitted final recommendations to the government on 25.7.2000. The
Govt. after examining the recommendations of the Boards decided to accept them in toto with
some minor modifications. Notification to this effect was issued in the official gazette during 2000.
The Government has constituted two new wage Boards one for Working Journalists and
other for Non-Journalists Newspaper Employees under Section 9 and 13 C respectively of the
Working Journalists and other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service) and Miscellaneous
Provisions Act 1955 vide notification in the Gazette of India (Extra Ordinary) S.O. Nos. 809 (E)
and 810 (E) dated 24.05.2007. The Wage Boards have been given three year time to submit their
reports to the Union Government. The Wage Boards were functioning from their Headquarters at
New Delhi.
The Government in exercise of power conferred by sub-section (1) of the Section 13(A)
and 13(D) of the Working Journalists and Other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of the Service)
& consultation with the Wages Boards for Working Journalists and Non Journalists Newspaper
Employees has notified for grant of interim rates of wages to journalists and other newspaper
employees and news agency employees @ 30% of the basic wage w.e.f 08.01.2008 vide
Notifications No. SO 2524(E) and SO No. 2525(E) dated the 24.10.2008.
The Government has appointed Justice G.R Majithia, retired Judge of High Court of
Bombay as common Chairman of the two wage Boards in place of Justice K. Narayana Kurup who
resigned w.e.f. 31.08.2008. Justive G.R. Majithia has assumed charge on 04.03.2009.
The Central Goverment in excises of powers conferred by Section 9 & 13 C of the
Working Journalists and other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service) and Miscellaneous
Provisions Act, 1955 (45 of 1955), has extended the tenure of the Wage Board for Working
Journalists and Non-Journalists Newspaper Employees under the Chairmanship of Justice Gurbax
Rai Majithia upto 31.12.2010. The Boards have submitted their Reports to the Government on
31.12.2010.
2. Mines
(A) Coal Mines
The wage rates for the workers employed in Coal Mining industry have been prescribed by
the Central Wages Board for Coal Mining Industry.
Wages in Coal Sector
The wage structure and other conditions of service (including fringe benefits, welfare
measures, etc.) of the unionised employees (other than executives) in the coal industry are settled
by negotiations in the ‗Joint Bipartite Committee for the Coal Industry‘ (JBCCI). The agreement
signed by the JBCCI is applicable to the unionized employees of entire Coal Sector, viz, Coal India
54
Ltd. And its subsidiaries, Singareni Collieries Company and the Captive Coal mines of TISCO and
IISCO.
The Government of India setup a Joint Bipartite Committee for Coal Industry (JBCCI)
consisting of 5 Central Trade Unions and the Management of Coal Companies in 1983 to review
the wage structure of workmen in coal industry. Since then eight wage negotiations have been
concluded. JBCCI VIII was constituted by Coal India Limited on 18.5.2007. Under JBCCI-VIII,
Nation Coal Wage Agreement-VIII was finalized on 24th January, 2009. Periodicity of which is for
5 years i.e. from 01.07.2006 to 30.06.2011. Payment of revised wages/ salary as per NCWA-VIII
to the non executive employees on CIL and its Subsidiary Companies covered under NCWA has
been started from the salary of April, 2009.
(B) Statistics of Per Capita Annual Earnings Collected under the Mines Act, 1952
Director General Mines Safety (DGMS) collects and maintains serial statistics on earnings
of employees in mines. For coal mines, such statistics relate to per capita weekly earnings and are
available on monthly basis. The monthly returns on coal mines give average daily attendance, total
wages and other payments made in cash for work done on any complete working week of the
month. The per capita weekly cash earnings are then computed by dividing the total payments by
average daily employment during the week. For mines other than coal, statutory returns showing
the above data are also collected by the D.G.M.S. Based on these statistics the DGMS compiles
index numbers of money earnings for workers employed in different mining industries.
Table 2.05
Index Numbers of Money Earnings of Mining Workers in Different Mining Industries
Mineral and State
2003
1
2
A. COAL (Base year 1985= 100)
Andhra Pradesh
704.78
Assam
740.74
Chhattisgarh**
738.18
Gujarat
1370.36
Jharkhand *
842.62
Jammu & Kashmir
1057.87
Madhya Pradesh
701.98
Maharashtra
872.94
Orissa
857.69
Tamil Nadu
737.88
Uttar Pradesh
555.86
West Bengal
695.48
Total Coal
746.87
2004
3
2005
4
2006
5
2007
6
2008
7
705.48
777.78
789.85
1534.80
893.18
1058.93
706.19
929.68
934.88
743.04
566.97
744.16
787.95
833.69
725.80
794.19
1433.14
558.93
1188.79
746.21
905.71
865.63
743.04
622.55
770.20
853.50
855.38
892.19
1072.822
1547.97
988.74
1149.20
1050.40
1119.39
838.99
796.22
792.49
881.82
964.15
1057.57
1221.76
1371.68
1898.43
1131.92
1129.88
1178.79
1502.50
1050.95
651.38
858.69
1149.45
1379.86
1067.67
1399.27
1415.04
2001.14
1202.42
1171.55
1390.98
1756.67
1175.23
618.78
847.62
1161.26
1471.44
55
Table 2.5 Contd.
1
2
3
4
B. MINERALS OTHER THAN COAL (Base year 1975=100)
BAUXITE
Jharkhand *
2136.82
Gujarat
1447.50
Madhya Pradesh
1534.80
CHINA CLAY, CLAY WHITE CLAY
Jharkhand *
2194.96
Gujarat
1990.19
CHROMITE
Orissa
1795.03
COPPER
Jharkhand *
2103.21
Rajasthan
1905.71
DOLOMITE
Chhattisgarh
705.71
Madhya Pradesh
637.45
Orissa
697.36
FIRE CLAY
Jharkhand *
1407.70
Bihar
Madhya Pradesh
Orissa
1031.74
GALENA AND SPHALERITE
Rajasthan
1798.92
GOLD
Karnataka
1403.92
GYPSUM
Rajasthan
1304.37
IRON ORE
Jharkhand *
1735.10
Goa
1907.95
Karnataka
2147.59
Chhattisgarh **
2537.60
Orissa
1574.73
LIMESTONE
Bihar
1675.85
Chhattisgarh
2032.40
Jharkhand*
1217.51
Madhya Pradesh
1480.09
Orissa
800.95
Rajasthan
1512.22
Tamil Nadu
1267.92
MAGNESITE
Tamil Nadu
2157.77
MANGANESE
Karnataka
1636.58
Madhya Pradesh
1573.36
Maharashtra
2508.35
Orissa
1564.37
MICA
Andhra Pradesh
1610.59
Bihar
Jharkhand*
1049.39
5
6
7
2898.62
1453.77
1568.77
2975.66
1457.85
1498.33
3000.06
1474.92
1498.79
3819.00
1482.58
1498.79
4979.22
1575.11
1467.11
2460.84
2433.42
2494.95
2894.53
2809.57
2936.66
2669.81
2895.09
2716.65
2991.17
2069.53
2148.03
2078.23
2272.56
2300.13
2103.21
2061.30
2103.21
2003.44
2152.21
2322.13
2832.65
705.71
675.86
697.36
791.65
1132.25
620.97
1489.20
620.97
1575.33
1419.40
1290.57
1575.33
1426.69
1750.41
1407.00
1961.42
105483
1407.70
1961.42
1079.46
1115.89
971.48
869.97
683.21
1590.53
1626.31
2269.26
2497.11
1403.92
1401.55
1407.61
1407.61
1428.38
1379.18
1463.51
1479.73
2241.12
3261.73
1642.85
1949.01
2247.26
2591.97
1625.56
1631.60
1951.46
2284.08
2619.00
1566.71
1924.88
2000.25
2383.96
1801.98
3571.46
1996.99
2551.42
3674.26
1857.24
3485.90
2861.85
2556.10
4735.94
2408.25
1675.85
1957.18
1283.71
1369.33
803.69
1338.71
1246.78
1763.93
1970.33
1610.73
1497.10
810.79
1618.49
1544.18
1784.53
2223.56
1717.18
1578.33
1642.05
1454.35
1853.30
2304.19
1763.88
1923.85
139.45
1426.82
1424.91
1925.82
2671.62
2308.84
2470.90
1107.60
1707.24
1559.00
2548.02
2517.73
2563.45
2563.45
3646.95
1512.01
1561.16
2462.15
1461.50
1601.14
1573.95
2581.24
1478.80
1665.40
1576.72
2646.31
1867.08
1697.63
2949.16
3811.62
1876.24
2258.31
2404.68
4680.50
1904.58
1623.79
82.68
1049.39
1702.20
1049.39
1726.07
1226.16
1776.53
1226.16
2101.17
1196.81
56
Table 2.5 Concld..
1
STEATITE
Rajasthan
STONE
Bihar
Gujarat
Jharkhand*
Maharashtra
METALLIFEROUS
(All India)
- = NIL
2
3
4
5
6
7
1724.13
1879.11
1893.54
1937.68
1942.00
2102.03
1403.95
1232.99
1784.43
1131.22
1403.95
1232.99
1763.06
1132.68
1403.95
1232.99
1707.61
1135.44
1714.21
1139.58
2041.67
1177.29
1585.99
2032.69
1199.92
1756.58
1697.16
1783.23
1848.27
2151.50
2327.76
* = Mines were in Bihar prior to 2000
** = Mines were in Madhya Pradesh prior to 2000
Source: Director General Mines Safety Dhanbad
The average weekly cash Index of Money Earnings in Coal Mines increased from 1379.86
in 2007 to 1471.44 during 2008. The index of money earrings of workers employed in Minerals
other than Coal has also gone up from 2151.50 in 2007 to 2327.76 in 2008.
The average weekly cash earnings of workers in Coal Mines (Miners, Loaders and Overall,
All Categories) by States for the month of December, 2007 and December, 2008 have been
presented in Table 2.06.
Table 2.06
Average Weekly Cash Earnings in Coal Mines during December, 2007 and 2008 (in Rs.)
State/ Major Field
1.
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand
Jammu & Kashmir
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Gujarat (lignite)
Rajasthan(lignite)
Tamil Nadu (lignite)
All India
Below ground
2007
2008
4512
4561
4147
4628
4724
4692
3515
3763
1194
1273
4896
5228
5973
6805
3613
3239
4186
4345
4288
4401
Miners And Loaders
Open cast
2007
2008
3253
5337
4299
4767
3138
4332
4009
4142
5041
4003
1259
1287
3000
3000
2376
2846
639
629
3206
4142
Over all (All Categories)
2007
2008
4036
4099
4808
5483
4740
5026
3469
3650
1386
1425
4158
4889
4527
5246
3413
3734
3708
3639
3689
3642
3923
4022
1272
1175
5838
5716
3973
4282
- = Nil
Source: Ministry of Labour and Employment, Directorate General of Mines and Safety
3. PLANTATIONS
The wage rates of workers employed in plantations were earlier prescribed by the Central
Wage Boards for Tea, Coffee and Rubber plantations and their recommendations were accepted by
the Government of India. Over a period of two decades a number of bilateral and tripartite wage
agreements have taken place determining the wages in these plantations. Statistics of per capita
57
annual earnings of plantation workers under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 as available in the
Bureau are given in Table 2.07.
Table 2.07
Per Capita Annual Earnings in Plantations during 2009-2010
State/Union
Territory
1
Andhra Pradesh
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Rajasthan
A & N Islands
Total
No. of Estates
covered
2009
2010
2
3
1399
65
61
0
0
315
19
19
1798
80
No. of reporting
estates
2009
2010
4
5
578
3
2
45
2
20
8
8
654
12
Average daily
employment
2009
2010
6
7
17571
20
16
7664
100
439
296
90
25990
206
Per Capita annual
earnings(Rs.)
2009
2010
8
9
31567
56400
77620
83847
62264
34349
79358
84333
47594
73098
- = Nil
Source: Annual returns under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936
4. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS
(i)
Railways
Statistics of average annual wage per employee in Railways are given in Table 2.08 during
the year 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. The total number of personnel decreased from 1362000 to
1328000. The average annual wage per employee increased from Rs. 382472 in 2009-10 to 407448 in
2010-11.
Table 2.08
Annual Average Wage per Employee in Railways
Item
1
a) Total Number of personnel (‗000)
b) Average Annual Wage per employee (in Rs.)
2009-2010
2
1362
382472
2010-2011
3
1328
407448
Source : Indian Railway‘s Annual Report and Accounts 2010-2011
(ii)
Department of Post: The pay scales have been revised in Department of Post w.e.f.
01.01.2006.
5. CENTRAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES
The data in respect of earnings of the Central Government Employees are being collected,
compiled and published by the Director General of Employment and Training, New Delhi. The
information covers all persons actually holding civilian posts in and under the Central Government
on 31st March of each year, whose pay and allowances, honorarium or any other remuneration are
paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India. Casual labour, is however, excluded.
Dearness Allowance paid to the Central Government Employees
Dearness allowance to the Central Government Employees belonging to group A, B, C and
D is being paid as per the recommendations of the Sixth Central Pay Commission accepted by the
Government.
58
6. EMPLOYEES COVERED UNDER MINIMUM WAGES ACT, 1948
On the recommendation of the 8th Standing Labour Committee, the Minimum Wages Bill
was introduced in the Central Legislative Assembly on 11.04.1946 to provide for fixation of
minimum wages in certain employments. The Minimum Wages Bill was passed by the Indian
Dominion Legislature and came into force on 15th March 1948. Under the Act both State and
Central Government are ―Appropriate Governments‖ for fixation/revision of minimum rates of
wages for employments covered by the Schedule to the Act. The minimum rates of wages also
include Special Allowance i.e. Variable Dearness Allowance (VDA) linked to Consumer Price
Index Number, which is revised twice a year effective from April and October.
The Minimum Wages Act, 1948 is applicable to workers in the sweated industries. It
empowers both Central and State Governments to fix/revise the minimum rates of wages for the
scheduled employments under their respective jurisdiction. The Act also provides for setting up of
enforcement machinery to secure compliance with the provisions of the Act.
In order to have a uniform wage structure and to reduce the disparity in minimum wages
across the country, the concept of National Floor Level Minimum Wage was mooted on the basis
of the recommendations of the National Commission on Rural Labour (NCRL) in 1991. Keeping
in view the recommendation of NCRL and subsequent rise in price indices, the National Floor
Level Minimum Wage was fixed at Rs. 35/- per day in 1996. The Central Government raised the
National Floor Level Minimum Wage to Rs. 40/- per day in 1998 and further to Rs. 45/- with effect
from 01.12.1999, and Rs. 50/- per day with effect from 1.9.2002. Based on the norms suggested by
the Working Group and its acceptance by the Central Advisory Board subsequently in its meeting
held on 19.12.2003, national floor level minimum wage was revised upward to Rs. 66/- per day
with effect from 1.02.2004 and subsequently it was increased to Rs. 80.00 per day with effect from
1.9.2007. The Central Government has increased the National Floor Level Minimum Wage from
Rs. 80/- to Rs. 100/- per day with effect from 1.11.2009. The National Floor Level Minimum
Wages has since been increased to Rs. 115/-. The National Floor Level Minimum Wage, however,
has no statutory backing. The State Governments are persuaded to fix minimum wages such that in
none of the scheduled employments, the minimum wage is less than National Floor Level
Minimum Wage.
7. WAGES OF AGRICULTURAL LABOUR
In pursuance of the recommendations of the Technical Working Group on Rural Retail
Prices set up by the NSSO, the wage rate data on eighteen agricultural and non-agricultural
occupations are being collected w.e.f. July, 1986. The Group felt that the regular wage data for
rural workers are of paramount importance for drawing up and implementation of wage policy.
This data was also found useful in the estimation of State/National Income and in studies on cost of
cultivation of crops. In view of its vital importance, the Group suggested to collect the wage rate of
large set of occupations from a suitable selected sample of villages in various states so that a fairly
representative picture of wage situation is available for the entire country on a continuous
(monthly) basis. Village functionaries like Panchayat Secretary, Progress Assistant, Patwari and
other Village or Block Officials are the primary informants for collection of data on wage rates.
The regular compilation and publication of data was, however, effected from April, 1998. All-India
average daily wage rates, occupation and sex-wise, in respect of 11 agricultural and 7 nonagricultural occupations for 12 months of the agricultural year 2010-2011 and 2011-12 are
presented in Tables 2.09 (a) to 2.09 (d) respectively.
59
Table 2.9 (a)
All-India Average Daily Wage Rates for Agricultural Occupations for the Agricultural
Year 2010-2011 (July-June)
(in Rs.)
Ploughing
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
Men
131.36
132.20
137.31
140.56
142.70
144.78
148.16
151.26
153.07
154.51
156.63
153.60
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
Men
116.55
111.86
112.73
113.05
117.00
118.37
123.48
124.04
123.04
123.79
127.74
130.66
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
Men
106.97
106.53
111.16
115.53
115.85
112.23
117.95
123.38
122.68
127.63
128.12
125.27
Women Children
81.33
74.25
84.50
86.25
91.25
93.75
83.18
88.00
89.55
83.00
82.27
@
109.41
@
Transplanting
Sowing
Men
116.21
116.00
118.75
120.94
122.57
123.02
127.21
129.80
130.79
132.84
135.84
135.06
Women Children
Men
98.21
80.83
112.21
95.52
68.49
111.52
97.12
66.60
115.54
98.55
67.71
120.40
101.09
71.56
119.68
103.71
72.56
122.10
107.94
75.90
122.60
107.54
71.79
124.42
108.01
70.41
127.18
107.82
72.24
128.79
109.10
72.40
132.44
115.42
80.27
133.51
Threshing
Women Children Men
85.81
53.13
116.69
87.14
60.00
106.36
90.86
55.00
113.73
92.78
56.88
123.65
93.76
61.50
118.30
94.02
66.50
121.50
100.09
67.22
122.33
100.54
66.11
123.75
99.30
70.63
122.31
108.32
83.75
124.43
105.47
82.22
130.23
106.89
74.00
129.87
Women
Children
89.33
62.65
89.65
67.50
95.09
82.12
95.50
75.45
98.60
63.00
99.87
65.50
98.96
69.09
101.19
68.50
100.87
72.78
101.94
74.24
103.75
74.24
103.31
72.62
Harvesting
Weeding
Men
102.71
101.44
105.82
107.18
109.39
112.11
114.02
115.03
115.59
114.87
117.61
118.93
Women
86.51
85.41
90.15
91.85
94.37
95.92
97.39
99.85
100.52
100.65
102.32
104.59
Winnowing
Children
65.20
68.77
70.67
70.03
70.68
70.31
69.71
73.19
73.31
76.03
75.19
78.03
Women Children
Men
Women Children
94.07
66.54
105.52
86.52
@
94.05
66.19
105.66
88.32
48.33
96.56
65.10
111.06
92.20
@
99.72
67.13
112.49
92.24
69.45
98.59
69.97
112.43
92.15
69.33
101.95
71.80
109.80
93.45
55.33
102.76
77.66
114.01
98.51
55.33
104.15
78.30
117.42
99.95
59.45
106.67
74.59
115.11
97.89
59.45
109.51
72.23
114.14
96.67
@
109.70
71.44
117.85
99.92
@
110.61
69.95
118.36
100.13
54.00
Picking *
Herdsman
Women Children Men
Women Children
95.13
58.50
69.23
54.86
47.94
87.85
62.57
70.32
54.50
49.14
96.26
75.90
74.04
56.76
52.86
102.70
86.26
75.39
57.85
54.86
103.11
81.17
76.88
58.74
54.98
103.73
78.71
77.57
60.37
54.70
105.84
81.88
78.65
61.24
55.95
105.73
81.33
78.74
62.56
56.41
103.83
84.46
79.62
62.75
56.27
103.21
80.23
81.30
65.45
56.64
101.42
86.63
81.46
64.23
56.93
105.44
82.14
82.83
65.88
56.91
60
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
Men
155.21
158.05
164.74
165.24
167.57
166.14
171.35
172.93
177.87
178.28
180.77
185.74
Well digging
Women
83.97
85.97
89.03
89.53
92.68
94.31
95.86
93.93
95.86
100.00
100.52
104.00
Children
@
Men
105.76
102.94
104.73
106.88
115.36
124.16
125.89
125.80
129.45
131.90
134.17
136.97
Cane Crushing
Women
74.44
69.38
67.50
67.00
80.83
91.50
94.38
96.63
103.67
106.43
108.75
108.64
Children
@
@
- = Not reported
@ Number of quotations are less than five.
* Picking includes picking of cotton bolls/seed pods, jute stalks and tea leaves etc.
Table 2.9 (b)
All-India Average Daily Wage Rates for Non-Agricultural Occupations for the Agricultural
Year 2010-2011 (July-June)
( in Rs.)
Month
Men
Carpenter
Women Children
July
August
September
October
November
182.00
183.15
186.74
189.40
191.34
-
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
193.13
197.04
199.00
201.44
203.49
205.79
207.27
-
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
@
@
@
@
@
Men
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
Mason
Women
200.32
201.64
205.22
207.32
208.94
210.82
214.87
218.15
220.26
222.50
225.64
227.21
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
Men
Blacksmith
Women Children
Men
Cobbler
Women
Children
-
@
@
@
@
@
137.37
138.24
140.67
142.62
144.20
-
@
@
@
@
@
96.02
96.54
98.59
99.81
102.14
146.37
148.88
150.69
151.89
153.78
155.05
156.20
-
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
Children
-
Children
Men
103.31
105.35
105.94
107.93
111.40
113.43
113.54
Tractor Driver
Women
-
140.78
141.90
146.08
147.07
148.71
150.84
153.75
155.23
157.72
158.45
160.63
161.64
-
61
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
Month
Men
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
75.91
75.50
77.62
78.91
85.29
86.03
90.35
87.96
89.28
89.79
92.63
93.29
Sweeper
Women
Children
Men
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
113.24
113.28
115.86
119.15
120.83
121.84
124.09
125.70
127.33
129.49
131.06
132.33
79.78
81.64
83.46
81.97
84.30
84.70
86.73
86.40
87.45
89.53
92.76
93.10
Unskilled Labourers
Women
Children
86.22
86.56
88.05
89.83
91.42
92.87
94.89
95.89
96.75
98.64
99.97
101.60
57.97
56.77
58.07
59.37
60.68
60.47
63.11
63.48
64.24
64.73
65.90
67.05
Note:- The average daily wage rates at all-India level are derived by dividing the sum total of wages by number of
quotations of all the states taken together.
Not reported
@ Number of quotations are less than five.
Table 2.09 (c)
All-India Average Daily Wage Rates for Agricultural Occupations for the Agricultural
Year 2011-2012 (July-June)
(in Rs.)
Ploughing
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
Men
159.89
160.91
161.50
163.22
168.27
169.98
173.78
176.59
177.11
176.86
178.84
178.65
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
Men
129.30
132.53
134.13
134.35
137.71
137.84
142.13
142.32
144.28
144.91
147.59
154.60
Women
99.33
92.14
95.38
102.50
109.50
108.45
102.09
95.00
98.18
82.86
91.11
112.47
Sowing
Children
@
@
@
@
@
@
-
Transplanting
Women
Children
113.24
81.84
113.92
86.37
117.71
81.15
120.23
88.33
122.62
83.93
124.99
95.00
127.70
91.39
128.64
93.06
129.48
97.44
131.49
98.89
133.51
100.56
133.90
96.67
Men
140.33
142.14
142.43
145.23
150.14
150.32
153.32
156.52
158.22
160.42
162.61
163.12
Men
136.06
140.87
144.75
146.89
144.12
143.23
148.78
151.21
148.84
154.29
159.40
163.46
Women
106.83
110.85
113.07
115.35
120.05
119.97
122.72
124.28
123.93
128.21
128.28
128.14
Weeding
Children
81.76
83.08
82.73
84.09
88.18
86.25
85.74
86.85
86.85
85.21
83.10
84.63
Harvesting
Women Children
114.30
74.66
117.85
75.60
121.38
76.89
122.45
80.49
120.02
75.62
119.84
79.52
124.36
78.05
125.30
82.91
125.23
89.95
127.37
93.75
129.37
95.28
132.02
103.97
62
Men
123.27
126.88
126.35
125.73
129.70
132.94
136.60
136.83
139.33
141.32
143.05
146.05
Men
128.64
128.69
129.54
130.76
131.16
131.81
137.19
140.62
142.02
144.10
145.73
152.49
Women
109.20
109.99
108.54
110.96
115.03
117.59
118.70
120.70
122.09
124.57
126.50
128.16
Children
81.49
83.09
81.81
83.83
85.22
82.51
81.43
97.25
103.25
107.58
102.02
89.07
Winnowing
Women
Children
104.95
@
109.15
64.00
109.89
@
111.13
@
108.27
60.00
109.92
@
114.24
@
115.54
62.00
118.56
62.00
120.10
76.67
121.02
75.00
126.03
@
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
Men
127.06
129.84
132.45
134.15
133.21
134.74
141.16
146.65
146.13
155.84
161.16
155.19
Threshing
Women Children
107.74
64.29
108.95
58.00
113.69
58.00
116.17
71.43
109.13
63.75
110.26
66.67
114.92
73.33
118.33
76.25
118.11
88.75
121.57
76.25
126.89
72.86
123.27
79.52
Well digging
Women
115.58
117.80
118.70
122.50
121.52
124.60
118.70
117.50
117.50
116.25
120.76
120.16
Men
197.33
199.86
202.35
204.66
204.63
209.43
208.82
208.60
212.44
213.11
217.67
219.72
Men
137.50
153.27
155.06
157.01
141.84
138.63
144.62
147.17
139.03
140.18
142.42
143.29
Picking *
Women
Children
111.21
@
114.90
79.40
116.12
82.40
118.41
83.14
111.76
91.09
116.15
94.20
120.75
99.00
119.56
99.00
118.57
104.33
116.02
104.81
117.88
@
120.31
@
Children
@
@
@
-
Men
141.16
139.94
142.72
145.91
150.51
147.75
144.54
150.61
152.71
151.96
149.81
155.89
Men
85.85
86.42
87.10
87.99
89.12
90.59
92.56
94.23
95.50
96.47
98.71
99.41
Herdsman
Women
Children
68.75
57.19
66.60
57.58
69.78
57.24
72.26
57.33
72.26
57.39
72.98
57.84
74.59
56.66
73.48
58.25
74.42
59.30
74.31
59.49
75.08
62.44
74.92
61.59
Cane Crushing
Women
116.88
117.86
119.29
119.29
126.00
125.58
117.47
120.39
117.94
114.41
115.00
120.38
Children
@
@
-
- =Not reported
@ Number of quotations are less than five.
* Picking includes picking of cotton bolls/seed pods, jute stalks and tea leaves etc.
Table 2.9 (d)
All-India Average Daily Wage Rates for Non-Agricultural Occupations for the Agricultural
Year 2011-2012 (July-June)
( in Rs.)
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
Men
212.60
215.77
219.11
221.16
223.05
226.32
229.13
231.11
233.47
234.81
237.60
240.96
Carpenter
Women Children
-
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
Men
Blacksmith
Women Children
160.82
163.39
165.77
167.27
170.12
173.47
175.22
177.42
177.64
179.32
181.75
184.37
63
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
Men
Cobbler
Women
Children
116.18
117.23
118.74
119.54
121.76
124.27
125.11
124.33
124.61
125.46
128.05
130.88
-
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
Note:-
Men
Mason
Women
Children
Men
233.60
237.41
239.68
241.72
244.24
247.02
250.85
254.44
255.90
258.50
262.32
265.40
-
-
166.51
170.04
170.39
172.09
176.35
177.24
180.62
182.96
184.31
186.27
190.59
192.50
Children
Men
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
136.36
137.88
139.34
140.87
143.17
144.20
148.12
150.10
151.55
152.77
155.59
156.99
Men
95.63
94.42
95.33
95.61
99.87
103.23
103.97
106.32
106.32
106.48
108.86
109.99
Sweeper
Women
93.29
91.31
91.88
92.41
95.35
95.41
95.79
96.34
97.21
98.24
98.93
98.88
Tractor Driver
Women
Children
Unskilled Labourers
Women
Children
105.37
106.55
107.46
108.51
109.60
110.21
113.08
114.23
115.47
116.16
118.56
119.97
70.07
70.76
71.64
71.56
71.91
74.12
75.14
75.94
77.06
77.85
78.90
79.93
The average daily wage rates at all-India level are derived by dividing the sum total of wages by number of
quotations of all the states taken together.
Not reported
@ Number of quotations is less than five.
8. OCCUPATIONAL WAGE SURVEY
The Occupational Wage Survey provides occupation-wise data on Employment Structure,
Wage Rates and Earnings in selected Manufacturing, Mining and Plantation, Service Sector
industries. The information is also presented by sex, age, system of wage payment, industry and
Stratum. Labour Bureau has already completed five rounds of Occupational Wage Surveys and
sixth round is in progress. The first round of the survey was conducted by the Labour Bureau in 44
(Manufacturing - 37, Mines-4, Plantation - 3) selected industries during 1958-59. The second
round of the survey was conducted during 1963-65 in 45 (Manufacturing - 38, Mines - 4,
Plantation - 3) selected industries. The only difference in coverage was that ‗Heavy and Fine
Chemicals‘ industry were covered as single industry in first round, were however, covered as two
separate industries viz (i) Heavy Chemicals and (ii) Fine Chemicals in the second round. The third
round of the survey was conducted in 1974-79 covering 81 (Manufacturing - 69, Mines - 9,
Plantation - 3) industries, including 45 industries covered in the second rounds, the fourth round
covering 53 (Manufacturing - 45, Mines - 5, Plantation - 3) industries including 45 (Manufacturing
- 38, Mines - 4, Plantation - 3) industries covered under second & third rounds, was taken up in
1985 and completed in 1992. The fifth round of the survey covering 53 industries (Manufacturing45, Mines-5, Plantation-3) was taken up in 1993 and completed in 2001.
The sixth round of the survey taken up in 2002 is in progress and would cover 56 industries
(consisting of 45 Manufacturing, 4 Mining, 3 Plantations and 4 Service Sector). Out of these 56
selected industries, the field survey in respect of 28 industries has been completed till date. Of
these, report on 4 Service Sector industries, (viz., Electricity Generation & Distribution, Railways,
Public Motor Transport & Port and Docks), three Plantation industries (viz. Rubber, Coffee and
64
Tea), Tea Processing industry, four Mining industries, five Textile industries ( Cotton Textile,
Woolen Textile, Silk Textile, Synthetic Textile and Jute Textile ) and Textile Garments industry,
Ten Engineering industries (Viz., Ship Building, Locomotive, Motor-Vehicles,
Motorcycles/Scooters, Bicycles/Rickshaws, Aircrafts, Refrigerators and Air Conditioner, T.V. and
Tally Printers, Computers, Watches and Clocks) were already published.
The Field Survey of Nine Engineering Industries (Viz. Iron and Steel, Casting and
Forgings, Agricultural Machinery and Parts, Textile and Jute Machinery, Machine Tools, Electrical
Machinery and Apparatus, Electrical Apparatus, Prime Movers, Boilers and Steam Generation and
Aluminum Industry) was competed in 2009 and the Report was released in 2010. The Field Survey
in respect of 10 manufacturing industries under Sixth round has been planned.
The trend in average daily wage rate and earnings of worker in Nine Engineering
Industries covered under the sixth round of the survey and the report in respect of which have been
released /finalised are given in tables 2.10(a) and 2.10(b) respectively.
Table 2.10(a)
Trend in Average Daily Wage Rates (Rs.) under Occupational Wage Survey
Sl.
No.
1.
1.
2.
3.
Industry
Round Number
Minimum Wage
Rate
4.
----
Maximum
Wage Rate
5.
----
Overall
2.
3.
Iron and Steel
VI
Casting and Forgings
VI
Agricultural Machinery
VI
and Parts
4.
Textile and Jute Machinery
VI
--5.
Machine Tools
VI
--6.
Electrical Machinery and
VI
--Apparatus
7.
Electrical Apparatus
VI
--8.
Prime Movers, Bilers and
VI
--Steam Generation
9.
Aluminum Industry
VI
--Minimum and Maximum Block has been deleted in the schedule as Overall Wage given.
6.
204.98
150..66
206.49
218.86
276.12
163.76
142.22
223.45
423.50
Table 2.10(b)
Sex-wise Average Daily Earnings of Workers in Various Round of Occupational Wage
Surveys
Sl.
No.
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Industry
2.
Iron and Steel
Casting and Forgings
Agricultural Machinery
and Parts
Textile and Jute Machinery
Machine Tools
Electrical Machinery and
Apparatus
Electrical Apparatus
Prime Movers, Bilers and
Steam Generation
Aluminum Industry
Round
Number
Average Daily Earnings (In Rs.)
Men
Women
Children
Overall
5.
110.95
149.74
120.63
Adolescents
6.
----
3.
VI
VI
VI
4.
248.29
189.85
278.83
7.
----
8.
248.06
189.39
276.10
VI
VI
VI
297.61
321.59
223.19
115.95
128.87
248.00
----
----
294.78
304.30
223.90
VI
VI
181.53
330.49
119.73
92.95
---
---
170.35
328.50
VI
439.25
221.58
--
--
438.95
65
9. INDEX NUMBERS OF WAGE RATES (WRI)
Wage Rate Index Numbers depict movement of relative change experienced in the wage
rates over a period of time. These indices are being compiled by the Labour Bureau for selected
industries since 1969. Initially, Wage Rate Index Numbers were compiled for twelve selected
manufacturing industries. However, during 1976 nine more industries, comprising three
plantations, four mining and two manufacturing, were added to the list of industries for the
compilation of index numbers.
The present Wage Rate Indices are being compiled on the base year 1963 - 1965 = 100.
The base year data on wage rates and employment were obtained from the Second Occupational
Wage Survey, which was conducted by the Labour Bureau in 1963-65. The main criteria for
selecting an industry for compilation of W.R.I. Index was its importance in the national economy
and employment in the base year. Fourteen selected manufacturing industries accounted for nearly
67 percent of the total employment in the Manufacturing Sector during the base year. Similarly,
four mining industries together accounted for nearly 95 percent of the total employment in the
Mining Sector whereas the three selected plantations industries accounted for almost the entire
employment in the Plantation Sector during base year. Further, in each of these selected industries,
the selected occupations together accounted for 75 percent or more of the total employment in the
industry.
For the purpose of construction of wage rate index numbers, wage rate has been taken as
the sum of basic wage and dearness allowance in respect of workers who receive both these
components, while for other workers, the actual consolidated amount of earnings represent this
wage rate.
The wage rate data are collected from the sample units in each of the selected industries
through mailed questionnaire and relates to the month of January of each year. The data is
collected only for adult workers. Personal visits are also made to the non-responding sample
establishments, in case the data is not received in time.
The Bureau constructs the wage rate index numbers on the basis of the mean of the
minimum and maximum wage rates in each occupation for each of the selected industries. For
time rated workers with definite scale of pay, minimum wage rate means the sum of minimum
point of the scale and the dearness allowance payable on that point, while maximum wage rate
means the sum of maximum point of the scale and dearness allowance payable on that point. For
all other workers, minimum and maximum wage rate represents the actual minimum and maximum
consolidated amounts/earnings in an occupation. To derive per day wage rates, the monthly,
fortnightly and weekly wage rates are divided by 26, 12 and 6, respectively.
The weights adopted for the construction of wage rate index numbers are the employment
in the respective occupations in each of the selected industries in the base year. The employment
and wage rates for the base period have been derived from the results of the Second Occupational
Wage Survey (1963-65).
The indices are generated using the Laspeyre‘s formula, which is the ratio of the weighted
average of wages of the current year to wages of the base year. The weights used are employment
in the base year. Necessary action has already been initiated to commence the compilation of the
WRI on the base 2008=100.
Industry / Startum-wise Wage Rate Index Number, Absolute Wage Rates and Real Wage
Rates for the selected 21 industries for the year 1969, 1976 & 2009 to 2012 are given in Tables2.11(a), 2.11(b) and 2.11(c)
66
Table 2.11(a)
Index Numbers of Wage Rates for the year 1969, 1976 and 2009 to 2012
(Base: 1963-65 = 100)
Sl.
No
Industry /Stratum
1
2
A Manufacturing Ind.(1-12)
Manufacturing Ind.((1-14)
1. Cotton Textiles
(i)
Howrah & Kolkata
(ii) Coimbatore
(iii) Bangalore
(iv) Ahmedabad
(v) Mumbai & Suburbs
(vi) Nagpur
(vii) Indore
(viii) Kanpur
(ix) Residual
2. Cement
3. Cigarette Factories
4. Hydrogenated Oil
5. Jute Textiles
(i) West Bengal
(ii) Residual
Mfg. Of Electrical
6.
Machinery
7. Match Factories
8. Paper & Paper Products
9. Railway Workshops
10. Smelting & Refining
11. Soap Factories
12. Sugar
(i) Bihar
(ii) Uttar Pradesh
(iii) Residual
13. Silk Textiles
(i) Surat
(ii) Amritsar
(iii) Bhiwandi
(iv) Bangalore
(v) Mumbai & Suburbs
(vi) Residual
14. Woollen Textiles
B Mining Sector
15. Coal Mines
16. Iron Ore Mines
17. Manganese Mines
18. Mica Mines
C Plantation Sector
19. Coffee Plantations
20. Rubber Plantations
21. Tea Plantations
(i)
North-East India
(ii)
South India
All Industries
%age
Variation
in 2012
over 2011
9
6.01
6.02
4.86
3.77
3.90
3.80
4.44
3.94
3.96
3.00
3.02
6.54
1.22
8.29
4.03
8.32
8.33
8.16
1969
1976
2009
2010
2011
2012
3
150.5
145.8
162.4
140.3
129.4
142.4
150.1
140.4
143.4
134.5
146.4
160.7
170.7
136.5
156.4
155.6
167.9
4
324.5
320.6
283.5
366.2
319.4
283.7
256.4
284.8
305.5
287.4
290.5
312.2
410.1
381.8
259.3
385.2
394.7
370.6
5
5145.7
5042.5
3795.7
3728.5
3783.4
3257.2
3187.3
3937.3
3319.2
2777.6
2934.6
3978.2
6142.7
6094.1
4251.8
5646.5
5655.9
5523.5
6
5868.3
5724.5
4070.6
3868.6
4048.2
4314.9
3328.7
4091.8
3450.0
2860.9
3022.6
4446.2
6378.4
6827.6
4422.2
6448.2
6495.9
5817.7
7
6164.2
6011.4
4225.6
4013.9
4292.0
4478.6
3529.0
4252.8
3586.1
2946.8
3114.9
4553.2
6695.0
7493.7
4599.8
6755.5
6805.6
6094.2
8
6534.5
6373.4
4430.8
4165.1
4459.4
4649.0
3685.8
4420.5
3728.1
3035.2
3209.1
4851.0
6776.7
8115.1
4785.1
7317.7
7372.7
6591.2
144.4
366.8
5572.0
5874.4
6108.1
6319.7
3.46
148.3
163.4
149.0
163.9
159.5
159.1
163.5
161.5
152.5
-
259.4
358.1
314.4
357.4
331.6
376.6
411.1
344.1
347.4
268.8
292.7
272.2
255.8
226.3
295.9
233.1
257.2
391.2
404.0
343.4
314.2
283.7
198.5
307.3
489.2
178.9
150.5
335.1
290.9
3965.1
5789.7
9244.5
4549.9
5719.4
6764.3
7901.7
6275.4
7126.4
3684.2
4292.2
3442.5
3138.6
4792.2
2955.9
4052.8
3264.8
7051.9
7140.4
5954.3
8071.6
4073.3
3252.4
5799.1
7730.1
2854.2
2519.3
4343.9
4772.0
4160.1
6103.3
12717.6
4891.0
5925.0
7635.1
8832.2
6995.7
8274.0
3804.1
4270.8
3545.8
3232.8
5004.0
3050.1
4324.9
3311.5
8161.4
8107.5
7058.7
11319.0
4281.9
3811.5
6398.5
8371.5
3406.8
3156.6
4519.3
5484.7
4456.1
6416.4
13502.6
5053.3
6114.3
8227.9
9932.3
7204.1
9372.0
3953.7
4366.0
3652.1
3329.7
5238.1
3146.9
4597.1
3489.3
8615.6
8385.9
8101.2
13522.7
4443.9
3962.0
6892.9
9181.8
3502.1
3242.6
4656.0
5753.3
4661.3
7129.1
14275.9
5314.6
6386.8
8870.6
10584.7
7653.3
10409.1
4223.6
4621.4
3761.8
3429.6
5498.8
3258.7
5153.9
3666.0
8939.1
8674.3
8700.7
14025.8
4735.7
4052.9
7028.3
9883.2
3572.2
3070.3
5804.2
6016.1
4.60
11.11
5.73
5.17
4.46
7.81
6.57
6.24
11.07
6.83
5.85
3.00
3.00
4.98
3.55
12.11
5.06
3.75
3.44
7.40
3.72
6.57
2.29
1.96
7.64
2.00
-5.31
24.66
4.57
150.5
Note: Industries from Sl. No. 13 to 21 were added in 1976.
67
Table 2.11(b)
Average Daily Wage Rates (Absolute) By Industry & Stratum during 1963-65, 1969, 1976
and 2009 to 2012 (Rs.)
Sl.No Industry/Stratum
1963-65
1
2
3
A
Manufacturing Ind.(1-12)
4.86
Manufacturing Ind.((1-14)
4.86
1.
Cotton Textiles
5.46
(i)
Howrah & Kolkata
3.76
(ii) Coimbatore
5.66
(iii) Bangalore
4.63
(iv) Ahmedabad
6.81
(v) Mumbai & Suburbs
6.27
(vi) Nagpur
5.30
(vii) Indore
5.12
(viii) Kanpur
5.12
(ix) Residual
4.51
2.
Cement
4.50
3.
Cigarette Factories
4.90
4.
Hydrogenated Oil
5.11
5.
Jute Textiles
3.68
(i) West Bengal
3.71
(ii) Residual
3.39
Mfg.
of
Electrical
6.
5.07
Machinery
7.
Match Factories
3.43
8.
Paper & Paper Products
3.72
9.
Railway Workshops
5.50
10. Smelting & Refining
5.17
11. Soap Factories
5.13
12. Sugar
3.33
(i) Bihar
3.23
(ii) Uttar Pradesh
3.19
(iii) Residual
3.71
13. Silk Textiles
4.61
(i) Surat
4.46
(ii) Amritsar
4.44
(iii) Bhiwandi
4.92
(iv) Bangalore
2.65
(v) Mumbai & Suburbs
5.59
(vi) Residual
3.99
14. Woollen Textiles
5.06
B. Mining Sector
4.18
15. Coal Mines
4.49
16. Iron Ore Mines
3.06
17. Manganese Mines
2.04
18. Mica Mines
2.23
C. Plantation Sector
2.32
19. Coffee Plantations
1.57
20. Rubber Plantations
1.81
21. Tea Plantations
2.42
(i) North-East India
2.50
(ii) South India
2.06
All Industries
3.87
1969
4
7.28
7.96
6.11
7.94
5.99
9.70
9.41
7.44
7.43
6.89
6.60
7.23
8.36
6.98
5.76
5.77
5.69
1976
5
15.58
15.39
15.43
13.65
18.10
13.47
17.41
17.85
16.18
14.72
14.73
14.05
18.47
18.72
13.25
14.18
14.61
12.58
2009
6
245.28
240.16
206.00
140.21
214.38
150.76
216.22
246.98
175.80
142.18
149.14
179.00
276.65
298.87
217.26
207.83
209.38
187.41
2010
7
280.08
272.98
219.93
145.48
229.43
199.72
225.81
256.68
182.72
146.45
153.61
200.05
287.26
334.85
225.97
237.45
240.48
197.39
2011
8
294.10
286.56
228.65
150.95
243.25
207.30
239.40
266.78
189.94
150.84
158.31
204.86
301.52
367.51
235.04
248.77
251.95
206.77
2012
9
310.96
303.03
239.44
156.63
252.74
215.18
250.03
277.30
197.45
155.37
163.09
218.26
305.20
397.92
244.51
269.47
272.94
223.63
7.32
18.60
282.62
297.98
309.82
320.57
5.09
6.08
8.20
8.47
8.18
5.30
5.28
5.15
5.29
7.28
8.72
13.30
18.55
18.47
17.01
12.50
13.27
10.98
12.88
12.49
13.08
12.10
12.56
6.00
16.56
9.47
13.00
16.57
18.13
10.49
6.42
6.30
4.47
4.82
8.86
4.32
3.76
6.89
11.85
136.12
215.29
508.22
235.10
293.34
226.95
255.26
200.90
264.80
167.80
191.02
153.02
154.35
130.96
165.17
16167
163.85
295.73
320.54
182.29
165.24
90.71
71.69
90.98
140.01
67.78
62.94
89.32
191.98
142.81
226.95
699.16
252.72
303.89
256.23
285.36
223.58
307.09
173.04
190.69
157.61
158.99
136.74
170.43
172.52
166.07
339.13
363.96
216.06
231.67
95.36
84.89
100.38
151.62
81.44
78.86
92.92
219.89
152.70
238.59
742.31
261.11
313.60
276.79
320.91
230.24
347.84
179.60
194.93
162.34
163.76
143.14
175.84
183.38
175.11
354.87
376.46
247.89
276.77
98.97
87.98
108.14
166.30
83.71
81.01
95.73
230.25
159.73
265.09
784.83
274.61
327.58
299.14
341.94
245.02
386.57
191.20
206.34
167.21
168.67
150.26
182.09
205.60
184.08
367.86
389.40
266.33
287.07
105.46
89.20
110.26
179.00
84.54
76.71
119.34
240.91
Note : Industries from Sl . No. 13 to 21 were added in 1976.
68
Table 2.11(c)
Average Daily Real Wage Rates at 1960 prices during 1963-65, 1969, 1976
and 2009 to 2012 (in Rs.)
S.No. Industry/Stratum
1
2
A Manufacturing (1-12)
Manufacturing (1-14)
1.
Cotton Textiles
(i)
Howrah &
Kolkata
(ii) Coimbatore
(iii) Bangalore
(iv) Ahmedabad
(v) Mumbai &
Suburbs
(vi) Nagpur
(vii) Indore
(viii) Kanpur
(ix) Residual
2.
Cement
3.
Cigarette Factories
4.
Hydrogenated Oil
5.
Jute Textiles
(i) West Bengal
(ii) Residual
Mfg. of Electrical
6.
Machinery
7.
Match Factories
Paper & Paper
8.
Products
9.
Railway Workshops
10. Smelting & Refining
11. Soap Factories
12. Sugar
(i) Bihar
(ii) Uttar Pradesh
(iii) Residual
13. Silk Textiles
(i) Surat
(ii) Amritsar
(iii) Bhiwandi
(iv) Bangalore
(v) Mumbai &
Suburbs
(vi) Residual
14. Woollen Textiles
B. Mining Sector
15. Coal Mines
16. Iron Ore Mines
17. Manganese Mines
18. Mica Mines
C. Plantation Sector
19. Coffee Plantations
20. Rubber Plantations
21. Tea Plantations
(i) North-East India
(ii) South India
All Industries
1963-65
3
1969
4
1976
5
2009
6
2010
7
2011
8
2012
9
3.92
3.92
4.40
4.16
4.55
5.26
5.20
5.21
6.84
6.70
5.75
6.97
6.80
5.47
6.71
6.54
5.22
6.55
6.38
5.04
3.03
3.49
4.61
3.91
3.62
3.44
3.30
4.56
3.73
5.49
4.54
3.42
5.54
6.11
4.55
5.88
5.98
4.21
6.03
5.71
4.97
5.62
5.55
4.73
5.46
5.32
4.53
5.27
5.06
5.38
6.03
6.89
6.39
6.09
5.84
4.27
4.13
4.13
3.64
3.63
3.95
4.12
2.97
2.99
2.73
4.25
4.25
3.94
3.77
4.13
4.78
3.99
3.29
3.30
3.25
5.47
4.97
4.98
4.75
6.24
6.32
4.48
4.79
4.94
4.25
4.91
3.97
4.16
4.99
7.72
8.34
6.06
5.80
5.84
5.23
4.55
3.65
3.82
4.98
7.15
8.34
5.63
5.91
5.99
4.91
4.33
3.44
3.61
4.67
6.88
8.38
5.36
5.68
5.75
4.72
4.16
3.27
3.43
4.60
6.43
8.38
5.15
5.68
5.75
4.71
4.09
4.18
6.28
7.89
7.42
7.07
6.75
2.77
2.91
2.95
3.80
3.56
3.48
3.36
3.00
3.47
4.49
6.01
5.65
5.44
5.58
4.44
4.17
4.14
2.69
2.60
2.57
2.99
3.72
3.60
3.58
3.97
2.14
4.69
4.84
4.67
3.03
3.02
2.94
3.02
-
6.27
6.24
5.75
4.24
4.48
3.71
4.35
4.22
4.42
4.09
4.24
2.03
14.18
6.56
8.18
6.33
7.12
5.61
7.38
4.68
5.65
4.27
4.31
3.65
17.41
6.29
7.57
6.38
7.10
5.57
7.64
4.31
4.75
3.92
3.96
3.40
16.94
5.96
7.15
6.32
7.32
5.25
7.94
4.10
4.45
3.70
3.74
3.27
16.53
5.78
6.90
6.30
7.20
5.16
8.14
4.03
4.35
3.52
3.55
3.16
4.51
-
5.59
4.61
4.24
4.01
3.84
3.22
4.08
3.37
3.62
2.47
1.65
1.80
1.87
1.27
1.46
1.95
2.02
1.66
3.12
4.16
3.20
4.39
5.60
6.13
3.54
2.17
2.13
1.51
1.63
2.99
1.46
1.27
2.33
4.00
4.51
4.57
8.25
8.94
5.09
4.61
2.53
2.00
2.54
3.91
1.89
1.76
2.49
5.36
4.29
4.13
8.44
9.06
5.38
5.77
2.37
2.11
2.50
3.77
2.03
1.96
2.31
5.47
4.18
4.00
8.10
8.59
5.66
6.31
2.26
2.01
2.47
3.79
1.91
1.85
2.18
5.25
4.33
3.88
7.75
8.20
5.61
6.05
2.22
1.88
2.32
3.77
1.78
1.62
2.51
5.07
Note- Industries from Sl.No. 13 to 21 were added in 1976.
69
10. PRODUCTIVITY
The Productivity Centre which was set up in Mumbai by the Government of India in 1955
with the assistance of International Labour Organisation (ILO) is functioning as one of the
divisions of Central Labour Institute (C.L.I.), Mumbai under the administrative control of the
Directorate General of Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI). The Centre
works towards (i) promoting productivity awareness in organised, unorganized and core sectors of
economy, (ii) furthering the application of productivity sciences with a view to improve
productivity and working conditions resulting in higher earnings for workers and (iii) promoting
labour management co-operation and consultation in solving work related problems on the shop
floor, thus contributing to quality of work life in the industry. The above aims and objectives are
sought to be achieved through training Programmes (public and in plant) and the Consultancy
projects in the field of Industrial Engineering & Productivity Science.
The National Productivity Council (NPC)
The National Productivity Council is an autonomous body and is funded by the
Government of India. It aims at disseminating knowledge and experience in productivity,
promotion of consciousness and improvement in productivity, strengthening of the performance
and competitiveness of the economy and improving the conditions and quality of working life. It
operates through Regional Directorates and Regional Offices. Ministries of the Government of
India and representatives of employers‘ and workers‘ organizations are members of the council. It
undertakes training programmes in the area of management services, industrial training and human
resource development and also provides consultancy services in both the formal and informal
sectors. It has instituted National Productivity Awards for selected industry groups with the
objective to recognize the enterprises, which excel in productivity performance and to motivate
other enterprises to increase their productivity.
11. LABOUR COST
The practice of granting paid holidays, providing social security benefits and various other
amenities to the workers by the employer have a significant impact on the Total Labour Cost. The
main objectives of the collection and dissemination of Labour Cost are to provide comparative
information on Total Labour Cost in different Industries and States and to study the extent of
expenses incurred by employers on social welfare and social security at his cost, for the benefit of
workers.
The first attempt to collect the data on Labour Cost was made by the Labour Bureau under
the scheme of ‗Survey of Labour Conditions‘ in selected mining and manufacturing industries,
which has since been discontinued, w.e.f. 1979. With a view to obtain regular data on the subject,
it is now being collected under the Annual Survey of Industries conducted under the Collection of
Statistics Act, 1953.
Social security charges met by employers for the benefit of their employees such as
contribution to Provident Fund, Pension, Gratuity and Contributions to other social security
charges etc., such as the Employees‘ State Insurance, Compensation for work injuries and
Occupational disease, Provident fund linked insurance, Retrenchment and Lay-off benefits, are
included under the head ―Contribution to Provident and Other Funds‖. ―Workmen and Staff
Welfare Expenses‖ include expenditure on maternity benefits and crèche, supply of food,
beverages, tobacco, clothing and group lodging at concessional rates; educational, cultural and
recreational facilities and services; and grants to trade unions and co-operative stores meant for
employees.
Tables 2.12 (a) and 2.13 (b) show the Labour Cost by components, by Industries as well as
by States/Union Territories, respectively. The data presented in these tables correspond to
establishments covered both under Census & Sample Sectors combined.
The overall average labour cost per manday worked in 2009-10 at Rs. 464.93, has
increased as compared to Rs. 410.41 during the year 2008-09. At all-India level during 2009-10,
‗Salaries/Wages‘ accounted for the bulk of the Labour Cost (80.19 percent), while ‗Contribution to
Provident and other Funds‘ formed the next major component (10.74 percent). During 2009-10,
the highest average Labour Cost per manday worked was recorded at Rs. 1239.56 in the industry
70
group ‗291- Manufacture of motor vehicles‘‘, whereas, the lowest average Labour Cost was
reported at Rs. 130.45 in industry group ‗120- Manufacture of tobacco products‘. Among States,
the corresponding highest and lowest figures of average Labour Cost per manday worked were
reported at Rs. 961.33 in Sikkim and at Rs. 113.51 in Nagaland, respectively for the year 2009-10.
Table 2.12 (a)
Average Labour Cost Per Manday Worked and its Distribution in Industries (3-digit level of
NIC-2008) during the years 2008-09 and 2009-10
Sl.
No.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
16
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
NIC
Code
2
016
089
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
110
120
131
139
141
142
143
151
152
161
162
170
181
182
191
192
201
202
203
210
221
222
231
239
241
242
243
251
252
259
Distribution of Average Labour Cost Per Manday
Worked during 2009-10
Wages
Salaries
3
159.13
182.66
290.96
195.83
270.94
246.56
421.82
185.10
245.59
293.72
361.18
105.91
235.62
251.38
245.96
272.88
216.64
241.94
257.80
147.24
234.55
324.51
418.70
781.82
495.32
860.08
644.48
368.94
501.26
527.60
472.57
327.23
328.25
302.30
487.95
682.45
349.40
434.15
259.18
338.01
Bonus
4
4.02
4.15
14.52
10.09
8.20
12.54
19.73
8.89
21.06
17.43
14.96
6.90
13.62
14.08
13.85
4.38
17.04
16.66
28.76
8.19
11.50
16.80
19.40
116.64
29.06
68.46
30.66
18.97
27.63
27.37
30.52
18.91
19.70
13.04
15.56
28.26
19.77
27.32
24.71
18.11
Provident
Funds
5
6.62
5.04
18.29
12.64
18.76
14.23
59.87
8.70
34.93
22.84
25.35
12.76
23.64
17.90
20.22
5.37
13.17
21.15
27.91
4.85
18.79
30.58
45.14
160.58
70.64
118.57
71.29
32.95
75.28
46.55
77.26
22.47
29.29
24.35
79.61
58.70
61.25
63.76
24.83
27.73
71
Welfare
Expenses
6
3.40
15.80
16.07
12.01
11.60
9.64
17.06
6.07
13.96
17.00
27.00
4.89
18.60
11.17
11.00
7.14
7.92
16.86
20.15
3.07
9.17
25.09
30.15
70.70
30.21
183.77
80.96
56.00
64.00
35.69
42.51
17.80
19.30
24.97
51.92
64.90
21.78
23.59
12.87
23.01
Average
Labour Cost
per Manday
Worked
(Rs.)
2009-10
Average
Labour Cost
per Manday
Worked
(Rs.)
2008-09
7
173.17
207.64
339.84
230.57
309.50
282.98
518.47
208.75
315.55
350.97
428.48
130.45
291.48
294.52
291.03
289.77
254.78
296.62
334.61
163.34
274.00
396.98
513.39
1129.74
625.23
1230.88
827.40
476.86
668.17
637.21
622.86
386.41
396.54
364.67
635.04
834.31
452.20
548.82
321.60
406.86
8
154.59
202.69
342.76
207.87
285.24
261.08
455.10
196.17
283.47
313.51
420.10
110.96
262.58
265.88
290.19
542.48
229.96
297.36
236.82
198.16
283.62
350.90
469.86
514.37
454.70
561.73
537.50
482.00
882.67
627.40
333.18
326.03
416.63
339.93
617.41
357.37
404.68
384.19
452.75
369.53
1
2
41
261
42
262
43
263
44
264
45
265
46
266
47
267
48
268
49
271
50
272
51
273
52
274
53
275
54
279
55
281
56
282
57
291
58
292
59
293
60
301
61
302
62
303
63
304
64
309
65
310
66
321
67
322
68
323
69
324
70
325
71
329
72
331
73
332
74
351
75
352
76
353
77
360
78
370
79
381
80
382
81
383
82
390
83
400
All India
3
530.06
605.87
718.60
586.65
168.78
927.46
507.80
346.68
573.29
451.45
394.02
361.44
441.90
404.02
651.99
623.01
939.67
293.93
435.54
687.26
473.58
566.73
350.21
467.19
514.32
375.91
553.59
244.58
246.60
412.25
262.07
542.69
481.34
460.88
745.99
745.74
388.70
302.30
407.71
313.16
223.30
203.52
414.83
372.82
4
18.76
23.77
41.77
41.05
10.25
17.22
30.34
7.68
35.22
13.47
23.73
17.52
15.51
18.55
47.73
30.33
46.63
12.93
20.47
18.22
25.59
19.26
19.06
17.63
15.50
16.08
9.73
20.73
64.44
25.19
14.33
50.53
34.90
23.60
21.83
7.75
22.25
18.44
7.79
15.19
20.94
1.25
24.63
20.21
5
50.26
49.62
59.28
50.41
14.89
40.01
36.91
28.16
80.09
55.75
31.82
28.74
29.58
30.42
99.65
84.21
109.34
18.94
35.76
71.57
45.23
31.08
28.02
41.18
28.74
22.66
32.16
31.74
26.77
38.63
24.05
37.30
78.64
26.26
142.92
46.27
45.31
29.35
16.32
15.81
11.78
10.53
29.92
40.03
Note: Details of Industries may be seen in Table 1.23.
72
6
45.26
38.92
52.27
58.58
13.54
41.01
30.79
19.98
54.43
46.84
38.87
31.88
33.32
27.64
66.26
58.05
143.93
36.89
45.67
38.85
31.58
32.42
31.42
43.25
27.60
24.26
20.99
10.19
19.95
26.98
19.61
30.79
58.29
39.97
152.64
69.88
5.73
15.08
41.35
16.19
9.02
17.21
24.79
31.88
7
644.34
718.18
871.92
736.69
207.46
1025.69
605.84
402.51
743.04
567.52
488.44
439.58
520.31
480.64
865.64
795.61
1239.56
362.70
537.44
815.90
575.98
649.49
428.71
569.25
586.17
438.90
616.47
307.24
357.76
503.05
320.05
661.31
653.17
550.71
1063.38
869.64
462.00
365.17
473.16
360.36
265.04
232.50
494.17
464.93
8
444.12
712.29
577.95
749.80
754.46
543.97
439.07
732.62
664.82
567.15
527.58
387.14
486.63
451.02
649.78
722.07
859.01
340.65
519.66
687.00
489.34
340.68
384.25
564.32
500.32
437.66
342.80
288.24
297.38
560.23
294.97
486.41
735.08
472.27
334.96
517.26
263.59
291.50
281.47
329.03
272.23
183.02
435.17
410.41
Table 2.12(b)
Average Labour Cost per Manday Worked and its Distribution in States during the years
2008-09 and 2009-10
Sl.
No.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
State/Union Territory
2
Jammu & Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh
Punjab
Chandigarh
Uttarakhand
Haryana
Delhi
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Bihar
Sikkim
Nagaland
Manipur
Tripura
Meghalaya
Assam
West Bengal
Jharkhand
Orissa
Chhattisgarh
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
Daman & Diu
D & Nagar Haveli
Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Goa
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Pondicherry
A & N Islands
All India
Average Labour Cost per
Manday Worked (Rs.)
2008-09
2009-10
3
278.89
384.87
299.02
544.70
476.30
501.71
424.06
357.09
378.08
265.97
101.42
107.90
195.67
333.26
305.31
393.49
783.23
412.90
396.27
435.08
382.07
343.10
391.56
626.83
286.71
477.63
553.58
321.89
320.46
439.76
369.62
410.41
4
287.22
447.44
327.50
614.27
465.46
555.74
481.93
401.72
430.68
317.35
961.33
113.51
130.53
168.41
361.15
356.61
400.25
792.59
488.51
583.09
471.08
474.47
369.65
396.57
659.38
362.47
423.58
691.05
363.44
430.34
458.49
345.99
464.93
73
Distribution of Average Labour Cost Per Manday
Worked during 2009-10
Wages
Bonus Provident
Welfare
Salaries
Funds
Expenses
5
6
7
8
248.36
10.60
15.98
12.28
369.81
19.05
31.89
26.69
276.29
13.93
23.80
13.49
485.29
21.66
79.41
27.91
368.66
19.46
46.10
31.24
461.62
19.90
42.14
32.07
401.60
21.95
40.14
18.24
326.74
11.26
29.53
34.20
354.93
15.94
35.71
24.11
246.47
13.16
26.21
31.52
893.19
7.77
33.80
26.57
87.10
2.07
15.83
8.52
126.61
0.77
0.40
2.75
137.69
11.08
7.44
12.20
314.65
12.43
15.97
18.30
242.25
19.70
42.86
51.81
313.51
17.90
42.33
26.51
580.92
26.01
126.91
58.76
390.51
11.32
52.98
33.69
440.33
17.00
82.45
43.31
375.47
22.70
42.24
30.67
397.44
19.57
30.82
26.64
307.40
19.86
19.53
22.86
341.19
19.60
16.57
19.22
530.71
29.47
52.62
46.58
295.81
12.78
29.50
24.38
344.19
18.68
35.75
24.96
561.76
25.72
59.07
44.50
279.35
20.28
35.66
28.16
325.24
25.20
41.23
38.66
358.48
23.08
39.69
37.23
294.86
12.69
28.22
10.21
372.82
20.21
40.03
31.88
CHAPTER 3
FAMILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE SURVEYS AND CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
NUMBERS
1.
FAMILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE SURVEYS
A.
Urban Centres
(i)
Industrial Workers
1.
The Family Budget Surveys in India owe their origin to the deteriorating economic
conditions of the workers due to abnormal spurt in prices during the first and the Second World
War. In pursuance of the recommendations of the Rau Court of Enquiry, set up by the Government
of India in 1940 to investigate the question of dearness allowance, the Family Budget Surveys were
conducted for the first time, during 1943 to 1946, on uniform lines, in 28 important industrial
centres. With the enactment of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, it became obligatory for the Central
and State Governments to maintain Cost of Living Indices. The Seventh International Conference of
Labour Statisticians held in 1949 adopted a resolution defining the objectives of family living
studies and setting new international standards. The Committee of Experts on International
Definition and Measurement of Standards and Levels of Living jointly convened by the United
Nations, the International Labour Organisation and the UNESCO with the co-operation of the FAO
and the WHO made further improvements in the field and laid great stress on the desirability of
planning and conducting family living studies for comprehensive measurement of actual family
living conditions.
2.
Accordingly, several State Governments as well as the Labour Bureau of Government of
India conducted Family Budget Surveys in various centres with a view of compiling Consumer
Price Index Numbers. In order to introduce a uniform and scientific procedure for conduct of such
surveys throughout the country, the Labour Bureau conducted Family Living Surveys at 50 Centres
spread over length and breadth of the country during 1958-59. The weighting diagrams derived from
the results of these surveys were adopted for the compilation of Consumer Price Index Numbers for
Industrial Workers on base 1960=100 for each of the 50 centres. An All-India Index was also
compiled as a weighted average of these centres indices.
3.
During the course of the survey, in addition to the data on income, expenditure and
consumption, data were also collected from the sampled families on other components of the levels
of living, e.g., educational interests, housing conditions, employment, working and service
conditions, savings, assets and indebtedness, etc. On the basis of this information, centre-wise
analytical reports in respect of all the 50 individual centres were published. Besides, a General
Report, discussing mainly the technical details of the survey and inter-centre comparison of the
important aspects of the survey, was also published. Similar surveys were also conducted in Tripura
(1960-61), Himachal Pradesh (1964-65), Bhilwara (1965), Bhilai (1965), Chhindwara (1965),
Kothagudem (1965), Rourkela (1965) and Goa (1966-67). These centres, however, did not form
part of the All-India Index.
4.
During 1981-82, the Labour Bureau conducted Working Class Family Income and
Expenditure Surveys at 70 important industrial centres in order to derive a new set of weighting
diagrams for compilation of Consumer Price Index Numbers for individual centres as well as an
average All-India Index based on latest consumption pattern of the Working Class. In addition to
the three sectors of employment (viz., Factories, Mines and Plantations) covered in 1958-59 survey,
four more sectors viz., (i) Railways (ii) Motor Transport Undertakings (iii) Electricity generating
and distributing establishments and (iv) Ports and Docks were also covered during 1981-82 surveys.
The technical details of the survey were finalised by the Labour Bureau under the guidance of the
Technical Advisory Committee on Statistics of Prices and Cost of Living (TAC on SPCL)
constituted by the Government of India to render guidance on all such matters. In addition to 70
Centres, the survey was also conducted in 6 additional centres with a view to update the old series of
Consumer Price Index Numbers of these centres to base 1982=100. Extensive consultations were
held with the Index Users, viz., Employers, Employees and State Governments on various aspects of
74
the survey, both before the start of the survey and release of Consumer Price Index Numbers on base
1982=100. Linking factors between old and new series were worked out on the basis of the decision
taken at the National Level Tripartite Meeting of the Index Users held on 6th October, 1988 under
the Chairmanship of the then Union Labour Minister. This series of Consumer Price Index
Numbers on base: 1982=100 was released in December, 1988 with the Index for the month of
October, 1988.
5.
As per the recommendations of the International Labour Organisation, Family Living
Surveys should be conducted at frequent intervals generally not exceeding 10 years, so as to revise
the base of the Consumer Price Index Numbers. However, due to some administrative reasons, the
scheme for updation of the base of the series on base 1982=100, which was slated to start in 199192, could commence only in 1997. The field work in respect of 78 centres was undertaken by
NSSO during Sept., 1999 to Aug., 2000. The Labour Bureau under the guidance of TAC on SPCL
undertook the whole exercise of updation of the series. The results were tabulated by the Regional
Computer Centre now known as DOEACC centre, Chandigarh on the basis of Tabulation Plan &
Estimation Procedures provided by the Bureau. On the basis of the results thrown up by the Survey,
the weighting diagrams (average consumption pattern) have been derived in respect of all the 78
centres. Using the prices pertaining to calendar year 2001 as the base prices, the indices had been
compiled using the software developed by the DOEACC, Chandigarh. The technical details as well
as indices had been examined thoroughly by a sub-group of the TAC on SPCL headed by DG &
CEO, NSSO, New Delhi.
6.
A two day Tripartite National Level Index Users‘ Meeting was organised on 19th - 20th May,
2005 at Shimla in connection with the release of new series of CPI(IW). The representatives of
Central/State Ministries/Departments, Employers‘ Associations and Central Trade Unions
participated in the deliberations on the release of the new series of CPI-(IW). All the technical
issues relating to compilation of CPI(IW) on base: 2001=100 series as well as process for regular
consultation with the Users, especially the Central Trade Unions and Employers‘ Organisations,
were discussed. There was a broad consensus so far as the technical aspects of the exercise were
concerned. Nonetheless, it was decided in the meeting to address the issues of participation of the
Central Trade Unions as well as Employers‘ Organisations in the deliberation of the Technical
Advisory Committee on Statistics of Prices and Cost of Living (TAC on SPCL) besides evolving a
suitable mechanism for their periodic involvement as users of Index Numbers during the conduct of
entire exercise, prospectively for future revision of base in a meeting to be chaired by the Hon‘ble
Labour & Employment Minister with the representation of Central Trade Union.
7.
As a follow-up, a National Level Index Users‘ Meeting with the representatives of Central
Trade Union was held on 9th September, 2005 in the Ministry of Labour & Employment under the
Chairmanship of Secretary, Labour & Employment. The issues discussed were mainly on the
participation of Central Trade Union and Employers‘ Organisations in the TAC on SPCL. It was
resolved in this meeting that the meeting of the reconstituted TAC on SPCL having the members
from the Central Trade Unions & Employers‘ Organisation be held prior to the release of new series
of CPI(IW) on base 2001=100.
8.
The 45th meeting of the TAC on SPCL was accordingly convened on 17th February, 2006, in
which 3 representatives each of the Central Trade Unions & Employers‘ Organisation participated
in the deliberation on the release of new series of CPI(IW) on base: 2001=100. After discussions,
the TAC on SPCL decided that in view of the improvement made in the new series as also the
urgent need for updation of base, the CPI(IW) (New Series) should be released. Accordingly, with
the approval of Govt. of India, the Labour Bureau released the new series of CPI(IW) on base:
2001=100 with effect from Jan., 2006 index on 9th March, 2006. The centre-wise and All India
Index Numbers alongwith linking factors with the previous series of CPI (IW) on base: 1982=100
were also released and published in the Indian Labour Journal.
9.
The new series on base : 2001=100 had replaced the old series on base : 1982=100 w.e.f.
the index of Jan., 2006. The sample size for the conduct of Working Class Family Income &
Expenditure Survey, on the basis of which weighting diagrams have been derived, increased to
41040 families from 32616 families in the 1982 series. The number of items directly retained in the
index basket has been increased to 392 items as against 280 items in the 1982 series. Similarly the
number of markets and centres which were 226 and 70 in the old series have been increased to 289
and 78, respectively under the new series on base: 2001=100. The Repeat House Rent Surveys are
75
also conduced in six-monthly rounds at all the 78 centres to collect house rent data and related
changes and compile house rent indices. The methodology for updation of base as also the
compilation of indices were approved by the Technical Advisory Committee on Statistics of Prices
and Cost of Living.
10.
An Index Review Committee under the Chairmanship of Prof. G.K.Chadha, former ViceChancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University and Member, Prime Minister‘s Economic Advisory
Council, with representatives from Trade Unions & Employers‘ Organisations was set up to
examine various aspects of new series of CPI(IW) on base: 2001=100. Index Review Committee
conducted seven meetings at various places in the country i.e., Shimla, New Delhi (2), Chennai,
Mumbai, Dhanbad and Mysore. The Committee has submitted its report on 20th March, 2009.
(ii)
Urban Non-Manual Employees
1.
A Family Living Survey among the middle class employees was conducted by the C.S.O. at
45 centres during 1958-59. Based on the results of the survey, it had brought out a General Report
and released Consumer Price Index Numbers for middle class on base 1960=100 for different
centres as also an average All-India Index.
2.
The consumption pattern of middle class having undergone a change over 1958-59 when the
last survey was conducted, the Central Statistical Organisation, Govt. of India had launched an
Urban Non-Manual Employees Family Living Surveys at 59 centres during 1982-83 with the
objective of updating the base and weighting diagram of the Consumer Price Index Numbers for
Middle Class on base: 1960=100. It had released the new series of Consumer Price Index Numbers
for urban Non-manual employees on base 1984-85=100 w.e.f. November, 1987 index. The index
numbers on base: 1984-85=100 was continuously compiled and released until March, 2008.
3.
Because of outdated base year and also deployment of field investigators for collection of
price data for a broad based CPI (Urban), the National Statistical Commission in its meeting held on
15.2.2008 decided to :
i.
ii.
iii.
discontinue the CPI(UNME) and
adopt link index, based on ratio method after aggregating the subgroup level indices of
Labour Bureau‘s CPI(Industrial Workers) using CPI(UNME) weights at group/sub-group
level for all India
compile linked CPI(UNME) numbers till new series of CPI(Urban) is brought out.
4.
Based on the methodology given by the National Statistical Commission, ratio of CPI
(UNME) numbers to CPI (Industrial Workers) numbers for each of the 24 months for the two year
period from January, 2006 - December, 2007 at sub-group level had been worked out. Average
ratio at each level based on 24 months figure was taken as the linking factor at the respective level.
The CPI (UNME) weights had been used to get the indices at group and all group levels, as the price
collection of CPI (UNME) was discontinued w.e.f April, 2008. From April, 2008 to December,
2010, linked all India CPI (UNME) was compiled and released by Central Statistical Organisation,
New Delhi.
5.
The Central Statistics Office (CSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
has introduced a new series of Consumer Price Indices (CPI) on base 2010=100 for all-India and
States/UTs separately for rural, urban and combined with effect from January, 2011. The
consumption patterns (weighting diagrams) for this series of CPI have been derived on the basis of
average monthly consumer expenditure of an urban/rural household obtained from the results of the
Consumer Expenditure Survey conducted by the National Sample Survey Office during 2004-05.
Number of weighted items (having consumption share) varies among states/UTs and it is around
175 in the rural and about 200 in the urban areas. These items include services such as railway fare,
airway fare, telephone charges, barber/beautician charges, washer man charges, tailoring charges
etc.
B.
Rural Areas
The Agricultural/Rural Labour Enquiries, being conducted since 1950-51 at frequent
intervals throw up a valuable data on the pattern of consumption expenditure of labourers in the
rural areas. The first Agricultural Labour Enquiry (ALE) was conducted during 1950-51. The 2nd
Agricultural Labour Enquiry was conducted during 1956-57.The scope of the enquiry was widened
76
to cover all the rural labour (agricultural as well as non-agricultural) after the 2nd A.L.E. Hence now
it is called as the Rural Labour Enquiry to signify the wider coverage. The First Rural Labour
Enquiry was conducted during 1963-65 (February, 1963 – January, 1964 & October, 1964 –
September, 1965). The data were collected and analysed separately for agricultural as well as nonagricultural labourers, not only to enable comparison with the previous enquiries, but also to throw
up information on both classes of labourers in rural areas. The fourth enquiry in the series, i.e. 2 nd
Rural Labour Enquiry was conducted during 1974-75.
A number of Committees and Commissions such as the National Commission on Labour
(1969) have acknowledged the usefulness of the data thrown up by the Rural Labour Enquiries. The
National Commission on Rural Labour, which submitted its report in 1991, also had acknowledged
the utility of data being collected and published through these enquiries and had in fact suggested to
strengthen the system of collection of data. In view of the usefulness of the data thrown up by it, the
Rural Labour Enquires are now being conducted at regular intervals on quinquennial basis
alongwith general Employment and Unemployment surveys of the National Sample Survey
Organisation. Thus, the subsequent enquiries in the series were conducted during 1977-78, 1983,
1987-88, 1993-94, 1999-2000, 2004-05 and 2009-10. Under the integrated arrangement, besides
collection of data from the field, the processing thereof is also being done by the National Sample
Survey Organisation for Labour Bureau. On the basis of these Enquiries the Labour Bureau brings
out reports on ―Consumption Expenditure‖, ―Indebtedness‖, ―Wages & Earnings‖, ―Employment &
Unemployment‖ and ―General Characteristics of Rural Labour Households‖.
2.
A.
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX NUMBERS
Industrial Workers
1.
The Consumer Price Index Numbers for Industrial Workers, which measure the rate of
change in prices of fixed basket of goods and services consumed by the defined population, are
being compiled and maintained by the Labour Bureau since its inception in October, 1946. The
Consumer Price Index Numbers are one of the most widely used statistical products which is being
put to numerous uses, such as i) revision of wages and determination of Variable Dearness
Allowance to lakhs of workers/employees in the Government and Corporate Sectors ii) revision of
minimum wages of workers in Unorganised Sector iii) measuring inflationary trend in the country
iv) for policy formulation by the Government and v) for analytical purposes by the researchers.
These index numbers are being compiled on scientific lines by following the standard methodology
approved by the Technical Advisory Committee on Statistics of Prices and Cost of Living (TAC on
SPCL).
2.
The three essential ingredients of Consumer Price Index Numbers, are (i) the percentage
share of expenditure on each item in relation to the total consumption expenditure known as the
―Weighting Diagram‖ (ii) base year prices which are average prices of 12 months of the year and
(iii) current prices. The average consumption expenditure per family as revealed by the Working
Class Family Income and Expenditure Survey (1999-2000) forms the basis for deriving the
weighting diagram of the existing series i.e., 2001=100. The non-consumption expenditure such as
taxes, interest, remittances and litigation expenses were excluded. A uniform base year was adopted
for all the selected centres so that All-India index could be obtained directly from the constituent
centre indices without resorting to any arithmetical shifting of base in any series. The retail prices
firstly for the base period and subsequently for the current period are collected on continuous basis
in respect of all the items on a fixed day every week/month, from two selected shops of the selected
markets of a centre. These prices are inclusive of taxes and levies payable by the consumer. As the
Consumer Price Index Numbers are designed to measure the changes of prices alone, all other
elements such as specifications, units, shops, markets and price collection day/time are kept fixed
during the lifetime of the series so as to exclude spurious changes in prices. All these elements are
settled in advance before the main survey when the organisation of price collection machinery and
other details are worked out. The guiding factor for deciding these elements is their popularity with
the working class families in the base year. The number of markets in a given centre depends on the
size of the centre, the concentration of working class population, the variability in prices, etc.
3.
Prices are collected for different items and services included in the index basket by personal
interview method from the shopkeepers/vendors of the selected shops by the State Government
77
employees. Prices are collected on weekly basis for price sensitive items. For a few standard items
such as tea, cigarette, cinema ticket, barber charges, utensils, toilet soap, clothing and footwear etc.,
prices are collected on monthly basis as they are not expected to fluctuate at short intervals. In case
of items distributed through the Public Distribution System, the average price is calculated as the
weighted average of the fair price and the open market price, the weights being the proportion of the
quantity available through Public Distribution System and the quantity procured from the open
market in relation to the base year requirement of an average working class family. The prices of
some items such as house rent, school/ college fee and books are collected once in six months and
one year respectively.
4.
Data on house rent are collected for rented, rent free and owner occupied dwellings. For
this purpose, six monthly House Rent Survey is conducted at all the centres in order to reflect the
changes in rental level that the index population has experienced in such industrial centres. The rent
index is compiled by using the chain base method in which rent movements are first compared with
those of the last six months and then chained (linked) with the base period. Uniform method is
followed in compilation of house rent index for all the centres irrespective of the sectors to which
they represent. In pursuance of the recommendations of the Committee on Consumer Price Index
Numbers (Dr. Seal Committee) the weighted house rent index is compiled, weights being the
proportion of the families residing in rent free, rented and self-owned dwellings in a centre as
selected in the base year survey. The rent index of free dwellings is kept fixed at 100. The rent
index of owner-occupied dwelling is based on rent paid for similar or comparable rented dwellings
in the same building or nearby locality even if it is occupied by a non-working class family. If it is
not possible to collect data from comparable rented dwellings, the self-owned dwellings are
substituted by the rented dwellings.
5.
Indices are compiled centre wise at subgroup/group/centre level by using Laspeyre‘s Index
formula. The all-India index is computed as a weighted average of the index numbers of the
constituent 78 centres, weights being the ratio of total consumption expenditure of estimated number
of families allocated to a centre in the state to the sum total of all such expenditures over all centres
in the country.
6.
The all-India index can be linked to the earlier series on base 1982=100 by using conversion
factors of 4.63 and 4.58 for General and Food Indices respectively.
7.
A detailed note on the scope and method of compilation of All-India Consumer Price Index
Numbers for Industrial Workers (Base: 2001=100) was published in April, 2006 issue of the
Bureau‘s monthly publication captioned ―Indian Labour Journal.‖
8.
Annual average of Consumer Price Index Numbers for Industrial workers on base:
1982=100 for all the 70 centres for the year 1999 to 2005 and new series on base: 2001=100 for 78
centres for the year 2006 to 2012 are presented in Table 3.01.
9.
Table 3.02 presents annual average of All-India Consumer Price Index Numbers (General
and food) on base: 1982=100 for the year 1995 to 2005 and new series on base: 2001=100 for the
year 2006 to 2012 along with the month-wise figures for the period January, 2011 to Dec., 2012.
The month-wise indices (General) for the year 2012 increased to 219 in December, 2012 from 198
in January, 2012.
10.
Table 3.03 depicts CPI (IW) based month wise point to point rate of Inflation for the period
January, 2011 to December, 2012.
78
Table 3.01(a)
Consumer Price Index Numbers for Industrial Workers on base 1982=100
(General Index – Annual Averages)
Sl
No
State/U.T. wise Centre Centre
Weight in
All India
1
2
3
Andhra Pradesh
1
Gudur
0.75
2
Guntur
1.11
3
Hyderabad
1.63
4
Visakhapatnam
1.63
5
Warangal
1.54
Assam
6
D.D. Tinsukia
0.57
7
Guwahati
0.66
8
Labac-Silchar
0.44
9
Mariani-Jorhat
0.51
10
Tezpur Rangapra
0.63
Bihar
11
Monghyr Jamalpur 1.10
Chattisgarh
12
Bhilai
1.91
Gujarat
13
Ahmedabad
2.74
14
Bhavnagar
0.99
15
Rajkot
1.17
16
Surat
0.86
17
Vadodra
0.88
Haryana
18
Faridabad
1.17
19
Yamunanagar
1.05
Jammu & Kashmir
20
Srinagar
0.22
Jharkand
21
Jamshedpur
1.63
22
Jharia
2.39
23
Kodarma
0.59
24
Noamundi
1.22
25
Ranchi Hatia
1.35
Karnataka
26
Bangalore
3.27
27
Belgaum
1.33
28
Hubli-Dharwar
1.29
29
Mercara
1.16
Kerala
30
Alwaye
1.58
31
Mundakayam
1.01
32
Quilon
0.58
33
Thiruvananthapuram 1.02
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
416
394
377
388
399
435
414
395
410
415
438
431
419
436
440
443
438
438
444
464
451
473
468
469
501
469
504
496
484
526
486
510
512
501
530
505
523
532
525
555
362
405
345
389
390
386
436
375
416
412
389
460
370
418
408
384
471
372
411
419
398
480
374
411
417
416
496
383
432
427
430
516
411
441
433
450
531
415
449
439
379
415
416
416
435
459
479
511
361
373
390
407
413
439
459
480
399
425
393
417
385
422
447
409
432
405
441
466
430
446
430
460
483
433
474
453
476
492
447
484
467
488
504
457
490
470
507
523
465
490
485
519
537
496
505
500
426
378
435
392
443
412
469
428
480
443
499
462
532
486
550
521
414
471
480
520
547
574
599
632
385
353
359
371
402
397
363
379
377
414
405
363
368
391
418
419
365
373
410
426
431
374
388
411
433
456
393
402
436
438
479
414
426
461
470
508
442
471
483
497
391
423
409
418
405
457
430
444
425
473
434
458
438
486
451
457
452
514
471
458
476
535
494
474
501
563
520
491
533
588
544
495
404
419
395
430
423
443
428
468
442
453
449
499
458
451
457
504
478
469
486
541
490
489
522
563
515
500
533
574
542
514
546
607
79
Table 3.01(a) Concld.
1
2
Madhya Pradesh
34
Balaghat
35
Bhopal
36
Indore
37
Jabalpur
Maharashtra
38
Mumbai
39
Nagpur
40
Nasik
41
Pune
42
Solapur
Orissa
43
Barbil
44
Rourkela
Punjab
45
Amritsar
46
Ludhiana
Rajasthan
47
Ajmer
48
Jaipur
Tamil Nadu
49
Chennai
50
Coimbatore
51
Coonoor
52
Madurai
53
Salem
54
Tiruchirapally
Uttar Pradesh
55
Agra
56
Ghaziabad
57
Kanpur
58
Saharanpur
59
Varanasi
West Bengal
60
Asansol
61
Darjeeling
62
Durgapur
63
Haldia
64
Howrah
65
Jalpaiguri
66
Kolkata
67
Raniganj
Chandigarh
68
Chandigarh
Delhi
69
Delhi
Puducherry
70
Puducherry
All-India
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1.37
1.51
1.28
1.32
375
406
409
409
382
425
435
435
385
451
445
446
409
488
470
458
424
510
488
468
443
525
511
488
459
537
521
508
473
561
537
540
7.87
1.56
2.04
1.94
1.24
453
427
423
448
431
468
438
432
466
450
505
461
465
493
467
528
483
498
516
471
558
495
514
528
486
583
503
532
554
501
604
524
554
574
529
611
554
576
589
539
0.80
1.67
371
390
390
396
411
406
420
407
429
416
434
432
452
453
479
473
1.86
1.17
369
374
379
381
388
396
403
413
418
431
431
441
452
469
492
504
1.59
1.25
392
387
411
390
433
403
452
423
472
442
487
452
510
467
537
495
3.47
1.89
1.54
1.51
1.16
1.35
425
383
404
401
394
435
446
402
414
423
414
463
475
432
433
440
432
481
487
441
445
446
443
488
513
472
473
459
464
533
533
495
497
482
483
568
549
500
501
496
482
544
565
508
511
509
481
579
1.09
1.27
1.30
1.68
1.42
384
406
411
369
450
398
440
428
388
473
403
448
428
402
466
418
467
447
420
477
435
475
459
436
486
455
493
471
454
504
480
519
489
472
531
514
555
520
506
571
1.00
0.59
0.98
0.83
1.78
0.94
4.24
1.31
381
355
430
433
439
379
416
357
400
384
443
464
482
399
437
373
412
382
472
481
499
400
451
380
431
393
509
533
519
407
492
399
456
399
553
582
542
417
530
416
472
423
564
590
556
421
541
426
491
431
581
608
587
440
565
450
509
440
592
624
620
452
587
471
0.16
401
447
460
488
514
526
560
615
1.79
447
480
514
529
550
570
598
648
0.25
100.00
464
405
467
424
477
441
482
458
510
477
543
496
556
514
580
536
80
Table 3.01(b)
Consumer Price Index Numbers for Industrial Workers on base 2001=100
(General Index – Annual Averages)
S.No.
State/Centre
1
2
Andhra Pradesh
1
Guntur
2
Hyderabad
3
Visakhapatnam
4
Warangal
5
Godavarikhani
6
Vijayawada
Assam
7
D-D Tinsukia
8
Guwahati
9
Labac-Silchar
10
Mariani-Jorhat
11
Rangapara-Tezpur
Bihar
12
Munger Jamalpur
Chattisgarh
13
Bhilai
Gujarat
14
Ahmedabad
15
Bhavnagar
16
Rajkot
17
Surat
18
Vadodra
Goa
19
Goa
Haryana
20
Faridabad
21
Yamunanagar
Himachal Pradesh
22
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
23
Srinagar
Jharkhand
24
Giridih
25
Bokaro
26
Jamshedpur
27
Jharia
28
Kodarma
29
Ranchi-Hatia
Karnataka
30
Bangalore
31
Belgaum
32
Hubli-Dharwar
33
Mercara
34
Mysore
Kerala
35
Ernakulam
36
Mundakayam
37
Quilon
Madhya Pradesh
38
Bhopal
39
Indore
40
Jabalpur
41
Chhindwara
Weight
3
2006
4
2007
5
2008
6
2009
7
2010
8
2011
9
2012
10
0.81
1.51
1.98
0.98
1.17
1.18
120
116
119
123
125
119
126
123
126
133
135
126
139
135
135
149
150
137
161
152
153
172
169
161
181
165
173
199
193
180
194
174
192
204
200
188
208
190
213
222
216
207
0.44
0.50
0.33
0.46
0.46
116
115
121
116
114
125
120
130
127
126
133
128
143
133
131
147
143
155
147
144
160
156
178
158
154
170
168
186
171
163
182
184
197
185
171
1.06
126
134
145
162
182
199
215
0.97
121
132
145
162
180
206
241
1.37
1.66
1.81
1.18
2.00
120
119
118
118
120
129
129
126
127
127
138
135
132
134
133
151
147
146
146
147
171
174
174
162
167
186
189
193
174
180
206
206
216
192
198
0.36
121
130
144
164
188
203
222
1.34
1.67
122
127
130
133
145
145
160
162
182
183
194
197
207
215
0.57
120
126
135
147
161
172
188
0.45
118
125
134
145
159
172
190
0.55
0.91
1.02
0.84
0.43
0.71
134
121
126
126
132
125
146
130
132
136
140
133
156
142
142
146
149
148
177
158
157
161
169
170
204
168
182
180
190
199
232
192
213
198
215
220
250
210
232
222
236
235
1.95
0.96
1.18
0.63
0.92
125
125
123
114
123
136
133
132
121
130
150
144
147
135
142
167
162
164
154
160
181
179
182
172
174
194
200
200
188
187
211
217
219
208
205
3.08
1.83
1.75
125
124
126
131
130
129
142
145
143
153
159
154
167
174
173
185
191
195
199
213
206
1.35
1.05
1.55
1.21
127
122
128
127
135
131
135
137
145
140
148
150
161
152
159
162
185
168
184
177
205
181
198
195
221
200
212
216
81
Table 3.01(b) Concld.
1
2
Mahrashtra
42
Mumbai
43
Nagpur
44
Nasik
45
Pune
46
Solapur
Orissa
47
Rourkela
48
Angul Talchar
Punjab
49
Amritsar
50
Ludhiana
51
Jalandhar
Rajasthan
52
Ajmer
53
Jaipur
54
Bhilwara
Tamil Nadu
55
Chennai
56
Coimbatore
57
Coonoor
58
Madurai
59
Salem
60
Tiruchirapally
Tripura
61
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
62
Agra
63
Ghaziabad
64
Kanpur
65
Varanasi
66
Lucknow
West Bengal
67
Asansol
68
Darjeeling
69
Durgapur
70
Haldia
71
Howrah
72
Jalpaiguri
73
Kolkata
74
Raniganj
75
Siliguri
Chandigarh
76
Chandigarh
Delhi
77
Delhi
Puducherry
78
Puducherry
ALL-INDIA
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
9.57
1.06
1.50
1.81
0.95
126
130
124
127
123
134
140
130
136
139
144
151
139
146
149
159
174
157
162
160
174
203
181
181
179
192
220
204
200
199
212
240
223
217
216
0.71
0.88
124
120
137
128
149
143
166
160
186
181
204
200
222
221
1.07
0.57
0.96
130
129
126
139
134
131
149
146
141
163
160
155
190
175
174
208
188
190
227
205
205
1.56
1.09
0.73
122
127
125
129
134
133
138
145
144
152
159
158
175
179
176
191
192
192
215
214
215
2.31
1.26
1.18
1.17
1.12
1.37
118
119
115
116
114
119
124
127
122
121
122
126
135
137
134
134
134
141
149
151
148
147
151
156
161
166
168
162
163
174
171
176
182
174
172
184
196
193
204
196
192
208
0.26
115
123
131
144
156
167
177
1.91
1.82
2.09
2.64
2.75
128
125
125
122
121
136
132
132
131
129
146
142
141
142
144
168
159
158
160
163
193
182
183
183
185
208
198
200
194
195
220
209
214
208
203
1.08
0.53
1.14
1.74
0.79
0.48
1.51
0.99
0.48
124
120
121
116
121
117
121
124
124
138
130
130
124
130
125
132
132
135
151
142
140
131
139
136
142
140
144
171
153
155
144
154
150
156
156
156
195
170
178
161
171
167
172
169
173
211
184
193
185
183
179
185
180
187
231
196
215
211
199
192
199
195
197
0.16
125
131
140
155
175
197
213
1.99
122
128
137
147
163
176
191
0.59
100.00
123
123
130
131
146
142
163
157
173
176
184
192
209
209
82
Table 3.02
All India Consumer Price Numbers for Industrial Workers
Year/Month
1
Base: 1982=100
General Index
2
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Food Index
3
306
334
358
405
424
441
458
477
496
514
536
331
359
380
437
444
452
462
474
490
504
520
123
131
142
157
176
192
209
122
134
149
169
190
204
223
Base: 2001=100
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
General
Food
2011
2012
2011
2012
January
188
198
205
206
February
185
199
197
207
March
185
201
196
212
April
186
205
197
218
May
187
206
198
219
June
189
208
201
222
July
193
212
204
227
August
194
214
205
230
September
197
215
209
232
October
198
217
212
233
November
199
218
212
235
December
197
219
207
235
New Series of CPI (IW) on base: 2001=100 has been released with effect from the Index of Jan., 2006.
The Linking Factors between 2001 to 1982 series are 4.63 and 4.58 for General and Food Index
respectively.
83
Table 3.03
Consumer Price Index Numbers for Industrial Workers on base 2001=100
Point to point rate of inflation
Month
Inflation
2011
2012
January
9.30
5.32
February
8.82
7.57
March
8.82
8.65
April
9.41
10.22
May
8.72
10.16
June
8.62
10.05
July
8.43
9.84
August
8.99
10.31
September
10.06
9.14
October
9.39
9.60
November
9.34
9.55
December
6.49
11.17
B.
Agricultural/Rural Labourers
The current series of Consumer Price Index Numbers for Agricultural and Rural Labourers
on base 1986-87=100 replaced earlier series of CPI (AL) on base 1960-61=100 with effect from the
index of November, 1995. The previous series was being compiled for Agricultural Labourers
only, whereas the new series is started for Rural Labourers as well as its sub-set Agricultural
Labourers.
These index numbers, which measure the temporal change in prices of fixed basket of
goods and services consumed by the target group, i.e. agricultural/rural labourers, serve as a
guiding principle for fixation and revision of minimum wages of labourers engaged in agricultural
occupations under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948. The rural retail prices utilized in the
compilation of CPI-AL/RL are collected regularly by the staff of the Field Operations Division
(FOD) of the NSSO from 600 representative sample villages spread over 20 States. The collection
of retail prices is staggered over four weeks of a month with one-fourth of the sample villages
being covered every week on a fixed price collection day.
The weighting diagrams for the series were derived from the data of Consumer
Expenditure Survey conducted during 38th Round of NSS in 1983. These indices are compiled
separately for 20 States and on the basis of these State indices, an all-India index is compiled as per
the methodology approved by Technical Advisory Committee on Statistics of Prices and Cost of
Living (TAC on SPCL). All-India index is a weighted average of 20 constituent State indices.
The annual average indices for General and Food Group are presented in Table 3.04(a) and
3.04(b) for Agricultural Labourers and in Table 3.05(a) and 3.05(b) for Rural Labourers. The
highest increase in annual average General and Food Group indices of Agricultural Labourers
during the agricultural year 2011-2012 was to the extent of 12.71% in Manipur and 10.62% in
Maharashtra respectively as against the all-India average increase of 7.80% and 4.81%. Similarly,
the highest increase in the annual average General and Food Group indices in respect of Rural
Labourers during the agricultural year 2011-2012 was in Manipur 12.67% and in Maharashtra
10.23% respectively as against the all-India average increase of 7.97% and 4.98% respectively.
A comparative picture of percentage change in Calendar Year Averages during 2012 as
compared to 2011 for General and Food Group indices in respect of both the series has also been
presented in the aforesaid tables.
84
Table 3.04 (a)
Consumer Price Index Numbers for Agricultural Labourers on base 1986-87=100
Annual Averages for Agricultural Year (July to June) 2010-2011 & 2011-2012 and Calendar
Year 2011 & 2012
S.No.
State
Weight
1
2
3
Agricultural Year
2010-11 2011-12
4
5
GENERAL INDEX
Percentage
Calendar Year
increase/ decrease
2011
2012
(2011-12 over
2010-11)
6
7
8
Percentage
increase/
decrease (2012
over 2011)
9
1
Andhra Pradesh
12.97
603
668
10.78
640
692
8.13
2
Assam
1.69
580
622
7.24
600
654
9.00
3
Bihar
11.38
532
552
3.76
543
580
6.81
4
Gujarat
5.20
583
627
7.55
602
656
8.97
5
Haryana
1.81
642
690
7.48
666
726
9.01
6
Himachal
Pradesh
0.10
484
513
5.99
494
537
8.70
7
Jammu &
Kashmir
0.26
568
608
7.04
590
637
7.97
8
Karnataka
6.67
595
665
11.76
634
701
10.57
9
Kerala
5.02
562
601
6.94
588
621
5.61
10
Madhya Pradesh
6.86
569
615
8.08
593
645
8.77
11
Maharashtra
9.96
619
691
11.63
660
726
10.00
12
Manipur
0.10
527
594
12.71
562
618
9.96
13
Meghalaya
0.13
576
633
9.90
604
670
10.93
14
Orissa
5.07
538
562
4.46
550
591
7.45
15
Punjab
3.02
624
685
9.78
652
720
10.43
16
Rajasthan
2.14
608
668
9.87
639
703
10.02
17
Tamil Nadu
8.47
565
605
7.08
585
639
9.23
18
Tripura
0.15
514
548
6.61
536
567
5.78
19
Uttar Pradesh
9.61
566
595
5.12
582
632
8.59
20
West Bengal
9.39
561
592
5.53
579
616
6.39
100.00
577
622
7.80
602
652
8.31
All-India
85
Table 3.04 (b)
Consumer Price Index Numbers for Agricultural Labourers on base 1986-87=100
Annual Averages for Agricultural Year (July to June) 2010-2011 & 2011-2012 and Calendar
Year 2011 & 2012
S.No.
State
Weight
1
2
3
Agricultural Year
2010-11 2011-12
4
5
FOOD INDEX
Percentage
Calendar Year
increase/ decrease
2011
2012
(2011-12 over
2010-11)
6
7
8
Percentage
increase/
decrease (2012
over 2011)
9
1
Andhra Pradesh
11.97
626
674
7.67
655
692
5.65
2
Assam
1.79
586
620
5.80
602
653
8.47
3
Bihar
12.52
519
521
0.39
523
543
3.82
4
Gujarat
5.13
614
649
5.70
627
679
8.29
5
Haryana
1.69
683
722
5.71
700
761
8.71
6
Himachal
Pradesh
0.09
504
530
5.16
510
559
9.61
7
Jammu &
Kashmir
0.27
606
642
5.94
628
671
6.85
8
Karnataka
6.32
612
674
10.13
646
710
9.91
9
Kerala
4.85
571
596
4.38
592
611
3.21
10
Madhya Pradesh
7.19
583
607
4.12
596
634
6.38
11
Maharashtra
9.34
650
719
10.62
690
753
9.13
12
Manipur
0.10
520
554
6.54
544
558
2.57
13
Meghalaya
0.14
584
631
8.05
608
667
9.70
14
Orissa
5.70
528
534
1.14
530
560
5.66
15
Punjab
2.68
664
716
7.83
688
752
9.30
16
Rajasthan
1.94
608
646
6.25
625
685
9.60
17
Tamil Nadu
8.43
531
542
2.07
539
574
6.49
18
Tripura
0.15
523
550
5.16
544
569
4.60
19
Uttar Pradesh
9.19
582
592
1.72
586
635
8.36
20
West Bengal
10.51
544
556
2.21
553
574
3.80
All-India
100.00
582
610
4.81
598
638
6.69
86
Table 3.05 (a)
Consumer Price Index Numbers for Rural Labourers on base 1986-87=100
Annual Averages for Agricultural Year (July to June) 2010-2011 & 2011-2012 and Calendar
Year 2011 & 2012
S.No.
State
Weight
1
2
3
Agricultural Year
2010-11 2011-12
4
5
GENERAL INDEX
Percentage
Calendar Year
increase/ decrease 2011
2012
(2011-12 over
2010-11)
6
7
8
Percentage
increase/
decrease (2012
over 2011)
9
1
Andhra Pradesh
12.21
599
665
11.02
636
690
8.49
2
Assam
1.96
583
625
7.20
603
657
8.96
3
Bihar
9.81
532
555
4.32
545
583
6.97
4
Gujarat
5.04
583
626
7.38
602
655
8.80
5
Haryana
2.07
638
685
7.37
660
720
9.09
6
Himachal
Pradesh
0.19
503
535
6.36
514
559
8.75
7
Jammu &
Kashmir
0.52
564
602
6.74
586
631
7.68
8
Karnataka
6.27
594
665
11.95
634
700
10.41
9
Kerala
6.33
566
604
6.71
590
625
5.93
10
Madhya Pradesh
6.38
576
622
7.99
600
653
8.83
11
Maharashtra
9.96
613
683
11.42
653
720
10.26
12
Manipur
0.08
529
596
12.67
564
619
9.75
13
Meghalaya
0.12
572
629
9.97
600
665
10.83
14
Orissa
4.47
538
563
4.65
550
592
7.64
15
Punjab
3.28
622
681
9.49
649
716
10.32
16
Rajasthan
2.78
600
661
10.17
632
647
2.37
17
Tamil Nadu
9.35
559
603
7.87
581
637
9.64
18
Tripura
0.27
512
547
6.84
535
566
5.79
19
Uttar Pradesh
9.74
563
597
6.04
581
633
8.95
20
West Bengal
9.17
564
597
5.85
583
623
6.86
100.00
577
623
7.97
602
654
8.64
All-India
87
Table 3.05(b)
Consumer Price Index Numbers for Rural Labourers on base 1986-87=100
Annual Averages for Agricultural Year (July to June) 2010-2011 & 2011-2012 and Calendar
Year 2011 & 2012
S.No.
State
1
2
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal
Pradesh
Jammu &
Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
All-India
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
C.
FOOD INDEX
Percentage
Calendar Year
increase/ decrease
2011
2012
(2011-12 over
2010-11)
3
11.41
2.13
10.89
5.00
1.88
0.19
4
625
594
517
615
683
525
5
673
627
520
650
723
550
6
7.68
5.56
0.58
5.69
5.86
4.76
7
654
609
522
628
700
530
8
692
661
542
681
762
581
Percentage
increase/
decrease
(2012 over
2011)
9
5.81
8.54
3.83
8.44
8.86
9.62
0.54
600
632
5.33
619
661
6.79
6.12
6.37
6.42
9.31
0.08
0.13
5.18
2.77
2.51
8.97
0.30
9.37
10.43
100.00
608
574
583
645
522
583
528
662
602
536
517
583
545
582
670
597
607
711
555
628
534
715
642
551
544
596
557
611
10.20
4.01
4.12
10.23
6.32
7.72
1.14
8.01
6.64
2.80
5.22
2.23
2.20
4.98
642
593
596
684
547
606
530
687
620
545
538
588
554
599
700
613
635
746
558
664
560
751
683
584
563
638
576
640
9.03
3.37
6.54
9.06
2.01
9.57
5.66
9.32
10.16
7.16
4.65
8.50
3.97
6.84
Weight
Agricultural Year
2010-11 2011-12
Retail Price Indices for 31 Selected Essential Commodities
In pursuance of the decision of the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, Labour
Bureau has been compiling Retail Price Indices for 31 selected essential commodities for urban
areas by utilizing the prices collected for compilation of Consumer Price Index Numbers. These
indices are being compiled as per the methodology evolved by the Labour Bureau and approved by
the Technical Advisory Committee on Statistics of Prices and Cost of Living (TAC on SPCL).
These indices are being supplied regularly to the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public
Distribution, formerly known as Ministry of Civil Supplies for the use of Essential Commodities
and Price Surveillance Committee.
The Retail Price Indices in respect of 31 essential commodities on the basis of prices being
collected for the compilation of Consumer Price Index Numbers for Industrial Workers on Base
1960=100 were compiled from April, 1985 to September, 1988 and on the base 1982=100 from
July, 1989 to December, 2005. Since the compilation of CPI(IW) has been shifted to 2001=100
with January, 2006 index as such the Retail Price Indices in respect of 31 Essential Commodities
are compiled by utilising the prices collected for 78 centres regularly with effect from January,
2006 index on month to month basis.
88
CHAPTER 4
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
The term Industrial relations, which explain the relationship between employees and
management, has become one of the most delicate and complex issues of modern industrial society
as it plays a crucial role in the process of industrialisation. Therefore, it is imperative to create and
maintain good relations between workers and management by formulating effective measures.
Formulation of effective measures/policies, however, depends upon the arrangements for the
collection, processing and dissemination of the statistics of industrial relations on regular basis. In
the following paragraphs some important aspects of the Trade Unions, Industrial Relations
Machinery, Consultative Machinery, Workers Participation etc., are briefly discussed.
1. TRADE UNIONS
Trade Unions Statistics
Statistics pertaining to Number of Trade Unions registered under the Trade Unions Act,
1926, Number of Unions Submitting Returns, Sex-wise Membership and Average Membership per
Union Submitting Returns are presented in Table 4.01. There has been a decline in the number of
registered Trade Unions during 2010 and 2011. However, it may be mentioned that figures for the
year 2009 to 2011 pertain to those States/UTs which have responded.
Table 4.01
Number of Registered Trade Unions (Workers' and Employers') and Membership
of Trade Unions submitting Returns for the years 2002 to 2011
Year
Number of
Registered Trade
Unions (E)
1
2002
2
68544
2003
74649
2004
74403
2005
78465
2006
88440
2007
95783
2008
84642
2009
22284*
2010
19376*
2011
10264*
Number of
Trade Unions
Submitting
Returns
3
7812
(11.4)
7258
(9.7)
5242
(7.0)
8317
(10.6)
8471
(9.6)
7408
(7.7)
9709
(11.5)
3861
(17.3)
2937
(15.8)
2769
(26.98)
Membership of Trade Unions
Submitting Returns
(In 000's)
Men
Women
Total
4
5
6
5102
1871
6973
(73.2)
(26.8)
4854
1423
6277
(77.3)
(22.7)
2954
443
3397
(87.0)
(13.0)
6334
2385
8719
(73.0)
(27.0)
7754
1206
8960
86.5
13.5
5751
2126
7877
73.0
27.0
7420
2154
9574
77.5
22.5
4388
2092
6480
67.7
32.3
3185
1912
5097
62.5
37.5
6203
1218
7421
83.6
16.4
Average Membership
per Trade Union
submitting returns
7
893
865
648
1048
1058
1063
986
1678
1735
2680
Note: 1. * - Number of Registered Trade Unions pertaining to responding States/Union Territories only.
2. Due to rounding of figures in Col. 4, 5 & 6 totals may not necessarily tally.
3. Figures in brackets under col.3 indicate percentage to estimated registered Trade Unions (i.e. col.2) upto the
year 2008 and thereafter for the year 2009 to 2011 are excluding estimated figures.
4. Figures in brackets under col. 4&5 indicate percentage to Total (i.e. col.6).
Source: Annual Returns received under the Trade Unions Act, 1926.
89
Table 4.02 presents state-wise number and membership of trade unions of Workers‘ and
Employers‘ during 2010 and 2011. It may be seen from the table that during 2010, out of 19320
Registered Workers‘ Unions, Kerala has the largest number of Registered Unions (12030) followed
by Punjab (2658) and Haryana (1544). In the year 2011, out of 10264 Registered Workers‘
Unions, Karnataka has the largest number of Registered Unions (3187) followed by Punjab (2587)
and Haryana (1466). No significant data was reported for Employers' Unions during the year 2010
and 2011 respectively. Only Punjab has reported data in respect of Employers' Union for the year
2010.
Table 4.02
State wise Number and Membership of Workers’ and Employers’
(Central and State) Trade Unions during 2010 and 2011
2010
2011
Employers‘
Unions
Assam
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Haryana
Karnataka
Kerala
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Punjab
Rajasthan
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D& N Haveli
Puducherry
Total
-
Membership of
Unions submitting
returns (000‘s)
On Register
Submitting returns
Membership of
Unions submitting
returns (000‘s)
On Register
Submitting returns
Membership of
Unions submitting
returns (000‘s)
On Register
Submitting returns
Membership of
Unions submitting
returns (000‘s)
1
Employers‘ Unions
Submitting returns
State/Union
Territory
Workers‘ Unions
On Register
Workers‘ Unions
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
817 549
260
65
1544 270
12030 1284
91
26
43
14
21
10
2658 505
132
28
579
78
1
1
1144 106
19320 2936
1205 58 364 2785 23 8 5 619 56
3 18 0 10 5097 -
1
-
15
-
547
187
1466
3187
35
15
2587
560
268
1412
10264
218
82
388
685
16
15
616
559
88
102
2769
1486
88
671
1792
7
8
1473
1845
25
26
7421
-
-
-
= Not reported
N.B.:- Totals may not necessarily tally due to rounding off figures in thousands.
Source: Annual Returns received under the Trade Unions Act, 1926.
90
Income and Expenditure
Income and Expenditure of Workers and Employers Unions submitting returns for the year
2001 to 2011 are presented in Table 4.03. During 2011, income as well as expenditure of Workers
Unions as compared to previous year has increased by 23 per cent and 18 per cent respectively.
However, no significant data was provided for Employers Union for the year 2009 to 2011.
Table 4.03
Income and Expenditure of Registered Workers’ and Employers’ Trade Unions Submitting
Returns for the Years 2001 to 2011
Year
Workers' Unions
Employers‘ Unions
No. of
Income
Expenditure (Rs. No. of
Income
Expenditure
unions
(Rs. in
in Lakh)
unions
(Rs. in
(Rs. in Lakh)
submitting Lakh)
submitting Lakh)
returns
returns
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2001
6513
5558.52
4895.56
18
22.21
17.59
2002
7734
6254.54
5340.46
78
404.19
341.70
2003
7229
9432.81
6733.15
29
31.08
23.89
2004
5217
6983.41
5627.83
25
78.41
40.18
2005
8255
8521.84
6182.51
62
63.59
41.54
2006
8411
11565.82
8980.36
60
124.91
578.57
2007
7405
10294.95
8437.25
3
29.38
27.40
2008
9702
11380.82
8098.74
7
37.15
33.76
2009
3861
4861.12
3868.19
-
-
-
2010
2936
3763.53
3417.55
1
*
*
2011
2769
4638.55
4043.20
-
-
-
Note:
- not reported
* less than 50,000
Source: Annual Returns received under the Trade Unions Act, 1926.
Number and Membership of Unions Classified According to Industries
Table 4.04 (a) and 4.04 (b) present industry wise number and membership of Workers‘ and
Employers‘ unions respectively for the years 2010 and 2011 according to NIC 2008. Out of 2936
and 2769 Workers‘ Unions that submitted returns ―Manufacturing group‖ (Ind. Code C) accounted
for maximum number of 1001 unions and 1022 unions during 2010 and 2011 respectively. As
regard to membership of Workers‘ Unions ―Manufacturing‖ (Ind. Code C) contributed the largest
share of 1342138 persons and 1195907 persons during 2010 and 2011 respectively.
91
Table 4.04(a)
Number and Membership of Workers’ Unions classified according to Industries
during 2010 and 2011
01
011
012
014
015
016
017
02
021
022
023
024
03
031
032
B
05
051
06
061
07
072
08
081
089
C
10
101
102
103
104
105
106
Support services to forestry
Fishing and aquaculture
Fishing
Aquaculture
Mining and quarrying
Mining of coal and lignite
Mining of hard coal
Extraction of crude petroleum and
natural gas
Extraction of crude petroleum
Mining of metal ores
Mining of non-ferrous metal ores
Other mining and quarrying
Quarrying of stone, sand and clay
Mining and quarrying n.e.c.
Manufacturing
Manufacture of food products
Processing and preserving of meat
Processing and preserving of fish,
crustaceans and molluscs
Processing and preserving of fruit and
vegetables
Manufacture of vegetable and animal
oils and fats
Manufacture of dairy products
Manufacture of grain mill products,
starches and starch products
Average
membership per
union submitting
returns
Membership
No. of Unions
submitting returns
2
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Crop and animal production, hunting
and related service activities
Growing of non-perennial crops
Growing of perennial crops
Animal production
Mixed farming
Support activities to agriculture and
post-harvest crop activities
Hunting, trapping and related service
activities
Forestry and logging
Silviculture and other forestry activities
Logging
Gathering of non-wood forest products
2011
Average
membership per
union submitting
returns
1
A
2010
Membership
Industry
No. of Unions
submitting returns
Industry
code
(NIC
2008)
3
233
186
4
1388037
1346370
5
5957
7239
6
136
114
7
1517762
1452193
8
11160
12739
16
53
8
69
34
130186
648232
6578
254376
305267
8137
12231
822
3687
8978
38
12
6
10
42
746755
10468
2782
390416
299964
19651
872
464
39042
7142
6
1731
289
6
1808
301
16
4
6
1
6340
510
2630
220
396
128
438
220
21
17
1
-
65541
60085
1270
-
3121
3534
1270
-
5
31
31
45
10
2980
35327
35327
26626
6373
596
1140
1140
592
637
4
1
1
67
23
23
2
4186
28
28
369748
230662
230662
290
1047
28
28
5519
10029
10029
195
10
13
13
22
19
3
1001
102
1
1
6373
1154
1154
19099
18871
228
1342138
186982
210
952
637
89
89
868
993
76
1341
1833
210
952
2
10
6
32
28
4
1022
103
1
1
390
18706
7365
119990
119442
548
1195907
86199
190
205
195
1871
1228
3750
4266
137
1170
837
190
205
-
-
-
1
47
47
3
186
62
8
703
88
17
25
4868
32344
286
1294
22
15
34025
11481
1547
765
92
Table 4.04(a) Contd.
1
2
107 Manufacture of other food products
108 Manufacture of prepared animal feeds
11
110
12
120
13
131
139
14
141
15
151
152
16
161
162
17
170
18
181
19
191
192
20
201
202
21
210
Manufacture of beverages
Manufacture of beverages
Manufacture of tobacco products
Manufacture of tobacco products
Manufacture of textiles
Spinning, weaving and finishing of
textiles
Manufacture of other textiles
Manufacture of wearing apparel
Manufacture of wearing apparel, except
fur apparel
Manufacture of leather and related
products
Tanning and dressing of leather;
manufacture of luggage, handbags,
saddlery and harness; dressing and
dyeing of fur
Manufacture of footwear
Manufacture of wood and products of
wood and cork, except furniture;
manufacture of articles of straw and
plaiting materials
Sawmilling and planing of wood
Manufacture of products of wood, cork,
straw and plaiting materials
Manufacture of paper and paper
products
Manufacture of paper and paper
products
Printing and reproduction of recorded
media
Printing and service activities related to
printing
Manufacture of coke and refined
petroleum products
Manufacture of coke oven products
Manufacture of refined petroleum
products
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical
products
Manufacture of basic chemicals,
fertilizer and nitrogen compounds,
plastics and synthetic rubber in primary
forms
Manufacture of other chemical products
Manufacture of pharmaceuticals,
medicinal chemical and botanical
products
Manufacture of pharmaceuticals,
medicinal chemical and botanical
products
3
53
2
4
148354
68
5
2799
34
6
53
2
7
39428
120
8
744
60
105
105
18
18
174
114
26646
26646
24611
24611
149975
80043
254
254
1367
1367
862
702
22
22
25
25
113
102
7010
7010
72433
72433
165870
91980
319
319
2897
2897
1468
902
60
32
32
69932
405651
405651
1166
12677
12677
11
9
9
73890
4811
4811
6717
535
535
8
2380
298
24
6797
283
3
1214
405
9
4131
459
5
32
1166
9786
233
306
15
17
2666
19407
178
1142
23
9
8621
1165
375
129
11
6
8838
10569
803
1762
31
9196
297
15
6432
429
31
9196
297
15
6132
429
28
10146
362
22
8675
394
28
10146
362
22
8675
394
21
28133
1340
13
3886
299
21
28133
1340
1
12
75
3811
75
318
53
12422
234
53
14744
278
25
4764
191
26
8852
340
28
7658
274
27
5892
218
10
1401
140
35
3980
114
10
1401
140
35
3980
114
93
Table 4.04(a) Contd.
1
2
22
Manufacture of rubber and plastics
products
221 Manufacture of rubber products
222 Manufacture of plastics products
23
Manufacture of other non-metallic
mineral products
231 Manufacture of glass and glass products
239
24
241
242
243
25
251
252
259
26
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
27
271
272
273
274
3
51
4
16752
5
328
6
35
7
16258
8
465
50
1
67
16736
16
168728
335
16
2518
30
5
84
15383
875
329015
513
175
3917
7
1180
169
11
1626
148
Manufacture of non-metallic mineral
products n.e.c.
Manufacture of basic metals
Manufacture of basic iron and steel
Manufacture of basic precious and other
non-ferrous metals
Casting of metals
Manufacture of fabricated metal
products, except machinery and
equipment
Manufacture of structural metal
products, tanks, reservoirs and steam
generators
Manufacture of weapons and
ammunition
Manufacture of other fabricated metal
products; metalworking service
activities
Manufacture of computer, electronic
and optical products
Manufacture of electronic components
60
167548
2792
73
327389
4485
37
28
2
27421
25406
222
741
907
111
82
58
13
297298
283834
8919
3626
4894
686
7
31
1793
34519
256
1114
11
76
4545
52021
413
684
12
19203
1600
25
23371
935
1
38
38
18
3394
189
18
15278
849
33
25256
765
15
6133
409
36
10091
280
3
3649
1216
11
2086
190
Manufacture of computers and
peripheral equipment
Manufacture of communication
equipment
Manufacture of consumer electronics
Manufacture of measuring, testing,
navigating and control equipment;
watches and clocks
Manufacture of irradiation,
electromedical and electrotherapeutic
equipment
Manufacture of optical instruments and
equipment
Manufacture of magnetic and optical
media
Manufacture of electrical equipment
Manufacture of electric motors,
generators, transformers and electricity
distribution and control apparatus
Manufacture of batteries and
accumulators
Manufacture of wiring and wiring
devices
Manufacture of electric lighting
equipment
1
75
75
1
73
73
1
720
720
1
135
135
3
5
304
805
101
161
9
5281
587
1
402
402
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
26
26
1
178
178
13
2490
192
39
15
4307
993
110
66
68
32
17707
8920
260
279
-
-
-
4
502
126
8
804
101
9
1552
172
5
1340
268
12
3689
307
94
Table 4.04(a) Contd.
1
2
275 Manufacture of domestic appliances
279 Manufacture of other electrical
equipment
28
Manufacture of machinery and
equipment n.e.c.
281 Manufacture of general purpose
machinery
282 Manufacture of special-purpose
machinery
29
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers
291 Manufacture of motor vehicles
292 Manufacture of bodies (coachwork) for
motor vehicles; manufacture of trailers
and semi-trailers
293 Manufacture of parts and accessories
for motor vehicles
30
Manufacture of other transport
equipment
301 Building of ships and boats
302 Manufacture of railway locomotives
and rolling stock
303 Manufacture of air and spacecraft and
related machinery
304 Manufacture of military fighting
vehicles
309 Manufacture of transport equipment
n.e.c.
31
Manufacture of furniture
310 Manufacture of furniture
32
Other manufacturing
321 Manufacture of jewellery, bijouterie and
related articles
323 Manufacture of sports goods
324 Manufacture of games and toys
329 Other manufacturing n.e.c.
33
Repair and installation of machinery
and equipment
331 Repair of fabricated metal products,
machinery and equipment
332 Installation of industrial machinery and
equipment
D
Electricity, gas, steam and air
conditioning supply
35
Electricity, gas, steam and air
conditioning supply
351 Electric power generation, transmission
and distribution
352 Manufacture of gas; distribution of
gaseous fuels through mains
E
Water supply; sewerage, waste
management and remediation
Activities
36
Water collection, treatment and supply
3
6
5
4
648
522
5
108
104
6
6
5
7
2277
767
8
380
153
68
33436
492
122
44560
365
11
5811
528
75
26154
349
57
27625
485
47
18406
392
15
2348
157
25
9258
370
7
8
516
1832
74
229
9
10
2942
2250
327
225
-
-
-
6
4066
678
22
11384
517
29
12208
421
3
-
2543
-
848
-
2
370
185
2
70
35
1
376
376
7
1416
202
-
-
-
10
7355
736
26
11462
441
5
5
31
10
10885
10885
156386
9695
2177
2177
5045
970
6
6
3
-
2287
2287
1898
-
381
381
633
-
4
11
6
6
2388
143120
1183
2510
597
13011
197
418
3
5
1898
3062
633
612
6
2510
418
4
3026
757
-
-
-
1
36
36
26
118968
4576
74
714346
9653
26
118968
4576
74
714346
9653
26
118968
4576
71
703540
9909
-
-
-
3
10806
3602
29
17285
596
58
225983
3896
8
10263
1283
37
209661
5667
95
Table 4.04(a) Contd.
1
2
360 Water collection, treatment and supply
37
370
38
381
F
41
410
42
421
422
429
43
431
432
433
439
G
45
451
452
453
454
46
461
462
463
464
469
47
471
472
473
474
Sewerage
Sewerage
Waste collection, treatment and disposal
activities; materials recovery
Waste collection
Construction
Electricity, gas, steam and air
conditioning supply
Construction of buildings
Water collection, treatment and supply
Construction of roads and railways
Construction of utility projects
Construction of other civil engineering
projects
Sewerage
Demolition and site preparation
Electrical, plumbing and other
construction installation activities
Building completion and finishing
Other specialized construction activities
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of
motor vehicles and motorcycles
Wholesale and retail trade and repair of
motor vehicles and motorcycles
Sale of motor vehicles
Maintenance and repair of motor
vehicles
Sale of motor vehicle parts and
accessories
Sale, maintenance and repair of
motorcycles and related parts and
accessories
Wholesale trade, except of motor
vehicles and motorcycles
Wholesale on a fee or contract basis
Wholesale of agricultural raw materials
and live animals
Wholesale of food, beverages and
tobacco
Wholesale of household goods
Non-specialized wholesale trade
Retail trade, except of motor vehicles
and motorcycles
Retail sale in non-specialized stores
Retail sale of food, beverages and
tobacco in specialized stores
Retail sale of automotive fuel in
specialized stores
Retail sale of information and
communications equipment in
specialized stores
3
8
4
10263
5
1283
6
37
7
209661
8
5667
7
7
14
2214
2214
4808
316
316
343
20
20
1
16270
16270
52
814
814
52
14
226
149
4808
832192
717212
343
3682
4814
1
133
70
52
1083925
714439
52
8150
10206
149
35
717212
69733
4814
1992
70
49
714439
37634
10206
768
5
14
16
9599
46775
13359
1920
3341
835
18
11
20
12725
13107
11802
707
1192
590
42
29
6
45247
32148
5478
1077
1109
913
14
5
331852
291449
23704
58290
7
148
7621
140923
1089
952
3
6
102
938
39465
220137
313
6578
2158
21
45743
2178
41
102883
2509
21
45743
2178
8
27
83625
15165
10453
562
-
-
-
2
610
305
-
-
-
4
3483
871
18
8862
492
28
104424
3729
3
4
139
401
46
100
3
-
291
-
97
-
6
1343
224
16
85046
5315
3
2
109
1256
5723
86318
419
2862
792
7
1
33
15467
3455
12830
2210
3455
389
50
39
31941
46010
639
1180
5
11
2304
2715
461
247
4
4377
1094
5
1823
365
3
947
316
-
-
-
96
Table 4.04(a) Contd.
1
2
476 Retail sale of cultural and recreation
goods in specialized stores
477 Retail sale of other goods in specialized
stores
478 Retail sale via stalls and markets
479 Retail trade not in stores, stalls or
markets
H
Transportation and storage
49
Land transport and transport via
pipelines
491 Transport via railways
492 Other land transport
50
Water transport
501 Sea and coastal water transport
502 Inland water transport
51
Air transport
511 Passenger air transport
512 Freight air transport
52
Warehousing and support activities for
transportation
521 Warehousing and storage
522 Support activities for transportation
53
Postal and courier activities
531 Postal activities
532 Courier activities
I
Accommodation and Food service
activities
55
Accommodation
551 Short term accommodation activities
552 Camping grounds, recreational vehicle
parks and trailer parks
559 Other accommodation
56
Food and beverage service activities
561 Restaurants and mobile food service
activities
562 Event catering and other food service
activities
563 Beverage serving activities
J
Information and communication
58
Publishing activities
581 Publishing of books, periodicals and
other publishing activities
59
Motion picture, video and television
programme production, sound recording
and music publishing activities
591
592
60
601
602
61
Motion picture, video and television
programme activities
Sound recording and music publishing
activities
Broadcasting and programming
activities
Radio broadcasting
Television programming and
broadcasting activities
Telecommunications
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
1
7
522
8
522
3
689
230
4
1380
345
8
2
2044
310
256
155
5
2
3731
355
746
178
486
432
615063
496366
1266
1149
349
295
574403
533323
1646
1808
1
431
8
5
3
3
3
41
545
495821
1166
567
599
267
267
117000
545
1150
146
113
200
89
89
2854
10
285
2
2
21
19
2
28
40087
493236
2273
2273
3018
2845
173
34922
4009
1731
1137
1137
144
150
87
1247
3
38
2
2
55
6696
110304
264
264
11751
2232
2903
132
132
214
15
13
3
2
1
59
4383
30539
867
875
82
175048
292
2349
289
393
82
2967
26
20
-
5281
4194
-
203
210
-
41
32
3
106015
103702
1014
2586
3241
338
6
29
21
1087
6470
5805
181
223
276
6
18
17
1299
69033
67996
217
3835
4000
4
238
60
1
1037
1037
4
65
6
6
427
32681
1057
1057
107
503
176
176
49
3
3
75205
164
164
1535
55
55
45
13364
297
17
2597
153
14
3931
281
17
2597
153
31
9433
304
-
-
-
7
4701
672
21
66799
3181
7
4701
672
5
16
5519
61280
1104
3830
7
13559
1937
3
2611
870
97
Table 4.04(a) Contd.
1
2
611 Wired telecommunications activities
612 Wired telecommunications activities
619 Other telecommunications activities
62
Computer programming, consultancy
and related activities
620 Computer programming, consultancy
and related activities
63
Information service activities
631 Data processing, hosting and related
activities; web portals
639 Other information service activities
K
Financial and insurance activities
64
Financial service activities, except
insurance and pension funding
641 Monetary intermediation
642 Activities of holding companies
649 Other financial service activities, except
insurance and pension funding activities
65
651
653
66
661
L
68
681
682
M
69
692
71
711
72
721
722
73
749
75
Insurance, reinsurance and pension
funding, except compulsory social
security
Insurance
Pension funding
Other financial activities
Activities auxiliary to financial service
activities, except insurance and pension
funding
Real estate activities
Real estate activities
Real estate activities with own or leased
property
Real estate activities on a fee or contract
basis
Professional, scientific and technical
activities
Legal and accounting activities
Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing
activities; tax consultancy
Architecture and engineering activities;
technical testing and analysis
Architectural and engineering activities
and related technical consultancy
Scientific research and development
Research and experimental
development on natural sciences and
engineering
Research and experimental
development on social sciences and
humanities
Advertising and market research
Other professional, scientific and
technical activities n.e.c.
Veterinary activities
3
4
3
-
4
3541
10018
-
5
885
3339
-
6
2
1
1
7
2361
250
512
8
1181
250
512
-
-
-
1
512
512
-
-
-
4
3
2522
1484
631
495
127
87
159717
57361
1258
659
1
175
140
1038
100825
89548
1038
576
640
76
4
7
55340
1069
952
728
267
136
136
4
88800
748
653
187
38
91945
2420
29
1051
350
38
2
2
91945
10411
10411
2420
5206
5206
24
5
6
6
7031
3120
1126
1126
293
624
188
188
3
3
2
4170
4170
155
1390
1390
78
-
-
-
1
4015
4015
-
-
-
10
12567
1257
23
8828
384
-
-
-
1
1
117
117
117
117
1
122
122
-
-
-
1
122
122
-
-
-
2
1
67
16
34
16
8
7
1680
1593
210
228
1
51
51
1
87
87
7
7
12378
12378
1768
1768
10
10
6401
6401
640
640
-
-
-
4
630
158
98
Table 4.04(a) Contd.
1
2
750 Veterinary activities
N
Administrative and support service
activities
77
Rental and leasing activities
771 Renting and leasing of motor vehicles
78
Employment activities
783 Human resources provision and
management of human resources
functions
79
Travel agency, tour operator and other
reservation service activities
791 Travel agency and tour operator
activities
80
Security and investigation activities
801 Private security activities
802 Security systems service activities
803 Investigation activities
81
Services to buildings and landscape
activities
811 Combined facilities support activities
812 Cleaning activities
813 Landscape care and maintenance
service activities
82
Office administrative, office support
and other business support activities
821 Office administrative and support
activities
829 Business support service activities n.e.c.
O
84
841
842
843
P
85
851
852
853
854
855
Q
86
861
862
869
88
Public administration and defence;
compulsory social security
Public administration and defence;
compulsory social security
Administration of the State and the
economic and social policy of the
community
Provision of services to the community
as a whole
Compulsory social security activities
Education
Education
Primary education
Secondary education
Higher education
Other education
Educational support services
Human health and social work
activities
Human health activities
Hospital activities
Medical and dental practice activities
Other human health activities
Social work activities without
accommodation
3
107
4
67611
5
632
6
4
59
7
630
88831
8
158
1506
1
1
78
78
224
224
48751
48751
224
224
625
625
5
5
52223
52223
10445
10445
2
609
305
2
179
90
2
609
305
2
179
90
5
5
12
11231
11231
2884
2246
2246
240
8
4
3
1
4
3374
2080
1168
126
1573
422
520
389
126
393
1
8
3
50
2666
168
50
333
56
3
1
1120
453
373
453
9
3912
435
40
31482
787
-
-
-
8
4468
559
9
3912
435
32
27014
844
130
47916
369
110
42517
387
130
47916
369
110
42517
387
116
41592
359
88
38931
442
14
6324
452
20
3332
167
38
38
9
23
5
1
41
58223
58223
52049
2466
3657
51
39231
1532
1532
5783
107
731
51
957
2
68
68
25
29
7
4
3
65
254
268895
268895
206826
2561
5629
234
53645
170324
127
3954
3954
8273
88
804
59
17882
2620
38
28
3
7
3
16273
12949
1706
1618
22958
428
462
569
231
7653
45
35
8
2
20
20153
14966
2748
2439
150171
448
428
344
1220
7509
99
Table 4.04(a) Concld.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
881 Social work activities without
2
22908
11454
18
95146
5286
accommodation for the elderly and
disabled
889 Other social work activities without
1
50
50
2
55025
27513
accommodation n.e.c.
R
Arts, entertainment and recreation
11
5339
485
15
2491
166
90
Creative, arts and entertainment
3
572
191
4
258
65
activities
900 Creative, arts and entertainment
3
572
191
4
258
65
activities
91
Libraries, archives, museums and other
5
366
73
cultural activities
910 Libraries, archives, museums and other
5
366
73
cultural activities
92
Gambling and betting activities
8
4767
596
4
1669
417
920 Gambling and betting activities
8
4767
596
4
1669
417
93
Sports activities and amusement and
2
198
99
recreation activities
931 Sports activities
2
198
99
S
Other service activities
145
173675
1198
187
422867
2261
94
Activities of membership organizations
28
134389
4800
62
123216
1987
941 Activities of business, employers and
11
43607
3964
30
69972
2332
professional membership organizations
942 Activities of trade unions
5
70665
14133
25
52483
2099
949 Activities of other membership
12
20117
1676
7
761
109
organizations
95
Repair of computers and personal and
1
1870
1870
7
227888
32555
household goods
951 Repair of computers and
2
227252
113626
communication equipment
952 Repair of personal and household goods
1
1870
1870
5
636
127
96
Other personal service activities
116
37416
323
118
71763
608
960 Other personal service activities
116
37416
323
118
71763
608
T
Activities of households as employers;
8
2942
368
17
162221
9542
undifferentiated goods- and services
producing activities of households for
own use
97
Activities of households as employers
1
265
265
8
122912
15364
of domestic personnel
970 Activities of households as employers
1
265
265
8
122912
15364
of domestic personnel
98
Undifferentiated goods- and services7
2677
382
9
39309
4368
producing activities of private
households for own use
981 Undifferentiated goods-producing
1
499
499
3
20354
6785
activities of private households for own
use
982 Undifferentiated service-producing
6
2178
363
6
18955
3159
activities of private households for own
use
U
Activities of extraterritorial
2
311
156
1
530
530
organizations and bodies
99
Activities of extraterritorial
2
311
156
1
530
530
organizations and bodies
990 Activities of extraterritorial
2
311
156
1
530
530
organizations and bodies
Total
2936 5097366
1736
2769 7420793
2680
Note: - not reported.
Source: Annual Returns received under the Trade Unions Act, 1926.
100
Table 4.04(b) gives information relating to Industry-wise (NIC – 2008) Number and
Membership of Employers Unions during 2010 and 2011. No significant data was reported for the
year under consideration.
- = Not reported.
Membership
Average
Membership per
Union Submitting
Returns
No. of Unions
Submitting Returns
Membership
Average
Membership per
Union Submitting
Returns
1
2
H
Transportation and storage
49 Land transport and transport via
pipelines
2011
No. of Unions
Submitting Returns
Ind.
Code
(2008)
Table 4.04(b)
Industry-wise (NIC – 2008) Number and Membership
of Employers Unions during 2010 and 2011
Description
2010
3
1
4
15
5
15
6
-
7
-
8
-
1
15
15
-
-
-
Source: Annual Returns received under the Trade Unions Act, 1926
Federations of Trade Unions
Table 4.05 gives information relating to the number of Registered Federations submitting
returns and their income and expenditure for the years 2002 to 2011.
Table 4.05
Number of Registered Federations submitting returns and Income and Expenditure of
Federations submitting returns for the Years 2002 to 2011
Year
Number of Federations
Income
Expenditure
Submitting Returns
(Rs. Lakh)
(Rs. Lakh)
1
2
3
4
2002
27
56.60
36.18
2003
27
96.36
75.24
2004
25
122.94
81.34
2005
27
227.37
113.77
2006
23
203.05
159.35
2007
29
59.48
42.06
2008
5
30.79
27.94
2009
2010
2
824.90
31.96
2011
Note: - = not reported.
Source: Annual Returns received under the Trade Unions Act, 1926.
101
2. INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
Industrial dispute is taken as a cessation of work in a unit due to breakdown of
understanding between workers and the employers on some issue. ‗Strikes‘ and ‗Lockouts‘ are two
manifestations of industrial disputes. ‗Strike‘ signifies temporary stoppage of work by a group or
all employees of an establishment to express a grievance or to enforce a demand, whereas
‗Lockout‘ represents temporary withholding of work from all or a group of employees by the
employers for matters relating to employment or non-employment or the terms or conditions of
employment.
The statistics of industrial disputes given here relate to those work stoppages in which at
least ten workers are involved directly and / or indirectly and are not in the nature of political
strikes, sympathetic strikes and the like. These statistics are collected on a voluntary basis from the
primary units by the State Labour Departments and Regional Labour Commissioners (Central),
which in turn send them to the Bureau for the compilation and maintenance.
(a)
Industrial Disputes by Sectors
The statistics of industrial disputes by sectors during the last five years, viz., 2008 to 2012
are presented in Table 4.06. It may be seen there from that the number of disputes as well as the
number of mandays lost are showing a fluctuating trend.
Table 4.06
Number of Industrial Disputes in Public and Private Sectors during 2008 to 2012 (P)
No. of Disputes
Year
1
Public Private Total
2
3
4
Number of Workers Involved
Number of Mandays Lost
Public
Private
Total
Public
Private
Total
5
6
7
8
9
10
Average
No. of
Workers
Involved
per
Dispute
11
2008
85
336
421 1100451
478847
1579298
1733911
15699810
17433721
3751
2009
41
304
345 1402008
465196
1867204
1735741
15886314
17622055
5412
2010
57
314
371
626857
447616
1074473
1568737
21561790
23130527
2896
2011
38
332
370
446957
287806
734763
771487
13686551
14458038
1986
143
304
447 1124182
183323
1307505
1709444
11166700
12876144
2925
2012(P)
P = Provisional
Source: State Labour Departments and Regional Labour Commissioners (Central).
(b)
Types of Work-stoppages
Table 4.07 showed a fluctuating trend both in the number of Strikes and Lockouts during
the last five years. However, during this period, except in 2009 & 2011, the number of Strikes has
been more than the number of Lockouts whereas the number of man-days lost due to lockouts has
been higher than the number of man-days lost due to strikes except during 2009 & 2010.
102
Table 4.07
Number of Disputes by Strikes and Lockouts during 2008 – 2012 (P)
Year
Number
1
2
Strikes
Number of
Workers
Involved
3
2008
240
2009
Man-days
Lost
Number
Lockouts
Number of
Workers Involved
Man-days
Lost
4
5
6
7
1513620
6955193
181
65678
10478528
167
1793387
80750461
178
73817
9547009
2010
199
989533
13150828
172
84940
9979699
2011
179
644626
4696807
191
90137
9761231
2012(P)
265
1222737
2849753
182
84768
10026391
P = Provisional
Source: State Labour Departments and Regional Labour Commissioners (Central).
(c)
Industrial Disputes by States
Data on Strikes and Lockouts (State-wise) for the years 2010, 2011 and 2012 are presented
in Table Nos. 4.08, 4.09 and 4.10, respectively.
During 2010, the maximum number of strikes (73) was recorded in the State of Tamil
Nadu. The number of workers involved and man-days lost due to strikes was however highest in
the state of West Bengal. They were to the tune of 456803 and 10743875 respectively. On the
other hand, during this period, West Bengal has the distinction of having highest number of
lockouts (134) followed by Tamil Nadu (14), Kerala (7) and Andhra Pradesh (7). The maximum
time-loss due to lockouts was however witnessed by the State of West Bengal (8782905 man-days)
followed by Uttar Pradesh (613100 man-days), Andhra Pradesh (219514 man-days) and Kerala
(157241 man-days).
During 2011, the highest number of strikes (55), number of workers involved (149956) and
Man-days lost (3322074) due to strikes was recorded in the State of Tamil Nadu. On the other
hand, the number of lockouts was highest in West Bengal (147) followed by Tamil Nadu (9),
Kerala (8) and Gujarat (7). The maximum time-loss due to lockouts was witnessed in the State of
West Bengal (8957486 man-days) followed by Uttar Pradesh (371518 man-days) and Kerala
(153076 man-days).
During 2012, the maximum number of strikes (40) was recorded in the State of Kerala
whereas the number of workers involved (296425) was the highest in the State of West Bengal and
man-days lost (749099) due to strikes was highest in the state of Tamil Nadu. On the other hand,
during this period, West Bengal has the distinction of having highest number of lockouts (148)
followed by Kerala (8) and 7 each in Assam and Tamil Nadu. The maximum time-loss due to
lockouts was however witnessed by the State of West Bengal (9249677 man-days) followed by
Haryana (336245 man-days) and Rajasthan (91298 man-days).
103
Table 4.08
Industrial Disputes during 2010 (By States)
State / Union
Territory
1
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu &Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttrakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & Nagar Haveli
Daman and Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
Total
Number
of
Strikes
2
9
1
2
3
19
11
6
1
7
13
1
5
1
3
12
73
6
1
23
2
199
Strikes
Number of
Workers
Involved
3
24723
250
11195
36229
15313
2865
2023
2000
68780
42972
66857
97240
440
1122
32019
98396
16108
13869
456803
329
989533
Man-days
Lost
4
90638
5,250
119195
36666
49394
141461
44902
110000
129484
194133
68096
99294
416
10222
172463
1050318
65628
18771
10743875
622
1315828
Number
of
Lockouts
5
7
1
1
3
3
7
14
2
134
172
Lockouts
Number of
Workers
Involved
6
4373
48
227
243
282
2676
8268
2650
66173
84940
Man-days
Lost
7
219514
6304
70143
8142
1695
157241
120655
613100
8782905
9979699
- = NIL
Note:- During the year 2010, four All India strikes took place which has been accounted for in the State/Union Territory
in which the mandays lost were maximum but the number of workers involved and mandays lost have been
included in the concerned States/Union Territories.
Source: State Labour Departments and Regional Labour Commissioners (Central).
104
Table 4.09
Industrial Disputes during 2011 (By States)
State / Union
Territory
1
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu &Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttrakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & Nagar Haveli
Daman and Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
Total
- = NIL
Number
of
Strikes
2
14
8
*
1
23
6
4
12
21
1
1
1
1
11
55
10
6
4
179
Strikes
Number of
Workers
Involved
3
62734
10441
18229
1468
4503
6558
544
59998
41174
124428
50007
253
2015
31639
149956
16028
63701
950
644626
Man-days
Lost
4
229739
124753
18229
1595
28680
120018
15006
99541
227868
124428
50007
7590
34255
137858
3322074
44230
86918
24018
4696807
Number
of
Strikes
5
6
5
1
7
2
8
1
2
9
3
147
191
Lockouts
Number of Man-days Lost
Workers
Involved
6
7
1488
115294
3510
30670
227
70597
386
7763
261
16949
3274
153076
926
9260
1000
2350
2293
26268
3013
371518
73759
8957486
90137
9761231
.. = Not reported
* =
The number of disputes have been shown as ‗nil‘ as the same relates to All India strikes and not counted in the
State / Union Territory. During the year 2011, three All India strikes took place which has been accounted for in the State
/ Union Territory in which the mandays lost were maximum but the number of workers involved and mandays lost have
been included in the concerned States/Union Territories.
Source: State Labour Departments and Regional Labour Commissioners (Central).
105
Table 4.10
Industrial Disputes during 2012(P) (By States)
State / Union
Territory
1
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu &Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttrakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & Nagar Haveli
Daman and Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
Total
(P) – Provisional
Number
of
Strikes
2
17
19
9
2
33
2
26
40
10
11
1
13
39
13
4
23
1
2
265
Strikes
Number of
Workers
Involved
3
120401
60762
48674
365
83177
1000
153218
79607
106307
52669
21012
69362
40715
30728
24037
296425
34055
223
1222737
Man-days
Lost
4
251840
81457
55827
4895
174676
42000
264628
256184
126211
60581
21012
143192
749099
166948
28280
381603
34055
7265
2849753
- = NIL
Number
of
Strikes
5
3
7
1
1
2
8
2
7
1
148
2
182
Lockouts
Number of Man-days Lost
Workers
Involved
6
7
153
28442
3521
53965
227
70143
242
5324
5299
336245
1293
73647
887
91298
1264
72780
370
13890
70988
9249677
524
30980
84768
10026391
.. = Not available
Source: State Labour Departments and Regional Labour Commissioners (Central).
106
(d)
Industrial Disputes by Industry Divisions
The statistics of Industrial Disputes (Strikes & Lockouts) by Major Industry Divisions for
the years 2010, 2011 and 2012 (As per N I C, 2008) are presented in Table 4.11.
During the year 2010 ‗Manufacturing Division‘ accounted for the highest number of
disputes (239) as well as the time-loss (18,766,232 man-days or 81.1 per cent of the total time-loss)
followed by ‗Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing‘ (1,129,891 man-days or 4.88 per cent of the total
time-loss) and ‗Mining & Quarrying‘ (1,100,210 man-days or 4.76 per cent of the total time-loss).
These three divisions together accounted for 270 disputes or 72.78 per cent of the total number of
disputes, 692,758 workers involved or 83.7 per cent of the total number of workers involved and
20,996,333 man-days or 90.77 per cent of the total time-loss during the year 2010.
During the year 2011 ‗Manufacturing Division‘ accounted for the highest number of
disputes (251) as well as the time-loss (11,662,552 man-days or 80.66 per cent of the total timeloss) followed by ‗Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing‘ (777,832 man-days or 5.38 per cent of the total
time-loss) and ‗Wholesale & Retail Trade; Repair or Motor Vehicles, Motorcycles‘ (476,300 mandays or 3.29 per cent of the total time-loss). These three divisions together accounted for 277
disputes or 74.86 per cent of the total number of disputes, involving 275,039 workers 37.43 per
cent of the total number of workers involved and a time-loss of 12,916,684 man-days or 89.34 per
cent of the total time-loss during the year 2011.
Similarly, during the year 2012, ‗Manufacturing Division‘ accounted for the highest timeloss (9,579,532 man-days or 74.40 per cent of the total time-loss) followed by ‗Financial &
insurance activities‘ (1,094,947 man days or 8.50 per cent of the total time loss) and ‗Wholesale &
Retail Trade; Repair or Motor Vehicles, Motorcycles‘ (492,170 man-days or 3.82 per cent of the
total time-loss). These three divisions together accounted for 306 disputes or 79.0 per cent of the
total number of disputes involving 1,041,653 workers (79.67 per cent) and a time loss of
11,166,649 man-days (86.72 per cent).
Table 4.11
Industrial Disputes during 2010 to 2012(P) (By Industry Division)
E
F
4
5
22473 1129891
6
17
15
239
2
265692 1100210
404593 18766232
3123
82515
9
251
6
9
18
198019
316035
255355 11662552
3894
100167
19
229
2
10
14075
No. of Mandays
Lost
8
777832
No. of Workers
Involved
7
15332
Number
of Disputes
No. of Mandays
Lost
3
16
2012(P)
No. of Workers
Involved
B
C
D
Number
of Disputes
2
Agriculture, Forestry &
fishing
Mining & Quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, Gas, steam &
air conditioning supply
Water supply, sewerage,
waste management &
remediation activities
Construction
2011
No. of Mandays
Lost
1
A
2010
No. of Workers
Involved
Industry Division
Number of
Disputes
Industry
Code
As
per
NIC
2008
11
426442
115678
161796
207349 9579532
145
37414
1
11
2335
1
11
3124
1
11
2321
9
1537
64812
5
415
33535
6
2,711
25150
107
Table 4.11 Concld.
1
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
2
Wholesale & Retail
Trade; Repair or Motor
Vehicles, Motorcycles.
Transportation & storage
3
11
4
3139
5
636795
8
5828
Accommodation & food
service activities
Information &
communication
Financial & insurance
activities
Real estate activities
Professional, scientific &
technical activities
Administrative & support
service activities
Public administration &
defence, compulsory
social security
Education
Human health & social
work activities
Arts, entertainment &
recreation
Other service activities
Activities of households
as employers
Activities of
extraterritorial
organizations & bodies
5
TOTAL
(P) – Provisional
9
7
4352
8
476300
6
10
2,763
11
492170
31341
9
3935
31034
19
66821
144829
209
59750
6
232
71224
6
232
70528
20
131100
262484
14
49728
125327
21
25662
118717
13
207042
210478
8
195127
210396
71
4
251
30241
4
158
33905
4
80
19775
3
589
68685
2
224
68768
2
224
68096
4
24909
33739
2
1858
8351
8
28641
28641
-
-
-
2
392
32113
1
13
5
353
87257
4
280
78460
4
1135 128868
3624 563762
-
21
-
5451
-
428915
-
17
-
2172 414806
-
-
-
16
-
-
371 1074473
- = NIL
6
-
23130527
-
370
-
734763
14458038
9
447
831541 1094947
60
8205
2760
59352
-
1307505
-
12876144
Source: State Governments and Regional Labour Commissioners (Central)
(e) Industrial Disputes by Causes:
Table 4.12 presents the statistics of Industrial Disputes by causes for the years 2010, 2011
and 2012. In that cause of disputes which occurred due to several causes, the immediate cause and
where the immediate causes are several, the most important one is taken into consideration.
From the table, it is clear that during all these three years ‗Indiscipline‘ and ‗Wages and
Allowances‘ have been a major cause of concern for the industrial establishments as the same have
been major cause of disputes.
108
Table 4.12
Disputes Classified by Causes During 2010 to 2012
Cause Group
A
2
%
3
2010
B
%
4
5
C
6
1
Wages and
24 42.1 60 19.1 84
Allowances
Personnel
5
8.8 29 9.23 34
Retrenchment
3 0.9 3
Lay-off
1 0.3 1
Indiscipline
1
1.8 105 33.4 106
Violence
1
1.8
2 0.6 3
Leave & Hours
of Work / Shift
1 0.3 1
Working
Bonus
13 4.14 13
Inter / Intra
2 0.6 2
Union Rivalry
Gherao
Nonimplementation
11 3.5 11
of Agreements,
Awards, etc.
Charter of
8 14.0 43 13.7 51
Demands
Work Load
2 0.6 2
Surplus Labour/
Shortage of
1 0.3 1
Work
Betterment of
Amenities
Suspension /
Change of
1 0.3 1
Manufacturing
Process
Standing Orders/
Rules/ Service
Conditions /
Safety Measures
Govt. Economic 12 21.1 1 0.3 13
Policy
Others
6 10.5 33 10.5 39
Not Known
6 1.9 6
Total
57 100.0 314 100.0 371
%
7
A
8
%
9
2011
B
%
10 11
C
12
%
13
A
14
%
15
2012(P)
B
%
C
16 17 18
%
19
82
92
16.3
22.6 10
26.3
24.9
6
4.2
67 22.0 73
9.2
0.8
0.3
28.6
0.8
6
1
-
15.8 28 8.43 34 9.2
2
0.6
2
0.5
2.6 110 33.1 111 30.0
3
0.9
3
0.8
4
-
2.8
-
40
3
1
108
3
0.3
-
-
1
0.3
1
0.3
-
-
1
0.3
1
0.2
3.5
2
5.3
12
3.6
14
3.8
-
-
5
1.6
5
1.1
0.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3.0
-
-
4
1.2
4
1.1
-
-
6
1.9
6
1.3
31.6
48
14.4
60
16.2 50 35.0
35 11.5 85
19.0
13.7 12
24.7
13.1 44 9.8
0.98 3
0.7
0.3 1
0.2
35.5 108 24.2
0.98 3
0.7
0.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
0.3
1
0.2
0.3
-
-
5
1.5
5
1.4
-
-
1
0.3
1
0.2
-
-
-
2
0.6
2
0.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.3
-
-
1
0.3
1
0.3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
0.3
1
0.2
3.5
2
5.3
-
-
2
0.5
6
1.9
86
19.2
80 55.9
10.5 5 13.2 21 6.3 26 7.0 3 2.1 22 7.2 25 5.6
1.6
13 3.9 13 3.5 4 1.3 4
0.9
100.0 38 100.0 332 100.0 370 100.0 143 100.0 304 100.0 447 100.0
(P) – Provisional
- = NIL
A - Number of Disputes (Public Sector)
B - Number of Disputes (Private Sector)
C - Total Number of Disputes
% - Percentage to total
N. B.: Totals may not necessarily tally due to rounding off of figures
(f)
Industrial Disputes in Central Sphere
The statistics of Industrial Disputes in the Central Sphere Undertakings during the years
2010 to 2012 have been given in Table 4.13 which showed a fluctuating trend. Total number of
disputes which was 37 in 2010 declined to 31 in 2011 and increased to 150 in 2012(P). On the
other hand both the number of workers involved and the number of mandays lost has decreased
from 2010 to 2011 and increased from 2011 to 2012(P). This increase was however contributed
mainly by the industry group ‗Banks‘.
109
Table 4.13
Industrial Disputes in the Central Sphere Undertakings during 2010 to 2012(P)
1
Ports and Docks
4
-
5
-
3
6
3102
8
6
No. of Workers
Involved
Number of
Disputes
7
3889
No. of Mandays
Lost
2012(P)
No. of Mandays
Lost
No. of Workers
Involved
3
-
Number of
Disputes
2
2011
No. of Mandays
Lost
No. of Workers
Involved
Industry
Number of
Disputes
2010
9
11404
10
11404
Air Transport
3
1305
1322
1
35
385
2
2720
2720
Coal Mines
9
253334
803590
4
197049
262495
7
97622
98490
Non-coal Mines
3
12004
276104
2
380
7844
9
17126
17126
Oil Fields
-
372
372
2
436
1960
5
32184
66134
Banks
7
161371
164381
7
195077
209346
59
794931 1058057
Insurance
5
45181
44477
-
-
-
10
32966
32966
Railways (except
Workshops)
1
1000
2000
-
-
-
1
416
416
Posts & Telegraphs
4
126540
193725
1
49275
49275
15
80104
129904
Defence
Undertakings
-
20860
20860
-
-
-
10
34808
34808
Cantonment Boards
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C.P.W.D.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other Central
Undertakings
5
4866
5540
11
8771
135293
26
57240
59760
37
626833
1512371
31
454125
670487
150
1161521
1511785
Total
(P) – Provisional
- = Nil
Source: Regional Labour Commissioners (Central).
3. MACHINERY FOR THE PREVENTION AND SETTLEMENT
OF INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
The mechanism set up by the Government for ensuring industrial harmony includes (i)
consultative machinery, and (ii) conciliation or arbitration machinery. The consultative machinery
now exists at almost every level, viz. at the undertaking level, Works Committees and Joint
Committees exist while at the industrial level, Wage Boards and Industrial Committees are there.
At the State level, Labour Advisory Boards and, at the National Level, Indian Labour Conference
and the Standing Labour Committees are there. A brief description of the Machinery which exists
in this field is given below.
Union Government
The Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India provides all possible help to
the State Governments in taking steps towards preventing work stoppages as expeditiously as
possible. The Central Industrial Relations Machinery (CIRM) also known as the Chief Labour
Commissioner (Central) Organisation is entrusted with the task of maintaining good relations in the
Central Sphere through monitoring, intervention, mediation and conciliation in industrial disputes
and implementation of settlements and awards. At the headquarters, CIRM has a complement of
34 officers and 233 officers in the field spread over different parts of the country.
110
Tripartite Machinery- Indian Labour Conference is the Apex Tripartite Body. The other
Tripartite Bodies have been visualized in the form of Industrial Tripartite Committees (ITCs).
These tripartite bodies provide a forum where the social partners can appreciate each others
industry specific problems through dialogue and help in evolving consensual policy options. These
Committees are non-statutory Committees and their meetings are convened as and when required.
Government‘s proactive role in these Committees has successfully harmonized the interest of the
employers and workers resulting in a change of attitude from confrontation to that of co-operation.
Board of Arbitration (JCM) for Central Government Employees
The Government of India introduced in 1966 a scheme for Joint Consultative and
Compulsory Arbitration for resolving differences between the Government as an employer and the
general body of its employees. The Scheme provides for compulsory arbitration on Pay and
Allowances, weekly hours of work and leave in respect of a class or grade of employees. Under the
Scheme, the Board of Arbitration (JCM) was set up in July, 1968, to function within the
administrative Control of Ministry of Labour and Employment. The Board consists of a Chairman
and two other members from the staff side as well as from the official side. So far, the Board has
given 257 Awards out of 259 references referred to them.
Code of Discipline in Industry
The Code of Discipline, ratified by all the Central Employers‘ and Worker‘s Organisations is
applicable to public sector undertakings run as companies and corporations except those under the
Ministry of Defence, Railways and Ports and Docks. The Code has also been applied with certain
modifications, to the Insurance sector, the State Bank of India and the Reserve Bank of India. The
Central Implementation and Evaluation (I & E) Division of the Ministry of Labour & Employment
is responsible for ensuring implementation of Code of Discipline. It is one of the functions of I&E
Division to get breaches under the Code of Discipline investigated by the Central Industrial
Relations Machinery and advise employers and unions as the case may be to invoke appropriate
sanctions against the erring managements /unions.
Screening Procedure
In order to avoid prolonged litigation, a procedure was evolved in August, 1969 for screening
of proposals for filing appeals by Central Public Sector Undertakings against an award of a Labour
Court or an Industrial Tribunal or a judgment of a High Court in respect of an industrial dispute.
The procedure provides that whenever a public sector undertaking intends to file an appeal against
an award or judgment, it should first make a reference with the facts of the case to the
administrative Ministry concerned. If the administrative Ministry after consulting the Law Ministry
also feels that an appeal should be preferred, it should consult the Ministry of Labour &
Employment.
Recognition of Trade Unions
The CIRM conducts verification through Secret Ballot, under the Code of Discipline in
establishments in the Central Sphere. Verification of membership of unions affiliated to the Central
Organisations of Workers in the country is one of the important functions of this organization.
Representations of labour on the tripartite bodies, development councils, committees, boards, etc.,
at national and international level (including ILO) are granted on the basis of this assessment.
Retrenchment, Lay-off and Closure
The Government of India grants prior permission of lay-off and retrenchment of workers as
well as closure of industrial undertakings in respect of all industries for which it is the appropriate
Government under Chapter V-B of the Industrial Disputes Act. The total number of units effecting
closure in both Central and State sphere during the year 2011(P) was 83 affecting 3604 workers as
against 41 units affecting 1496 workers during the year 2010(P). Financial Stringency, shortage of
raw material, shortage of power, break down of machinery and lack of demand for products was
the main reasons for closures. The total number of units effecting lay-off in both Central and State
sphere during the year 2011(P) was 16 affecting 1977 workers as against 23 units affecting 1494
workers during the year 2010(P). The total number of units reporting retrenchment in both Central
and State sphere during the year 2011(P) was 8 affecting 47 workers as against 13 units affecting
559 workers during the year 2010(P).
111
Tribunals and Labour Courts
In all, there are 22 Central Government Industrial Tribunals-cum-Labour Courts constituted
by the Ministry of Labour and Employment dealing with industrial disputes in respect of which the
Central Government is the ‗appropriate government‘. Two each of these Courts are located in
Mumbai, New Delhi, Chandigarh and Dhanbad, one each at Asansol, Bangalore, Kolkata, Jabalpur,
Jaipur, Kanpur, Nagpur, Lucknow, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bhubaneshwar, Guwahati, Ahmedabad,
and Ernakulam (Cochin). In order to take care of huge pendency of unresolved industrial disputes,
Lok Adalats have been introduced as an alternative grievance redressal mechanism, within the
adjudication system of the CGITs.
4. CONSULTATIVE MACHINERY
Indian Labour Conference is at the apex of the Tripartite Consultative Machinery, which
comprises the Indian Labour Conference, the Standing Labour Committee and the Industrial
Committees, to advise Government with regard to policies in the labour field. The 44 th Session of
the Indian Labour Conference, an important forum of the tripartite consultative machinery, was
held on 14-15 February, 2012 under the Chairmanship of the Hon‘ble Minister of Labour and
Employment. The Conference was inaugurated by Hon‘ble Prime Minister and attended by State
Labour Ministers, Trade Union Leaders from all the recognised All India Trade Unions,
Representatives of all India Employer‘s Organisations, Officials from Central Ministries, State
Governments and PSUs. The Conference focused on 3 key issues: Minimum Wages, Social
Security and Employment and Employability.
The 45th Session of Standing Labour Committee was held on 04.01.2013. The Standing
Labour Committee finalized the following agenda for 45th Indian Labour Conference:
i.
Service conditions, wages and social security for various categories of workers
employed in different Central Government and State Government schemes
(Anganwadi, Mid-day meal, ASHA, Sarva-Shiksha Abhiyan and other schemes under
various Ministers of Central Government).
ii.
Social Security with special reference to Assured Pension with indexation for all
workers including self-employed.
iii.
Labour Law for micro and small enterprises.
iv.
Measures to improve employment and employability.
5. WORKERS’ PARTICIPATION IN MANAGEMENT AND WORKERS’ EDUCATION
Central Board for Workers Education is headed by a Chairman. Its headquarters is at
Nagpur. The Chief executive of the Board is the Director who is assisted by an Additional Director,
Deputy Directors, Financial Advisor etc. The Board operates through 50 Regional Directorates and
9 Sub-Regional Directorates. The six Zonal Directorates, at Delhi, Guwahati, Kolkata, Mumbai,
Chennai and Bhopal monitor the activities of the Regional Directorates in their respective zones.
Tripartite Regional Advisory Committees constituted for each Regional Directorate to review the
progress of the scheme and recommend measures for effective implementation of Workers
Education Programmes.
The Indian Institute of Workers Education (IIWE), Mumbai, an apex level training
Institute of the Board, was established in 1970. Training programmes of the Board for workers in
organised sector are conducted at three levels(i)
At the first level, training is imparted to the candidates selected as Education Officers.
After successful completion of the training, these Education Officers conduct various
programmes from the Regional Directorates.
(ii)
At the second level, workers from different establishments, sponsored by trade unions
and released by employers are trained. These trained workers are called Trainers.
(iii)
At the third level, the Trainers conduct classes for the rank and file of workers in their
respective establishments
112
National Level Programmes for representatives from Central Trade Union Organisations/
Federations and Voluntary Organisations on different subjects are conducted by the IIWE in
addition to giving pre-employment training to Education Officers and reorientation to Regional
Directors and Education Officers of the Board as well. In view of the specialized training needs to
tackle some of the specific issues by Trade Unions, three cells namely; (i) Industrial Health, Safety
and Environment (ii) Education for Rural and Unorganised Sector Workers; and (iii) Women and
Child Labour have been established in the Institute.
Initially the Board concentrated its activities in the organized sector. The Board shifted its
emphasis to rural sector in 1977- 1978 on the recommendations of Workers Education Review
Committee. Initially started with seven pilot projects, the rural workers education programmes
have now become a regular and continuing programme. The objectives of the programme are:
 To promote critical awareness of problems, privileges and obligations as workers and
citizens;
 To enhance self confidence and build up scientific attitude;
 To educate them to develop their organizations through which they can fulfill socio–
economic functions and responsibilities in rural economy and strengthen democratic,
secular and socialist fibre of rural society;
 To educate them in protecting and Promoting their individual and social interest;
 To motivate for family welfare planning and to combat social evils.
Rural Volunteers are given one week orientation /Refresher Courses at Regional
Directorates to assist Education Officers in conducting Rural Awareness Camps. These camps are
attended by landless labour, tribal labour, artisans, forest workers and educated unemployed in
rural areas etc. Tailor made programmes of one to four days durations, based on the functional and
educational needs of workers, for Handloom, Powerloom, Khadi & Village Industries, Industrial
Estates, Small Scale Units, Handicrafts, Sericulture, Coir Industry, Beedi Industry and Workers of
Weaker Sections such as women workers, handicapped workers, rickshaw drivers, construction
workers, civic and sanitation workers are also organized by the Board. During the period from
April - November, 2012 the Board has conducted 6362 programmes of various durations and
trained 230937 workers of various sectors.
In pursuance of the recommendations to the Committee on Rural Camps, the Board has
introduced 4-day Empowerment Programmes from the financial year 2003-04. During the period
April - November, 2012, 6896 workers have been benefited from 176 Empowerment Programmes
organized for Unorganized, Weaker and Rural Sector workers. The Board also conducted 28
programmes for 863 elected members of the Panchayati Raj Institutions during the period April November, 2012. The Board also introduced a new one day programme called Retraining
Programme for those Trained Workers, who were trained long back say before five years, to update
their knowledge and also to make them aware about the various welfare schemes launched by the
Central/State Governments after their initial training. During the period April - November, 2012,
147 such retraining programmes were conducted for 8236 rural/unorganised workers.
The Central Board for Workers Education through its Grants-in-Aid Scheme extends
financial assistance to Trade Union Organizations and Educational Institutions etc. to conduct
Workers Education Programmes for their own workers. Grants-in-Aid is available for conducting
full time Residential and Non-residential Programmes of 3 to 7 days duration according to the local
requirement of the Trade Union Organizations. The grantees are allowed flexibility regarding
subjects to be covered and number of participants. The grants-in-aid scheme has also been
extended to the Rural Workers. The Board also sanctions grants-in-aid for National Level Courses
to the Central Trade Union Organizations and National Federations. During the period April November, 2012, the Board has sanctioned grants-in-aid amounting to Rs.531549 to 32 Trade
Unions / Institution which conducted 39 programmes for 1562 workers. The CBWE has conducted
exclusive training programmes for rural workers on MGNREGA by way of a project to enlighten
the rural masses about the benefits of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme.
113
CHAPTER 5
LABOUR WELFARE
The term Labour Welfare is defined by different agencies. The International Labour
Organization has defined the term ‗Labour Welfare‘ as ―such services, facilities and amenities as
may be established in or in the vicinity of undertakings to enable the persons employed in them to
perform their work in healthy, congenial surroundings and provided with amenities conducive to
good health and high morale‖*. This has been further elucidated in the I.L.O. Recommendation
(No. 102) concerning welfare facilities for workers. The term ‗Welfare‘ as used in this
Recommendation includes inter-alia‘ ―(i) feeding facilities, (ii) rest and recreation facilities, and
(iii) transportation to and from work place where ordinary public transport is inadequate or
impracticable‖.
The definitions given by different agencies indicate that the term labour welfare is a very
comprehensive concept and dynamic in nature as it differs widely with time, region, country, value
system, social institution and general level of social and economic development. The term however
broadly includes those measures which affect the working and living conditions of the workers
including social security measures, educational and cultural facilities and industrial housing etc.
Labour welfare measure plays a crucial role in the economic and social development of any
country as it is an important facet of industrial relations. The necessity of such measure is all the
more important for our country because ours is a developing economy aiming at rapid economic
and social development. In India, various welfare facilities have been provided by different
agencies either through legislation or directly. The important among them are briefly described in
the succeeding paragraphs.
1. ACTIVITIES OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
The Factories Act, 1948, the Plantations Labour Act 1951 and the Mines Act, 1952, are
basic enactments which contain elaborate provisions for safeguarding the health and safety of
workers inside the work place and for providing their welfare. They lay down, minimum standards
for ensuring welfare of workers. The Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India
has also set up Labour Welfare funds to provide welfare amenities for the workers employed in
Mica, Iron Ore, Manganese Ore and Chrome Ore, Limestone and Dolomite Mines and in the Beedi
and Cinema industries. Separate welfare funds have also been formed for specified services like
Posts and Telegraphs, Ports, Dockyards, Railways etc. The Welfare measures financed out of these
funds relate to provision of medical, housing, drinking water, educational, recreational and family
welfare facilities, etc. Although most of the activities are administered directly by the Welfare
Organizations under the Ministry of Labour, yet loans and subsidies are also provided to the State
Governments, Local Authorities and to the employers for implementation of approved proto-type
schemes. The provision of social security in the form of Employees State Insurance Scheme,
Provident Fund, Gratuity and Pension under various laws and industrial housing schemes are some
of the other prominent measures undertaken by the Central Government to promote welfare of the
working class.
2.
ACTIVITIES OF THE STATE GOVERNMENTS AND UNION TERRITORIES
In the following paragraphs, activities of the State Governments / Union Territories, which
have furnished information, are given.
* International Labour Organization, 2nd Asian Regional Conference Nuwara Eliya (Ceylon),
January, 1950 - Report-II; Provisions of Facilities for the Promotion of Workers‘ Welfare.
114
Andhra Pradesh
During the year 2011 Welfare Schemes were implemented by the Andhra Pradesh Labour
Welfare BoardSl.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
Name if the Scheme
No.of Beneficiaries
Amount sanctioned (in Rs.)
Scholarship
6132
8545000
P.H. Scholarships
45
88000
Medical-Aid
33
465459
E.E.A.R.
56
750000
Funeral Expenses
442
2043000
Daughter‘s Marriage Gift
1037
8814000
Scheme
Maternity Benefit Scheme
82
322000
Family Planning Scheme
17
34000
Loss of Limbs
2
30000
Aids Treatment
11
190000
Chandigarh
The Chandigarh Labour Welfare Board is running a labour Welfare Centre in which
following facilities are being provided to the workers and their family members:
a) Indoor Games outdoor games.
b) Reading Room and Library
c) Children Park
d) Sports Facilities to the children of Industrial Workers.
Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh Labour Welfare Board continues to provide various welfare facilities to
industrial workers and their dependents. The Board runs community and society education centres,
reading rooms and libraries, community necessities, games and sports and other entertainments,
educational Scholarship Scheme, Uttam Shramik Purskar Yojna, Shramik Sahitya Purskar Yojna,
Balika Vivaha Sahayata Yojna, Knitting and Embroidery Training Scheme etc.
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Dadra & Nagar Haveli is implementing various Centrally Sponsored Schemes as per
criteria/guidelines envisaged in the schemes through Rural Development Agency.
NCT of Delhi
The Delhi Welfare Board runs four Holiday Homes at Mussoorie, Haridwar, Allahabad and
Shimla for workers, supervisory/managerial and government servants. Board conducts Long Term
and Short Term Training Programmes in various vocation/trade at nominal fee. The Board imparts
training in Cutting & Tailoring free of cost at various Labour Welfare Centers. Nursery classes are
also being conducted by the Board at Wazirpur Labour Welfare Center.
Goa
The Goa Labour welfare Board has 17 different schemes for the benefit of Industrial
Workers in the State of Goa. The Board is successfully catering to the needs of the Industrial
Workers through these welfare schemes.
115
Gujarat
The State Government of Gujarat provides various welfare measures for workers like rural
welfare centres for Rural Workers, Welfare Centres for Salt Workers, Shramik Suraksha Yojna – an
accident death Insurance Scheme for Unorganised rural & urban workers, Pucca quarters scheme
for salt workers, Jagruti Shibir Yojna, Financial assistance in the form of medicines in serious
diseases & expenses for Major operations to Rural Labour etc. Gujarat Labour Welfare Board
continues to provide various welfare facilities to industrial workers and their dependents. The
Board runs community and society education centers including reading rooms and libraries,
community necessities, games and sports, excursions, tours and holiday home, entertainment and
other forms of recreations, home based industries and subsidiary occupational for women and
unemployed persons, corporate activities of a social nature etc. ‗Gujarat Unorganised Labour
(Except Agriculture Labour) Welfare Board‘ formulates and implements various schemes to
provide social security and safety net to the workers of urban area engaged in unorganized sector.
The Board coverage is in Ahmedabad (MC), Surat (MC) and Jamnagar (MC) urban areas. During
2011-12, 25030 workers were registered and given unique ID Numbers and Identity Cards for the
purpose of availing benefits of social security/welfare schemes. The Board provides Skill
Development Training, Tool Kit Assistance, Health Check-up Camps, Awareness Workshop and
Medical Aid (for minimum 24 hours hospitalization).
Jammu & Kashmir
The Labour Department in a bid to provide welfare facilities to the Industrial Workers has
established Labour Welfare Centers. These centers provide library facilities and other recreational
facilities to Industrial Workers. Moreover 16 Labour Sarais have been constructed at Jammu and
Kashmir which provides shelter to labourers. Labour Sarai at Kharbagh Kupwara is under
construction and is nearly completion.
Kerala
Welfare facilities such as medical, educational, housing, drinking water and supply of
weather protective etc. are being provided to the plantation workers under the leadership of
concerned welfare officers appointed by the employers and the Inspector of Plantations. Besides
this, supply of free ration for the workers of closed estate and financial assistance for the education
of children of plantation workers by means of supplying text books, school bags, umbrellas,
instrument boxes etc at free of cost. In addition to these, refund of entire fees including hostel fees
paid by the Parents/Guardians of the students studying in Professional Courses, Distribution of Rice
for Rs.2/- per Kg to the ration card holder of the workers of working plantations has been ordered
by the State Government during 2010. Besides this Rs. 1000/- was paid to the workers of the
working plantations who are affected by floods, diseases, poverty etc. There are 15 Statutory
Welfare Fund Boards constituted under various Welfare Fund Act and 5 Non Statutory Welfare
schemes functioning under the Labour Department. In addition to this, 4 Welfare schemes are being
implemented under the direct control of the Labour Commissioner; (i) Kerala Agricultural Workers
Pension Scheme 1980 (ii) Kerala Tree Climbers Welfare Scheme 1980 (iii) Estate Workers
(Distress Relief ) Welfare Fund Scheme 2007 (iv) Daily Waged Employees Distress Relief Fund
Scheme 2007. Distress Relief to the Workers of Closed Cashew Factories, Kerala Unorganised
Retired Workers Pension Fund Scheme 2008, Rashtriya Swasthya Bhima Yojana and
Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme, Aam Admi Bhima Yojana, Kerala Migrant Workers
Welfare Scheme 2010, CHISPLUS Scheme for providing treatment for cancer, heart diseases and
kidney diseases, Income Support Scheme to Traditional Sections are also operational in the State of
Kerala.
Tripura
Tripura Building and Other Construction Workers Welfare Board is constituted for
providing social security and welfare measures to the workers engaged in building and construction
116
work. The Board has started its functioning since July, 2007. Any workers engaged in building and
other construction work in the age group of 18-60 years is eligible to get him registered under the
said Board. On registration, the beneficiary is entitled to get benefits under 8 schemes of the Board
viz., assistance to a beneficiary in case of accident; death benefit; pension; loan and advance;
medical expenses for treatment of 11 critical diseases; maternity to a female beneficiary; Marriage
benefit and scheme for financial assistance for the education of the children of registered
beneficiaries. The above schemes are financed out of funds derived from the contribution of the
beneficiary workers at the rate of 20/- per month and Cess equivalent to 1% collected from the cost
of construction or building or other construction work. Registration of beneficiaries is done at the
District Labour Office at Agartala, Udaipur, Kailashahar, Ambassa and office of the Labour Officer
at Dharmanagar. On registration, a beneficiary worker is issued upon an ―Identity Card‖.
Labour Department runs 7 Balwadi centres in the Tea and Rubber Plantations in Tripura to
impart pre-primary education and provide nutrition to children of tea and rubber plantation workers
in the age group of 3-6 years. As a nutritional measure, the Balwadi going children have been
provided with ―khichuri‖, about 300 children were benefited during the year 2011. The Labour
Department also runs medical grant scheme for rickshaw pullers who suffer from Cancer, T.B.,
Kidney, Eye and Heart Diseases. Total amount of Rs. 126000/- in favour of 126 Nos. of applicant
was spent during the year 2011.
3. WELFARE WORK BY THE EMPLOYERS
Calcutta Dock Labour Board
Board‘s workers are provided with welfare facilities as per Govt. of India‘s Schemes
framed under Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1948. Under the said schemes, they
are provided with leave, medical facilities in Kolkata Port Trust Hospital, housing accommodation
at the Board‘s quarters, canteen facility from Kolkata Port Trust Canteen, injury leave wages,
compensation in case of accidents, minimum guaranteed wages and other statutory payments, social
security and assistance to Workers‘ Cooperative etc.
Chennai Port Trust
Chennai Port Trust extends a number of welfare measures to the officers/employees and their
family members. The major and important Welfare measures that the Chennai Port Trust has
implemented are stated below in brief:
Welfare Committee: A Welfare Committee consisting of 15 members was formed to take care of
efficient and orderly maintenance of the Tondiarpet Housing Colony and to promote co-operation,
cleanliness, peace, amity and cordiality among the residents of the Colony. Since its inception in
1991, the Welfare Committee has been functioning well for the welfare of the residents of the
housing colony.
Education: With a view to provide better educational facilities to the children of the employees of
the Trust, the Chennai Port and Dock Educational Trust‘s Higher Secondary School with
English/Tamil as medium of instruction was established in June, 1989 is functioning well. The
Trust has granted Rs. 2,96,40,967/- during the year 2011-12 towards contribution to the Chennai
Port and Dock Educational Trust Higher Secondary School. The Chennai Port Trust has granted Rs.
4,53,85,721/- towards the payment for Children‘s Educational Allowance to the employees in
favour of their children during the year 2011-12. In addition to the functioning of the Chennai Port
and Dock Education Trust‘s higher secondary school, a Corporation High School is also
functioning for the benefit of the children of the occupants of the quarters. The Trust is following a
scheme called Workers Education Scheme in association with Govt. of India, Ministry of Labour
and Employment for the employees of Class III and IV to make them aware of the social,
economical and political events of the country and the world.
117
Sports: A stadium named as Babu Jegjeevan Ram Sports Complex has been constructed at
Tondiarpet Housing Colony with a long pavilion having capacity of thousand viewers. The stadium
has been designed in such a way that various games and sports can be conducted at a time. The
Chennai Port Trust has granted Rs. 30,00,000/- for conducting sports completion etc. during the
year 2011-12. A well furnished Gym for Men as well as a Gym for women and a Yoga centre has
also been established in the Tondiarpet housing colony.
Canteen: There are 3 major Canteens functioning in the Chennai Port Trust, of which one Canteen
named as Chennai Port Trust Industrial Employees‘ Co-operative Canteen Ltd. is being run by the
Trust‘s employees on co-operative basis.
Women Welfare Association: Women Employees‘ Welfare Association established in 1988
conducts various programmes such as medical treatment, stress management, skin care, production
of handicrafts etc. from time to time for welfare of the woman employees.
Creche: A crèche facility provided since 1988 is functioning under the control of Chennai Port
Trust Women Employees Welfare Association. The Trust extends financial assistance of Rs.
1,04,250/- towards donation to the Jawahar Creche during the year 2011-12.
Other Welfare Activities: Welfare facilities like Training in tailoring, Ritual Shed, Modernised
Air-conditioned Community Hall, Family Planning Scheme, Family Disputes Counseling. Quality
Life Programme, Financial Assistance for the Employees and their Family Members in Acute
Distress, Chennai Port Trust Employees House Building Advance Special Family Benefit Fund etc
are also provided by the Chennai Port Trust. The Trust is providing a considerable amount of
money every year to meet the expenditure towards implementation of the Welfare Measures
Extended to the officers/employees of the Trust. The Trust has granted an amount of Rs.
8,49,59,973/- towards welfare measures expenditure during the year 20111-12.
Mormugao Port Trust
Under the Statutory Welfare Schemes, workers are provided welfare facilities like drinking
water, latrines and urinals, spittoons, lighting, ventilation, washing places, first-aid appliances and
ambulance room, changing rooms, rest rooms, and canteens. Besides, Mormugao Port Trust has its
own 100 bedded hospital equipped with indoor and outdoor departments having medical facilities
in the disciplines of General Medicine, General Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics,
Ophthalmology and Dentistry. The hospital has also extended medical facilities of Aurvedic and
Homeopathic treatment to the employees and their families. Under the Non-Statutory Welfare
Schemes, workers are provided welfare facilities like housing facility, Training, Workers
Education, Transport facilities, Scholarship, Vocational centre, Library, Educational Facilities,
Auditorium, Officers Club, Port Employees Consumer Co-op Society etc.
Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT)
Housing: The MbPT provided residential accommodation to its employees at Wadala, Sewri,
Cotton Depot, Dockyard, Colaba, Cotton Green, Govandi, Mulund, etc. Concession in electricity
charges is also granted to all employees including officers and the reimbursement is up to 120 units.
Welfare activities: At 8 Welfare Centres in Port Trust Housing Colonies, various welfare activities
such as indoor/outdoor games, social gathering, celebration of festivals and National days, libraries
for children, reading rooms, needle work and handiwork classes, health and diet, eye camp, blood
donation, vocational training classes etc. are conducted. Facility for yoga classes and sophisticated
gymnasium are also available. Radio and colour TV Sets are installed at welfare centers of different
residential colonies.
Medical facilities: Free medical facilities are provided to the existing employees and their
dependent family members as also to retired employees and their spouses. Mumbai Port Trust has
238 bedded hospital and six full time dispensaries. The Hospital is well equipped with modern and
118
sophisticated equipments and manned by well-qualified medical and paramedical staff. MbPT
Hospital also provides 24 hours ambulance service.
Recreation Club: Various recreation clubs including Mumbai Port Trust Sports Club function in
and outside the residential colonies, They have their own libraries. Competitions are held in various
games and sports.
Education: 3 Municipal Schools are constructed in Port Trust Colonies and BMC is only charged a
nominal rent of only Rs.10/- per month. For admissions, preference is given to MbPT employees.
Cash Awards: Cash awards ranging from Rs.200/- to Rs.600/- are granted every year to employees
and their children showing merit in their academic fields and in other relevant fields. Children
appearing in the merit list of SSC/HSC and Degree are given Special Cash Awards of Rs. 600/- and
Rs.1000/- respectively. Merit Scholarships at Rs.300/- p.m. each are granted to post SSC students
and Rs.500/- per month to post HSC students. Merit scholarships were also granted at Rs.1000/- per
month to Medical/Engineering students and at Rs.500/- per month to other faculties.
Workers Education: Under the Workers‘ Education Scheme of the Central Board of Workers‘
Education, employees are sent for Worker Teacher training course. These Worker-Teachers
conduct unit level classes for imparting education to the workers.
Canteen Facilities: Canteen facilities through 17 canteens are provided to the employees and
workers at susbsidised rates. These canteens are spread over the major places of work.
In addition to the above welfare facilities, the service benefits such as Pension Scheme, Exgratia payment, children‘s education assistance scheme, reimbursement of tuition fees, leave travel
concession and advance for it, ex-gratia monthly maintenance grant, housing loans, advances for
purchase of motor cars and motor cycles, withdrawal facility from the provident fund, festival
advance, leave encashment and cash equivalent, and ex-gratia pension etc. have been provided to
the employees of MbPT and the employees of erstwhile BDLB.
New Mangalore Port Trust


















The New Mangalore Port Trust provides following Welfare facilities to the employees:
Free education in English/Kannada medium up to 10th Standard
50 bedded Hospital
Free consultancy from specialist doctors
Referral hospital facilities
Free Medical treatment in Allopathy/Ayurveda & Homeopathy
Multi-purpose Auditorium with a seating capacity of 1200
Residential quarters/Bachelors hostel
Nursery School by Mahila Samaj
Canteen facilities
Gymkhana for indoor games/Badminton Court with wooden flooring
Stadium
Recreation Club/Officers Club/Mahila Samaj/Dock Recreation Club
Children‘s Park
Market Complex
Cable TV facility is provided to the residents of the Port at a nominal subscription
100 units free electricity per month to Class III & IV employees residing in Port Staff
Quarters
Rest rooms for women employees.
Merit Scholarship/Books and Stationary Allowances.
The United Planters’ Association of Southern India
Under the provisions of the Plantations Labour Act 1951, the plantations statutorily provide
the labour with, free living quarters in the estate with water and electricity supply, medical facilities
for workers and their families at estate group hospitals/garden hospitals/ dispensaries, sanitation and
conservancy, protective clothing, crèche/child care, recreational facilities, educational facilities to
the children of workers at school run by the estate managements.
119
Besides the daily wages, the workers are entitled to incentives for output above the base or
standard fixed. In addition, there are statutory benefits related to wages such as Provident Fund,
Gratuity, Bonus, Leave with wages, Paid holidays, Sick leave with wages and Maternity benefits
etc. Apart from the Plantations Labour Act, the industry is covered by the entire range of labour
legislation passed by the Centre and State Governments. There are in all 24 labour enactments
applying to plantations. Plantation is the only industry where free housing and medical aid
according to the prescribed norms are provided at the cost of the employers without any
contributions being paid by the workers or the Government. The annual recurring cost of these
amenities is well over 40% of the wage cost, and together with other social security benefits, the
industry is required to incur an extra 70% over and above the direct wage of the workers.
Tata Steel Limited
All the statutory requirement of the Factories Act in regard to Health, Safety and Welfare
facilities are provided by the Tata Steel Ltd. A total of Rs. 177.30 crores was spent on Township
during 2011 which extend the facilities of water, electricity, housing, road, sanitation, sewage and
education facilities. On the medical facilities for workers and their family members, the Company
spent Rs. 103.58 crores during FY 2010-11. The expenditure on community development, rural
development & urban services was to the tune of Rs. 11.52 crores during 2010-11. The lowest paid
Workman of Tata Steel gets about Rs. 10,878/- besides Canteen facility, picnic grants, time bound
promotion, death benefit fund etc. under lobour welfare measures.
Steel Authority of India Limited
Steel Authority of India Limited continued to provide welfare facilities like provident fund,
gratuity, employees‘ pension scheme, life cover scheme, workmen compensation, maternity benefit,
funeral expenses, welfare measures under the Factories Act like canteen, rest rooms, washing
places, latrines, urinals, drinking water facility etc., group insurance scheme, employees family
benefit scheme, compassionate employment, medical facility to employees, townships, SAIL group
mediclaim policy, child care leave, educational facilities, house building advance, conveyance
advance, scholarship scheme for children of its employees, festival advance, long service award etc.
Indian Railways
Indian Railways‘ (IR) welfare schemes cover a wide spectrum of activities in the areas of
education, medical care, housing, sports, recreation and catering. Staff Benefit Fund is an important
channel for providing additional facilities to railway employees and their families in the spheres of
education, recreation, medicare, sports, scouting and cultural activities. Dispensaries under the
indigenous systems of medicine, viz. Ayurvedic and Homeopathic, are run with the help of this
Fund. Approximately 44% staff has been provided with railway quarters. 1,177 staff quarters were
electrified during 2011-12. 253 canteens served subsidized meals and refreshments to employees
during the year at their work-places. Co-operative societies of various types are engaged as a part of
welfare programme for employees. Besides, a large number of Thrift and Credit Societies, 166
registered Railwaymen's Consumer Co-operative Societies, 14 Railwaymen's Cooperative Housing
Societies and 19 Labour Co-operative Societies were functional on IR during 2011-12. IR attach
due importance to recreation for its employees and provide excellent facilities through
Institutes/Clubs for sports, libraries, etc. as also Holiday Homes to enable the employees and their
families to enjoy holidays at nominal expenses.
4. WELFARE WORK UNDER STATUTORY WELFARE FUNDS
To supplement the efforts of the employers and the State Governments in providing welfare
amenities to the workers, the Ministry of Labour & Employment administers five Welfare Funds
for beedi, cine and certain categories of non-coal mine workers. The Funds have been set up under
the following Acts of Parliament for the welfare of these workers:




The Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1946;
The Limestone and Dolomite Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1972;
The Iron Ore, Manganese Ore and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1976;
The Beedi Workers‘ Welfare Fund Act, 1976; and
120

The Cine Workers‘ Welfare Fund Act, 1981
The Acts enable the Central Government to meet the expenditure incurred in connection
with measures and facilities which are necessary or expedient to promote the welfare of such
workers. In order to give effect to the objectives laid down in the above Act, various welfare
schemes have been formulated and are under operation in the fields of Health, Social Security,
Education, Housing, Recreation and Water Supply.
Labour Welfare Funds are financed out of the proceeds of the cess levied under the
respective Cess/Fund Acts on manufactured beedis, feature films, export of mica, consumption of
limestone & dolomite and consumption and export of iron ore, manganese ore & chrome ore as per
the rates given below:




The Beedi Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1976 provides for levy of cess by way of excise duty
on manufactured beedis from Rs.1/- to Rs.5/- per thousand manufactured beedis. This is
presently Rs.5/- per thousand manufactured beedis w.e.f. 1st April, 2006.
The Cine Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1981 provides for duty of cess, at such rate not being
less than one thousand rupees and not exceeding twenty thousand rupees, on every feature
film submitted to the Chairman, Central Board of Film Certification. This is Rs.20,000/per feature film of Hindi and English and for regional films it is Rs.10,000/- per film w.e.f.
20.04.2001.
The Iron Ore, Managanese Ore & Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Cess Act, 1976
provides for levy and collection of cess on Iron Ore, Manganese Ore and Chrome Ore
between 50 paise to Re.1/-, Re.1/- to Rs.4/- and Rs.3/- to Rs.6/- respectively. The rate of
cess is Re.1/- per MT on Iron Ore. The rate of cess is Rs.4/- per MT on Manganese Ore and
Rs.6/- per MT on Chrome Ore w.e.f. 11.09.2001.
The Limestone and Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1972 provides for the levy and
collection of cess on Limestone and Dolomite as a duty of excise at such rate not exceeding
one rupee per metric tone of limestone and dolomite. The rate of cess on Limestone and
Dolomite is Re.1/- w.e.f.27.12.2000.
Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1946, provides for levy and collection of cess on all
mica exported as duty of Customs not exceeding 6.25% ad valorem. This is 4.5% advalorem on export w.e.f.01.11.1990.
The Labour Welfare Organization which administers these Funds is headed by a Director
General (Labour Welfare). He is assisted by the Welfare Commissioner (Headquarters), who
supervises nine Regional Welfare Commissioners for the purpose of administration of these Funds
in the States. The jurisdiction of each Welfare Commissioner is as under:Welfare Commissioners and Their Jurisdiction
Sl.No.
1
Name of Region
Welfare Commissioner, Allahabad
2
3
4
5
Welfare Commissioner, Bangalore
Welfare Commissioner, Ajmer
Welfare Commissioner, Bhubaneshwar
Welfare Commissioner, Kolkata
6
7
8
9
Welfare Commissioner, Hyderabad
Welfare Commissioner, Jabalpur
Welfare Commissioner, Karma
Welfare Commissioner, Nagpur
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States Covered
Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab,
Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand
Karnataka and Kerala
Gujarat, Rajasthan & Haryana
Orissa
West Bengal, Assam, Tripura and
Meghalaya
Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
Bihar and Jharkhand
Maharashtra & Goa
CHAPTER 6
INDUSTRIAL HOUSING
The National Agenda for governance has identified House for all as a priority area with
particular stress on the needs of the vulnerable groups. Housing is one of the components
considered to be vital for human survival and, therefore, essential for socio-economic development.
It is an important economic activity besides being a basic necessity which determines the quality of
life. The housing problem has become acute in most industrial regions. As part of the construction
industry, housing has emerged as a major sector of economy having backward and forward
linkages with almost all other sectors.
1. URBAN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
The Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation is the apex authority of Government
of India at the national level for formulation of housing policy and programme, review of the
implementation of the plan scheme, collection and dissemination of data on housing, building
materials/techniques and for adopting general measures for reduction of building costs. In addition,
it is entrusted with implementation of the specific programmes of urban employment and urban
poverty alleviation, including provision of basic amenities to the urban poor and support for
establishment of micro-enterprises by skill development of the poor. In the federal structure of the
Indian polity, the matters pertaining to the housing and urban development have been assigned by
the Constitution of India to the State Governments. The Constitutional 74th Amendment Act has
further delegated many of these functions to the urban local bodies. Although these are essentially
State subjects yet the Government of India plays a coordinating and monitoring role and also
supports these programmes through centrally sponsored schemes.
The Ministry also plays a nodal role in addressing various issues of urban employment and
poverty alleviation and housing sector by formulating policies, providing legislative guidance and
through sectoral programmes. The National Policy issues are decided by this Ministry which
allocates resources to the State Governments through various centrally sponsored schemes. In
addition, this Ministry is also supporting various external assistance programmes for housing,
urban employment and poverty alleviation in the country. The emphasis of the 11th Plan on
inclusive and equitable growth has led to a greater urgency for municipal reforms and effectiveness
of the third tier of governance, greater emphasis on community participation and the
implementation of the flagship programme of JNNURM with 40% of its considerable budget
devoted to slum redevelopment and rehabilitation.
At the end of the 10th Five Year Plan, the housing shortage was estimated to be 24.7
million housing units. An estimated 99% of this housing shortage pertains to households falling in
the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low Income Group (LIG) segments. Further, urban
areas in our country especially those inhabited by the poor are characterized by severe constraints
of basic services like potable water, drainage system, sewerage network, sanitary facilities,
electricity, roads and effective solid waste disposal.
In order to mitigate the housing shortage alongwith deficiencies in basic services and in
consonance with the changing policy environment, the Ministry announced the National Urban
Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007. This Policy focuses on affordable housing for all with special
emphasis on economically weaker sections of the society such as SCs, STs, OBCs, Minorities,
women-headed households and the physically challenged. The Policy seeks to emphasize public
sector partnering with private sector and also cooperative sector, the employees welfare housing
sector, the industrial-cum-labour housing sector playing important role. The Central Government
seeks to play the role of an ‗enabler‘ and ‗facilitator‘ under the aegis of the National Urban
Housing & Habitat Policy.
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Recently, urban sector has witnessed major changes on account of our country‘s transition
towards market-based economy and the spirit of decentralization which is embodied in the
Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992. In addition, the role of urban sector in economic growth
and poverty reduction has undergone major change. The need for public private partnership is now
widely appreciated. In order to cope with massive problems that have emerged as a result of rapid
urban growth, it became imperative to draw up a strategy to implement projects in select cities on
mission mode.
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was launched by the
Prime Minister of India on 3rd December, 2005 with an objective of providing focused attention to
integrated development of urban infrastructure and services in select 65 cities with emphasis on
urban poor, slum improvement, community toilets/baths, etc. The need for Sub-Mission on Basic
Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) under JNNURM arose because urbanisation in India is
considered as an important determinant of national economic growth and poverty reduction. As per
2011 population census, the urban population of India was about 377.1 million representing 31.16
percent of the country‘s total population of 1210.2 million. The ever increasing number of slum
dwellers causes tremendous pressure on urban basic services and infrastructure. The supply of land
for housing has failed to keep pace with increase in urban population resulting in large number of
households without access to basic services, poor housing and proliferation of slums and
widespread poverty.
In addition, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation has formulated a scheme
namely Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) which is applicable to all
cities and towns as per 2001 census except those cities which are covered under mission cities
under JNNURM. The components for assistance under the Scheme would include all slum
improvement/upgradation/relocation projects including upgradation/new construction of houses
and infrastructural facilities like water supply and sewerage. Allocation of funds among States
would be on the basis of the States‘ urban slum population to total urban slum population in the
country.
It is a vision of the Government to make the country slum-free as early as possible, by
providing slum-dwellers basic services and access to decent shelter and creating conditions of
urban development that contain the need for the emergence of slums. In order to achieve this
vision, a new scheme called ‗Rajiv Awas Yojana‘ (RAY) has been launched on 02.06.2011. The
Scheme proposes to address the problem of slums in a holistic and definitive way adopting a multipronged approach focusing on bringing existing slums within the formal system and enabling them
to avail of the same level of basic amenities as the rest of the town; redressing the failures of the
formal system that lie behind the creation of slums; and tackling the shortages of urban land and
housing that keeps shelter out of reach of the urban poor and forces them to resort to extra-legal
solutions in a bid to retain their sources of livelihood and employment.
Institutional Financing of Housing
The substantial thrust on housing laid by the Government through the facilitating measures
including Reserve Bank of India‘s (RBI) regulations relating to priority sector lending, fiscal
concessions and budgetary incentives have started to bear fruit. Institutional credit disbursals are
being made through Housing Finance Institutions (HFIs) under the ambit of the National Housing
Bank (NHB). NHB registers, regulates and supervises Housing Finance Companies (HFCs), keeps
surveillance through On-site & Off-site Mechanisms and co-ordinates with other Regulators.
Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO), since its inception in 1970, has
made steady and significant strides in the field of housing and urban infrastructure financing
catering to the needs of every section of the population. Unlike the policy adopted by the
contemporary housing finance companies, HUDCO‘s assistance covers the housing needs of every
class of the society, with special emphasis on the weaker sections and the deprived. As on
December 31, 2011, HUDCO has provided finance for over 15 million dwelling units and over
1,600 urban infrastructure projects in India. Further, up to December 31, 2011, it has sanctioned
123
loans of Rs.37,464 crore for housing and Rs. 84,906 crore for urban infrastructure on a cumulative
basis. During the year 2011-12, as on 31.12.2011, HUDCO has sanctioned a total assistance of
Rs.9147 crore (Including HUDCO Niwas) for housing programmes. These schemes will provide
339271 residential units and 520 non residential buildings.
The housing schemes for handloom weavers and beedi workers are being implemented
through Central Government subsidy as well as the loans provided by the HUDCO. The HUDCO
is also providing loan for construction of hostels for working women. A certain proportion of the
houses financed by the HUDCO are reserved by state agencies for the SC/ST population.
2. HOUSING SCHEMES OF THE STATE GOVERNMENTS
Keeping in view, the importance of housing, some of the State Governments/UTs have also
framed suitable Schemes and Acts for this purpose. Information available on the number of houses
constructed/allotted to the workers during the years 2011 are given below:
Sr..
No.
State
1
1.
2
Andhra Pradesh
2.
Chandigarh
3.
Chhattisgarh
4.
5
Number of houses
constructed/allotted during the year
2011 and the name of the Scheme
3
584
(Beedi Workers
Housing Scheme)
-
Since the inception of
the Scheme (at the end
of the year 2011)
4
48586
620
- (Integrated Beedi Workers
284
Housing Scheme)
Kerala
- (Kerala Plantation Worker‘s
21096
Housing Scheme)
West Bengal
1718 (West Bengal Beedi Workers‘ 11604
Welfare Scheme)
Source: The table is based on the information provided by the concerned State Govts.
3. HOUSING FOR WORKERS IN MAJOR INDUSTRIES
(A)
Factory Sector
(i)
Iron and Steel
The Vishveshvaraya Iron & Steel Plant encourages its employees to construct their own
houses by allotting them land at nominal rent on short as well as on long term basis and advances
loans for building purposes to the extent of 75 per cent of the cost subject to a maximum of 18
months‘ pay. The company also renders assistance to the co-operative housing society formed by
its employees. At present VISL are having 5014 houses. The employees strength as on 01.09.2012
is 1080. Due to surplus availability of houses, no houses were constructed during the year 2011.
Steel Authority of India (SAIL) is maintaining fully developed residential townships at all
the Major Plant/Unit locations. The townships are having spacious houses and all civic amenities.
For recreation of the employees, the townships are having clubs, theaters, sports stadiums, market
places etc. the townships, known for their greenery, are like oasis for the otherwise underdeveloped
plan/unit locations and have been able to meet the aspirations of the employees. SAIL also gives
House Building Advance to its interested eligible employees at concessional rates to the tune of Rs.
15 lakhs for non executives and Rs. 20 lakhs for executives, for construction of Residential
accommodation. Rates of interest for House Building Advance up to Rs. 1,00,000/- is 4% per
124
annum, above Rs.1,00,000/- and upto Rs.8 lakhs is 6% per annum and above Rs.8 lakhs is 9.5%
per annum.
(B)
Mines
(i)
Coal Mines
The Coal Mines Labour Welfare Organisation supplements the efforts of the State
Governments and the employers in coal mines to provide housing accommodation to coal miners
and their dependents. For this purpose 40% of the amount, which is collected as Cess on the
dispatches of coal from the coal mines constitutes the housing accounts of the Coal Mines Labour
Welfare Fund.
(ii)
Coal India Ltd.
At the time of nationalisation, in Coal India Ltd. and its subsidiaries there were only
1,18,366 houses including sub-standard houses. The availability of these houses has increased to
4,01,795. The housing satisfaction has now reached 70.42%. The coal companies are making all
out efforts to further improve these facilities. Employees will be encouraged to form cooperative
societies for building their own homes at a place where they would like to finally settle down.
(iii)
Mica Mines
Since the inception of the scheme in the year 2008 the Mica Mines Labour Welfare
Organisation, Kalichedu (A.P.) had allotted 533 houses to its workers under various Housing
Schemes.
(C)
Plantations
The Plantations Labour Act makes it obligatory for the employers to provide and maintain
necessary housing accommodation for every worker and his family residing in the plantation. The
Act also requires every employer to provide and maintain necessary housing accommodation for
those desiring workers, who have put in six months of continuous service, but are residing outside
the plantation. The State Governments are, however, empowered to frame rules to decide the
standard and specification of the accommodation.
As per the latest information available (2011), Of the total plantation workers eligible for
housing accommodation, 64.25 per cent workers have been provided with housing accommodation.
The Plantation Establishments in the State of Uttarakhand have provided housing accommodation
to all the workers followed by the States of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Assam, Kerala, A & N Islands,
Himachal Pradesh, Tripura and West Bengal where 90.86 per cent, 80.07 per cent, 82.33 per cent,
81.81 per cent, 54.58 per cent, 40.41 per cent, 28.87 per cent and 3.00 per cent of workers have
been provided with housing accommodation.
(D)
Railways
The Indian Railways, being the single largest employer in the country have provided the
maximum housing facilities to the employees. Approximately 44% staff has been provided with
railway quarters. 1,177 staff quarters were electrified during 2011-12. 14 Railwaymen's
Cooperative Housing Societies were functional on IR during 2011-12.
(E)
Dock and Ports
(i) Chennai Port Trust - The Trust has provided about 20.7% of the serving officers/employees
with quarters. There are 1516 quarters of various types (Types I to V) at the end of the year 2011.
Also, each of the employees who have availed House Building Advances from the Trust
125
contributes Rs.35/- on Chennai Port Trust Employees House Building Advance Special Family
Benefit Fund (Chennai Port Trust EHBASFB). The Fund is used to compensate the liquidity of the
employee towards House Building Advance including interest thereon in the case of an employee
dies in harness. The Trust contributes 1/7th of the total employees‘ contribution every month. The
Trust has granted Rs. 76,980/- towards contribution of HBA during the year 2011-2012.
(ii) Mormugao Port Trust - Mormugao Port Trust has constructed 1788 residential quarters in the
localities at Headland, Bogda, Jetty, Desterro and Baina etc. At present 53% of the total employees
has been provided with quarters. Apart from providing official accommodation House Building
Advance are also given to the eligible employees who desire to construct their new houses or
acquire ready build flats/houses. So far 305 employees have availed of the house building advances
since the year 1988 to 2011.
(iii) Mumbai Port Trust - The MbPT (Mumbai Port Trust) Administration has provided
residential accommodation to its employees. Residences for MbPT and ex-BDLB employees are
located at Wadala, Sewri, Cotton Depot, Dockyard, Colaba, Cotton Green, Govandi, Mulund, etc.
Free quarters are provided to few specified categories of Port Trust employees. Also, concession in
electricity charges is granted to all employees including officers residing in MbPT/BDLB quarters.
There are 393 housing units constructed during 2011 and a total of 8281 housing units are available
at the end of 2011.
(F)
Postal Department
The Department of Post has providing housing facilities to a large number of employees.
Rented accommodation is being provided to certain essential staff. In addition, house-building
advances are granted to the employees enabling them to purchase land and build their own houses.
4. RURAL HOUSING SCHEMES
In India, nearly 70 per cent of the population lives in rural areas where the housing needs
are just unmet. The earliest housing programme taken up by the Government of India was for
rehabilitation of refugees immediately after the partition of the country. A formal village housing
scheme was later launched in 1957 as part of the Community Development movement. Much later,
the programme was enlarged and construction of houses was taken up as a major activity under the
National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP), which began in 1980 and later under
the Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) taken up in 1983. In 1985-86,
Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) was launched as a sub-scheme of RLEGP and from April 1989, it
became a sub-scheme of the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY). On January 1st, 1996, IAY was finally
delinked from JRY and made an independent scheme.
The IAY aims at providing dwelling units to houseless below poverty line (BPL)
households identified by the gram sabhas and those living in dilapidated and kutcha houses, with a
component for providing house sites to the landless poor as well. Under the IAY, a shelterless BPL
family is given assistance of Rs.70,000 in plains areas and Rs.75,000 in hilly/difficult
areas/Integrated Action Plan (IAP) districts for construction of a new house. For upgradation of
kutcha or dilapidated houses, Rs.15,000 is provided. For purchase of house sites, Rs.20,000 is
provided.
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CHAPTER 7
HEALTH AND SAFETY
1. HEALTH OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS
Health and safety of the employees is an important aspect of every organization for their
smooth and successful functioning. It is a critical factor in organizational effectiveness as it not
only increases the production but also the quality of products and services rendered by improving
employee morale, reducing absenteeism and enhancing productivity. Hence every organization
must attach importance towards achieving high Occupational Health and Safety performance as
they do to the other key objectives of their business activities. Occupational health & safety
standards for industrial workers are implemented through the adoption of common codes of
practice, safety legislation and training in related matters. Occupational hazards are one of the
major problems created by the machine-made environment. Constitution of India has also specified
provisions for ensuring occupational safety and health of the workers in the form of three articles
24, 39 (e & f) and 42. The regulation of labour and safety in mines and oil fields is under the Union
List and the welfare of the labour including conditions of work etc. is in the Concurrent List. The
Ministry of Labour & Employment, Government of India and Labour Departments of the State and
Union Territories are responsible for safety and health of workers. The DGMS (Dhanbad) and
DGFASLI (Mumbai) are the two field organisations of the Ministry of Labour & Employment
which make efforts to achieve the principles enshrined in the Constitution in the field of
occupational health and safety in mines, factories and ports.
Legislations
The statutes relating to Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) are broadly divided into
three:


Statutes for safety at workplaces
Statutes for safety of substances
Statutes for safety of activities
At present, safety and health statutes for regulating OH&S of persons at work exist only in
four sectors: Mining
 Factories
 Ports
 Construction
The major legislations are:The Factories Act, 1948



It regulates health, safety, welfare and other working conditions of workers in factories.
It is enforced by the State Governments through their factory inspectorates. The Directorate
General Factory Advice Service & Labour Institutes (DGFASLI) co-ordinates matters
concerning safety, health and welfare of workers in the factories with the State
Governments.
DGFASLI conducts training, studies and surveys on various aspects relating to safety and
health of workers through the Central Labour Institute in Mumbai and three other Regional
Labour Institutes located at Kolkata, Chennai and Kanpur.
Mines Act, 1952


It contains provisions for measures relating to the health, safety and welfare of workers in
the coal, metalliferous and oil mines.
The Mines Act, 1952, prescribed duties of the owner (defined as the proprietor, lessee or an
agent) to manage mines and mining operation and the health and safety in mines. It also
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

prescribes the number of working hours in mines, the minimum wage rates, and other
related matters.
Directorate General of Mines Safety conducts inspections and inquiries, issues competency
tests for the purpose of appointment to various posts in the mines, organises
seminars/conferences on various aspects of safety of workers.
Courts of Inquiry are set up by the Central Government to investigate into the accidents,
which result in the death of 10 or above miners. Both penal and pecuniary punishments are
prescribed for contravention of obligation and duties under the Act.
Dock Workers (Safety, Health & Welfare) Act, 1986



It contains provisions for the health, safety and welfare of workers working in ports/docks.
It is administered by Director General Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes,
Directorate General FASLI as the Chief Inspector there are inspectorates of dock safety at
10 major ports in India viz. Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Paradip, Kandla,
Mormugao, Tuticorin, Cochin and New Mangalore
Overall emphasis in the activities of the inspectorates is to contain the accident rates and
the number of accidents at the ports.
Other legislations and the rules framed thereunder:








Plantation Labour Act, 1951
Explosives Act, 1884
Petroleum Act, 1934
Insecticide Act, 1968
Indian Electricity Act, 1910
Indian Boilers Act, 1923
Indian Atomic Energy Act, 1962
Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of
Service) Act, 1996
Beedi and Cigar Workers' (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966.
Following are some of the measures taken to ensure the health & safety conditions of
industrial workers.
(a)
The Employees State Insurance Scheme
The ESI Scheme is an integrated scheme of social benefits which provides medical and
cash benefits in the contingencies of sickness, maternity, employment injury and death due to
employment injury. The Act applied to any premises/precincts where 10 or more persons are
employed. A factory or an establishment located in a geographical area notified for implementation
of the Scheme falls under the purview of the Act. Employees of the aforesaid categories of factories
and establishments, drawing wages upto Rs. 15,000/- a month, are entitled to social security cover
under the ESI Act. The wage ceiling for purpose of coverage of employees is revised from time to
time, to keep pace with rising cost of living and subsequent wage hikes. The Act is being
implemented area-wise in a phased manner. The ESI Scheme is operated in 807 centres situated in
29 States/Union Territories. As on 31.03.2012, 1.71 crore insured persons and about 6.63 crore
beneficiaries are covered under the Scheme. The number of factories and establishments covered by
the end of the year had gone up to about 5,80,028. The ESI Scheme is administered by a statutory
body called the Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), which has members representing
Employers, Employees, Central and State Governments, Medical Profession and the Parliament.
The ESI Scheme is mainly financed by contributions from the employers and employees. The rates
of the employers‘ and the employees‘ share of contribution are 4.75 % and 1.75% respectively. The
State Governments‘ share of the expenditure on the provision of medical care is to the extent of
12.5%. All contributions received under the ESI Act and all other money belonging to the fund
which is not immediately required for defraying day to day expenses are invested in the manner
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prescribed statutorily. As on 30.09.2012, the total investment of fund was Rs. 30,047.72 crore. The
Scheme provides full medical facilities from primary health care to super speciality treatment in
respect of the insured persons and their family members. The medical care under the Scheme is
administered by the State Governments, except in Delhi. The Corporation also directly runs 34
Hospitals as on 30.10.2012.
(b)
Medical Facilities under Statutory Welfare Funds
(i)
The Labour Welfare Organisation is directly running hospitals and dispensaries at different
places in the country to provide basic health care and family welfare services to beedi, mine
and cine workers. Health Care is provided to:
Beedi workers and their dependents through 7 hospitals and 204 dispensaries all over the
country. Recently the govt. has approved four new hospitals and 40 dispensaries for beedi
workers in the country.
For cine workers, there are three dispensaries for medical treatment.
For Iron Ore, Manganese Ore & Chrome Ore Mines workers and their families, there are 3
hospitals and 16 dispensaries.
For Limestone & Dolomite Mines workers and their families, there are 32 dispensaries.
For mica workers there are 1 hospital and 8 dispensaries, all over the country.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Diversified Medical Assistance for Workers;
Purpose
Ophthalmic Problems
Tuberculosis
Nature of Assistance
Financial assistance of Rs.300/- for purchase of spectacles
Reservation of beds in T. B. Hospitals and domiciliary treatment for
workers. Subsistence allowance Rs.750/- p.m. to Rs.1000/- is paid to
workers.
Heart Diseases
Reimbursement of expenditure up to Rs.1,30,000/- to workers.
Kidney Transplantation
Reimbursement of expenditure up to Rs.2,00,000/- to workers
Cancer
Reimbursement of actual expenditure on treatment, medicines, and
diet charges incurred by workers, or their dependants.
Minor surgery like Hernia, Reimbursement of expenditure upto Rs.30,000/- to workers and their
Appendectomy ulcer,
dependants.
Mental Diseases
Financial assistance for treatment of mental diseases, diet, railway
fare and subsistence allowance to workers.
In addition to above following welfare schemes are specially formulated for the mine workers:a)
Scheme for artificial limb for mine workers working in mines;
b)
Scheme for fatal and serious accidental benefit, for mine workers;
c)
Scheme for payment for grant-in-aid to the mine managements who are maintaining
hospital for the mine workers and their families;
d)
Scheme for organizing health camps;
e)
Grant-in-Aid for the purchase of ambulance, 75% of the cost or Rs.3.00 lakh whichever is
less;
(ii)
The information provided by various States/Union Territories is as under:-
Kerala
The Department of Factories and Boilers, under the Department of Labour is looking after
safety, health and welfare of workers employed in factories. Secretary to Labour is the
administrative head of the Department. The main function of the Factories & Boilers Department is
to administer/implement various provisions in the Factories Act 1948, the Indian Boilers Act 1923
129
and other enactments for ensuring Safety, Health and Welfare of the factory workers and safety of
the neighbouring public. The departmental functions are regulatory as well as service oriented. The
department is adopting a two-tier system viz. Regulatory and advisory to make it an inspection
service department. The Director of Factories & Boilers is assisted by enforcement wing consisting
of a Joint Director of Factories and Boilers (HQ) and 3 Regional Joint Directors of Factories and
Boilers. There are 22 factory divisions each headed by the Inspector of Factories and Boilers in
respect of Factories under Section 2(m), hazardous factories coming under section 85 of the
Factories Act, 1948 and 25 Additional Inspectors of Factories in charge of non hazardous Factories
notified under section 85 of Factories Act 1948.
Delhi
One Inspector of factories-cum-certifying surgeon in the inspectorate of factories is
working under the Factories Act, 1948.
Tripura
The Labour Department of Tripura runs the medical grant scheme for rickshaw pullers who
suffer from Cancer, T.B., Kidney, Eye and Heart Diseases. Total amount of Rs.1,26,000/- in favour
of 126 Nos. of applicant during the year, 2011 was spent.
(c)
Railways
Indian Railway health care system with a chain of 125 hospitals, 586 health units with
approximately 14000 indoor beds, managed by 2,506 doctors & dental Surgeons and 54,000
paramedical staff including nursing staff forms an integral part of ‗total health care solution‘ made
available for its 65 lakh beneficiaries – both serving and retired. Apart from attending to the
patients, activities like monitoring the quality of food & water, maintaining colony sanitation etc.
are undertaken. Doctors in zonal hospitals are also engaged in teaching and imparting training to
post graduate students (DNB) for specialist and super specialist courses. During the year 2011-12,
approximately 2.45 crore patients were attended in Out-Patient Departments, 4.64 lakh treated in
indoor wards and approximately 44,000 major and special surgeries were performed. As part of
industrial medicine, approximately 89,332 candidates were examined and 1,35,000 periodical
medical examinations were conducted. More than 30,000 passengers are provided medical aid
every year.
(d)
Factories
DGFASLI; The Directorate General of Factory Advice Service & Labour Institutes, (DGFASLI)
Mumbai under the Ministry of Labour & Employment, Government of India functions as a
technical arm of the Ministry in regards to matters concerned with safety, health and welfare of
workers in factories and ports/docks. It assists the Central Government in formulation and review of
policy and legislation on occupational safety and health in factories and ports, maintains a liaison
with Factories Inspectorates of States and Union Territories in regard to the implementation and
enforcement of provisions of the Factories Act, 1948; renders advice on technical matters; enforces
the Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act, 1986; undertakes research in industrial safety,
occupational health, industrial hygiene and industrial psychology etc; and provides training in the
field of industrial safety and health. In areas of industrial safety related research and allied problem,
DGFASLI is providing its services through it‘s headquarter at Mumbai, Central Labour Institute at
Mumbai and four Regional Labour Institutes at Kolkata, Chennai, Kanpur and Faridabad. It‘s
headquarter has (i) Factory Advice Service Division and (ii) Dock Safety Division. The Central
Labour Institute and the four Regional Labour Institutes have the following divisions viz. Industry
Safety, Industry Hygiene, Industrial Medicine, Industrial Physiology, Industrial Psychology,
Industrial Ergonomics, Industrial Environmental Engineering, Staff Training, Small Scale
130
Industries Cell, Productivity, Major Hazards Chemical Safety, Management Information Services
and Safety and Health Communication Division. The different divisions at the Institute undertake
activities such as carrying out studies and surveys, organizing training programmes, seminars and
workshops, rendering services such as technical advice, safety audits, testing and issuance of
performance reports for personal protective equipment, delivering talks, etc.
The 51st Conference of Chief Inspectors of Factories was held at Bhopal, during 25-27
April, 2011. The important decisions taken during the conference are implementation of the
National Policy on Safety, Health and Environment at Workplace, modification proposed in light to
the Hon‘ble Supreme Court‘s Judgment, to Schedule- XIII and Schedule-XIV of the Model
Factories Rules framed under Section 87 of the Factories Act, 1948, rationalization and
simplification of reports and returns, list of factories to be notified under Section 85 of the Factories
Act, 1948, Review of the Model Factories Rules etc.
(e)
Iron and Steel
SAIL (Steel Authority of India Ltd.): SAIL provides full medical care to its employees and their
dependants. They are operating their own hospitals at townships with state of the art facilities where
free outdoor and indoor medical treatment is provided to all regular employees right from the date
of joining the company and their dependant family members. Employees are also referred to
specialist hospitals at the cost of the company if need arises. In cities, SAIL is having tie ups with
major medical centers for treatment of its employees posted there. For the period of absence due to
sickness, full wages against commuted leave is provided to the employees. Also, in case of
temporary disablement due to accident arising out of and in course of employment, SAIL provides
full wages to its employees for such period of absence.
SAIL Group Mediclaim Policy: The employees and their spouses, in case of separation on
superannuation/VR/discharge on medical unfitness, and spouse of a deceased employee can enroll
under the SAIL Group Mediclaim Policy. SAIL has been operating this scheme for its retired
employees and their spouse since 1991. The Mediclaim scheme 2011 provides for hospitalization
coverage of Rs. 2 lakh per member with clubbing facility with spouse, i.e., either of a member can
avail hospitalization benefit upto Rs.,4,00,000/-. The OPD coverage, for members who have
completed 70 and above years of age as on 31.12.2010, will be Rs. 8,000/- per member, whereas for
below 70 years of age the coverage amount is Rs. 4000/- per member. Currently, the membership
under the Group Mediclaim Policy in SAIL is about 86,000. At present a member pays only 15% of
the premium and the rest is borne by the Company. SAIL‘s contribution at 85% comes to around
Rs. 91 crores.
Visvesvaraya Iron & Steel Plant: Heath care of the employees and their dependents is taken care
in the 115 bed hospital and occupational health center with medical facilities and a team of
experienced doctors and para-medical staff. In addition, the referral facility to specialized hospital
based on need is being extended.
VISL is conducting Eye Camps, Family Planning activities, periodical health check up
programmes. In addition, VISL also associate with local bodies in arranging social and cultural
programmes not only for their employees and their wards but also for the society. VISL
Management has taken up schemes of peripheral development under corporate social Responsibility
activities with a view to improve the general health, education, providing hygiene drinking water in
the peripheral areas. In addition to the facilities extended to the regular employees, the retired
employees are also extended the benefits of medical through Company Hospital, Mediclaim
facilities as per SAIL guidelines.
Tata Steel: All the statutory requirement of the Factories Act in regard to Health, Safety and
Welfare facilities are provided by the company. On the medical facilities for workers and their
131
family members and their dependent relations, the company spent Rs. 103.58 crores during the
Financial Year 2010-2011.
Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited: The statutory Occupational Health needs of the employees are
taken care of through a well-equipped Occupational Health Center since Nov.1992. It is the first
OHS unit in steel industry to receive ISO-9001, ISO-14001 and OHSAS 18001-2007 certifications.
Periodical Medical Examination (PME) of employees at OHS&RC is carried out through a process:
Health of employees in monitored at set frequency depending on the nature of work under the Man
Management Programme (MMP) and the employee records are managed online through
Occupational Health Management System. Various initiatives like health education and heath
checkup programmes are also brought out.
(f)
Docks/Ports
No. of Beds, Hospitals & Dispensaries in the Docks / Ports are given below:
Name of the Port
No. of beds
1
Vishakhapatnam Dock
Labour Board
Vishakhapatnam Port trust
Mormugao Port Trust
Mumbai Port Trust
Cochin Port Trust
New Mangalore Port Trust
Kolkata Dock Labour Board
2
124
100
238
150
50
-
No. of
Hospitals
3
1
No. of Dispensaries
4
2
1 Branch dispensaries exist at
all residential colonies near
dock area.
1
1
6
1
2
1
1
-
Medical Facilities Provided at Various Ports
Cochin Port Trust
Cochin Port Trust Hospital provides Medical treatment to Port Employees & their
dependants, Port Pensioners & their Spouses, CISF personnel & their dependants, Central Govt.
organizations like Railways, Customs, Emergency treatment to outsider etc. A 150 bedded hospital
with ICU & Special ward facility, well-equipped Operation Theatre Complex with facility for
Laparoscopic Surgery, Specialist / Super Specialist Consultation with referral facility, round the
clock casualty with ambulance services etc. is functioning in Cochin Port Trust.
Vishakhapatnam Port trust
A 124 bedded hospital is functioning to cater to the medical needs of the port employees
and their families and other employees from outside organizations connected to the port. The
Hospital provides diagnostic services like clinical and bio-chemical laboratory, blood bank,
radiology with 800 mm and 500 mm X Ray plant, Ultra sound scanner, Tread mill and ECG and
round the clock casualty and Ambulance service to meet any emergency and accident cases.
Specialist clinics for Medical, surgical, gynaec, ortho, ENT, Opthalmic, Paediatrics, skin, twin Air
Condition Operation Theatres with special equipment to conduct major and minor operations are
functioning in the hospital.
132
Mormugao Port Trust
Adequate first-aid boxes are provided on the working places in the dock area & port
premises. First-aid treatments are readily available during the working hours to the workers at the
working places and the ambulance is also provided with the full equipment and qualified nursing
staff. Mormugao Port Trust has its own 100 bedded hospital having fully equipped indoor and
outdoor departments, a Health Centre in the Port Colony at Headland and first Aid Centres at MPT
Workshop and at MOHP area. Medical facilities in the disciplines of General Medicine, General
Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Dentistry are available to the
employees and their dependents. These are further supported by Anesthesiology, Pathology,
Radiology, Orthopedics. The hospital has also extended medical facilities of Ayurvedic and
Homeopathic treatment to the employees and their families. Whenever, necessary, the arrangements
for external specialist consultations/referral are made in the interest of the patient. Apart from
medical officers, the hospital is enriched with qualified and experienced nursing personnel and
other paramedical staff. Every year provisional budgetary allocation is made for providing medical
facilities for the employees and their families. The expenditure incurred on medical facilities during
the year 2011-12 was Rs.1640.23 lakhs.
Mumbai Port Trust
Free medical facilities are provided to the existing employees and their dependant family
members as also to retired employees and their spouses. Mumbai Port Trust has 238 bedded
hospital and 6 full time dispensaries, most of which are located near the residential colonies. The
hospital is well-equipped with modern and sophisticated equipments and manned by well-qualified
medical and para-medical staff. It provides indoor and outdoor medical facilities. Occupational and
physio-therapy departments deal with the task of preparing persons for active work. Investigative
facilities include radiology, pathology, ultra-sonography. Advanced TB cases are referred to TB
Hospital and Convalescent Homes at Talegaon. MbPT Hospital has a unique facility for hyperbaric
oxygen chambers for treatment of certain illnesses. There blood collection centres are run for blood
test in Dockyard, Ballard Estate and Govandi Dispensaries. Blood Bank is also maintained. A
family welfare centre is attached to MbPT hospital. MbPT hospital also provides 24 hours
ambulance service. MbPT patients needing specialized modes of investigations/treatment are
referred to outside organizations.
Chennai Port Trust
The facilities in the Chennai Port Trust hospital keep pace with the advances in the field of
medical science and high standard of medicare to its employees, their families and also to
pensioners are provided. To maintain such high standards in Medicare, constant evaluation and
updating of equipment is done. The main Hospital in Spring Haven Road has in-patient facilities for
185 beds. There are two peripheral Out-patient blocks at the Diabetic Specialty Centre located in
the former EDLB Building and Tondiarpet Housing Colony which takes care of outpatient cases. A
new fully equipped ICU and a modern fully equipped laboratory is available for benefit of the
patients. Referral services are also available to patients.
New Mangalore Port Trust
New Mangalore Port Trust has a 50 bedded hospital with free consultancy from specialist
doctors, referral hospital facilities, free medical treatment in Allopathy, Ayurveda & Homeopathy.
Round the clock medical service including ambulance van facilities are available in the Port Trust
Hospital.
133
2. INDUSTRIAL INJURIES
Statistics on injuries in Factories, Mines, Railways and Docks and Ports as collected under
the Factories Act, 1948, the Mines Act, 1952, the Indian Railways Act, 1890 and the Indian Dock
Labourers‘ Regulations, 1948 and Dock Workers‘ (Safety, Health and Welfare) Scheme, 1961,
respectively, are presented in this Section. The statistical unit is the number of workers involved,
i.e. persons receiving injuries and not the number of accidents.
The Injuries have been defined as under;(i)
Fatal Injury means injuries resulting from industrial accident, which causes death or injured
persons are prevented from attending work permanently.
(ii)
Non-Fatal injury means injury resulting from the industrial accidents, which prevent
injured workers from attending to work for a period of 48 hours or more immediately
following the injuries.
(A) Industrial injuries in Factories
The Statistics collected under the Factories Act, 1948 relate to injuries resulting from
industrial accidents, which caused death or prevented the injured workers from attending to work
for a period of forty eight hours or more, immediately following the injury. The Labour Bureau
receives data on injuries under the Factories Act, 1948 from the various States/UTs. During 2010
there were 1064 fatal and 10111 non fatal injuries.
Details of Fatal & Non-fatal accidents occurred in last five years are as follows:
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
No. of Factories
36221
39544
40906
42562
43261
No. of workers
1303548
1392764
1499731
1913480
2085938
Fatal Accident
213
218
217
225
183
Total Accident
3754
3312
3128
2765
2449
(B) Industrial injuries in Mines
Statistics relating to injuries to persons employed in Mines are published in the annual
report of the Directorate General of Mines Safety.
Fatal & Serious Injuries and Frequency Rates in All Mines submitting Returns under the
Mines Act, 1952
Year
No. of accidents
No. of Persons
Rate per 1000 persons
employed
Fatal
Serious
Killed
Seriously
Death rate
Serious
Injured $
injury rate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2008
134
769
166
829
0.30
1.51
2009
119
730
137
764
0.25
1.38
2010
156
541
218
579
0.39
1.05
2011
116
572
124
607
0.22
1.10
$ Seriously injured from fatal accidents also included
134
(C) Railways
There were 131 consequential train accidents in 2011-12 as compared to 139 (excluding 2
on Konkan Railway) in 2010-11. Train accidents per million train kilometres, an important index of
safety, came down from 0.14 in 2010-11 to 0.12 in 2011-12. During 2011-12 there were 100
passengers killed and 586 injured in train accidents as against 235 passengers killed and 358 injured
in 2010-11. Also, 17 railway employees killed and 19 injured during 2011-12 in train accidents as
against 8 and 20 railway employees killed and injured respectively in 2010-11.
(D) Ports and Docks
According to Regulation 91 of the Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare)
Regulations, 1990, a reportable accident is one which either causes loss of life to a worker or
disables him from work for more than 48 hours. However, a notice is required to be sent in all
cases when a worker is disabled from work for the rest of the day or shift. According to the above
Regulation, certain types of occurrences called dangerous occurrences are reportable within four
hours of the occurrence irrespective of the fact whether any injury is caused or not. In cases of
reportable accidents and dangerous occurrences the notice shall be confirmed within 72 hours of the
occurrence by submitting written report to the Inspector in Form XII of the Dock Workers (Safety,
Health and Welfare) Regulation 1990. During the year 2011, there were 94 reportable accidents in
all the Ports and Docks out of which 23 were fatal.
3. INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
Rapid increase in the use of sophisticated machinery and process plants in industry has
made it possible to eliminate certain physically extracting jobs but at the same time it has made
work in industry more risky. Workers‘ safety thus requires more attention. Proper precautionary
measures along with the inculcation of safety consciousness among workers can go a long way in
preventing industrial injuries.
(A) FACTORY ADVICE SERVICE
The Directorate General of Factory Advice Service & Labour Institutes, (DGFASLI) is an
attached office of the Ministry of Labour & Employment, Government of India and serves as a
technical arm to assist the Ministry in formulation of national policies on OSH in factories and
ports. It is responsible for coordination and implementation of the measures under the Factories
Act, 1948 by the State Governments and formulation of Model Rules there under. It is also
concerned with the administration of the Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act, 1986 in
respect of 12 major ports in the country. It undertakes research and consultancy studies in Industrial
Safety, Occupational Health, Industrial Hygiene, Industry Psychology and Industrial Physiology, in
addition to safety audits. It provides training to the Inspectors of Factories (Enforcement
Authorities) and various target groups from the factories including statutory long duration courses
for safety officers, factory medical officers and supervisors engaged in hazardous process
industries. These activities are carried out at the headquarters located at Mumbai and five Labour
Institutes at Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Kanpur & Faridabad. It‘s headquarters has (i) Factory
Advice Service Division and (ii) Dock Safety Division.
The Central Labour Institute at Mumbai and Regional Labour Institutes at Chennai,
Kanpur, and Kolkata are having professionals from various disciplines such as Engineering,
Management, Hygiene, Occupational Health, Industrial Physiology, Ergonomics, Industrial
Psychology, etc. These institutes have facilities for conducting research and consultancy studies in
various areas of safety and health in an integrated manner and arrive at practical solutions to the
problems. The Director General, DGFASLI is also Chief Inspector of Dock Safety under the Dock
Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act, 1986 in respect of major ports. Dock Safety
135
Inspectorates are established in all major ports. The Dock Safety Division at the headquarters
coordinates with the Dock Safety Inspectorates regarding enforcement activities and also for
bringing about amendments in statutes concerning dock work. DGFASLI assists the Ministry of
Labour & Employment, Government of India in the operation of National Safety Awards,
Vishwakarma Rashtriya Puraskar and Prime Ministers‘ Shram Awards. DGFASLI as a
coordinating agency with the State Governments, the Ministry of Labour and as agency having
interaction with the international bodies such as ILO, UNDP, WHO, etc. on the matters connected
with the occupational safety and health in the manufacturing sector and the port sector has a very
important role to play.
Safety in Factories
The Factories Act, 1948 is the principal legislation for regulating various aspects relating to
safety, health and welfare of workers employed in factories. This Act is a Central Enactment, which
aims at protecting workers employed in factories from industrial and occupational hazards. The
State Governments and Union Territory Administration frame their Rules under the Act and enforce
provisions of the Act and Rules through their Factory Inspectorates/ Directorates. The Ministry of
Labour and Employment is accountable to the Parliament for proper enforcement of the Act.
Uniformity in the application of the provisions of the Act in various States and Union Territories is
achieved by circulating the Model Rules prepared by DGFASLI, which are incorporated by them in
their State Factories rules with necessary modifications to suit local needs. In the task of framing
the Model Rules, the DGFASLI, on behalf of the Ministry of Labour and Employment, enlists the
cooperation and involvement of the State Government by convening annually a Conference of
Chief Inspectors of Factories (CIF). The Conference discusses at matters relating to the
administration of the Act as well as proposed amendments. Besides, the Conference also serves as a
forum of discussion of the progress made in the techniques and methods of prevention of accidents
and ill health in factories. The Model Rules are being upgraded in consultation with the CIFs. The
52nd Conference of Chief Inspectors of Factories was organized by the Directorate General Factory
Advice Service & Labour Institutes, Mumbai and hosted by the Govt. of Gujarat at Jamnager
during 23-25 May 2012.
Studies and Surveys
National Studies and Surveys are undertaken to ascertain status of working conditions and
standards of safety in select group of industries and operations. State level Studies and Surveys are
undertaken in the States in certain priority areas to ascertain status of Safety, Health and
Environment at work place. The unit level consultancy studies are carried out at the request of the
management and report are submitted for implementation of the recommendations for further
improvements.
Dock Safety
The Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act, 1986 was enacted in 1987. The Dock
Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Rules, 1989 and Regulations, 1990 were framed under this
Act. The Act and Regulations cover the safety, health & welfare aspects of dock workers engaged
in loading and unloading of cargo, including the work incidental to dock work. In addition, the
Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989, framed under the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 are also enforced by DGFASLI in the major Ports of India
through the Inspectorates of Dock Safety
Safety Awards
The DGFASLI on behalf of the Ministry of Labour and Employment has been
implementing the Vishwakarma Rashtriya Puraskar (VRP) (earlier known as Shram Vir National
136
Awards) and National Safety Awards Scheme since 1965. These schemes were modified in 1971,
1978 1nd again in 2007. The schemes presently in operation are as follows:
(i)
Vishwakarma Rashtriya Puruskar : It is aimed at giving recognition at the national level
to outstanding suggestions resulting in (i) higher productivity (ii) improvement in safety and
working conditions (iii) savings in foreign exchange (import substitution as well as quality and
safety of products) (iv) improvement in overall efficiency of the establishments. It covers workers
employed in factories, docks, construction sites and nuclear installations. Applications for the
awards under this scheme are invited every year and these are forwarded by the management on
behalf of the workers. There are five Class A, eight Class B and fifteen Class C awards, each
carrying cash prize of Rs.75,000/- Rs. 50,000 and Rs.25,000 respectively.
(ii)
National Safety Awards: National Safety awards are given in recognition of good safety
performance on the part of the industrial establishments registered under the Factories Act, 1948,
the employers covered under the Dock Worker (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act, 1986, and the
Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service)
Act, 1996 and installations under Atomic energy Regulatory Board (AERB). Shields and
Certificates are awarded to Winners and Runners up. Schemes I to X are meant for factories,
construction sites and nuclear installations under AERB and schemes XI and XIII are for ports.
(B)
SAFETY IN MINES
Since mining has many inherent hazards detailed provisions have been laid down in the
Mines Act, 1952 and Rules and Regulations framed there under to guard against dangers in mines.
These provisions are enforced by the Directorate General of Mines Safety, Ministry of Labour &
Employment. The DGMS located at Dhanbad also has the responsibility to see that the safety
statute is kept updated to absorb technical advancements as well as to make the same
comprehensive, practical and legally sound. Functions of the DGMS are inspection of mines,
investigation of all fatal/serious accidents, operations, approval of mines safety equipments,
appliances and material and conduct of examination for grant of statutory competency certificates,
safety promotional incentives including organization of National Safety Awards (Mines), National
Safety Conference and Safety Weeks and Campaigns. Under the Mines Act, 1952, the DGMS has
been vested with the power to issue improvement notices and prohibitory orders to restrict of
prohibit employment of persons in Mines or parts of Mines.
(C)
SAFETY IN RAILWAYS
There were 131 consequential train accidents in 2011-12 as compared to 139 (excluding 2
on Konkan Railway) in 2010-11. Train accidents per million train kilometres, an important index of
safety, came down from 0.14 in 2010-11 to 0.12 in 2011-12. Out of 131 accidents, 119 accidents
were due to ‗Human Failure‘, 6 were due to sabotages and 2 accidents were due to incidental
factors. Under safety measures various steps were taken by Indian Railways to prevent accidents.
Safety Action Plans were continually executed to reduce accidents caused by human errors. A
multi-pronged approach with focus on introduction of newer technologies, mechanization of
maintenance, early detection of flaws, etc. to reduce human dependence in the first place, alongwith
upgrading the skills of the human resources were the prime drivers for accident prevention.
Periodical safety audits of different Divisions by multidisciplinary teams of Zonal Railways as well
as inter-railway safety audits were conducted on regular basis. During 2011-12, 80 internal safety
audits and 30 inter-railway safety audits were carried out. Training facilities for drivers, guards and
staff connected with train operation have been upgraded. Disaster Management Modules have also
been upgraded. During 2011-12, 98,891 safety category employees attended refresher training.
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CHAPTER 8
LABOUR ADMINISTRATION
Labour administration is defined by ILO Convention No.150 as ―Public administration
activities in the field of national labour policy‖. In other words, Labour administration as a unit of
public administration bears major responsibility in respect of policies concerning labour. Although
popularly known as a unit of the national system for worker‘s welfare, labour administration is
meant for promoting economic growth with social justice. It contains features that promote
consensus in formatting, implementing and reviewing national policies and practices and ultimately
achieve inclusive growth. It is an essential tool at the disposal of government in fulfilling their
responsibilities towards social issues. Labour administration‘s effectiveness depends on a coherent
national labour policy, coordinated system of competent bodies, adequate human, financial and
other resources, integrated active participation of workers, employers and their respective
organizations. It must embody the principles of good governance like credibility of the policies,
transparency and accountability. The system of Labour administration covers all public bodies,
responsible for and/or engaged in labour administration – whether ministerial departments or
public agencies including parastatal and regional or local agencies or any other form of
decentralized administration and any institutional frame work for the coordination of the activities
of such bodies and for consultation with and participation by employees and workers and their
organizations.
Labour is a Concurrent subject under the Constitution of India and both the Central and
State Governments are competent to enact legislations subject to certain matters being reserved for
the Centre. The Ministry of Labour and Employment at the Centre is responsible for laying down
the norms and standards on matters like industrial relations, employment, cooperation between
labour and management, regulation of wages, conditions of work and safety, labour welfare, social
security of workers, etc., which appear in the Union and Concurrent Lists of the 7 th Schedule of the
Constitution of India. The implementation of labour policy is the responsibility of the State
Governments except in the case of labour employed in Railways, Mines, Oil Fields, Banking and
Insurance Companies having branches in more than one State, Major Ports and Central
Government Undertakings where the Central Government retains the responsibility in respect of
labour relations. The Central Government, however, coordinates the activities of the State
Governments in labour matters and tenders advice, as and when necessary. To implement the
legislative measures, administrative machinery exists both at Central and State levels. The
functions of each machinery are separately discussed below:
1. CENTRAL MACHINERY
Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India
The Ministry is responsible for










Labour policy (including wage policy) and legislation;
Safety, health and welfare of labour;
Social security of labour;
Policy relating to special target groups such as women and child labour;
Industrial relations and enforcement of labour laws in the Central Sphere;
Adjudication of industrial disputes through Central Government Industrial Tribunals-cum-Labour Courts
and National Industrial Tribunals;
Workers‘ Education;
Labour and Employment Statistics;
Employment Services and Vocational Training;
Administration of Central Labour & Employment Services; and
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
International Cooperation in Labour & Employment matters.
The Ministry of Labour and Employment comprises Main Secretariat, four attached offices, ten
subordinate offices, four autonomous Organisations, twenty two adjudicating bodies and one arbitration body.
These are detailed below:
I
ATTACHED OFFICES




II
Directorate General, Employment and Training, New Delhi
Office of the Chief Labour Commissioner (Central ), New Delhi
Directorate General Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes, Mumbai
Labour Bureau, Shimla/ Chandigarh
SUBORDINATE OFFICES


III
Directorate General, Mines Safety, Dhanbad
Nine Offices of the Welfare Commissioners; Allahabad, Bangalore, Ajmer, Bhubaneshwar, Kolkata,
Hyderabad, Jabalpur, Karma (Jharkhand) and Nagpur.
AUTONOMOUS ORGANISATIONS




IV
Employees‘ State Insurance Corporation, New Delhi
V.V.Giri National Labour Institute, Noida (U.P.)
Central Board for Workers‘ Education, Nagpur
Employees‘ Provident Fund Organisation, New Delhi
ADJUDICATING BODIES
Twenty two Central Industrial Tribunals-cum-Labour Courts have been set up under the
provision of Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 for adjudication of the industrial disputes in
organisations for which the Central Government is the appropriate Government.
V
ARBITRATION BODY
Board of Arbitration (Joint Consultative Machinery), New Delhi.
A brief description of the activities of the Ministry of Labour and Employment and its offices is given
below:
Ministry of Labour and Employment Main Secretariat
The Secretariat of the Ministry is the centre for consideration of all issues/matters concerning labour as
far as the Government of India is concerned. It is the Central Administrative Machinery for the formulation of
labour policy, enforcement of labour laws and for the promotion of labour welfare. The subjects allotted to the
Ministry under the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules are briefly described below: Part I. Union Subjects
1. In respect of Union Railways - Payment of wages, trade disputes, hours of work from employees
not covered by the Factories Act, and regulation of employment of children.
2. In respect of Docks - Regulation of safety, health and welfare measures concerning dock labour.
3. Regulation of labour and safety in mines and oilfields.
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Part II. Concurrent Subjects
4. Factories.
5. Welfare of Labour - Industrial, commercial and agricultural conditions of labour; provident
funds, family pensions, gratuity, employers' liability and workmen's compensation; health and
sickness insurance, including invalidity pensions, old age pensions, improvement of working
conditions in factories; canteens in industrial undertakings.
6. Unemployment Insurance.
7. Trade Union; industrial and labour disputes.
8. Labour statistics.
9. Employment and unemployment except rural employment and unemployment.
10. Vocational and technical training of craftsmen.
Part III. Additional Business for States of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura and Union
Territory of Delhi.
11. Items mentioned in Part II above.
Part IV. Incidental Business with Respect to any of the Matters Mentioned in Parts I, II And
III Above.
12. The implementing of treaties and agreements with other countries.
13. Jurisdiction and powers of all Central Government Industrial Tribunals/Labour Courts.
Part V. Miscellaneous Business
14. Employment Exchanges.
15. Schemes for training of instructors, craftsmen, technicians, and foreman at supervisory level,
both in India and abroad, apprentice training.
16. International Labour Organisation (ILO).
17. Tripartite Labour Conferences.
18. The War Injuries (Compensation Insurance) Act, 1943 (23 of 1943) and Scheme.
19. Administration of laws connected with safety and welfare in mines other than coal mines;
organisations of the Chief Inspector of Mines and Mica Mines Welfare.
20. Administration of the Indian Dock Labourers Act, 1934 and the Regulations made thereunder
and the Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Scheme, 1961 framed under the Dock
Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1948 (9 of 1948).
21. Administration of the Tea Districts Emigrant Labour (Repeal) Act, 1970 (50 of 1970) and the
Organisation of the Controller of Emigrant Labour.
22. *****
23. Administration of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (11 of 1948).
24. Administration of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 (34 of 1948), the Employees
Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 (19 of 1952) and the Payment of
Gratuity Act, 1972 (39 of 1972).
25. Administration of Labour Laws in central sphere undertakings.
26. Labour Statistics; Organisation of Director Labour Bureau.
27. Organisation of Chief Labour Commissioner and Constitution and administration of Central
Government Industrial Tribunal, Central Government Labour Courts, National Industrial
Tribunal.
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28. Organisation of Chief Advisor Factories, Staff Training Division, including Central Labour
Institute, Productivity and Training Within Industry Centres and Regional Museums of Safety,
Health and Welfare.
29. Plantation Labour and administration of the Plantations Labour Act, 1951 (69 of 1951).
30. Recruitment, posting, transfer and training of Central Government Labour Officers.
31. Administration of the Working Journalists and other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of
Service) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1955 (45 of 1955).
32. Schemes regarding workers' education.
33. Schemes regarding workers' participation in management.
34. Discipline in industry.
35. Constitution of Wage Boards for individual industries.
36. Regulation of working condition of motor transport workers.
37. Evaluation of the implementation of Labour Laws in the country.
38. Administration of laws relating to the working conditions and welfare of cinema workers and
cinema theatre workers.
39. Prime Minister Shram Awards, National Safety Awards (for Mines and Factories), Rashtriya
Viswakarma Puraskar.
40. The Building and other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of
Service) Act, 1996 (27 of 1996) and the Building and other Construction Workers Welfare Cess
Act, 1996 (28 of 1996).
41. Sales Promotion Employees (conditions of Service) Act, 1976 (11 of 1976).
Directorate General of Employment and Training (DGE&T)
The DGE&T is responsible for laying down the policies, standards, norms and guidelines in the area
of vocational training throughout the country and also for coordinating employment services. The main
activities of the DGE&T are given in Chapter 1, Sections 2 and 3.
Chief Labour Commissioner (Central)
The Organisation of the Chief Labour Commissioner (Central), or the Central Industrial Relations
Machinery (CIRM) as it is often referred to, performs various functions which, inter-alia, include prevention
and settlement of industrial disputes in industries, in respect of which the Central Government is the
‗appropriate Government‘ under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947; implementation of the settlements and
tribunal awards in the Central Sphere as also the recommendations of the Central Wage Board; administration
of various labour laws to the extent which their administration is a Central responsibility; verification of
membership of unions affiliated to Central Trade Union Organization of Workers and those operating in the
nationalized banks and the State Bank of India and its associated banks, Ports and Docks and under Code of
Discipline for the purpose of according representations in conferences/ committees/ ILO and of unions to
determine the representative character for recognition under Code of Discipline of the Union. It also undertakes
investigation into breaches of Code of Discipline.
The Chief Labour Commissioner (Central) is also responsible for the enforcement of labour laws, such
as the Payment of Wages Act, 1936, the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986; the Industrial
Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946; the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947; the Minimum Wages Act, 1948;
the Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1948; the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 in the Circus
Industry; Hours of Employment Regulation framed under the Railways Act, 1890; the Payment of Bonus Act,
1965; the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970; the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972; the Equal
Remuneration Act,1976 and the Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of
Service) Act,1979 in their application to establishments falling in the Central Sphere. Besides, the C.L.C. (C) is
also the implementing authority for Fair Wage Clause and MES Contract Labour Regulations. The CLC also
strives to simplify labour laws capable of protecting the interest of social partners and economy, as also to
141
secure social security measures for workmen in unorganized sector through umbrella legislation. It also
maintained a data bank at the national level relating to industrial relations, administration and enforcement of
labour laws with facilities of continuous updating through computer network across the country.
The Chief Labour Commissioner (Central) is the head of the Central Industrial Relations Machinery.
CIRM has a complement of 34 officers at the Head Quarters and 233 Officers in the field. The offices of these
Officers are spread over different parts of the country with zonal, regional and unit level formations.
Directorate General of Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes
Functions and activities of this organisation have been described in Section 3(A) of Chapter 7.
Labour Bureau
Until the Second World War, labour statistics were being collected on an ad-hoc basis, mostly as byproducts of administration. It was the inflationary pressure during the early period of the Second World War,
which gave rise to demands of workers for compensation in their wages. The Government of India, therefore,
decided to set up the Rau Court of Enquiry in 1940 under the Trade Disputes Act (1929) to recommend
statistical machinery for measuring movement in prices. The Rau Court of Enquiry recommended compilation
and maintenance of cost of living index numbers for measuring the rate of compensation to the workers for the
rise in cost of living. This recommendation led to the setting up of the Directorate of Cost of Living at Shimla in
1941. The need for more comprehensive labour statistics in the context of formulation of labour policy was also
felt thereafter and it was in this perspective that the Labour Bureau was set up in October 1946 by rechristening
the Directorate of Cost of Living with added functions.
Organisation
The two main wings of the Labour Bureau are at Chandigarh and at Shimla. It has four Regional
Offices, one each at Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Kolkata and Chennai with a Sub-Regional Office in Mumbai. The
organisation is headed by Director General, a Senior Administrative Grade Officer from the Indian Economic
Service (IES) and assisted by a team of dedicated professionals from the Indian Economic Service and the
Indian Statistical Service. The work relating to different aspects of Labour Statistics is attended to by its offices
in Chandigarh and Shimla. The Regional Offices mainly attend to the work of price audit so as to ensure
collection of reliable price data used for constructing the Consumer Price Index Numbers for Industrial
Workers. Training programs aimed at improving the quality of data sent by Govt. agencies under the various
Labour enactments are also organised by the Regional Offices.
Functions
The main functions of the Bureau are broadly categorised under the following six groups:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Construction and maintenance of Index Numbers;
Conducts surveys and studies on various categories and on various facets of labour;
Collection of data through a number of statutory and voluntary returns;
Bringing out publications;
Imparting training, and
Other activities.
Index Numbers: - Labour Bureau compiles following index numbers:(a)
CPI (IW) 2001=100 for factories, mines, plantations, railways, motor transport, electricity and ports
and dock workers at 78 centres spread throughout the length and breadth of the country.
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(b)
CPI (AL/RL) 1986-87=100 is being compiled for 20 States. Efforts are being made to up-date the
weighting diagram.
(c)
Retail Price Indices of 31 essential commodities for both rural and urban centres separately.
(d)
Wage Rate Index (1963-65=100) for 21 industries.
Surveys and Studies
Surveys and studies conducted by the Bureau provide a reliable data base on working and living
conditions of industrial and agricultural workers. The on-going projects of the Labour Bureau are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Working Class Family Income and Expenditure Survey (WCFIES);
Rural Labour Enquiry;
Occupational Wage Survey;
Annual Survey of Industries;
Socio-economic Survey of workers in (a) un-organised sector of industries (b) SC/ST workers (c)
women workers and (d) evaluation of minimum wages under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948
6. Employment-Unemployment Survey
7. Quick Employment Survey
Collection of Data
Labour Bureau also collects data on various facets of labour through statutory and voluntary returns.
Publications
Labour Bureau brings out the following publications regularly:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Indian Labour Journal-Monthly
Indian Labour Year Book-Annual
Indian labour Statistics-Annual
Pocket Book of Labour Statistics (Bi-lingual)-Annual
Statistics of Factories-Annual
Report on the working of Minimum Wages Act, 1948-Annual
Trade Unions in India-Biennial
Review of Industrial Disputes in India-Annual
Labour Statistics under the A.S.I.-Annual
Statistics on Closure, Retrenchment and Lay-Offs-Annual
Annual Report on Consumer Price Index Nos. for Industrial Workers.
Annual Report on Consumer Price Index Nos. for Agriculture and Rural Labourers
Wage Rates in Rural India
Report/Review on working of various Labour Acts.
In addition to these regular publications, Labour Bureau also brings out a number of other reports on
the basis of the data thrown up by the various surveys and studies conducted by it and other agencies.
Training
Apart from the regular training programmes being organised for (i) Price Collectors and Price
Supervisors from various States and Union Territories; (ii) senior officers dealing with labour statistics collected
under various labour laws, and (iii) the primary units furnishing the returns, Labour Bureau also imparts training
to (a) IES/ISS probationers deputed by their respective CCAs; (b) foreign participants of I.S.E.C, Kolkata,
sponsored by the C.S.O, and (c) other various participants.
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Other Activities
1.
2.
3.
Labour Bureau provides guidance with respect to conduct and compilation of Index Numbers to
the various State Governments/ UT Administrations.
It has in-house printing facilities, both at Shimla and Chandigarh.
Its Research Unit brings out two important publications viz. (i) Statistical Profile of Women
Labour, and (ii) Digest of Indian Labour Research.
Labour Bureau is the competent authority (Notification No. LWI-24 (3) dated 24th October, 1949)
under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 to ascertain, from time to time, the Consumer Price Index Numbers
applicable to employees employed in the Scheduled employments in respect of all undertakings in the Central
Sphere and the Union Territories. With a view to improving the quality and uniformity of the labour statistics
collected by various States and Central authorities, the Bureau maintains liaison with the concerned agencies.
Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS)
Directorate General of Mines Safety is entrusted with enforcement of provisions of the Mines Act,
1952 and the Rules and Regulations framed thereunder. The provisions of the Indian Electricity Act, 1910 as
applicable to mines and oil fields are also enforced by it,
The DGMS with its headquarters at Dhanbad and Zonal, Regional and Sub-regional offices spread
over the mining areas is responsible for inspection of mines, investigation into all fatal accidents and certain
serious accidents and dangerous occurrences and make recommendations for remedial measures to prevent
recurrence of similar mishaps. With a view to ensuring enforcement of necessary safety measures in mines,
inspections and enquiries are carried out by the inspecting officers. DGMS has been vested with powers to issue
improvement notices and prohibitory orders to restrict or prohibit employment of persons in mines or part of
mines in cases where such employment is considered as dangerous. It issues circulars to the mining industry on
occupational safety and health matters. To ensure that only competent persons are appointed as mine managers,
surveyors, overmen, foremen, etc., the Board of Mining under the Chairmanship of Director General of Mines
Safety periodically conducts examinations and issues certificates of competency.
Offices of Welfare Commissioners
The nine offices of the Welfare Commissioners are responsible for providing welfare services to the
workers employed in mica, limestone and dolomite, iron ore, manganese and chrome ore mines and in the
beedi and cinema industries. These offices are located at Allahabad, Bangalore, Ajmer, Bhubaneshwar,
Kolkata, Hyderabad, Jabalpur, Karma (Jharkhand) and Nagpur.
Central Government Industrial Tribunal-cum-Labour Courts (CGITs)
There are Twenty-two Central Government Industrial Tribunal-cum-Labour Courts dealing with
industrial disputes in the Central Sphere. Of these, two each are located at Dhanbad, Mumbai, New Delhi and
Chandigarh and one each at Kolkata, Jabalpur, Kanpur, Nagpur, Lucknow, Bangalore, Jaipur, Chennai,
Hyderabad, Bhubaneswar, Ahmedabad, Ernakulam, Asansol and Guwahati. The services of the State
Tribunals are also utilized by the Central Government where no CGIT-cum Labour Court is in existence.
Office of the Chairman, Board of Arbitration
The Scheme of Joint Consultative Machinery and Compulsory Arbitration was introduced by the
Ministry of Labour in 1966 for resolving differences between the Government as an employer and the general
body of its employees. The Scheme provides for compulsory arbitration on pay and allowances, weekly hours
of work and leave of a class or grade of employees. The Board of Arbitration (JCM) set up under the scheme in
1968 consists of a Chairman and two other members. The Chairman is a full-time functionary. The Ministry of
Labour and Employment appoints the other members at the time of referring the dispute to the Board of
Arbitration out of a panel of members both from the staff side as well as from the official side maintained by it.
144
National Safety Council
The National Safety Council (NSC), set up by the Ministry of Labour and Employment on 4th March,
1966 is an independent, non-profit making and autonomous society. The management and control of affairs of
the Council are vested in the tripartite Board of Governors. The National Safety Council generates, develops
and sustains a voluntary movement of safety, health and environment at the national level. To achieve this
objective, the council conducts a variety of educational, training, promotional and consultancy activities. These
activities include specialized public training courses, seminars and conferences on Industrial safety and health.
Further, the council conducts safety consultancy services, safety audits and technical advice-cum-information
services.
Central Board for Workers’ Education
The Central Board for Workers‘ Education, sponsored by the Ministry of Labour and Employment,
Government of India, is a tripartite society established in 1958 to undertake workers‘ education activities. The
Board comprises of the Representatives of Central Organisation of Workers, Central Organisations of
Employers, Central and State Governments, University Grants Commission and Indian Adult Education
Association. The Headquarters of the Board is located at Nagpur. The Board has set up an apex level Training
Institute at Mumbai known as Indian Institute of Workers‘ Education in 1970 to conduct national level training
programmes. It operates through 50 Regional Directorates and 9 Sub Regional Directorates. The Board has six
Zonal Directorates at Delhi, Guwahati, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Bhopal to monitor and supervise the
activities of the Regional Centers in their respective zones.
V. V. Giri National Labour Institute
The V.V.Giri National Labour Institute (NLI) aims at undertaking, promoting and coordinating
research on labour issues. The General Council, the apex governing body of the Institute, with Union Labour
and Employment Minister as its President, lays down the broad policy parameters for the functioning of the
Institute. The Executive Council with Secretary (Labour and Employment) as Chairman monitors and guides
the activities of the Institute. Both the General Council and Executive Council are tripartite in nature and
consists of members representing the government, trade union federation, employers‘ associations and also
eminent scholars and practitioners in the field of labour. Director General of the Institute is the Principal
Executive and is responsible for management and administration. Director is aided in the day to day functioning
by a faculty consisting of professionals representing a wide range of disciplines and supported by administrative
staff.
The Institute's vision, mission and mandate place Research at the forefront of core activities, and it
occupies a primary place in the activities of the Institute. The subject of research comprises a broad spectrum of
labour related issues and problems in both the organized and the organized sectors. While deciding the topics of
research, care is taken to identify subjects and issues of topical concern and relevance to policy formulation. The
Institute continues to place great emphasis on the problems and issues of labour in unorganized and organised
sectors in general and the more disadvantaged among these such child labour, women labour and rural labour in
particular. Research activities also explore the basic needs of different groups of trainees such as trade union
leaders and organizers in both organized and unorganized sectors, managers of public and private sectors,
labour administrators and volunteers of non-governmental organizations.
Employees’ Provident Fund Schemes
The Employees‘ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 provides for contributory
provident fund, family pension and deposit linked insurance schemes. All the three schemes, namely the
Employees‘ Provident Funds Scheme, 1952; the Employees‘ Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme, 1976 and the
Employees‘ Pension Scheme, 1995 are administered by the Central Board of Trustees which is a Tripartite
body. The Central Provident Fund Commissioner is the Chief Executive Officer of the Organisation and is exofficio member of the Board.
145
Employees’ State Insurance Corporation
The ESI Corporation is responsible for implementation of the Employees State Insurance Act 1948,
which provides for medical care and treatment to insured persons and their families. Assistance is given in terms
of benefits during sickness and maternity, compensation for employment related injury, pensions for
dependents on the death of workers due to employment related injury, etc.
2. STATE MACHINERY
All the States and Union Territories have set up organisations for the administration and enforcement
of the various labour laws which are in force within their territories and for the collection, compilation and
dissemination of statistical and other information relating to labour. All of them have appointed labour
commissioners for the purposes of administration of labour laws and welfare activities in their respective areas.
All States have appointed Chief Inspectors of Factories and Chief Inspectors of Boilers to administer the
Factories Act, 1948 and the Indian Boilers Act, 1923 respectively. Commissioners for workmen‘s
compensation under the Workmen‘s Compensation Act, 1923 and Registrars of Trade Unions under the Trade
Unions Act, 1926 have also been appointed in all the States. The Labour Commissioner often combines the
functions of various officers enumerated above. In certain States, special machinery has been set up for the
collection of labour statistics while in others the above authorities are performing these duties as well.
Competent authorities have been appointed by various State Governments under the Minimum Wages Act,
1948 to ascertain from time to time fixation and revision of minimum wages for persons covered by the
scheduled employments. Labour Bureau is the competent authority in respect of the Union Territories and
Central Sphere undertakings.
Apart from the statistics and information collected on statutory basis, ad-hoc enquiries are conducted
by some of the State Governments for collection of special data relating to particular problems of current
interest. The results are published in the form of annual reviews or in the journals published by the State
Governments.
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CHAPTER 9
LABOUR LEGISLATION
The term Labour Legislation is used to cover all the laws which have been enacted to deal
with the employment and non-employment wages, working conditions, industrial relations, social
security and welfare of persons employed in industries. In a planned economy like ours, organized
industry calls for the spirit of cooperation and mutual dependence for attaining the common
purpose of greater, better and cheaper production. Since this has not been happening willingly, the
need for State intervention becomes essential so as to protect workers against oppression, enforce
social insurance and labour welfare schemes as individual worker is economically weak and has
little bargaining power. Keeping in view the dark reality on the ground, the framers of the Indian
Constitution, in their wisdom had, therefore, rightly placed the subject of labour in the Concurrent
List so that the Union of India as well as the State Governments could administer all the matters
relating to the subject of labour. The Legislatures, both at the Central and States level, are
responsible for carrying out the welfare of the labour. The objectives of Labour Legislation are
two-fold viz.,
(1) to improve the service conditions of industrial labour so as to provide for them the
ordinary amenities of life and by that process
(2) bring about industrial peace which could in its turn accelerate productive activity of
the country resulting in its prosperity.
This chapter gives a brief description of salient features of some important labour laws and
amendments carried thereto.
1. FACTORIES
The Factories Act, 1948
The main objective of the Act is to ensure adequate health, safety and welfare measures of
the workers employed in factories. The Act extends to whole of India and applies to all
establishments employing 10 or more workers where power is used and to establishments
employing 20 or more workers where power is not used. The State Governments are, however,
empowered to apply the provisions of the Act to any premises, irrespective of the employment
therein, where manufacturing process is carried on with or without the aid of power except where
the work is done by the worker solely with the help of the members of his family.
For the purpose of enforcement of various provisions of the Act, the State Governments
appoint persons with the prescribed qualifications as Inspector/Certifying Surgeons in respect of
the local limits assigned to each of them. In addition every District Magistrate is the Inspector for
his district. The Inspector possesses wide powers such as those relating to entry into the factory,
inspection of premises, plant and machinery, making on the spot enquiries requiring production of
documents, etc., for effective enforcement of the Act. The duties of the Certifying Surgeons are to
examine young persons, etc., engaged in hazardous occupations or processes and to conduct
periodical examination of all persons engaged in hazardous occupations in factories and to exercise
general medical supervision. Uniformity in the administration of the Act in various states is sought
to be achieved through the Model Rules framed under the relevant provisions of the Act by the
Directorate General of Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI), which is an
attached office of the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India. In the task of
framing the Model rules and achieving uniformity in the standards of enforcement, the DGFASLI,
on behalf of the Ministry of Labour and Employment, enlists the co-operation and involvement of
the State Governments by convening annually a Conference of the Chief Enforcement Authorities
of the State Governments under the Factories Act to discuss all matters relating to the
administration of the Act as well as amendments to the provisions, if any, under the Act and the
Rules. Significant amendments were carried out to the provisions of the Act during 1954 and 1976.
147
During the year 1987 the Act was further amended under the title ―Factories (Amendment)
Act, 1987‖. Besides amendments in various Sections of the Principal Act, the amending Act
omitted Section 100 of the Principal Act, inserted Sections 7A, 7B, 87A, 96A, 104A, 106A, 111A
and 118A, substituted Sections 36 and 38 by new sections, inserted a new Chapter IV-A as well as
two new schedules. Section 70 has been amended so that no female adolescent or a male
adolescent, who has not attained the age of 17 years but has been granted a certificate of fitness to
work as an adult, shall be required or allowed to work in any factory except between 6 A.M. and 7
P.M. The State Government may vary the limits but not so as to allow to work between 10 P.M.
and 5 A.M. for any female adolescent. These provisions are not applicable in cases of serious
emergency where national interest is involved. No female child shall be allowed to work in any
factory except between 8.A. M. and 7 P. M.
The Factories (Amendment) Bill, 2003 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 29th July, 2003.
It proposed to amend section 66 of the Factories Act, 1948 so as to provide flexibility in the matter
of employment of women during night with adequate safeguards for their safety, dignity, honour
and transportation from the factory premises to the nearest point of their residence. The Bill was
referred to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour & Welfare for examination. The
committee in its report had approved the amendment in the Factories Act, 1948 provided the
government took some extra safeguards, in addition to the safeguards already available under the
provision to Section 66. However, due to dissolution of 13th Lok Sabha the Bill lapsed.
Subsequently, the Factories (Amendment) Bill, 2005 has been introduced in the Lok Sabha on 16th
August, 2005. Some official amendments have been introduced to the Factories (Amendment) Bill,
2005 in order to providing for adequate safeguards, such as provision of shelters, rest-rooms,
lunch-rooms, night crèches, ladies toilets, adequate protection of women worker‘s dignity, honour,
safety protection from sexual harassment and transportation from the factory premises to the
nearest point of their residence. Provision for consultation with and obtaining the consent of the
women worker, their representative Organisation, the employer, their representatives and
representative organizations of workers of the concerned factory has also been made.
Inspections
Table 9.01 (A) and 9.01 (B) shows the number of factories on register, number of factories
inspected and percentage of factories inspected to the number of factories registered in various
States/Union Territories during the year 2009 & 2010 respectively.
148
Table 9.01 (A)
Number of Factories on Register, Number of Factories Inspected and Percentage of Factories Inspected
to Factories Registered in various States/ Union Territories during the year 2009
Sl.
State/Union
No. of Factories on Register No. of Factories
% of Factories Inspected to
No.
Territory
at the end of the year
Inspected
Factories Registered
1
2
3
4
5
1
Andhra Pradesh
43175
4975
11.52
2
Assam
3946
655
16.60
3
Bihar
7000
2411
34.44
4
Goa
720
82
11.38
5
Haryana
10378
1482
14.28
6
Maharashtra
40969
..
..
7
Manipur
944
189
20.02
8
Meghalaya
130
16
12.31
9
Odhisha
3192
1926
60.34
10
Punjab
17618
680
3.86
11
Rajasthan
11600
5619
48.44
12
Tripura
1626
1313
80.75
13
Uttarakhand
2410
190
7.88
14
Uttar Pradesh
..
..
..
15
A&N Islands
42
15
35.71
16
Chandigarh
472
17
Delhi
8525
..
..
Total
152747
19585
12.82
Sl.
No.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
N. B.
Table 9.01 (B)
Number of Factories on Register, Number of Factories Inspected and Percentage of Factories
Inspected to Factories Registered in various States/ Union Territories during the year 2010
State/Union
No. of Factories on Register
No. of Factories
% of factories Inspected to
Territory
at the end of the year
Inspected
Factories Registered
2
3
4
5
Andhra Pradesh
44783
7185
16.04
Assam
3946
713
18.07
Bihar
7822
2336
29.86
Chhattisgarh
4010
579
14.44
Goa
713
53
7.43
Gujarat
36179
12220
33.78
Haryana
10618
2692
25.35
Jharkhand
11608
8932
76.95
Kerala
20715
..
..
Maharashtra
42001
..
..
Manipur
975
192
19.69
Meghalaya
137
34
24.82
Nagaland
555
152
27.39
Odhisha
3323
2380
16.22
Punjab
17748
2089
11.77
Rajasthan
11921
5755
48.28
Tamil Nadu
38910
27288
70.13
Tripura
1747
1121
64.17
West Bengal
15498
Chandigarh
472
6
1.27
Puducherry
2784
1714
61.57
Total
276465
75441
27.29
Source: Annual Returns under the Factories Act, 1948
(i)
The Factories Act, 1948 is not applicable in four States/U.Ts. namely Arunachal Pradesh,
Lakshdweep, Mizoram and Sikkim.
(ii)
Information is not received from the remaining States/Union Territories
(iii)
.. = Not available
(iv) - Nil
149
Convictions
Details of Offences committed and number of convictions obtained by the Inspectorate
staff for offences under the Act in the various States/ Union Territories during the year 2009 &
2010 are given in Table 9.02 (A) and 9.02 (B) respectively.
Table 9.02(A)
Convictions obtained during the year 2009 for offences under the Factories Act, 1948.
Sl.
No.
State/Union
Territory
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
2
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Haryana
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Odhisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tripura
Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh
A&N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Total
No. of Convictions obtained for offences relating to
Employment
and Hours of
Work
3
156
3716
5
..
..
..
..
32
28
..
2
..
3939
Notices,
Registers
and
Returns
4
96
67
..
..
..
..
167
7
8
..
..
345
Safety
Provisions
5
170
11
3
..
..
..
..
27
33
9
..
..
253
Health
Sanitation
including
Welfare
6
60
9
1
..
..
..
..
28
4
8
..
..
110
Others
7
250
6
..
..
..
..
8
29
..
..
293
Total
Convictions
8
732
3803
15
..
..
..
..
21
262
101
25
..
2
..
4961
Table 9.02(B)
Convictions obtained during the year 2010 for offences under the Factories Act, 1948.
Sl.
No.
State/Union
Territory
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
2
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jharkhand
Kerala
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Nagaland
Odhisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
West Bengal
Chandigarh
Puducherry
Total
N. B.
No. of Convictions obtained for offences relating to
Employment
Notices,
Safety
Health
and Hours of Registers
Provisions
Sanitation
Work
and
including
Returns
Welfare
3
4
5
6
..
..
..
..
11602
61
15
10
14
52
49
11
3
1
2
327
23
112
6
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
15
1107
35
65
43
24
25
26
13
115
674
1099
81
3
12
7
..
..
..
..
5
13192
873
1399
173
Others
Total
Convictions
7
8
..
50
343
..
..
..
37
2752
..
3
3185
..
11688
176
6
811
..
..
..
15
1250
125
4721
22
..
8
18822
Source: Annual Returns under the Factories Act, 1948
(i)
The Factories Act, 1948 is not applicable in four States/U.Ts. namely Arunachal Pradesh,
Lakshdweep, Mizoram and Sikkim.
(ii)
Information is not received from the remaining States/Union Territories
(iii)
.. = Not available
(iv) - Nil
150
2. MINES
The Mines Act, 1952
The Mines Act, 1952 extends to the whole of India. It aims at providing for safe and proper
working conditions in mines and certain amenities to the workers employed therein. The Act
prescribes the duties of the owner to manage mines and mining operation and the health and safety
in mines. It also prescribes the number of working hours in mines, the minimum wage rates, and
other related matters. The Act is administered by the Ministry of Labour and Employment through
the Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS). DGMS conducts inspections and inquiries,
issues competency tests for the purpose of appointment to various posts in the mines, organises
seminars/conferences on various aspects of safety of workers. The mission of DGMS is to reduce
the risk of occupational diseases and injury to persons employed in mines and to continually
improve safety and health standards, practices and performance in the mining industry. Table 9.03
presents the number of inspections and inquiries carried out during the years 1998 to 2011.
Year
Table 9.03
Year-wise Number of Inspections and Inquiries
No. of Inspections
No. of Inquiries
Metal
Oil
Total
Coal
Metal
Oil
3
4
5
6
7
8
Total
9
Grand
Total
10
1
Coal
2
1998
4752
2539
166
7457
1127
398
29
1554
9011
1999
6106
3061
198
9365
1319
483
26
1828
11193
2000
5642
3614
245
9501
1163
325
26
1514
11015
2001
5410
2908
229
8547
1148
418
51
1617
10164
2002
5667
2856
269
8792
1022
402
30
1454
10246
2003
5574
3247
246
9067
966
427
13
1406
10473
2004
5214
2983
228
8425
834
436
08
1278
9703
2005
5247
3107
295
8649
933
372
30
1335
9984
2006
4192
2630
219
7041
951
338
27
1316
8357
2007
4330
2309
183
6822
796
380
24
1200
8022
2008
4614
2838
216
7668
840
417
24
1281
8949
2009
4404
3325
250
7979
899
372
52
1323
9302
2010
3732
3375
332
7439
1004
430
50
1484
8923
2011
3452
3681
283
7416
726
434
78
1306
8722
Source: Annual Report of the Ministry of Labour & Employment, 2012-13
151
3. PLANTATIONS
The Plantations Labour Act, 1951
The Plantations Labour Act was enacted in 1951 to secure welfare of labour in plantations
and to prevent their exploitations by regulating their conditions of work. The Act applies to the
whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
The Act was first amended in 1960 to enable the State Governments to extend all or any of
the provisions of the Act to any land used or intended to be used for growing any plantation even if
it measured less than 10.117 hectares and employment is less than 30 persons. It was again
amended in 1981 to extend the provisions of the Act to such land, which was used or intended to be
used for growing tea, coffee, rubber, cinchona, cocoa, oil palm and cardamom which measure 5
hectares or more and employed 15 or more persons on any day of the preceding 12 months. The
Act has been amended further in 2010 to change the definition of ‗employer‘, ‗family‘ and
‗worker‘ and to add a new chapter to provide safety and avoid risk. The amendment was notified
on 18.05.2010 and made effective from 1.06.2010.
The enforcement of the Act is the responsibility of the respective State Governments,
which may appoint a Chief Inspector of Plantations together with such ancillary staff as may be
needed. The average daily employment in various plantations by States and by Sex has been shown
in Table 9.04 (a) and 9.04 (b) whereas the number of inspections made, prosecutions launched and
convictions obtained are presented in Table 9.05 (a) and 9.05 (b).
Table 9.04 (a)
Plantation-wise Average Daily Employment in different States/Union Territories during 2009
Sl. No
State/Union
Territory
Plantations
Number of
Plantations
submitted
returns
1.
2.
3.
4.
Average Daily Employment
Men
Women
Total
5.
6.
7.
Percentage
of women
workers
employed
8.
1.
Assam
Tea
644
2,17,091
2,31,956
4,49,047
52
2.
Himachal
Pradesh
Karnataka
Tea
14
76
97
173
56
6
249
97
352
70
84
122
76
4
22
378
230
294
37
10
571
870
4,636
926
6,432
17,688
668
6,357
578
484
562
26,337
14,803
2,125
2,010
35
18,973
1,199
7,678
1,228
10,105
21,425
923
3,812
984
203
635
27,982
26,082
3,945
937
48
31,012
2,069
12,314
2,154
16,537
39,113
1,591
10,169
1,562
687
1,197
54,319
40,885
6,070
2,947
83
49,985
58
62
57
61
55
58
37
63
30
53
52
64
65
32
58
62
3.
4.
Kerala
5.
Tamil Nadu
Tea
Coffee
Rubber
Cardamom
Total
Tea
Coffee
Rubber
Cardamom
Cocoa
Palm Oil
Other Mixed
Total
Tea
Coffee
Rubber
Cardamom
Total
152
Sl. No
State/Union
Territory
Plantations
6.
Tripura
Tea
Rubber
Total
Tea
7.
Uttarakhand
8.
West Bengal
Tea
Cinchona
Total
9.
A & N Islands
Total All-India
Rubber
Tea
Coffee
Rubber
Cardamom
Palm Oil
Cinchona
Other Mixed
All Plantations
Number of
Plantations
submitted
returns
30
32
62
7
Average Daily Employment
Men
Women
Total
Percentage
of women
workers
employed
67
48
61
69
2,802
2,035
4,837
263
5,573
1,869
7,442
585
8,375
3,904
12,279
848
212
2
214
82,351
1,011
83,362
97,454
722
98,176
1,79,805
1,733
1,81,538
54
42
54
3
1,213
627
291
86
4
2
22
2,245
272
3,35,944
7,429
11,600
613
484
1,011
562
3,57,643
88
3,84,371
12,546
7,934
1,032
203
722
635
4,07443
360
7,20,315
19,975
19,534
1,645
687
1,733
1,197
7,65,086
24
53
63
41
63
30
42
53
53
Table 9.04 (b)
Plantation-wise Average Daily Employment in different States/Union Territories during 2010
Sl.
No
State/Union
Territory
Plantations
Number of
Plantations
submitted
returns
1.
2.
3.
4.
Average Daily Employment
Men
Women
Total
5.
6.
7.
Percentage
of women
workers
employed
8.
1.
Assam
Tea
608
1,89,512
2,26,857
4,16,369
54
2.
Tea
14
69
129
198
65
3.
Himachal
Pradesh
Karnataka
4.
Kerala
5.
Tripura
9
233
101
343
77
85
167
75
4
26
434
35
25
60
587
4,378
789
5,754
18,288
683
6,395
580
484
574
27,004
3,710
1,875
5,585
748
6,926
1,067
8,741
21,650
929
3,819
972
202
661
28,233
5,697
1,065
6,762
1,335
11,304
1,856
14,495
39,938
1,612
10,214
1,552
686
1,235
55,237
9,407
2,940
12,347
56
61
57
60
54
58
37
63
29
54
51
61
36
55
Tea
Coffee
Rubber
Cardamom
Total
Tea
Coffee
Rubber
Cardamom
Cocoa
Palm Oil
Other Mixed
Total
Tea
Rubber
Total
153
Sl.
No
State/Union
Territory
6.
West Bengal
7.
A & N Islands
Total All-India
- =
All Plantations
Nil
Plantations
Number of
Average Daily Employment
Percentage
Plantations
of women
Men
Women
Total
submitted
workers
returns
employed
Tea
191
73,043
89,705 1,62,748
55
Cinchona
2
980
773
1,753
44
Total
193
74,023
90,478 1,64,501
55
Rubber
3
272
88
360
24
Tea
934
2,85,209
3,44,786 6,29,995
55
Coffee
318
5,061
7,855
12,916
61
Rubber
296
9,331
6,039
15,370
39
Cardamom
75
580
972
1,552
63
Palm Oil
4
484
202
686
29
Cinchona
2
980
773
1,753
44
Other Mixed
26
574
661
1,235
54
1,655
3,02,219
3,61,288 6,63,507
54
Source: Annual Returns/Reports under the Plantations Labour Act, 1951.
Table 9.05 (a)
State-Wise Number of Inspections Made, Prosecutions Launched and Convictions Obtained in Various
Plantations during 2009 under Plantations Labour Act, 1951
State/Union Territory
1
Number of
inspections
made
2
Number of
prosecutions
launched
3
Number of
convictions
obtained
4
Amount of fine
realised (in Rs.)
5
1,135
39
-
-
5
-
-
-
Karnataka
213
-
-
-
Kerala
622
16
5
8,500
Tamil Nadu
784
475
26
8,650
Tripura
-
-
-
-
Uttrakhand
-
-
-
-
West Bengal
59
332
55
27,500
A & N Islands
..
..
..
..
2,818
862
86
44,650
Assam
Himachal Pradesh
Total
154
Table 9.05 (b)
State-Wise Number of Inspections Made, Prosecutions Launched and Convictions Obtained in Various
Plantations during 2010 under Plantations Labour Act, 1951
State/Union Territory
1
Number of
inspections
made
2
Number of
prosecutions
launched
3
Number of
convictions
obtained
4
Amount of
fine realised
(in Rs.)
5
1140
32
-
-
7
1
-
-
Karnataka
360
2
-
-
Kerala
672
13
2
2,100
Tripura
-
-
-
-
West Bengal
53
363
37
18,500
A & N Islands
..
..
..
..
2,232
411
39
20,600
Assam
Himachal Pradesh
Total
-
= Nil
.. = Information not received
4. TRANSPORT
(a)
The Railways Act, 1989
The Railways Act, 1989 replaced the earlier Act of 1890. Each section of the centuries old
Act had been reviewed, redundant sections deleted, new sections added and existing sections
amended as necessary. The Railways Act, 1989 was introduced in Lok Sabha in 1986. The bill was
referred to a Joint Select Committee of both houses. The Railways Bill 1989 after passing by both
houses became an Act on July 1, 1990. The act contains provisions regarding Railway
Administration, Commissioners of Railway Safety, Construction and Maintenance of Work,
Opening of Railways, Railway Rates Tribunal, Carriage of Passengers, Carriage of goods,
Responsibilities of Railway Administration as Carriers, Accidents, Liability of Railway
Administration for Death and injury to passengers due to accidents, Regulation of hours of work
and period of rest, Penalties and Offences etc.
(b)
The Dock Workers’ (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1948
The Act mainly seeks to eliminate hardships caused to the dock workers on account of the
casual nature of their employment and fluctuating volume of work in the ports. The Act, empowers
the Central Government in the case of major ports, and the State Government in the case of other
ports, to frame schemes for the registration of dock workers and employers not only to ensure
greater regularity of employment but also to regulate the employment of dock workers, whether
registered or not, in a port. The Act was amended in March, 1962 and August, 1970. The main
provisions of the amending Act, of 1962 related to (i) registration of employers and imposition of a
registration fee on them; (ii) constitution of a tripartite Dock Labour Board; (iii) inquiry into their
working and powers to supersede a Board in certain contingencies; (iv) representation of shipping
155
on the Dock Workers Advisory Committee set up under Section 5 of the Act. One of the two
amendments carried out by the amending Act of 1970 relates to amendment of Section 3 of the
main Act extending the welfare facilities provided under the Act to the officers and other staff of
the Dock Labour Boards and the other relates to amendment of Section 7 of the Act by insertion of
a new Section ‗7-A‘ relating to offences by companies. Under the new Section, the Director,
Manager, Secretary, etc., of the Company shall be deemed to be the guilty of the offence or
abatement committed by any person in a company (including a firm or other associations of
individuals) and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
(c)
The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958, superseded the earlier enactment, viz., the Indian
Merchant Shipping Act, 1923 with a view to consolidate the earlier enactments relating to the
merchant shipping and to regulate various matters, connected therewith. The main object of the
legislation was to foster the development and to ensure the efficient maintenance of an Indian
Mercantile Marine in a manner best suited to serve the national interest and for that purpose
establish a National Shipping Board and a Shipping Development Fund and to provide for the
registration of Indian Ships. The provisions of the Act are applicable to all ships, irrespective of
their locations which are registered in India or which, in terms of the Act, are required to be so
registered.
So far as the safety of life and property at sea is concerned, the Act embodies the
requirement of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1948. A new Convention,
viz., the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1960 was, however, adopted on
June 17, 1960 in suppression of the earlier convention in the light of experience of various
countries during the intervening period. For implementation of the provisions of the new
Convention, the Merchant Shipping Act was amended in 1966 incorporating certain amendments to
the extent the 1960 Convention deviated from the 1948 Convention.
(d)
The Motor Transport Workers’ Act, 1961
Object and Scope
The Act was passed in May, 1961 and came into force in all the States/Union Territories
before March 31,1962 except in Pondicherry where the Act was enforced on 1st October, 1963, Goa
on 1st February, 1966, Union Territory of Chandigarh on 1st November, 1966, and in the State of
Jammu and Kashmir on 1st November, 1971. The object of the Act is to provide for the welfare of
Motor Transport Workers and to regulate the conditions of their work. It applies to every motor
transport undertaking employing five or more motor transport workers. The Act makes it
obligatory for every employer of a motor transport undertaking to which this Act applies, to have
the undertaking registered under the Act.
Main Provisions
The main provisions of the Act, inter-alia, relate to (i) welfare and health; (ii) hours of
work; (iii) employment of young persons; and (iv) wages, payment of overtime and leave etc.
Table 9.06 (a) and 9.06 (b) shows the number of registered motor transport undertakings and
employment therein according to the normal daily hours of work during the year 2009 and 2010.
156
Table 9.06 (a)
Number of Registered Motor Transport Undertakings Submitting Returns
and Employment therein during 2009
State/Union Territory
No. of Motor Transport
Average Daily No. of
Undertakings submitting returns
Workers Employed.
1. Andhra Pradesh
1520
9087
2. Assam
13384
24331
3. Bihar
167
409
4. Chhattisgarh
218
2824
5. Goa
10
2054
6. Gujarat
28
1387
7. Haryana
26
5641
8. Himachal Pradesh
62
5466
9. Kerala
55
239
10. Meghalaya
4310
8620
11. Orissa
19
272
12. Punjab
43
5591
13. Rajasthan
38
567
14. Tamil Nadu
1720
103497
15. Tripura
1730
4929
16. Uttarakhand
163
1111
17. Chandigarh
6
411
Total
23,499(26.65)
1,76,436
Table 9.06 (b)
Number of Registered Motor Transport Undertakings Submitting Returns
and Employment therein during 2010
State/Union Territory
No. of Motor Transport
Average Daily No. of
Undertakings submitting returns
Workers Employed.
1. Andhra Pradesh
2222
9839
2. Assam
15921
25187
3. Bihar
150
3256
4. Chhattisgarh
246
788
5. Goa
10
2468
6. Gujarat
34
3238
7. Haryana
23
2109
8. Himachal Pradesh
58
5087
9. Karnataka
150
51033
10. Kerala
129
138
11. Meghalaya
4589
9178
12. Orissa
26
328
13. Punjab
40
4316
14. Tamil Nadu
1886
121116
15. Tripura
1032
4934
157
State/Union Territory
16. Uttar Pradesh
17. Uttarakhand
18. West Bengal
19. Chandigarh
20. Puducherry
Total
No. of Motor Transport
Undertakings submitting returns
291
178
60
5
116
27,166(27.13)
Average Daily No. of
Workers Employed.
6965
1191
1284
332
1583
2,54,370
Note: Others States / Union Territories did not submit the returns for 2009 and 2010.
Source: Annual Returns/Reports under the Motor Transport Workers act, 1961.
Enforcement
The Inspectorates in various States/Union Territories carry out inspections of the
Undertaking to detect infringement of the provisions of the Motor Transport Workers‘ Act.
Information relating to the number of inspections made and prosecutions launched during the year
2009 and 2010 is presented in Table 9.07 (a) and 9.07 (b).
Table 9.07 (a)
Inspections Made, Prosecutions Launched, Convictions Obtained and Amount of
Fine Realized during 2009 under the Motor Transport Workers act, 1961
State/Union Territory
1
1. Andhra Pradesh
2. Assam
3. Bihar
4. Chhattisgarh
5. Goa
6. Gujarat
7. Haryana
8. Himachal Pradesh
9. Kerala
10. Meghalaya
11. Orissa
12. Punjab
13. Rajasthan
14. Tamil Nadu
15. Tripura
16. Uttarakhand
17. Chandigarh
Total
No. of
Prosecutions
Inspections No. of cases No. of
No. of
No. of
made
pending
fresh
cases in
cases
at the cases filed which acquitted
commence- during the conviction
ment
year
obtained
of the year
2
6837
25668
947
572
6
17
378
24
2187
256
11
58
3702
1385
167
42,215
3
495
382
2952
43
261
23
78
311
1
106
1075
150
5,877
4
136
21
210
8
6
109
3
209
702
158
5
136
252
2
109
3
2
178
16
698
6
205
2
1
208
No. of
No. of
Total
cases
cases
amount
with- pending
realised
drawn at the end towards
of the year fines (Rs.)
7
2
2
8
495
403
2705
43
269
27
76
308
1
104
1106
134
5,671
9
46,060
1,23,700
800
1,19,450
1,025
5,000
64,500
2,175
3,62,710
Table 9.07 (b)
Inspections Made, Prosecutions Launched, Convictions Obtained and Amount of
Fine Realized during 2010 under the Motor Transport Workers act, 1961
State/Union Territory
1
1. Andhra Pradesh
2. Assam
3. Bihar
4. Chhattisgarh
5. Goa
6. Gujarat
7. Haryana
8. Himachal Pradesh
9. Karnataka
10. Kerala
11. Meghalaya
12. Orissa
13. Punjab
14. Tamil Nadu
15. Tripura
16. Uttar Pradesh
17. Uttarakhand
18. West Bengal
19. Chandigarh
20. Puducherry
Total
- = Nil
No. of
Prosecutions
Inspections No. of cases No. of
No. of
No. of
made
pending
fresh
cases in
cases
at the
cases filed which acquitted
commence- during the conviction
ment
year
obtained
of the year
2
4215
24688
957
500
1
34
275
17
114
2762
219
18
2083
1610
106
69
367
146
38,181
3
495
403
2705
43
269
27
8
76
308
1
1106
469
134
384
6,428
4
525
218
2
4
1
112
92
8
9
971
5
162
709
3
3
86
83
60
12
1,118
No. of No. of
Total
cases
cases
amount
with- pending realised
drawn at the end towards
of the fines (Rs.)
year
6
394
6
27
427
7
31
31
8
858
403
1789
43
271
28
6
102
308
1
1109
390
122
393
5,823
9
83,500
2,06,000
2,500
850
99,400
63,475
25,300
1,975
4,83,000
5. SHOPS AND COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS
The Shops and Commercial Establishments Acts (Central and State Acts)
Object and Scope
The working conditions of the employees working in shops and commercial establishments
in India are governed largely by the Acts passed by the various State Governments and Rules
framed thereunder. These Acts and Rules which are amended from time to time in the light of the
practical experience in their implementation regulate, inter-alia, the daily and weekly hours of
work, payment of wages, overtime, holidays with pay, annual leave, employment of children and
young persons, etc. Subject to certain exceptions these Acts apply in the first instance to shops and
commercial establishments, restaurants, hotels and places of amusement in certain notified urban
areas.
The State Governments are, however, empowered to extend the application of the Act to
such other areas or to such categories of undertakings in such areas, as they may consider
necessary. Certain types of employees such as those employed in a confidential capacity or whose
work is of intermittent nature are excluded from the scope of the Act. Central Act known as the
Weekly Holidays Act, 1942, provides for the grant of weekly holidays to persons employed in
Shops and Commercial establishments, etc.
159
Administration
In the States of Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West
Bengal and the Union Territories of Chandigarh and Delhi, Chief Inspectors of Shops and
Establishments have been appointed for the administration of the Acts. In other States, the
administration of the Acts is the responsibility of either the Labour Commissioners or Factory
Inspectorates or Officials of the Health or Revenue Department. In Maharashtra, it is administered
by local authorities.
Enforcement
Table 9.08 (a) and 9.08 (b) present the number of inspections made, prosecutions launched,
cases disposed off by the courts and the amount of fines realised during the year 2009 and 2010 in
the States/Union Territories for which information is available.
Table 9.08 (a)
The Number of Inspections Made, Prosecutions Launched, Cases Disposed off by the Courts and
Amount of Fine Realised under the Shops and Commercial Establishments Acts during the Year 2009
State/Union Territory
1
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhatisgarh
Goa
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Kerala
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttrakhand
Chandigarh
Puducherry
Total
Inspections
made
Prosecutions
launched
2
121586
(16.97)
30075
(4.20)
14014
(1.96)
6001
(0.84)
4495
(0.63)
34015
(4.75)
4905
(0.68)
18534
(2.59)
56424
(7.87)
219
(0.03)
3024
(0.42)
43359
(6.05)
11772
(1.64)
271930
(37.95)
19444
(2.71)
8551
(1.19)
53377
(7.45)
14885
(2.08)
7,16,610
3
8283
(14.32)
738
(1.28)
222
(0.38)
764
(1.32)
75
(0.13)
3038
(5.25)
1058
(1.83)
12221
(21.12)
1609
(2.78)
561
(0.97)
1341
(2.32)
340
(0.59)
819
(1.42)
88
(0.15)
1867
(3.23)
24831
(42.92)
57,855
160
Cases
disposed off
by the courts
4
3779
(9.66)
175
(0.45)
45
(0.11)
931
(2.38)
51
(0.13)
2310
(5.90)
1036
(2.65)
1428
(3.65)
1364
(3.49)
-
Amount
realised as fine
(in Rs.)
5
8,19,454
124
(0.32)
725
(1.85)
292
(0.75)
344
(0.88)
34
(0.09)
1186
(3.03)
25292@
(64.66)
1
(0.00)
39,117
9,525
40,950
1,27,585
2,08,025
71,020
42,34,166
6,16,350
4,36,100
8,55,834
-
1,59,240
66,250
26,465
2,29,600
1,20,870
38,65,598
500
1,18,87,532
Table 9.08 (b)
The Number of Inspections Made, Prosecutions Launched, Cases Disposed off by the Courts and
Amount of Fine Realised under the Shops and Commercial Establishments Acts during the Year 2010
State/Union Territory
1
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Chandigarh
Delhi (NCT)
Puducherry
Inspections
made
Prosecutions
launched
2
155442
(14.87)
30976
(2.96)
9338
(0.89)
5035
(0.48)
3090
(0.30)
31017
(2.97)
6282
(0.60)
14664
(1.40)
37332
(3.57)
66450
(6.36)
533576
(51.06)
62
(0.01)
11637
(1.11)
8343
(0.80)
20845
(2.00)
12828
(1.23)
33250
(3.18)
54320
(5.20)
231
(0.02)
10330
(0.99)
10,45,048
3
3992
(1.37)
632
(0.22)
51
(0.02)
828
(0.28)
109
(0.04)
1297
(0.45)
810
(0.28)
1070
(0.37)
2646
(0.91)
1734
(0.59)
241883
(82.90)
1190
(0.40)
128
(0.04)
80
(0.03)
6546
(2.24)
3321
(1.14)
25450
(8.72)
5
(0.00)
-
Cases
disposed off
by the courts
4
3743
(1.68)
3942@
(1.76)
78
(0.04)
1355@
(0.61)
99
(0.04)
1620@
(0.73)
534
(0.24)
1546@
(0.69)
2434
(1.09)
1440
(0.64)
175955
(78.77)
-
Amount
realised as fine
(in Rs.)
5
7,06,440
848
(0.38)
247@
(0.11)
23
(0.01)
2824
(1.26)
917
(0.41)
25778
(11.54)
-
4,68,540
-
51,950
2,600
2,38,920
1,24,100
17,93,502
2,52,550
5,01,700
57,15,375
12,74,625
5,28,53,329
-
73,000
1,79,500
1,83,000
4,69,825
39,40,148
-
Total
2,91,772
2,23,383
6,88,29,104
@ = Included previous cases
- = Nil
The remaining States/Union Territories did not furnish the Annual Returns for the year, 2009 and 2010.
Figures in brackets indicate percentage to total.
Source:- Annual Returns under the Shops and Commercial Establishments Acts
161
6. INDUSTRIAL HOUSING £
In the domain of industrial housing, the only Act which operated prior to Independence
was the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1933, which enabled the employers to secure land for
the construction of houses for the employees. In the year 1946, a real beginning was made in this
direction when the Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1946 was passed by the Central
Government. This was followed by the Coal Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1947; the Limestone
and Dolomite Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1972; the Iron Ore, Manganese Ore and Chrome
Ore Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1976; and the Beedi Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1976.
These Acts, inter-alia, make provision for the construction of houses for workers in mines and
beedi industry. The State Governments of Andhra Pradesh, erstwhile Bombay, erstwhile
Saurashtra, Mysore (now Karnataka) Madhya Pradesh, erstwhile Hyderabad, Uttar Pradesh and
Punjab had enacted legislations to provide suitable housing accommodation for working class. In
addition to this, the housing for the economically weaker sections of the society and Minimum
Needs Programme for providing house site and construction assistance to rural landless labourers
were later initiated by the Central Government. The following schemes which provide for housing
facilities to iron ore, manganese ore, chrome ore, limestone, dolomites, mica mine and beedi
workers are also being implemented:

Type I Housing Scheme;

Type II Housing Scheme;

Build Your Own House Scheme;

Group Housing Scheme for Beedi & Mine Workers; and

Scheme for grant of Subsidy/Financial Assistance to Co-operative Societies for Beedi
Workers
7. SAFETY AND WELFARE *
The Welfare Fund Organisations undertake activities for welfare of the workers employed
in Mica, Iron Ore, Manganese Ore, Limestone and Dolomite Mines and Beedi Industry. The
Welfare Scheme are implemented and monitored through the Regional Offices of the Labour
Welfare Organisation, each under the charge of a Welfare Commissioner. In the field of Safety and
Welfare, the important Acts which are in operation, are:









The Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act,1946;
The Limes and Dolomite Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act,1972;
The Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Fund
Act,1976;
The Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Cess Act,
1976;
The Beedi Workers Welfare Fund Act,1976;
The Beedi Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1976;
The Labour Welfare Fund Laws (Amendment) Act,1987 ;
The Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act, 1986; and
The Cine Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1981
£ For details on the subject, kindly refer to Chapter 6 of the Year Book.
* Chapter 5 and 7 also give detailed information on Welfare and Safety respectively.
162
8. WAGES AND BONUS
(a)
The Payment of Wages Act, 1936
The Act aims at ensuring regular and prompt payment of wages and prevention of
exploitation of wage earners by prohibiting arbitrary fines and deductions in the establishments
covered under the Factories Act, 1948. It was initially made applicable to persons drawing less than
Rs. 200 per month and employed in any factory and to persons employed in Railways by Railway
Administration, either directly or through a sub-contractor. The Act has been amended several
times in order to expand its provisions and coverage. The Act amended as on date enhanced the
wage ceiling from Rs.10,000/- to Rs.18,000/- per month with effect from 11.09.2012.
The Act has gradually been made applicable to workers employed in Construction
Industry, Civil Air Transport Services, Motor Transport Services, Mines, Plantations, Oil Fields,
Docks, Wharfs, Jetties and establishments declared as factories under Section 85 of the Factories
Act, 1948. The specific day of paying of wage is 7th day of the month in case of industries
employing less than 1000 workers and 10th day of the month in case of others. The number of
inspection made and irregularities rectified in the Mines, Railways and Air Transport during the
year 2011-2012 are as under:
Industry
1
Mines
Railways
Air Transport
Number of
inspections done
2
3467
850
106
Irregularities Prosecutions
rectified
launched
3
36841
911
5498
6
918
21
Convictions
obtained
Claims filed
565
4
12
96
78
2
Source: Annual Report of Ministry of Labour & Employment for the year 2012-2013
(b)
The Minimum Wages Act, 1948 $
The Minimum Wages Act, 1948 requires the appropriate Government, Central or State as
the case may be, to fix minimum rates of wages payable to the employees defined as persons
―employed for hire or reward to do any work skilled or unskilled, manual or clerical, etc,‖ in an
employment specified in Part I or Part II of the Schedule appended to the Act and an employment
added to either part of the Schedule subsequently. This fixation can be done either on the
recommendation of the Advisory Committee appointed by them under Section 5 (I) (a) of the Act
or by notification in the official Gazette under Section 5 (I) (b) of the Act. The appropriate
Governments are also required to review the minimum rates of wages, from time to time under
Section 3 (I) (b) of the Act and revise the same, if necessary.
There are 45 scheduled employments in the Central Sphere and as many as 1679 in State
Sphere. The enforcement of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 is secured at two levels. While in the
Central Sphere, the enforcement is secured through the Inspecting Officers of the Chief Labour
Commissioner (Central) commonly designated as Central Industrial Relations Machinery (CIRM),
the compliance in the State Sphere is ensured through the State Enforcement Machinery.
In order to protect the minimum wages against inflation, the Central Government has made
provision of Variable Dearness Allowance (VDA) linked to Consumer Price Index, which is
revised twice a year effective from April and October. The Central Government and 24 States/UTs
have adopted VDA as a component of minimum wage.
$ Kindly also see Chapter 2 of the Year Book.
163
Table 9.09
Minimum Wage Rates for Unskilled Workers
Sl.
No.
1
I
Central/States/Union Territories
II
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
III
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
State Sphere
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
Union Territories
A.& N. Islands
Chandigarh
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshdweep
Puducherry
Range of Minimum Wages per day (Rs.)
Minimum
Maximum
3
4
166.00
279.00
2
Central Sphere
69.00
134.62
100.42
138.00
104.60
150.00
100.00
186.42
120.00
110.00
127.00
130.08
85.20
146.49
100.00
122.10
100.00
170.00
100.00
92.50
154.46
147.00
130.00
88.29
96.15
100.00
110.64
112.50
231.71
153.85
100.42
144.00
151.04
157.00
181.80
186.42
120.00
110.00
145.54
220.73
353.00
174.80
248.15
122.10
100.00
170.00
100.00
92.50
154.46
147.00
130.00
222.35
132.69
171.20
218.30
169.30
220.00
219.23
156.20
143.60
279.00
200.00
100.00
280.00
219.23
156.20
143.60
279.00
200.00
205.00
Source:- Annual Report 2012-2013 of the Ministry of Labour and Employment
National Floor Level Minimum Wage
In order to have a uniform wage structure and to reduce the disparity in minimum wages
across the country, the concept of National Floor Level Minimum Wage as a non statutory
measure, was mooted on the basis of the recommendations of the National Commission on Rural
Labour (NCRL) in 1991. On the basis of increase in the Consumer Price Index, the Central
164
Government has fixed the National Floor Level Minimum Wages form Rs.100 to Rs.115 per day
w.e.f. 01.04.2011.
(c)
The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965
The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 provides for payment of bonus to employees of factories
and other establishments employing 20 or more persons, on the basis of profits or on the basis of
production or productivity and for matters connected therewith.
The minimum bonus of 8.33 per cent is payable by every industry and establishment under
section 10 of the Act. The maximum bonus including productivity link bonus that can be paid in
any accounting year shall not exceed 20 per cent of the salary/wage of an employee under section
31 A of the Act.
Two ceilings are available under the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965. Section 2(13) which
defines an employee is generally known as the eligibility limit and Section 12 is known as the
calculation ceiling. The two ceilings are revised from time to time to keep pace with the price rise
and increase in the salary structure. These ceilings were last revised from Rs.750/- to Rs.1600/- per
month in 1965, from Rs.1600/- to Rs.2500/- in 1985, from Rs.2500/- to Rs.3500/- in 1995 and from
Rs.3500/- to Rs.10000/- in the year 2007.
At present, employees drawing salary or wage not exceeding Rs.10,000/- per month in any
industry to do any skilled or unskilled, manual, supervisory, managerial, administrative, technical
or clerical work for hire or reward are eligible for payment of Bonus. The eligibility limit and
calculation ceiling under clause 13 of section 2 and Section 12 of the Act respectively were last
revised from Rs.3,500/- to Rs.10,000 per month and from Rs.2500/- to Rs.3500/- per month, in the
year 2007 and made effective from 1st April, 2006.
9. SOCIAL SECURITY
The Directive Principles of the State Policy as contained in the Constitution of India
enjoins upon the State to enact social security legislations for the welfare of the working class. In
the era of industrialisation, the workers are exposed to economic insecurity, thereby loosing their
livelihood and physical insecurity arising out of sickness, accident, old age and so on. The State
has come forward to fulfill its responsibility to provide social security to its workers by enacting
various social security legislations. The social security benefits flow either at the cost of the
employer or on the part of joint contributions of the employer and the employees. However, the
social security schemes cover only organized workforce and the government has moved forward
through legislation to extend the benefits of social security schemes to cover workforce in the
unorganized sector also. The compliance of these benefits is the responsibility of the employers.
The principal social security laws enacted in India are the following:
1. The Workmen‘s Compensation Act, 1923
2. The Employees‘ State Insurance Act, 1948
3. The Employees‘ Provident Funds & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
(Separate provident fund legislations exist for workers employed in coal mines
and tea plantations in the State of Assam and for seamen).
4. The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
5. The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
165
(a)
The Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923
It is obligatory for the employers to pay compensation to their workers for injury caused to
a workman by accident, arising out of and in the course of employment, resulting in death or in
total/partial disablement under the Workmen‘s Compensation Act. Compensation is also payable
for some occupational diseases contracted by workmen during the course of their employment.
The Act extends to the whole of India and applies to certain categories of railway servants
and workers employed in any capacity specified in Schedule II of the Act which includes Factories,
Mines, Plantations, Mechanically Propelled Vehicle, Construction Work and certain other
hazardous occupations. There is no wage limit for coverage of workers under the Act. The Act
does not, however, apply to (i) persons whose employment is of a casual nature and who are
employed for purposes other than the employers‘ trade or business; (ii) persons serving in Armed
Forces and (iii) workers covered by the Employees‘ State Insurance Act.
Under Section 3(3) of the Act, the State Governments are empowered to extend the scope
of the Act to any class of persons whose occupations are considered hazardous after giving three
months notice in the Official Gazette.
The Act is administered by the State Governments who are required to appoint
commissioners for Workmen‘s Compensation. The functions of the Commissioners include (i)
settlement of disputed claims (ii) disposal of cases of injuries involving death, and (iii) revision of
periodical payments. The Commissioners for Workmen‘ Compensation have also been empowered
to impose penalty on employers who fail to pay compensation due under the Act to the injured
worker within one month from the date it fell due.
The Act was amended in 1995 to enhance (i) the rate of compensation from 40 per cent to
50 per cent and from 50 per cent to 60 per cent of the monthly wage in the case of death and
permanent total disablement respectively, (ii) the monthly wages from Rs. 1,000 to Rs.2,000 for
determining the maximum amount of compensation, and (iii) the minimum amount of
compensation for death and permanent total disablement from Rs. 20,000 to Rs.50,000 and from
Rs. 24,000 to Rs.60,000 respectively. The maximum amount of compensation for death may go
upto Rs.2.28 lakh and for permanent total disablement up to Rs 2.74 lakh as against the
admissibility of Rs.91,000 and Rs.1.14 lakh respectively prior to amendment of the Act. In this
amendment, there is a new provision for extra territorial application of the Act to cover employees
recruited in India but sent abroad for work of Indian Companies. With effect from 1.10.1996, a
provision has been made for filing compensation claims also before the Workmen Compensation
Commissioner for the area where the workmen/dependants ordinarily reside.
The Government had enhanced the minimum amount of compensation payable under the
Workmen‘s Compensation Act, 1923 from Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 80,000/- in case of death and from Rs.
60,000 to Rs.90,000/- in case of permanent total disablement. The wage ceiling for computation of
maximum amount of compensation was raised from Rs. 2,000/- to Rs. 4,000/- . It facilitated to
enhance the maximum amount of compensation from Rs. 2.28 lakh to Rs.4.56 lakh in the case of
death and Rs.2.74 to Rs.5.48 lakh in the case of permanent total disablement.
In addition, the loss of earning capacity as quantified and mentioned in part II of Schedule
I of the Act has been scaled up in certain cases of amputation below knees, amputation through
foot etc. Sixteen new items have been added to hazardous employments under Schedule II of the
Act. Important amongst them are certain operations in the sea, handling of snakes, handling certain
animals, cleaning sewer lines, agricultural and forestry operation, handling of pesticides and
outdoor employment in newspaper establishments etc. This amendment came into force with effect
from September 15, 1995.
166
The Act has further been amended to make it gender neutral and will now be called ―the
Employees‘ Compensation Act, 1923‖. Besides, the minimum compensation under the Act has
been enhanced from Rs.80,000/- to Rs.1,20,000/- in case of death, from Rs.90,000/- to
Rs.1,40,000/- in case of disablement and from Rs.2,500/- to 5,000/- towards funeral expenses. The
maximum amount for death and permanent total disablement can go up to Rs.9.14 lakh and
Rs.10.97 lakh respectively depending on age and wages of the employees. The employees shall be
reimbursed the actual medical expenditure incurred by him for treatment of injuries causced during
the course of employment without any ceiling. A new Section 25A has been added for the
Commissioner to dispose the matter relating to compensation under this Act within a period of
three months from the date of reference. The wage ceiling limit for working out compensation has
been increased from Rs.4,000/- to Rs.8,000/- per month. The amendment was notified on
23.12.2009 and made effective from 18.01.2010.
Employers are required to notify the appropriate authorities the number of accidents,
amount of compensation paid, etc. The State Governments compile these statistics and forward
them to the Labour Bureau.
The average daily number of workers covered, number of accidents resulting in death,
permanent disablement, etc. and the amount of compensation paid during the years 2007-2010 are
given in Table 9.10.
Table 9.10
Compensated Accidents and the Amount of Compensation paid by Establishments
Submitting Returns during 2007 to 2010 under Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923
Year Average daily
number of workers
employed in
establishments
submitting returns
Number of Compensated Accidents
Resulting in
Death
1
2007
2
1825947
2008
1712127
2009
1662342
2010
1063802
3
1670
(29.79)
1344
(26.76)
863
(23.31)
1939
(33.63)
Permanent
disablement
4
1144
(20.41)
982
(19.55)
497
(13.42)
2831
(49.11)
Temporary
Total
disablement
5
6
2792
5606
(49.80)
(100.00)
2697
5023
(53.69)
(100.00)
2343
3703
(63.27)
(100.00)
995
5765
(17.26)
(100.00)
Amount of Compensation paid for
(Rs. in lakh)
Death
7
3767.90
Permanent Temporary Total
disablement disablement
8
9
10
1043.36
805.54
5616.80
4327.05
1412.25
407.80
6147.10
2420.13
554.32
159.85
3134.30
5991.49
2385.78
406.05
8783.32
Note: The figures in the table above may not be strictly comparable due to differences in area covered, varying response
or non-response from State Govts./UT Admns.
N.B : Data relate to only those States/Union Territories which have submitted the returns.
Source : Annual Returns under the Employees‘ Compensation Act, 1923
It may be stated that a strict comparison of the figures over the years may not be possible
on account of (i) difference in area covered, (ii) variation in the number of undertakings furnishing
returns and (iii) the extension of the Employees‘ State Insurance Act, 1948.
(b)
The Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948
The Employees‘ State Insurance Act, 1948 is a pioneering measure in the field of social
insurance in the country. It was enacted to provide for certain benefits to employees in case of
167
sickness, maternity and employment injury and to make provisions for certain other related matters.
The Act extends to the whole of India except the State of Sikkim and applies to all factories, other
than seasonal factories, run with power and employing 10 or more persons. The appropriate
Governments, are, however, authorized to extend it partially or wholly to any establishment or
class of establishments- industrial, commercial, agricultural or otherwise. It covers persons
employed directly or indirectly as also the clerical staff but does not apply to members of the
Armed Forces or to persons whose remuneration in the aggregate exceeds Rs.15000/- a month. The
Act has also been extended to new classes of establishments, viz., power using factories employing
10 or more workers and non power using factories employing 20 or more workers, shops, theatres,
cinemas, hotels, restaurants, motor transport undertakings and newspaper establishments
employing 20 or more persons in a number of States. The Act is being implemented area-wise in a
phased manner. The ESIC Scheme is operated in 807 centres situated in 29 States/Union
Territories.
As on 31.03.2012, there were almost 1.71 crore insured persons and about 6.63 crore
beneficiaries covered under the Scheme. The number of factories and establishments covered by
the end of the year had gone up to about 580028.
Administration– The administration of the Employees‘ State Insurance Scheme, framed under the
Act, has been entrusted to the Employees State Insurance Corporation, a corporate body, consisting
of the representatives of the Central and State Governments, employers, employees, medical
profession and the Parliament. A smaller body, with similar representation known as the Standing
Committee, works as the executive of the Corporation. A third body, called the Medical Benefit
Council, advises the Corporation on matters relating to administration of medical benefits,
certification for purposes of grant of benefits etc. It consists of the Director General of Health
Services, the Medical Commissioner of the Corporation and representatives of the State
Governments, employers, employees and the medical profession. The Chief Executive Officer of
the Corporation is the Director General. There is a provision for setting up of the Regional Boards
and Local Committees at the grass root level. There are 24 Regional Boards and 302 Local
Committees in existence as on 31.03.2012. The General Purposes Sub-Committee of the
Corporation visits various States and Union Territories from time to time with a view to assessing
the quality of medical care being provided and making suggestions for further improvement in the
delivery system. The Head Quarters of the ESIC is located at Delhi and has 23 Regional Offices,
30 Sub-Regional Offices and 6 Divisional Offices. Besides, 626 Branch Offices, 183 Pay Offices
and 383 Inspection Offices were functioning in the States and Union Territories as on 31st March,
2012.
Contribution- The Scheme is financed by the Employees‘ State Insurance Fund raised through
contribution from employers and employees and grants/donations and gifts from the Central and
State Governments, local authorities or any other individual or body. The State Governments also
share the cost of the Scheme by contributing towards expenses on medical treatment and
attendance of the insured persons, share of each to be determined on the basis of an agreement
between the Corporation and the State Governments. The Employers contribute 4.75 per cent of the
wages payable to the employees covered and the employees contribute at the rate of 1.75 per cent
of their wages towards the scheme. The State Governments contribute to the extent of 12.5 per cent
of expenditure on medical care.
Investment and Rate of Interest – All contributions received under the ESI Act and all other
money belonging to the fund which is not immediately required for defraying day to day expenses
are invested in the manner prescribed statutorily. As on 30.09.2012, the total investment of fund
was Rs.30047.72 crore. Out of this, an amount of Rs.8950.57 crore was invested in the Special
Deposit Account with Central Government and the balance amount of Rs.21097.15 crore was
invested in fixed deposits with nationalized banks and financial institutions.
Exemption from the Operation of the Act- Exemptions under Section 87 of the E.S.I. Act can be
granted to any factory or establishment or class of factories or establishments who provide social
security benefits to their employees, superior or similar to those available under the ESI Scheme.
168
Benefits- Two types of social security cover is provided under the scheme namely – (i) Medical
Care and (ii) Cash Benefits
(i) Medical Care- Medical care is provided to the insured persons and their family members
through a vast network of panel clinics, ESI dispensaries and hospitals generally within the vicinity
of their residential areas. In addition to providing total in-patient care, the Corporation also fully
finances cases of beneficiaries requiring advanced treatment or specialized surgery in leading
medical institutions of the country. The Corporation has prescribed a ceiling on the shareable
expenditure on medical care. The expenditure on medical care has been enhanced to Rs.1500/- per
Insured Person Family Unit per annum with effect from 1.4.2012. All capital expenditure on
construction of ESI buildings including maintenance is borne exclusively by the Corporation.
(ii) Cash benefits are constituted of the followed benefits:
i.
Sickness benefit (SB)
ii.
Medical benefit
iii.
Maternity benefit (MB)
iv.
Disablement benefit
v.
Dependents benefit
vi.
Funeral Expenses
(c)
The Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
The Employees‘ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 provides for
institution of compulsory provident funds for employees in factories and other establishments. The
purpose is to make some provisions for the future of the industrial workers after he retires or for his
dependents in case of his early death. Initially, the Act covered only 6 major industries viz., (i)
Cement, (ii) Cigarette, (iii) Iron and Steel, (iv) Electrical, Mechanical or General Engineering
Products, (v) Paper and (vi) Textile (cotton, wool, silk and jute), which had completed 3 years of
existence and employed 50 or more workers. However, with the extension of the Act more and
more industries were covered from time to time. The Act is now applicable to
factories/establishments engaged in 187 industries/classes of establishments employing 20 or more
workers. As on 31st March 2012, there were 6.64 lakh establishments with 82.66 million
subscribers covered under both exempted and un-exempted sectors.
The Act extends to whole of India except the State of Jammu & Kashmir. The State
Government of Jammu and Kashmir instituted a separate Provident Fund Scheme, w.e.f., 1 st June,
1961. It applies to all factories and other establishments of any notified industry if they employ 20
or more persons. However, any newly started undertaking remains exempted for a period of five
years if it employs less than 50 persons and for three years if it employs 50 or more persons. It has
now been substituted by a uniform provision of three years infancy period with effect from
1.8.1988 by the Employees‘ Provident Fund (Amendment) Act, 1988. The Act does not apply to (i)
establishments registered under the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912 (or under any other law
relating to co-operative societies) if the establishments employ less than 50 persons and work
without the aid of power; (ii) tea plantations and tea factories in the State of Assam, where the State
Government have a separate scheme for these establishments. The wage ceiling for coverage under
the EPF Scheme has been enhanced from Rs. 5,000 to Rs. 6,500 per month with effect from
1.6.2001.
Rate of Contribution- The normal rate of contributions payable by the employers and employees
prescribed under the Act is 10 per cent of the wages of the employees‘ w.e.f. 01.05.1997. The Act,
also empowers the Central Government to enhance, if deemed fit, the rate of contribution to 12 per
cent of wages in respect of any industry or class of establishments. Out of 12 per cent of
employers‘ share, 3.67 per cent goes to Provident Fund and 8.33 per cent contributed to the
Pension Fund. The Central Government has enhanced the rate of contribution to 12 per cent in
169
most of the establishments. The minimum rate of provident Fund Contribution of 10 per cent is
applicable to the five industries only, i.e. brick, beedi, jute, coir and guargum.
Rate of Interest-The Government of India on the recommendation of the Central Board of
Trustees of the Employees Provident Fund Organisation declares the rate of interest to be credited
to the accounts of Provident Fund members annually.
The 3 schemes under the EPF & M.P. Act, 1952 are; (i) Employees Provident Fund
Scheme, 1952; (ii) Employees Pension Scheme, 1995; and (iii) Employees Deposit Linked
Insurance Scheme, 1976.
(i) The Employees’ Provident Fund Scheme, 1952
The Employees‘ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 initially
provided for framing of the Scheme – Employees‘ Provident Fund Scheme, 1952 which came into
force with effect from 1.11.1952. It aims at making provision for the future of the covered
employees after they retire and also for their dependants in case unfortunate death. An employee
with a pay upto Rs.6500/- per month is eligible for membership of the Fund from the very date of
joining an establishment. The rate of Provident Fund contribution is 12 per cent (in case of general
establishments) and 10 per cent ( in case of notified establishments) of the monthly wages of the
subscribers.
In order to provide prompt, time bound and trouble free service to the subscribers, para 72
of the EPF Scheme has been amended so as to fix 30 days statutory time limit for settlement of
claims. Now the PF claims complete in all respects are required to be settled within 30 days. In
respect of incomplete claims, the reasons for non-settlement are to be communicated to the
applicant within 30 days. In case the Commissioner fails to settle a claim complete in all respects
within 30 days he shall be held personally liable for the delay beyond the said period and penal
interest @ 12 per cent p.a. on the benefit amount may be charged and recovered from the salary of
the Commissioner.
(ii) The Employees Pension Scheme, 1995
The Employees‘ Pension Scheme is compulsory for all the persons who were members of
the Family Pensions Scheme, 1971. It is also compulsory for the persons who became members of
the Provident Fund from 16.11.1995 i. e. the date of introduction of the Scheme. The PF
subscribers, who were not members of the Family Pension Scheme, have an option to join this
pension scheme. Upon introduction of the new Pension Scheme, 1995, the erstwhile Family
Pension Scheme, 1971 ceased to operate and all the assets and liabilities of the erstwhile Family
Pension Fund were taken over and merged with the new Pension Fund. The benefits and
entitlements to the member under the old Scheme shall remain protected and continued under the
new Pension Scheme, 1995. A minimum 10 years contributory service is required for entitlement
to Pension. Normal superannuation pension is payable on attaining the age of 58 years. Pension on
a discounted rate is also payable on attaining the age of 50 years. Where pensionable service is less
than 10 years, the member has an option to remain covered for pensionary benefits till 58 years of
age or claim return of contribution/withdrawal benefits.
Under the scheme, neither the employer nor the employee is required to make additional
contribution. From 16.11.95, the employer‘s share of P.F. contribution representing 8.33 per cent
of the wage is being diverted to the said fund. The Central Government is also contributing to the
Pension Fund at the rate of 1.16 per cent of the wage of the employees. The Pension Fund is
required to be evaluated through qualified Actuary on annual basis. Based on the valuation results,
the benefit quantum is revised.
Benefits
The Scheme provides the following benefits to the members and their families:
(a)
Monthly member pension
170
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Permanent total disablement pension
Widow/ widower pension
Children pension
Orphan pension
Nominee pension
Pension to dependent parents
The category-wise break up of pension claims (all benefits) settled during the year 20112012 is as under:Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
Category of claims
No. of claims
Settled
(in
lakhs)
3.62
Monthly Pension benefits
Life Assurance Benefit
Retirement-cum-withdrawal benefit
Refunds
36.35
Total
39.97
The amount of monthly pension varies from member to member depending upon his
pensionable salary and pensionable service.
(iii) The Employees’ Deposit-Linked Insurance Scheme, 1976
The scheme which came into force from 1st August, 1976 is applicable to all
factories/establishments. All the employees, who are members of Employees‘ Provident Fund
Scheme, are required to become members of this Scheme. Employers are required to pay
contributions to the Insurance Fund at the rate of 0.5 per cent of pay i.e., basic wages, dearness
allowance including cash value of food concession and retaining allowance, if any. During the
year 2011-12, a sum of Rs.566.40 crore comprising of employers‘ contribution was deposited and
20971 EDLI claims were settled. At the end of 2011-12, the EPFO had cumulative investments of
Rs.10657.59 crore under this Scheme. An amendment has been made w.e.f. 08th January, 2011 in
the Employees‘ Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme, 1976 under the Employees‘ Provident Funds &
Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952, increasing the additional benefit, on the death of an employee
who is member of the Provident Fund.
(d) The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
The Act regulates the employment of women in factories, mines, the circus industry,
plantation units and shops or establishments employing 10 or more persons except the employees
covered under the Employees State Insurance (ESI) Act, 1948 for certain periods before and after
birth and provides for maternity and other benefits. It extends to whole of India, except the State of
Sikkim.
The Act was amended by the Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 1988 which came into
force from 10th January, 1989. The Amended Act provides, inter-alia, for extension of its
provisions to Shops and Establishments employing 10 or more persons, reducing the qualifying
period for grant of maternity benefit from 160 days of actual work to 80 days of actual work,
enhancing the rate of medical bonus payable under the Act from Rs. 25 to Rs.250 (if no pre-natal
confinement and post natal confinement and post natal care are provided by the employer free of
charge) and fixing the rate of maternity benefit at average daily wages for three calendar months or
171
minimum wages fixed/revised under the Minimum Wages Act,1948 or Rs. 10 per day, whichever
is higher for a period of actual absence from duty up to 12 weeks, of which not more than 6 weeks
may be availed before delivery and remaining period after delivery. With a view to encouraging
planned parenthood, the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 has been amended to provide six weeks leave
with wages in cases of medical termination of pregnancy (MTP), grant of leave with wages for a
maximum period of one month in cases of illness arising out of MTP or tubectomy and two weeks
leave with wages to women workers who undergo tubectomy operation. These amendments have
been enforced with effect from 1.2.1996.
The Central Government is responsible for administration of the provisions of the Act in
Mines and in the Circus Industry, while the State Governments are responsible for administration
of the Act in factories, plantations and other establishments. The Central Government has entrusted
the Administration of the Act to the Chief Labour Commissioner in respect of the circus industry
and to the Director General of Mines Safety in respect of mines.
The Act has been amended to enhance the medical bonus from Rs.250/- to Rs.1,000/- and
also empowering the Central Government to increase it from time to time before every three years,
by way of notification in the Official Gazette, subject to maximum of Rs.20,000/-. The amendment
was notified on 15.04.2008 making it effective from the same date. The Medical Bonus has further
been increased from Rs.1,000/- to Rs.2,500/- w.e.f. 11.08.2008 and Rs.2,500/- to Rs.3,500/- w.e.f.
19.12.2011.
The Labour Bureau compiles data pertaining to the number of women workers covered,
number of claims made and amount paid, etc. contained in the reports of the State Governments.
Table 9.11(a) and 9.11(b) give details regarding the benefits obtained by the women workers
during 2009 and 2010 under the Maternity Benefit Act. Maternity benefits paid in different States
under the Employees‘ State Insurance Act, 1948 during the year 2008-09 and 2009-10 are given in
Table 9.12(a) and 9.12(b).
172
I.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
II
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
III
1
2
3
4
No. of claims
accepted and
paid either fully
or partially
Total Current
year
Claims
Number of cases
where special bonus
paid
No. of women who
claimed maternity
benefit during the
year
Response
Rate (%)
Number of
establishments
submitting returns
Number of
establishments
covered
State/Union Territory
Aggregate
No. of women workers
employed daily
Table- 9.11 (a)
Maternity benefits paid in Factories, Plantations and Other establishments during the year 2009
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
FACTORIES
Andhra Pradesh
13054
4307
32.99
59091
110(0.19)
110
92
11
Assam
Bihar
11
11 100.00
50
Chhattisgarh
3065
385
12.56
1105
3(0.27)
3
3
3
Delhi
8014
1622
20.24
4862
7(0.14)
7
Goa
30
28
93.33
153
9(5.88)
15
5
Haryana
653
639
97.86
12932
111(0.86)
111
111
97
Himachal Pradesh
1323
471
35.60
2474
16(0.65)
16
16
Jharkhand
314
314 100.00
5353
9(0.17)
9
9
Karnataka
12504
6078
48.61
333126
555(0.17)
555
475
258
Kerala
2311
667
28.86
43329
1580(3.65)
5
1
Meghalaya
76
56
73.68
10
Orissa
658
18
2.74
928
14(1.51)
14
Punjab
540
55
10.19
509
Rajasthan
1777
11
0.62
297
11(3.70)
11
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
459
160
34.86
3760
1(0.03)
1
1
1
Uttarakhand
218
17
7.80
214
48(22.43)
46
Uttar Pradesh
492
118
23.98
2499
34(1.36)
19
13
292
Chandigarh
D & N. Haveli
Mizoram
Nagaland
Lakshadeep
Total
45499 14957
32.87
470692
2508(0.53)
922
705
683
PLANTATIONS
Assam
767
540
70.40
666694 25516(3.83) 25516
2035
921
Himachal Pradesh
17
13
78.48
112
Karnataka
Kerala
620
378
60.97
27982
883(3.16)
883
883
Tamil Nadu
941
435
48.23
37036
767(2.07)
156
241
13
Tripura
106
62
58.49
7442
325(4.37)
325
325
325
Uttarakhand
5
5 100.00
127
Total
2456
1433
58.35
739393 27491(3.72) 26880
3484
1259
OTHER ESTAB.
Himachal Pradesh
2
61
6(9.84)
6
4
Rajasthan
15718
8
0.05
4
Tamil Nadu
4906
2189
44.62
190898
678(0.36)
Uttarakhand
57
Total
20681
2199
10.63
190963
684(0.36)
6
4
Note:
- = Nil.
Figures in brackets in col. 6 are percentages with reference to column 5.
173
Total
amount of
maternity
benefits
paid
(in Rs.).
10
10534428
197296
492179
263213
4034241
306617
425960
19272165
199521
280469
3780
445153
2568396
39023418
32368496
2159779
2449333
939018
37916626
68969
1864126
1933095
No. of claims
accepted and
paid either fully
or partially
Total Current
year
Claims
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
FACTORIES
Andhra Pradesh
13051
4665 35.74
62682
217 (0.35)
164
156
Assam
Bihar
11
8 72.73
28
Chhattisgarh
2855
176
6.16
1475
4 (0.27)
4
4
Goa
71
70 98.59
872
21 (2.41)
21
Haryana
620
608 98.06
17379
331 (1.90)
331
331
Himachal Pradesh
1371
559 40.77
3692
13 (0.35)
13
J&K
334
156 46.71
1078
39 (3.62)
Jharkhand
315
314 99.68
5444
24 (0.44)
24
Karnataka
8226
5461 66.39
184236
894 (0.49)
871
835
Kerala
2977
702 23.58
216698
486 (0.22)
5
2
Meghalaya
97
6
6.19
11
5 (45.45)
5
5
Odisha
662
22
3.32
958
12 (1.25)
7
Punjab
578
51
8.82
523
2 (0.38)
2
2
Rajasthan
2721
13
0.48
267
5 (1.87)
5
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
486
160 32.92
3506
Uttar Pradesh
502
107 21.31
2636
42 (1.59)
24
16
Chandigarh
Mizoram
Nagaland
Lakshadeep
Puducherry
416
186 44.71
4477
20 (0.45)
Total
35293 13264 37.58
505962
2115 (0.42)
1476
1351
II PLANTATIONS
1 Assam
757
535 70.67 1009923 31058 (3.08) 31058
3405
2 Himachal Pradesh
17
14 82.35
147
3 Karnataka
6
6 100.0
6
4 Kerala
672
434 64.58
28233
480 (1.70)
480
480
5 Tamil Nadu
596
400 67.11
16278
686 (4.21)
205
128
6 Tripura
106
60 56.60
6854
328 (4.79)
328
328
Total
2154
1449 67.27 1061441 32552 (3.07) 32071
4341
III OTHER ESTAB
1 Himachal Pradesh
@
1
43
6 (13.95)
6
2 Karnataka
18891
242
1.28
17048
255 (1.50)
255
255
3 Rajasthan
16584
18
0.11
6547
4 Tamil Nadu
5087
4171 81.99
194331
2520 (1.30)
31
Total
40562
4432 10.93
217969
2781 (1.28)
292
255
Note:
- = Nil.
Figures in brackets in col. 6 are percentages with reference to column 5.
@ Figure not available mentioned in the Annual Return of HP.
I
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
174
Number of cases
where special bonus
paid
No. of women who
claimed maternity
benefit during the
year
Response
Rate (%)
Number of
establishments
submitting returns
Number of
establishments
covered
State/Union Territory
Aggregate
No. of women workers
employed daily
Table- 9.11 (b)
Maternity benefits paid in Factories, Plantations and Other establishments during the year 2010
Total
amount of
maternity
benefits paid
(in Rs.).
9
10
5
2
6
247
11
836
2
5
228
1342
14585071
19058
527261
676298
45311234
521113
221000
573718
44967115
372058
70520
539181
12820
5488000
482799
114367246
879
29
328
1236
47913241
6894618
1559447
952919
57320225
3
255
602
860
56922
596410
7696048
8349380
Table-9.12 (a)
Maternity benefits paid under the Employees’ State Insurance
Act, 1948 during the financial year 2008-2009
Sl. No.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
State/Union Territory
2
Andhra Pradesh
Assam, Meghalaya & Tripura
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
Chandigarh
Puducherry
All India
Number of Claimants
3
1102(4.92)
67(0.30)
13(0.06)
1(0.01)
442(1.98)
333(1.49)
436(1.95)
443(1.98)
166(0.74)
35(0.16)
36(0.16)
5474(24.46)
3151(14.08)
161(0.72)
3040(13.59)
124(0.55)
265(1.18)
287(1.28)
5459(24.40)
652(2.91)
29(0.13)
181(0.81)
104(0.46)
375(1.68)
22376 (100.00)
Amount paid (in Rs.)
4
18124284
753308
253432
43806
8970867
5986529
5643352
7033557
1996890
422671
442932
68997764
36699535
2126978
54546734
1103297
3235227
3260100
73102213
8285882
429289
2835523
1728096
4952518
310974784
Table 9.12(b)
Maternity benefits paid under the Employees’ State Insurance
Act, 1948 during the financial year 2009-2010
Sl. No.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
State/Union Territory
Number of Claimants
2
3
Andhra Pradesh
1160 (4.89)
Assam, Meghalaya & Tripura
68 (0.29)
Bihar
22 (0.09)
Chhattisgarh
11 (0.05)
Delhi
403 (1.70)
Goa
362 (1.53)
Gujarat
462 (1.95)
Haryana
485 (2.04)
Himachal Pradesh
202 (0.85)
Jammu & Kashmir
44 (0.19)
Jharkhand
62 (0.26)
Karnataka
5968 (25.16)
Kerala
3760 (15.85)
Madhya Pradesh
133 (0.56)
Maharashtra
3298 (13.90)
Odisha
150 (0.63)
Punjab
262 (1.10)
Rajasthan
277 (1.17)
Tamil Nadu
5370 (22.64)
Uttar Pradesh
514 (2.17)
Uttarakhand
36 (0.15)
West Bengal
233 (0.98)
Chandigarh
99 (0.42)
Puducherry
340 (1.43)
All India
23721 (100)
Source: The Employees‘ State Insurance Corporation New Delhi
Note. Figures in brackets are percentage to total of column 3.
175
Amount paid (in Rs.)
4
24766813
1099665
339200
144578
8746971
6315280
6919486
7716431
2543267
543602
799697
77074717
52048496
2104732
61274097
1578168
4260103
4056366
77518099
7812562
548270
3681754
1918827
5349397
359160578
(e) The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
The umbrella legislation relating to gratuity is the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972. The Act
was enacted to provide for a scheme for the payment of gratuity to employees engaged in factories,
mines, oilfields, plantations, ports, railway companies, shops or other establishments employing ten
or more persons and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. The appropriate
Government may, by notification, and subject to such conditions as may be specified in the
notification, exempt any establishment to which this Act applies or any employee or class of
employees employed therein, from the operation of the provisions of this Act, if in the opinion of
the appropriate Government, the employees in such establishment are in receipt of gratuity or
pensionary benefits not less favourable than the benefits conferred under this Act.
The Act is administered by the Central Government in:- (i) establishments which are under
its control; (ii) establishments having branches in more than one State; and (iii) major ports, mines,
oil fields and the railways. While, in all other cases, it is administered by the State Governments
and the Union Territory administrations. The appropriate Government may, by notification, appoint
any officer to be a controlling authority, who shall be responsible for the administration of this Act
and different controlling authorities may be appointed for different areas.
Besides, here is Central Industrial Relation Machinery (CIRM) in the Ministry of Labour
which is responsible for enforcing this Act. It is also known as the Chief Labour Commissioner
(Central) [CLC(C)] Organisation. It is headed by the Chief Labour Commissioner (Central).
The main provisions of the Act are:


Gratuity shall be payable to an employee on the termination of his employment after he has
rendered continuous service for not less than five years:- (i) on his superannuation; or (ii)
on his retirement or resignation; or (iii) on his death or disablement due to accident or
disease, provided that the completion of continuous service of five years shall not be
necessary where the termination of the employment of any employee is due to death or
disablement.
The employer shall pay gratuity to an employee at the rate of fifteen days' wages based on
the rate of wages last drawn by the employee concerned for every completed year of
service or part thereof in excess of six months.
The amount of gratuity payable to an employee shall not exceed ten lakh rupees.
10. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
(a) The Trade Unions Act, 1926
Object and Scope- The Act mainly seeks to confer a legal and corporate status on registered trade
unions. The Act provides immunity from civil and criminal liability to trade union executives and
members for bonafide trade union activities. The Act applies to the entire Indian Union.
Main Provisions- The main provisions of the Trade Unions Act, 1926 relate to (i) registration of
unions; (ii) rights and privileges; and (iii) obligations and liabilities of registered trade unions. For
registration, the Act provides that any seven or more members of a trade union can apply to the
Registrar, appointed under the Act, for registration of the union. At least half the total number of
office bearers of a registered union must be persons actually engaged in the industry to which the
union belongs. Persons convicted of offences involving moral turpitude are debarred from
176
becoming office bearers or members of the executive of a registered trade union. Under certain
circumstances, the Registrar of Trade Unions is authorized to withdraw or cancel the registration.
The Act stipulates that when once an application for registration has been entertained, it cannot be
deemed to have become invalid, if at the time of registration some of the applicants not exceeding
half of them cease to be members of the trade union or disassociate themselves from the
application.
The Act protects the office bearers and members of registered trade unions against criminal
proceedings in respect of any agreement for the purpose of furtherance of any legal object of the
union. They are also protected from civil suits in respect of any act done in contemplation or
furtherance of trade dispute.
The Act lays down the purpose for which the general funds of a registered trade union can
be utilized. It is open to the unions to constitute a separate political fund for the promotion of civil
and political interest of its members. The registered unions are also required to submit annual
returns in the prescribed form to the Registrar alongwith an audited statement of income and
expenditure. The Unions are required to submit annual returns on a calendar year basis. The
account books of the unions and the list of members thereof are required to be kept open for
inspection by an office bearer or member of the union. Under the Act, the Registrar or any other
duly authorized officer is empowered to inspect or require production of the certificate of
registration, account books, registers and other documents relating to trade unions for examining
the returns submitted by them under Section 28 of the Act. Any changes in the name, constitution
and rules of the union as well as the office bearers have to be notified to the Registrar. The Trade
Unions Act, 1926 has been amended and enforced with effect from 9.1.2002 to ensure orderly
growth of trade unions and reduce multiplicity of trade unions and promote internal democracy.
Administration and Enforcement- The Act is administered by the State Governments which are
required to appoint Registrars of Trade Unions to look after the proper compliance of the
provisions of the Act.
(b)
The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946
Scope and Objective
The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946 came into force on April 23,
1946. The Standing Orders define with sufficient precision the conditions of employment for
information of workmen. The Act applies to the whole of India. It was initially made applicable to
only those industrial units/undertakings/establishments wherein 100 or more workers were
employed on any day of the preceding 12 months. Subsequently the Act was amended in 1961,
1963 and 1982. The Act empowers the appropriate Governments to extend the provisions to
establishments employing less than 100 workers after giving not less than two months notice, of its
intention to do so in the official gazette. The Act applies to all the Industrial Establishments as
defined in clause (II) of Section 2 of the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 and factories as defined in
clause (II) of Section 2 of the Factories Act, 1948; the Railways as defined in the Indian Railways
Act, 1890 and establishment of a contractor who employs workmen for the purpose of fulfilling the
contract with the owner of any Industrial Establishment. The Act does not, however, apply to
workmen who are governed by the Fundamental and Supplementary Rules, Civil Service
Temporary Service Regulations, Civilians in Defence Services (Classification, Control and Appeal)
Rules or the Indian Railways Establishments Code or any other rules or regulations that may be
notified in this behalf by the appropriate Government. The provisions of the Act also apply to
newspaper establishments wherein 20 or more employees are employed by virtue of the
177
enforcement of the Working Journalists (Conditions of Service and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act,
1955.
The main objectives of the Act, besides maintaining harmonious relationship between the
employers and the employees, are to regulate the conditions of recruitment, discharge, disciplinary
action, leave, holidays, etc. of the workers employed in industrial establishments. The Act amended
in 1982 also provides for a payment of subsistence allowance to the workmen who are kept under
suspension pending domestic enquiry. The rules regarding payment of subsistence allowance to the
suspended workmen were further amended by a notification in 1984 facilitating payment during the
suspension period, the subsistence allowance at the rate of 50 per cent of the wages, which he was
entitled to immediately preceding the date of suspension, for the first 90 days, and 75 per cent of
such wages subsequently for the remaining period of suspension, if the delay in completion of the
disciplinary proceedings is not directly attributable to his conduct. The employer shall normally
complete the enquiry within 10 days and the payment of subsistence allowance shall also be subject
to the workman not taking any employment elsewhere during the period of suspension.
Certifying Officer- As per Section 2(c) of the Act, all the Regional Labour
Commissioners are Certifying Officers in relation to industrial establishments throughout the
country under the control of the Central Government. However, for administrative convenience,
they exercise the powers of Certifying Officers within their respective territorial jurisdictions. The
Regional Labour Commissioners in the Chief Labour Commissioner‘s Office function as
Certifying Officers in relation to industrial establishments falling in the Central Sphere and having
branches in more than one State. Besides, Deputy Chief Labour Commissioner, New Delhi has also
been appointed Certifying Officer in relation to industrial establishment falling in the Central
Sphere.
Procedure for Certification –Section 3 of the Act provides that within 6 months from the
date on which the Act becomes applicable to an industrial establishment the employer shall submit
to the Certifying Officer copies of the draft Standing Orders proposed by him for adoption in his
industrial establishment. The Certifying Officer shall ensure that provision is made in the Standing
Orders for every matter set out in the Schedule applicable to the industrial establishment and the
Standing Orders are in conformity with the provisions of the Act. Certifying Officers and appellate
authorities have been vested with powers of Civil Courts for the purposes of receiving evidence,
administering oath, enforcing the attendance of witnesses. The progress of Certification of
Standing Orders during the Calendar Years 2009 and 2010 is given in Table 9.13(a) and 9.13(b).
178
Table 9.13 (a)
State-wise Progress of Certification of Standing Orders during 2009 under Industrial
Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946
State/Union Territory
Establishments coming within the
purview of the Industrial
Employment (Standing Orders) Act
Establishments having Certified
Standing Orders in respect of all or
only a group of employees at the
beginning of the year
Number of
Number
employees
covered
4
5
954
154894
2
4103
Number of
employees
covered
3
386054
2. Bihar
72
19493
72
19493
3. Goa
1967
108442
202
15928
4. Haryana
5281
618961
1316
210459
5. Himachal Pradesh
1494
187005
196
25213
6. Kerala
1395
252080
713
85975
7. Maharashtra
2773
683967
437
88304
8. Orissa
539
97027
253
60297
9. Punjab
9726
521946
1388
240515
10. Tripura
69
15341
63
14120
11. Uttarakhand
657
61898
357
41367
1
135
1
135
13. Chandigarh
228
13690
61
7375
14. Puducherry
931
86417
55
21618
29236
3052456
6068
985693
..
..
..
..
29236
3052456
6068
985693
(20.76)
(32.29)
Number
1
1. Andhra Pradesh
12. A & N Islands
Total State Sphere
Undertakings
Total Central Sphere
Undertakings
Grand Total
179
Table 9.13 (a) concld.
State/Union Territory
1
1. Andhra Pradesh
2. Bihar
3. Goa
4. Haryana
5. Himachal Pradesh
6. Kerala
7. Maharashtra
8. Orissa
9. Punjab
10. Tripura
11. Uttarakhand
12. A & N Islands
13. Chandigarh
14. Puducherry
Total State Sphere
Undertakings
Total Central Sphere
Undertakings
Number of applications for certification either for all or
any group of employees in respect of establishments (i)
which had Standing Orders only for a group or groups
of employees (ii) which had no certified Standing
Orders
Pending at the Received
Disposed
Pending at
beginning of during the
off during
the end of
the year
year
the year
the year
6
7
8
9
40
58 (13.36)
58
40
(2.69)
(12.83)
55
(3.70)
81
(5.45)
199
(13.38)
52
(3.50)
71
(4.78)
90
(6.05)
773
(51.98)
-
7
(1.61)
75
(17.28)
35
(8.06)
13
(3.00)
13
(3.00)
3
(0.69)
76
(17.51)
-
2
(0.44)
118
(26.11)
33
(7.30)
27
(5.97)
10
(2.21)
1
(0.22)
97
(21.46)
-
121
(8.14)
-
111
(25.58)
-
94
(20.80)
-
138
2
(0.13)
3
(0.20)
1487
(100.00)
..
-
1
(0.22)
11
(2.44)
452
(100.00)
..
1
43
(9.91)
434
(100.00)
..
1487
434
452
Grand Total
- = Nil
.. = Not available due to non-receipt of information.
Note = Figures in brackets are percentage to total
180
60
38
201
38
74
92
752
-
-
35
1469
..
1469
Establishments having
certified Standing Orders
in respect of all or only a
group of employees at
the end of the year
Number
Number of
employees
covered
10
11
1012
169848
(15.59)
(16.25)
72
19493
(1.11)
(1.87)
209
16844
(3.22)
(1.61)
1434
222967
(22.09)
(21.34)
229
29030
(3.53)
(2.78)
717
87812
(11.05)
(8.40)
447
91411
(6.89)
(8.75)
254
60754
(3.91)
(5.81)
1485
253759
(22.88)
(24.28)
63
14120
(0.97)
(1.35)
451
49695
(6.95)
(4.76)
1
135
(0.01)
(0.01)
62
7469
(0.95)
(0.72)
55
21618
(0.85)
(2.07)
6491
1044955
(100.00)
(100.00)
..
..
6491
(22.20)
1044955
(34.23 )
Table 9.13 (b)
State-wise Progress of Certification of Standing Orders during 2010 under Industrial
Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946
State/Union Territory
Establishments coming within the
purview of the Industrial
Employment (Standing Orders) Act
Establishments having Certified
Standing Orders in respect of all or
only a group of employees at the
beginning of the year
Number of
Number
employees
covered
4
5
1012
169848
2
3429
Number of
employees
covered
3
362905
2. Bihar
72
19493
72
19493
3. Goa
1967
108442
207
16735
4. Haryana
5482
651183
1434
222967
5. Himachal Pradesh
1713
212160
229
29030
6. Karnataka
1447
261858
692
151691
7. Kerala
1572
229987
740
87960
8. Maharashtra
2822
609750
447
91411
9. Meghalaya
5
644
5
675
10. Orissa
546
99670
254
60754
11. Punjab
8846
20375
1485
253759
12. Rajasthan
3364
457328
919
196765
13. Uttarakhand
729
69124
451
49695
14. Chandigarh
229
14393
62
7469
15. Puducherry
931
86417
55
21618
33154
3203729
8064
1379870
..
..
..
..
33154
3203729
8064
1379870
(24.32)
(43.07)
Number
1
1. Andhra Pradesh
Total State Sphere
Undertakings
Total Central Sphere
Undertakings
Grand Total
181
Table 9.13 (b) concld.
State/Union Territory
1
1. Andhra Pradesh
2. Bihar
3. Goa
4. Haryana
5. Himachal Pradesh
6. Karnataka
7. Kerala
8. Maharashtra
9. Meghalaya
10. Orissa
11. Punjab
12. Rajasthan
13. Uttarakhand
14. Chandigarh
15. Puducherry
Total State Sphere
Undertakings
Total Central Sphere
Undertakings
Grand Total
Number of applications for certification either for all or
any group of employees in respect of establishments (i)
which had Standing Orders only for a group or groups
of employees (ii) which had no certified Standing
Orders
Pending at the Received
Disposed
Pending at
beginning of during the
off during
the end of
the year
year
the year
the year
6
7
8
9
40
46 (10.31)
46
40
(2.52)
(11.06)
60
(3.77)
38
(2.39)
201
(12.64)
78
(4.91)
38
(2.39)
74
(4.65)
-
4
(0.90)
61
(13.68)
32
(7.17)
82
(18.39)
12
(2.69)
21
(4.71)
-
2
(0.48)
59
(14.18)
46
(11.06)
75
(18.03)
10
(2.40)
9
(2.16)
-
92
(5.79)
752
(47.30)
43
(2.70)
138
(8.68)
1
(0.06)
35
(2.20)
1590
(100.00)
..
9
(2.02)
60
(13.45)
29
(6.50)
68
(15.25)
22
(4.93)
446
(100.00)
..
5
(1.20)
73
(17.55)
24
(5.77)
44
(10.58)
1
(0.24)
22
(5.29)
416
(100.00)
..
1590
446
416
62
40
187
85
40
86
96
739
48
162
35
1620
..
1620
Establishments having
certified Standing Orders
in respect of all or only a
group of employees at
the end of the year
Number
Number of
employees
covered
10
11
841
139425
(10.25)
(10.00)
72
19493
(0.88)
(1.40)
211
19401
(2.57)
(1.39)
1493
229987
(18.20)
(16.49)
275
34478
(3.35)
(2.47)
717
172516
(8.74)
(12.37)
750
85428
(9.14)
(6.13)
447
72225
(5.45)
(5.18)
5
644
(0.06)
(0.05)
259
62751
(3.16)
(4.50)
1568
268938
(19.11)
(19.29)
953
204103
(11.62)
(14.64)
495
55231
(6.03)
(3.96)
63
8172
(0.77)
(0.58)
55
21618
(0.67)
(1.55)
8204
1394410
(100.00)
(100.00)
..
..
8204
(24.75)
1394410
(43.52 )
- = Nil
.. = Not Available due to non-receipt of information
NOTE: 1. Figures in brackets are percentages to total.
2. Percentages in brackets of Grand Total in cols. 4 and 5 as well as cols. 10 and 11 are with
reference to cols. 2 and 3.
3. Figures under Col.6 are not strictly comparable over the years as the responding States/UTs vary
year to year.
182
Modification of Standing Orders – Section 10 of the Act makes provision for modification of the
Certified Standing Orders. If the management and the workmen agree, the standing orders can be
modified even before the expiry of the prescribed time limit.
Enforcement –The following offences are punishable under Sections 18 of the Act and the Central
Industrial Relations Machinery is to take action wherever infringements of the same come to their
notice:
 Failure on the part of an employer to submit draft Standing Orders as required under Section 3.
 Modification by employer of the Certified Standing Orders otherwise than in accordance with
the prescribed procedure.
 Any action of the employer in contravention of the provisions of the Certified Standing Orders.
(b)
The Industrial Disputes Act,1947£
Object and Scope-The Industrial Disputes Act was passed in March, 1947 repealing the Trade
Disputes Act, 1929. The Act extends to the whole of India. The Act of 1947 was a comprehensive
measure adopted by the Central Government with a view to improving industrial relations. The Act
introduced the principle of compulsory arbitration and prohibited strikes without notice in public
utility services. It also provided, for the first time two new institutions, viz. (i) Works Committees
consisting of representatives of employers and employees in undertakings employing 100 or more
workers, and (ii) Industrial Tribunal for the adjudication of industrial disputes. The main provisions
of the Act relate to (i) works committees, (ii) conciliation and adjudication machinery, (iii) strikes
and lockouts and (iv) lay-off, retrenchment and closure.
The Act has been amended to amplify the term ‗appropriate government‘ defined under
Section 2(a) of the Act, enhance the wage ceiling from Rs.1,600/- to Rs.10,000/- per month to
cover workmen working in supervising capacity, provide direct access for the workman to the
Labour Court or Tribunal in case of disputes arising out of Section 2A of the Act, expand the scope
of qualifications of Presiding Officers of Labour Courts or Tribunals, establish Grievance
Redressal Machinery and empowering the Labour Court or Tribunal to execute the awards etc.
The amendment has been notified on 19.08.2010 and made effective from 15.09.2010.
11. MISCELLANEOUS
The Children’s (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933
The Act was passed in February 1933 to eradicate the evils arising from the pledging of the
labour of young children by their parents to employers in lieu of loans or advances. The Act applies
to the whole of India. It declares void an agreement written or oral, to pledge the labour of a child
below 15 years by the child‘s parent or guardian in return for any payment or benefit. However, an
agreement made without detriment to a child and not made in consideration of any benefit other
than reasonable wages to be paid for the child‘s services and terminable at not more than a week‘s
notice is not to be deemed to be an illegal agreement. A person who knowingly enters into an
agreement with a parent or guardian of a child whereby such parent or guardian pledges the labour
of the child, or an employer who knowingly employs such a child, is liable to be fined.
(a)
£ For data on Strikes and Lockouts kindly see Chapter 4 (2).
183
(b)
The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986
Object and Scope- The main object of the Act is to prohibit the engagement of children (who have
not completed fourteenth year of age) in certain employments and to regulate the conditions of
work of children in certain other employments. The Act envisages that no child shall be employed
or permitted to work in any of the occupations set forth in part A and B of the Schedule to the Act.
Through a Notification dated 26.5.1993, the working conditions of children have been regulated in
all employments, which are not prohibited under the Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act,
1986. Through later Notifications, the Schedule has been substantially enlarged to bringing the
total to 18 hazardous occupations and 65 processes. Section 5 of the Act provides for the
constitution of a Child Labour Technical Advisory Committee to advise the Central Government
for the purpose of addition of occupations and processes to the Schedule of the Act. The
Committee consists of a Chairman and such other members not exceeding 10 as may be appointed
by the Central Government.
The Central Government shall be the appropriate Government in relation to an
establishment under its control or a railway administration or a major port or a mine or oilfields and
in all other cases, the State Government shall be the appropriate Government.
Main Provisions- The Act provides that no child shall be permitted or required to work between 7
p.m. and 8.a.m. and shall not be permitted to work overtime. The period of work on each day shall
be so fixed that no period shall exceed three hours and that no child shall work for more than three
hours before he has had an interval for rest for at least one hour. The period of work of a child shall
be so arranged that inclusive of his interval for rest, it shall not be spread over more than six hours
including the time spent in waiting for work on any day. No child shall be required or permitted to
work in any establishment on any day on which he has already been working in another
establishment. Every child employed in an establishment shall be allowed in each week, a holiday
of one whole day. The employer will notify the Inspector in case he engages a child for
employment. The Act also provides for the Health and Safety of the children and the appropriate
Government may make rules for the health and safety of the children employed in any
establishment or class of establishments.
The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Rules 1988 were published in the Gazette
of India dated the 30th August, 1988 and came into force from that date. These Rules mainly deal
with the terms of office of the members of committee, the secretary, allowance of non-official
members, removal of chairman or member of the Committee, quorum, decision by majority and the
sub-committees. Besides, the Rules provide for maintenance of a register by the occupier of
establishment in respect of the Children employed by him. Production of a certificate of age is also
required under these rules.
Penalties- Any employer who employs any child or permits any child to work in contravention of
the provisions of section 3 of the Act shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall
not be less than three months but may extend to one year or with fine which shall not be less than
ten thousand rupees but may extend to twenty thousand rupees or both. In case the offence is
repeated, the term of imprisonment shall not be less than six months but which may extend to two
years. Any person found guilty and convicted of contravention of any of the provisions mentioned
in sub-section (2), shall be liable to penalties as provided in sub-section (1) and (2) of Section 14 of
this Act and not under the Acts in which those provisions are contained. The provisions referred to
are (a) section 67 of the Factories Act, 1948, (b) section 40 of the Mines Act,1952, (c) section 109
of the Merchant Shipping Act,1958 and (d) section 21 of the Motor Transport Workers‘ Act, 1961.
184
Every rule made under this Act and every notification issued under Section 4 of the Act by
the Central Government and every rule made by a State Government under the Act shall be laid
before each House of the Parliament, State Legislature respectively and shall have effect only in
such modified form as agreed by both the Houses of Parliament/State Legislature or be of no effect,
as the case may be. Subject to the provisions contained in Section 15, the provisions of this Act and
the rules made thereunder be in addition to, and not in derogation of the provisions of the Factories
Act, 1948, the Plantations Labour Act, 1951 and the Mines Act, 1952.
Repeal- Notwithstanding the repeal of the Employment of Children Act, 1938 (26 of 1938),
anything done or any action taken or purported to have been done or taken under the Act so
repealed, shall, in so far as it is not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, be deemed to have
been done or taken under the corresponding provisions of this Act. The Minimum Wages Act,
1948; the Plantations Labour Act, 1951; the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 and the Motor Transport
Workers‘ Act, 1961 were also amended in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
(c)
The Collection of Statistics Act, 2008
The Collection of Statistics Act, 2008 was enacted by the Parliament on 7 th January 2009.
It was brought into force on 11th June 2010. The Act repealed the Collection of Statistics Act, 1953.
Rules under the Act, namely, the Collection of Statistics Rules, 2011 were notified on 16th May
2011.
Some of the salient features of the Collection of Statistics Act, 2008 and the Rules made
thereunder are as follows: 






The Act provides for collecting statistics on economic, demographic, social, scientific and
environmental aspects not only from industrial and commercial concerns but also from
individuals and households.
The Central/State Governments, UT Administrations and the local governments such as
Panchayats and Municipalities have been empowered to collect any statistics. Any of them
may appoint a statistics officer for each subject of data collection and/ or for each
geographical unit.
Duplication of surveys has been a matter of concern, as it not only leads to wastage of
resources on survey work, but also may give rise to conflicting statistics. The Act
empowers the Central Government to make rules for avoiding duplication. The Rules made
under the Act provide for designating a nodal officer at the Centre and in each State/ UT
who would advice the concerned line Ministries on steps to be taken to avoid unnecessary
duplication.
The Act provides for all methods of data collection including oral interviews and filing of
returns electronically.
The information collected from any informant under the Act cannot be made use of for any
purpose other than for prosecution under the Act or for statistical purposes. In other words,
the information collected cannot be used as evidence for prosecution under any other law.
The Act provides penalties for neglect or refusal to furnish information. The penalty is up
to Rs.1,000/- for individuals (Rs.5,000/- in case of a company).
More importantly, the obligation to furnish information under the Act will not cease after
conviction for an offence. If the concerned person continues to neglect or refuse to furnish
information after the expiry of fourteen days from the date of conviction, then he may be
punished with a further fine up to Rs.1,000/- (Rs.5,000/- in case of a company) for each
day after the first during which the failure continues.
185



(d)
The Act provides for stringent penalties for furnishing false information and for other
serious offences in the form of simple imprisonment up to six months or with a fine or with
both.
The Act and the Rules made thereunder provide for adequate confidentiality for the data
collected and for appropriate safeguards when data collection is outsourced. Disclosure of
information collected from any person without suppressing the identification particulars of
that person is not permitted under the Act.
Prosecution for offences committed under the Act would be by way of a summary trial.
The Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959
The Act came into force with effect from the 1st May, 1960 and has been implemented in
all the States in the country. It covers all establishments in Public Sector and non-agricultural
establishments employing 25 or more workers in the Private Sector. It is not applicable in relation
to vacancies (a) in any agriculture (including horticulture) establishments in private sector other
than employment as agricultural or farm machinery operatives, (b) in any employment in domestic
service, (c) in any employment, the total duration of which is less than 3 months, (d) in any
employment to do unskilled office work e.g., daftary, jamadar, orderly, peon, dusting man, record
lifter, process server, watchman, sweeper and any other employee doing any routine or unskilled
work which the Central Government by notification, may declare to be unskilled office work, and
(e) any employment connected with the staff of the Parliament. Unless the Central Government
otherwise directs by notification in the Official Gazette in this behalf, the Act is not applicable in
relation to (a) vacancies which are proposed to be filled through promotion or by absorption of
surplus staff of any branch or department of the same establishment or on the result of any
examination or interview held by, or on the recommendations of any independent agency, such as,
the Union or State Public Service Commission and the like and (b) vacancies in any employment
which carry a remuneration of less than Rs. 60 in a month.
The Act requires that in any State or area thereof the employer in every establishment in
public or private sector shall, before filling up any vacancy, notify them to employment exchanges.
It also enjoins upon the Employers to furnish information about the number and type of vacancies
occurred and filled during each quarter and the occupational and educational pattern of employees
with them every alternate year. State Employment Market Information Units have been set up at
each State Headquarter and Employment Market Information units have been set up at more than
500 districts in the country to maintain close liaison with employers. The Employment Officers of
these units are provided extensive training by the State as well as Central Government in the field.
Special stress is laid on using persuasive rather than coercive methods in collection of information
under the Act. In case of Government establishments liaison is maintained even at the level of the
Head Quarter of the organization so that the field units do not lag behind in providing information.
In case of Private Sector employers‘ personal contact through telephone, internet, fax and finally
personal visits is the key to collection of information. The utility of the information in National
Planning is stressed and employers are assured that the information provided by them would not
put them in any disadvantageous position. The legal provisions in the Act, of prosecution of the
employers, for non-rendering of information are used only in rare cases where all persuasion fails.
There is a network of 966 Employment Exchanges in the country as on 31.07.2011.
(e)
The Apprentices Act, 1961
The Apprentices Act, 1961 came into force on March 1, 1962. The main object of the Act
is to provide for the regulation and control of training of apprentices in trades and for matters
connected therewith. The Act extends to the whole of India. The Act makes it obligatory on the
186
part of employers both in Public and Private Sector establishments having requisite training
infrastructure as laid down in the Act, to engage apprentices in 254 groups of industries and 27000
establishments covered under the Act.
As on 30.09.2012, a total of 223137 training seats for the trade apprentices have been
utilized against 337111 seats identified in establishments covered under the Act. Out of 223137
seats utilized, the utilization for various categories was: 27808 for SCs, 11151 for STs, 12487 for
Minorities, 875 for physically handicapped and 9920 for Women.
(f)
The Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966
The object of the Act is to regulate the conditions of work in beedi and cigar
manufacturing establishments and to provide for the welfare of workers employed therein. It
extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir but all or any of its
provisions becomes operative in any State or part of it only from such date as notified by the State
Government. Under the Act, an industrial premises is defined as a place or premises including
precincts thereof in which or in any part of which an industry or manufacturing process connected
with the making of beedi or cigar or both is carried on with or without the aid of power.
The Main provisions of the Act relate to (i) health and welfare, (ii) hours of work and
wages for overtime, (iii) employment of young persons and women, and (iv) leave and holidays.
The administration of the Act rests with the State Governments.
(g)
The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970
The Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act aims at regulating employment of
contract labour so as to place it at par with labour employed directly, with regard to the working
conditions and certain other benefits. Contract labour refers to the workers engaged by a contractor
for the user enterprises. These workers are generally engaged in agricultural operations, plantation,
construction industry, ports & docks, oil fields, factories, railways, shipping, airlines, road
transport, etc. The Act applies to every establishment/ contractor in which twenty or more
workmen are employed or were employed on any day of the preceding twelve months as contract
labour. Every establishment and contractor, to whom the Act applies, have to register themselves or
obtain a license for execution of the contract work.
The interests of contract workers are protected in terms of wages, hours of work, welfare,
health and social security. The amenities to be provided to contract labour include canteen, rest
rooms, first aid facilities and other basic necessities at the work place like drinking water etc. The
liability to ensure payment of wages and other benefits is primarily that of the contractor, and in
case of default, that of the principal employer. The Act is implemented both by the Centre and the
State Governments. The Central Government has jurisdiction over establishments like railways,
banks, mines etc. and the State Governments have jurisdiction over units located in that state. In the
Central sphere, the Central Industrial Relations Machinery (CIRM) headed by Chief Labour
Commissioner (Central) and his officers have been entrusted with the responsibility of enforcing
the provisions of the Act and the rules made thereunder. Apart from the regulatory measures
provided under the Act for the benefit of the contract labour, the 'appropriate government' under the
Act is authorised, as the case may be, to prohibit, by notification in the official gazette,
employment of contract labour in any establishment in any process, operation or other work.
187
(h)
The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
Consequent upon the ratification of ILO Convention No.100, the Equal Remuneration Act,
1976 was passed by the Parliament. The main object of this Act is to provide for the payment of
equal remuneration to men and women workers and for the prevention of discrimination on the
ground of sex, against women in the matter of employment and for matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto. The Act extends to the whole of India. Under this Act, no employer shall pay to
any worker, employed by him in an establishment or employment, remuneration, whether payable
in cash or in kind at rates less favorable than those at which remuneration is paid by him to the
workers of the opposite sex in such establishment or employment for performing the same work or
work of similar nature. ―Same work or work of a similar nature‖ has been defined as work in
respect of which the skill, effort and responsibility required are the same, when performed under
similar working conditions, by a man or a woman and the differences, if any, between the skill,
effort and responsibility required of a man and those required of a woman are not of practical
importance in relation to the terms and conditions of employment. In case, before the
commencement of this Act, the remuneration for men and women were being paid differently, then
the higher (in cases where there were two rates) or the highest (in cases where there were more than
two rates) of such rates would be the rate at which remuneration would be payable, on and from
such commencement, to such men and women workers as may be prescribed. No discrimination is
to be made while recruiting men and women workers for the same or a similar nature of work
except where the employment of women in such work is prohibited or restricted by or under any
law for the time being.
(i)
The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976
The practice of bonded labour system has been abolished throughout the country with the
enactment of Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976 and made a cognizable offence
punishable by law. Though the responsibility of implementing the Act lies with the State
Government, the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India supplements the
efforts of the State Governments by providing a Central assistance on matching grants (50:50)
basis for the rehabilitation of bonded labour under a Centrally Sponsored Plan Scheme for
rehabilitation of bonded labour. The scheme was launched by Ministry of Labour & Employment
in May, 1978. The said Plan Scheme has been drastically modified in May 2000 to provide for 100
per cent assistance for conducting district wise surveys for identification of bonded labour,
awareness generation activities, and evaluatory studies. The Rehabilitation grant has also been
raised from Rs.10,000/-per identified bonded labour to Rs.20,000/-per identified bonded labour.
Further, in the case of North-Eastern States, 100 per cent rehabilitation grant is provided in case
they fail to provide their matching contribution. Besides, the State Governments have also been
advised to integrate/dovetail the Centrally Sponsored Scheme for rehabilitation of bonded labour
with other ongoing poverty alleviation schemes. A Special Group has been constituted under the
Chairmanship of the Secretary (Labour and Employment) to review the implementation of the
Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976.
(j)
The Sales Promotion Employees’ (Conditions of Services) Act, 1976
The main object of this Act is to regulate certain conditions of service of sales promotion
employees in certain establishments. The Central Government is responsible for the framing of the
rules concerning this Act.
The Act in the first instance applies to every establishment engaged in pharmaceutical
industry. However, the Central Government, by notification, can apply the provisions of the Act to
any other establishment engaged in the notified industry. The provisions of the Workmen‘s
Compensation Act, 1923, the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, the
188
Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, the Payment of Bonus Act 1965 and the Payment of Gratuity Act,
1972 have been made applicable to sales promotion employees.
In addition to casual leave or other kinds of leave, as may be prescribed, every sales
promotion employee will be entitled to earned leave on full wages for not less than one-eleventh of
the period spent on duty and leave on medical certificate on one half of the wages for not less than
one eighteenth of the period of service.
(k)
The Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of
Service) Act, 1979
The Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service)
Act, 1979 and the Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of
Service) Central Rules, 1980 came into force with effect from the 2nd October, 1980. The Act is
intended to safeguard the interests of the workmen who are recruited by contractors from one State
for service in an establishment situated in another State and to guard against the exploitation of
such workmen by the contractors.
The Act regulates the employment of inter-state migrant workmen and also provides for
their conditions of service and for matters connected therewith. It extends to the whole of India and
applies to every establishment in which five or more inter-State migrant workmen (whether or not
in addition to other workmen) are employed or who were employed on any day of the preceding
twelve months. It also applies to every contractor who employs or who employed five or more
inter-State migrant workmen on any day of the preceding twelve months.
The Act provides for registration of certain establishments, prohibition against employment
of inter-State migrant workmen, registration, licensing of contractors, duties and obligations of
contractors, wages and other conditions of service of such workmen, appointment of Inspection
staff, etc.
(l)
The Emigration Act, 1983
The Emigration Act, 1983, which came into effect from 30th December, 1983 embodies the
guidelines enunciated by the Supreme Court of India in its judgement and order dated 20-03-1979
(Kanga Vs. Union of India and Others) and provides a regulatory framework in respect of
emigration of Indian workers for overseas employment and seeks to safeguard their interests, and
ensure their protection and welfare. Procedural safeguards have been provided under the law for
protection of emigrants. The Act regulates recruitment for overseas employment and departure of
the intending emigrants from India. It provides for penalties against offences.
Operational matters relating to emigration, the provision of emigration services to
emigrants and the enforcement of the Emigration Act, 1983 are under the Protector General of
Emigrants (PGE). The PGE is the statutory authority under the Emigration Act and responsible for
the welfare and protection of emigrant workers. The Emigration Act, 1983 (Section 10) requires
that those who wish to recruit Indian citizens for employment abroad shall register themselves with
the PGE. The fee prescribed under Rule 7(2) for registration is Rs.25, 000/-. Initially, the
Registration Certificate (RC) is valid for a period of five years. The applicant is required to deposit
Bank Guarantee for an amount of Rs.20 lakh on being found eligible for grant of RC. The
registration of Recruiting Agents under the Emigration Act, 1983, commenced from January, 1984,
and as on 31 December, 2012, there are 1439 Recruiting Agents with valid RC. This figure
includes seven State Manpower Export Corporations established in the State of Haryana, Kerala,
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Punjab. While majority of recruitments are
done through registered Recruiting Agents, employment can also be done by an employer directly
by obtaining a Permit from the Competent Authority as per provisions under Section 16 of the
Emigration Act, 1983. Foreign Employer can also recruit workers from India for a specific project
through Project Exporter. The PGE has been empowered by the Central Government to function as
a Registering Authority to regulate the recruitment through recruiting agents and also as Competent
Authority to regulate direct recruitment by employers.
189
There are about five million overseas Indian workers all over the world. More than 90% of
these workers are in the Gulf countries and in South-East Asia. During 2012, 7,47,041 workers
emigrated from India after obtaining emigration clearance. Out of this, 3,57,503 went to Saudi
Arabia, 1,41,138 to UAE, 84,384 to Oman, 63,096 to Qatar, and 21,241 to Malaysia. States of
Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Punjab were the leading
sourcing States in order of the numbers who emigrated from these States. Major outflow of
emigrant workers in the last few years from India has been to the Gulf countries where about four
million workers are estimated to be employed. A vast majority of migrants to the Middle East,
including Gulf countries are semi-skilled and unskilled workers and most of them are temporary
migrants who return to India after expiry of their contractual employment. The number of
emigration clearances granted by the eight offices of the Protector of Emigrants was 6,41,355 in
2010, in the year 2011 the figure was 6,26,565. One more office of Protector of Emigrant, Jaipur
was inaugurated in January, 2012. The year 2012, registered an increase in the number of
emigrants by about 28% as compared to the previous year i.e. 2011 (7.47 lakhs in comparison to
6.26 lakhs).
(m) The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and
Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 and the Building and Other Construction Workers
Welfare Cess Act, 1996
Two Acts viz., the Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment
and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 and the Building and Other Construction Workers Welfare
Cess Act, 1996 have been brought on the Statute Book w.e.f. 20.8.1996. The legislation seeks to
provide for regulation of employment and conditions of service of the building and other
construction workers including fixing of hours of work, wages and overtime, dispute resolutions,
welfare amenities like drinking water, latrines, urinals, crèches, first aid and canteens etc.
Compulsory temporary living accommodation to all building workers within or near the work site
has been provided for.
On safety aspects, constitution of safety committee in larger establishments, provisions of
notification of fatal accidents, etc. have been provided for. Appropriate Government would be
framing detailed rules for safety measures and equipments required to be provided to the building
workers. On the welfare measure, a welfare fund is required to be created by each State for which
the major source of funding should be levy of Cess at the rate of 1 per cent of the cost of
construction incurred by an employer has been notified. The Central Govt. being appropriate
Government for Central Sphere establishments has also notified Registering Officers, Appellate
Officers, Director General of Inspection and Inspectors for enforcement of the Act.
190
CHAPTER 10
AGRICULTURAL/RURAL LABOUR
Agricultural labour, which constitutes a major part of the rural labour in the country, is the
most disadvantageous section of the population as they have not much benefited from the socialeconomic development witnessed after independence. They are unorganised and hence deprived of
the benefits of most of the labour enactments.
The total population, total number of main workers and the number of agricultural workers
(including agricultural labourers) for the Census years 1951 to 2011 are given in Table 10.01.
Table 10.01
Cultivators
1
1951@
2
356.86
3
139.42
4
27.50
5
69.74
Agricultural
Labourers
6
7
97.24
69.75
(27.3)
1961@
439.24
188.68
31.52
99.62
131.14
69.51
(29.9)
1971
548.16
180.48
47.49
78.27
125.76
69.68
(22.9)
1981*
665.29
222.52
55.50
92.52
148.02
66.52
(22.2)
1991@
838.58
285.93
74.60
110.70
185.30
64.81
(22.1)
2001
1025.25
313.17
107.45
127.63
235.08
75.06
(22.9)
2011
1210.57
362.45
144.33
118.69
263.02
72.57
(21.7)
Note: - Figures in brackets in Col.6 are percentages to those in Col.2.
@ Exclusive of figures for Jammu & Kashmir as no Census was conducted in that State
* Exclusive of figures for Assam.
Source:
As percentage to
Agricultural
workers (Col.6)
Agricultural
Labourers
Agricultural Workers
As percentage to
total workers
(Col.3)
Total
Workers
As percentage to
total workers
(Col.3)
Total
Population
Total
Census
year
All Occupations
(Main workers)
Total Population, Total Workers and Agricultural Workers for the Census years 1951 to
2011 All-India (In millions)
8
19.72
9
28.28
16.71
24.04
26.31
37.76
24.94
37.49
26.09
40.26
34.31
45.71
39.82
54.87
Website of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Office of the Registrar General of India.
The table reveals a fluctuating trend in the proportion of agricultural workers to total
population during the period 1951 to 2011. It increased from 27.3 per cent in 1951 to 29.9 percent
in 1961 and thereafter noticed a declining trend to reach at 22.1 per cent in 1991. It however
depicted a marginal increase in 2001 and subsequent decrease in 2011. However, in absolute terms,
it continued increasing during this period, except during the decade 1961-71. Similarly, during this
period, there has been a steady increase in the number of agricultural labourers. The number of
agricultural workers increased by about 170 per cent whereas the agricultural labourers increased
by about 425 per cent during this period.
191
State-wise distribution of total population, working force and agricultural labourers as
revealed by 2011 Census has been presented in Table 10.02.
Table 10.02
Population, Working Force, Main Workers and Agricultural Labourers by Sex and by
States/Union Territories (as per 2011Census)
(In Millions)
Total
As % age to
Agricultural
Workers
Females
As % age to
main workers
Agricultural Labourers
Males
1
2
India/ States
1.
Andhra Pradesh
2.
Arunachal Pradesh
3.
Assam
4.
Chattisgarh
5.
Bihar
6.
Goa
7.
Gujarat
8.
Haryana
9.
Himachal Pradesh
10. Jammu & Kashmir
11. Jharkhand
12. Karnataka
13. Kerala
14. Madhya Pradesh
15. Maharashtra
16. Manipur
17. Meghalaya
18. Mizoram
19. Nagaland
20. Odisha
21. Punjab
22. Rajasthan
23. Sikkim
24. Tamil Nadu
25. Tripura
26. Uttar Pradesh
27. Uttarakhand
28. West Bengal
Union Territories
1.
A & N Islands
2.
Chandigarh
3.
D & N Haveli
4.
Daman & Diu
5.
Delhi
6.
Lakshadweep
7.
Puducherry
(Cultivators &
Agricultural
Labourers)
Population Working Agricultural
Force
Workers
(Main Workers)
All India/State/
Union Territories
3
1210.57
84.58
1.38
31.21
25.55
104.10
1.46
60.44
25.35
6.86
12.54
32.99
61.10
33.41
72.63
112.37
2.57
2.97
1.10
1.98
41.97
27.74
68.55
0.61
72.15
3.67
199.81
10.09
91.28
4
362.45
33.04
0.48
8.69
8.24
21.36
0.48
20.37
7.02
2.06
2.64
6.82
23.40
9.33
22.70
43.76
0.86
0.92
0.42
0.74
10.71
8.45
21.06
0.23
27.94
1.08
44.64
2.87
25.69
5
263.02
23.46
0.33
5.91
9.09
25.54
0.06
12.29
4.01
2.24
1.8
8.25
13.74
1.99
22.03
26.06
0.57
0.69
0.27
0.6
10.84
3.52
18.56
0.15
13.86
0.65
39
1.98
15.31
6
82.74
8.13
0.02
1.13
2.34
12.57
0.01
3.65
1.04
0.10
0.41
2.34
3.28
0.86
6.31
6.77
0.04
0.11
0.02
0.03
3.48
1.24
2.13
0.01
4.84
0.21
13.80
0.29
7.45
7
61.59
8.84
0.02
0.72
2.75
5.77
0.01
3.19
0.49
0.07
0.13
2.09
3.87
0.46
5.88
6.71
0.07
0.09
0.02
0.03
3.26
0.35
2.81
0.01
4.76
0.14
6.14
0.12
2.74
8
144.33
16.97
0.03
1.85
5.09
18.34
0.03
6.84
1.53
0.18
0.55
4.44
7.16
1.32
12.19
13.49
0.11
0.20
0.04
0.06
6.74
1.59
4.94
0.03
9.61
0.35
19.94
0.40
10.19
9
39.82
51.36
6.25
21.29
61.77
85.86
6.25
33.58
21.79
8.74
20.83
65.10
30.60
14.15
53.70
30.83
12.79
21.74
9.52
8.11
62.93
18.82
23.46
13.04
34.40
32.41
44.67
13.94
39.67
10
54.87
72.34
9.09
31.30
56.00
71.81
50.00
55.66
38.15
8.04
30.56
53.82
52.11
66.33
55.33
51.77
19.30
28.99
14.81
10.00
62.18
45.17
26.62
20.00
69.34
53.85
51.13
20.20
66.56
0.38
1.06
0.34
0.24
16.79
0.06
1.25
0.13
0.39
0.13
0.12
5.31
0.01
0.40
0.02
*
0.05
*
0.07
0.08
*
*
0.01
*
0.03
0.04
*
*
0.01
*
0.01
0.03
*
*
0.02
*
0.04
0.07
3.80
0.44
15.38
0.66
0.75
17.50
22.40
39.55
40.00
25.00
57.14
87.50
N.B. : The Totals may not tally due to rounding off.
* = Less than 5000
Source: Ministry of Home Affairs, Office of the Registrar General of India.
192
- = Nil
2. RURAL /AGRICULTURAL LABOUR ENQUIRIES
Introduction: It has always been main objective of the Government of India to ensure fuller
opportunities for work and better living to the rural labourers as they constitute the major part of
the labour force in the country. With this objective in view, Labour Bureau was entrusted with the
work of conducting Rural Labour Enquiries (RLE). Under RLE, data on various socio-economic
aspects of rural and agricultural labour are collected and analysed on quinquennial basis. The First
Rural Labour Enquiry, preceded by two Agricultural Labour Enquiries, was conducted in the year
1963-65. The RLE was integrated with the General Employment & Unemployment Survey of the
NSSO in the year 1977-78 so as to narrow down the gap between the successive rounds of the
Enquiries. The latest RLE (2009-10) has already been completed and the results are being
generated.
The data pertaining to Agricultural and Rural Labour Households collected under each of
the quinquennial surveys conducted by the NSSO are processed by the Labour Bureau and reports
on different aspects of Agricultural/Rural Labour Households viz; Indebtedness, Consumption
Expenditure, Wages & Earnings, Employment & Unemployment and General Characteristics of
Rural Labour Households are brought out for each round of the NSSO. All RLE Reports based on
61st NSS (2004-05) Round has already been compiled and released by the Bureau.
The concepts and definitions over successive enquiries have been refined to generate better
estimates. These changes affected the comparability of data to some extent for different enquiries.
During the First Agricultural Labour Enquiry, the Agricultural Labour Household was defined on
the basis of employment criteria, whereas with effect from the second Agricultural Labour Enquiry,
the basis was changed to income. While only households engaged in crop production were covered
for the first enquiry, all households engaged in activities like dairy farming, horticulture, raising of
livestock etc. were also included in second Agricultural Labour Enquiry. The concepts and
definitions adopted for first and second Rural Labour Enquiries were identical but some additional
information regarding educational standards, trade unionism and awareness of the Minimum
Wages Act was also collected during second Rural Labour Enquiry. Data on employment and
unemployment were collected adopting the usual activity status, current weekly status and current
day activity status as recommended by the Committee of Experts on Unemployment Estimates
(1970). During the 32nd, 38th, 43rd, 50th, 55th, 61st and 66th rounds of N.S.S., some additional
information on subsidiary occupations etc. of the members of the households was also collected.
Wages & Earnings of Rural Labour Households: Many socio-economic factors affect the wage
structure in rural India. Despite the beneficial provision of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 for
agricultural labourers, the wages are not consistent. Seasonal phenomenon in agriculture also plays
a pivotal role in the wage structure. During the peak agricultural season, the increased demand for
labour pushes up the wages whereas during the agricultural lean season there is hardly any work
for a large number of workers and the application of even the statutory minimum wages becomes
difficult. The details on earnings for the reference week were collected during the Rural Labour
Enquiry for each of the activities engaging the household members on wage paid labour. The
number of days to which the earnings related were recorded in terms of defined intensities. The
time-intensity of an activity was measured in half-day unit. The details of the average daily
earnings in respect of agricultural and non-agricultural operations are presented in table 10.03.
193
Table 10.03
Average Daily Earnings in Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Operations in
Agricultural/Rural Labour Households
All-India ( In Rs.)
Operations
Agricultural Labour Households
1993-94
19992004-05
2000
2
3
4
1
I All Agricultural Operations
(i) Men
(ii) Women
(iii) Children
Principal Agricultural Operations
Men
(i)
Ploughing
(ii) Sowing
(iii) Weeding
(iv) Transplanting
(v) Harvesting
(vi) Cultivation
(vii) Forestry
(viii) Plantation
(ix) Animal Husbandry
(x) Fisheries
(xi) Others (Agr.)
Women
(i)
Ploughing
(ii) Sowing
(iii) Weeding
(iv) Transplanting
(v) Harvesting
(vi) Cultivation
(vii) Forestry
(viii) Plantation
(ix) Animal Husbandry
(x) Fisheries
(xi) Others (Agr.)
Children
(i) Ploughing
(ii) Sowing
(iii) Weeding
(iv) Transplanting
(v) Harvesting
(vi) Cultivation
(vii) Forestry
(viii) Plantation
(ix) Animal Husbandry
(x) Fisheries
(xi) Others (Agr.)
II Non-Agricultural Operations
(i) Men
(ii) Women
(iii) Children
Rural Labour Households
1993-94
1999-2000 2004-05
5
6
7
21.34
15.18
12.45
40.15
28.38
24.23
47.53
33.41
29.55
21.52
15.33
12.32
40.58
28.57
24.32
48.07
33.77
29.93
21.17
21.63
18.40
19.85
20.75
21.31
23.54
30.60
16.29
35.58
22.10
42.36
38.75
34.99
39.53
38.44
39.31
46.03
58.27
32.25
54.11
43.30
52.19
45.03
41.58
50.85
46.42
47.10
46.38
67.72
36.34
63.54
47.71
21.20
21.63
18.40
19.95
20.80
21.31
25.90
30.04
16.65
36.06
22.60
42.40
39.30
34.99
39.68
38.69
39.50
50.41
55.93
32.84
60.93
44.63
52.58
45.20
41.70
50.71
46.73
47.20
52.12
66.15
36.70
92.33
48.21
19.85
15.76
13.06
15.34
16.03
14.91
19.69
22.09
11.21
21.09
15.45
33.21
28.30
25.41
28.59
29.30
27.72
33.41
43.99
22.68
34.33
27.97
36.86
32.09
29.86
36.58
33.79
32.86
31.76
53.63
30.29
25.00
34.77
19.71
15.48
13.13
15.39
16.09
15.01
19.62
22.89
12.11
22.47
15.58
32.16
28.40
25.55
28.83
29.33
27.81
32.99
43.09
24.25
60.95
28.58
35.91
31.94
30.13
36.97
33.99
33.09
32.22
52.38
31.65
43.57
35.00
19.17
12.26
11.05
15.48
14.55
13.19
15.73
13.38
8.62
20.00
11.30
27.86
25.09
22.88
24.56
27.28
24.78
41.08
18.06
19.74
41.55
21.77
34.22
38.30
27.53
40.94
27.88
31.37
25.00
56.89
20.83
27.33
19.17
12.26
11.15
15.48
14.56
12.93
15.73
16.17
8.45
20.00
11.11
27.37
25.09
23.18
24.87
27.19
24.92
40.95
19.03
19.72
41.55
21.86
36.58
38.01
27.61
39.60
29.04
31.49
32.26
46.73
20.76
25.00
27.33
26.95
16.21
15.00
54.09
34.08
24.14
55.62
35.50
25.24
32.48
17.45
15.13
64.92
56.13
28.65
74.88
42.59
32.05
194
Table 10.03 reveals that average daily earnings of all the labourers (men, women, and
children) engaged in agricultural and non-agricultural operations recorded significant changes
during 2004-05 as compared to 1999-2000. The average daily earnings of men for all agricultural
operations in Agricultural Labour Households increased by 18.38 percent whereas in nonagricultural operations it increased by 2.83 percent during 2004-05 over 1999-2000. It is also
evident from the table that daily earnings of men, women, and children belonging to Rural Labour
Households engaged in non-agricultural operations was higher than those engaged in agricultural
operations
Indebtedness among Rural Labour Households
During 2004-05, the proportion of indebted households revealed an overall increase as
compared to 1999-2000 in respect of rural as well as agricultural labour households. Table 10.04
gives details of indebtedness among rural as well as agricultural labour households.
Table 10.04
Indebtedness among Agricultural/Rural Labour Households
Items of Information
Agricultural Labour Households
All-India
All Rural Labour Households
1987
-88
2
39.4
769
1952
1
1. Percentage of households in debt
2. Average debt per household (Rs.)
3.Average debt per indebted household
(Rs.)
(a) Average debt per indebted household
by source of borrowing (Rs.)
(i) Government
70
(ii) Employers
254
(iii) Shop Keepers
151
(iv) Money Lenders
429
(v) Co-operative Societies
195
(vi) Banks
410
(vii) Relatives & Friends
268
(viii) Others
176
(b) Average debt per indebted household
by purpose of borrowing (Rs.)
(i) Production
567
(ii) Consumption
670
(iii) Marriage and other ceremonies
270
(iv) Purchase of land and construction
166
of building
(v) Repayment of Debt
23
(vi) Others @
256
N.B @ - It includes debts for more than one purpose.
199394
3.
35.5
1031
2901
19992000
4.
25.1
1312
5230
200405
5.
48.4
3946
8145
1987
-88
6.
39.1
787
2014
1993
-94
7.
35.1
1113
3169
19992000
8.
25.0
1515
6049
2004
-05
9.
47.3
4852
1025
9
238
355
199
852
202
600
373
82
215
416
362
1777
539
871
841
209
300
591
533
3622
722
1145
1048
184
73
246
186
436
190
419
289
175
262
360
232
875
251
598
395
195
325
415
431
1918
792
1040
916
212
325
549
622
4539
951
1690
1311
273
821
937
496
290
1124
1621
1260
764
1689
2698
1867
1219
541
677
311
223
804
946
564
476
1120
1673
1450
1269
2253
3021
2214
1888
50
308
50
411
205
467
22
240
58
322
58
479
284
600
Source: Rural Labour Enquiry - Report on indebtedness of Rural Labour Households
The average debt per indebted household recorded a rise of about 56 and 70 percent in
respect of agricultural and rural labour households respectively during 2004-05 in comparison to
that of 1999-2000. As in earlier rounds, the `Money lenders‘ assumed the most dominant source for
borrowing funds followed by `Banks‘ and `Relatives & Friends‘. Amongst the various purposes
for which the debt has been raised by both the types of households, a major proportion was
accounted for `Households Consumption‘. The amount of debt raised by the indebted Agricultural
195
Labour Household and Rural Labour Household for ‗Household Consumption‘ during 2004-05 was
to the tune of Rs.2698/- and Rs.3021/- respectively which accounted for about 33 per cent and 29
per cent of the total debt .
General Characteristics of Rural Labour Households:
During 2004-05, the total number of Rural Households (RHs) was estimated at 150.2
million of which 32.6 million were Scheduled Castes; 16.1 million Scheduled Tribes; 63.0 million
Other Backward Classes, and 38.5 million Other Classes of Households. As compared to previous
survey, the estimated number of rural households during 2004-05 registered an increase of 9.55
percent. Amongst various classes of households, Other Backward Classes showed the highest
growth of 24.66 percent whereas Other Households showed a decline of 6.16 percent.
During this survey, out of the 150.2 million estimated numbers of rural households, 55.1
million were Rural Labour Households and 38.8 million were Agricultural Labour Households
(ALHs). The survey also revealed that majority of the members of ALHs as well as RLHs were
without occupations during 2004-05. Of the average household size of 4.50 persons (ALHs) and
4.56 persons (RLHs), 2.47 persons and 2.59 persons respectively were without occupation.
At all-India level, the average size of land cultivated per cultivating household during
2004-05 was 0.18 hectare for agriculture labour households & 0.17 hectare for rural labour
households which was 0.18 hectare for both types of households during 1999-2000.
Table 10.05 gives the General Characteristics of Rural Households as thrown up by last
four enquiries.
Table 10.05
General Characteristics of Rural Households
Items
1987-88
1993-94
1999-2000
2004-05
1
2
3
4
5
Estimated no. of Rural households (in
Millions)
Scheduled Castes (in Millions)
Scheduled Tribes (in Millions)
Other Backward Classes (in Millions)
Others
Percentage of Rural Labour Households
to Rural Households
Percentage of Agricultural Labour
Households to Rural Households
Average Size of land cultivated per
cultivating household (in Hectare)
108.4
119.5
137.1
150.2
22.3
11.8
74.3
39.7
25.5
12.8
81.3
38.3
30.4
15.1
50.06
41.0
40.2
32.6
16.1
63.0
38.5
36.7
30.7
30.3
32.2
25.8
(R)
0.32
0.23
0.18
0.17
(A)
0.31
0.23
0.18
0.18
(R)
(A)
(R)
(A)
(R)
(A)
(R)
(A)
1.07
1.32
0.24
0.06
0.67
0.63
2.66
2.59
1.41
1.63
0.15
0.04
0.40
0.31
2.52
2.46
1.44
1.74
0.30
0.10
0.24
0.20
2.69
2.61
1.32
1.78
0.41
0.06
0.24
0.19
2.59
2.47
Average No. of persons per household
by occupation:
1. Agricultural Labourers
2. Non-Agricultural Labourers
3. Other Occupations
4. No Occupation
R = Rural Labour Households
A = Agricultural Labour Households
196
Employment (Number of days in a year)
The measurement of employment in rural/agricultural sector in India is very complex. The
rate and level of employment of rural labour force vary from region to region because of diverse
climatic conditions, cropping pattern, level of mechanisation, irrigation facility and viability of dry
farming. Further, overall employment and unemployment in rural sector also depend upon the
nature and the extent of other economic activities. Labour intensity and employment elasticity of
output of these economic activities on the one hand and the work force participation rate of rural
population on the other, determine the rate and level of employment.
Table 10.06 gives information on the usual principal status Labour Force Participation Rate
(LFPR). During the period 2009-10 to 2011-12 the usual principle status LFPRs for males &
females decreased by 4.1 and 2.7 percentages point respectively in rural areas.
Table 10.06
Labour Force Participation Rate (1983 to 2004-05) in Rural India
Year
1
38th Round (1983)
43rd Round (1987-88)
50th Round (1993-94)
55thRound (1999-2000)
61st Round (2004-05)
66th Round (2009-10)
68th Round (2011-12)
Source: National Sample Survey Office.
Labour Force Participation Rate Principal Status (PS)
RURAL
Male
2
54.0
53.2
54.9
53.3
54.6
58.8
54.7
Female
3
25.2
25.4
23.7
23.5
24.9
20.8
18.1
Some modifications were made in the concept of employment over successive enquiries
with a view to generating better estimates. During the First Agricultural Labour Enquiry, Wage
Employment for half a day or more was counted as full day‘s occupation and less than half a day
was ignored. The reference period for recording was a month and all those who worked even for a
day during this period were taken to have been gainfully employed. In respect of unemployment,
firm data were collected only from those adult male labourers who reported wage employment in
each month. Thus, for those labourers who did not report wage paid employment, it was assumed
that they were self-employed for that period. No independent estimate of days of self-employment
was attempted. The days by which the total number of days of wage paid employment and unemployment fell short of 365 days were treated as the estimated days of self employment.
During the second Agricultural Labour Enquiry, the number of days spent in different type
of activities was recorded separately under defined intensities of employment. The days of work
put in were calculated by adding up the days of employment reported with suitable weight. In
Rural Labour Enquiries, the concept of employment was the same as in Second Agricultural
Enquiry.
The data on the duration of employment in terms of equivalent full days as thrown up by
different Agricultural/Rural Enquiries is presented in Table 10.07.
197
Table 10.07
Nature of Employment (by number of full days in a year) of Agricultural and Rural Labour
Households in India
Agricultural Labour Households
Nature of Employment
1977
-78
2
1983
1987
-88
4
1993
-94
5
All Rural Labour Households
1999- 20042000 05
6
7
1977- 1983
78
8
9
1987- 199388
94
10
11
1
3
Men
(a) Wage Employment
242
238
243
255
245
240 242
239 243
(i) Agricultural
229
227
231
247
238
230 229
227 230
(ii) Non-Agricultural
13
11
12
8
7
10
13
12
13
(b) Self Employment
42
38
43
44
42
24
41
38
42
Women
(a) Wage Employment
194
198
164
224
217
190 193
197 164
(i) Agricultural
186
190
157
220
214
186 186
189 157
(ii) Non-Agricultural
8
8
7
4
3
4
7
8
7
(b) Self Employment
27
26
23
35
33
25
27
26
22
Children
(a) Wage Employment
252
237
240
246
250
241 253
236 240
(i) Agricultural
243
230
229
238
245
241 243
229 229
(ii) Non-Agricultural
9
7
11
8
5
10
7
11
(b) Self Employment
25
22
26
37
23
5
25
22
26
Source : Rural Labour Enquiry Report on Employment and Unemployment of Rural Labour Households.
1999- 20042000 05
12
13
254
237
17
44
245
238
7
42
239
228
11
42
224
215
9
34
216
213
3
32
203
199
4
36
248
234
14
35
248
243
5
24
222
217
5
37
Average Annual Consumption Expenditure of Rural Labour Households
Table 10.08 gives the average Annual Consumption Expenditure of Agricultural/Rural
Labour Households as thrown up by the different enquiries.
Table 10.08
Consumption Expenditure of Agricultural/Rural Labour Households
Agricultural Labour Households
Details of Households
1
1.Average size of the Households
2.Average Earning strength of the
Households
3.Average Annual Consumption
Expenditure of the Households (Rs.)
4.Percentage of Expenditure
On:(a) Food
(b) Clothing, Bedding & Footwear
(c) Fuel & Light
(d) Stimulants & Intoxicants
(e) House Rent
(f) Services and Miscellaneous Items
All-India
All Rural Labour Households
1987
-88
2
4.6
2.0
199394
3
4.4
2.0
19992000
4
4.6
2.0
200405
5
4.5
2.0
198788
6
4.6
2.0
199394
7
4.5
2.0
19992000
8
4.7
2.0
200405
9
4.6
2.0
6681
11759
21928
22995
7055
12448
23152
25032
67.1
6.0
8.8
4.1
0.1
13.9
66.3
4.9
8.3
3.9
0.1
16.5
62.3
7.6
8.1
3.6
0.2
18.2
59.1
4.2
11.5
3.5
0.2
21.5
66.3
6.2
8.6
4.2
0.2
14.6
65.3
5.0
8.1
4.0
0.3
17.3
61.4
7.6
8.1
3.6
0.3
19.0
57.7
4.3
11.2
3.5
0.4
22.9
Note: Due to rounding, some of the percentages may not add up to 100.
– Nil
It is revealed that average annual expenditure of rural labour households in 2004-05
showed an increase of 8% over the level of 1999-2000. The expenditure on food items declined
198
from 61.4% of the total expenditure of rural labour households in 1999-2000 to 57.7% in 2004-05.
An upward trend was observed in other group items except for Clothing, Bedding & Footwear and
Stimulants & Intoxicants.
3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC WELFARE OF RURAL LABOUR
India has been a welfare state ever since her Independence and the primary objective of all
governmental endeavors has been the welfare of its millions. As about two third of the population
of the country lives in villages, main objective of the governmental endeavors has been alleviating
rural poverty and ensuring improved quality of life for the rural population especially those below
the poverty line. The Ministry of Rural Development has been acting as a catalyst effecting the
change in rural areas through the implementation of wide spectrum of poverty alleviation,
employment generation, infrastructure development and social security programmes. With the
experience gained, over the years, in the implementation of the programmes and in response to the
felt needs of the poor, several programmes have been modified and new programmes have been
introduced. The following major programmes are being operated by the Ministry of Rural
Development in rural areas, (i) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA), (ii) National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM), (iii) Indira Awass Yojana (IAY),
(iv) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) (v) National Social Assistance Programme
(NSAP) and (vi) Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP). The
programmes/schemes aim at:
● Providing livelihood opportunities to those in need including women and other vulnerable
sections with focus on Below Poverty Line (BPL) households.
● Providing for the enhancement of livelihood security of households in rural areas by providing at
least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to every household
demanding it.
● Provision of all weather rural connectivity to unconnected rural habitations and upgradation of
existing roads to provide market access.
● Providing basic housing and homestead to BPL household in rural areas.
● Providing social assistance to the elderly, widow and disabled persons.
● Providing urban amenities in rural areas for improvement of quality of rural life.
● Capacity development and training of rural development functionaries.
● Promoting involvement of voluntary agencies and individuals for Rural Development.
● Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land. This is done through watershed development
programmes and initiating effective land reform measures for providing land to the landless rural
poor.
Article 41 of the Constitution of India directs the State to provide public assistance to its
citizens in case of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement and in other cases of
undeserved want within the limit of its economic capacity and development. It is in accordance
with these noble principles that the Government of India included the National Social Assistance
Programme in the Central Budget for 1995-96. This programme was meant for providing social
assistance benefit to the aged, the BPL households in the case of death of the primary breadwinner
and for maternity. These programmes were aimed at ensuring minimum national standards in
addition to the benefits that the States were then providing or would provide in future. The NSAP
now comprise Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS), Indira Gandhi
National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS), Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme
(IGNDPS) and National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS).
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CHAPTER 11
INDIA AND THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION
INTRODUCTION:
The ILO was created in 1919, as part of the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I, to
reflect the belief that universal and lasting peace can be accomplished only if it is based on social
justice. The Constitution was drafted between January and April, 1919, by the Labour Commission
set up by the Peace Conference, which first met in Paris and then in Versailles. It resulted in a
tripartite organization, the only one of its kind bringing together representatives of governments,
employers and workers in its executive bodies.
The driving forces for ILO‘s creation arose from security, humanitarian, political and
economic considerations. Summarizing them, the ILO Constitution‘s Preamble says the High
Contracting Parties were ‗moved by sentiments of justice and humanity as well as by the desire to
secure the permanent peace of the world.‘
There was keen appreciation of the importance of social justice in securing peace, against a
background of exploitation of workers in the industrializing nations of that time. There was also
increasing understanding of the world‘s economic interdependence and the need for co-operation to
obtain similarity of working conditions in countries competing for markets.
Membership, Conventions & Recommendations
At present, ILO has 183 members. The ILO has so far, adopted a total of 194 conventions
and 202 recommendations (Appendix-2) out of which India has ratified 43 conventions and one
protocol.
Working of ILO
The ILO accomplishes its work through three main bodies, all of which comprise
government, employer and worker representatives.
International Labour Conference
The member States of the ILO meet at the International Labour Conference in June of each
year, in Geneva. Two government delegates, an employer delegate and a worker delegate represent
each Member State. Technical advisors assist the delegations, which are usually headed by
Cabinet Ministers who take the floor on behalf of their governments. Employer and worker
delegates can freely express themselves and vote according to instructions received from their
organizations. They sometimes vote against each other or even against their government
representatives. The Conference establishes and adopts International Labour Standards and is a
forum for discussion of key social and labour questions. It also adopts the Organization‘s budget
and elects the Governing Body.
The Governing Body
The Governing Body is the executive council of the ILO and meets three times a year, in
March, June and November in Geneva. It takes decisions on ILO policy and establishes the
programme and the budget, which it then submits to the Conference for adoption. It also elects the
Director-General.
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The ILO Governing Body is composed of 56 titular members (28 Government Members,
14 Employer Members and 14 Worker Members) and 66 Deputy Members ( 28 Government, 19
Employers and 19 Workers). Ten of the titular government seats are permanently held by States of
Chief Industrial Importance. India has been one of them. The other 9 permanent members are Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, U.K. & USA. The other government
members are elected by the Conference every three years taking into account geographical
distribution. The employers and workers elect their own representatives respectively.
The International Labour Office
The International Labour Office is the permanent secretariat of the International Labour
Organization. It is the focal point for ILO‘s overall activities, which it prepares under the scrutiny
of the Governing Body and under the leadership of a Director-General, who is elected for a fiveyear renewable term.
The office employs some 1,900 officials of over 110 nationalities at the Geneva
headquarters and in 40 field offices around the world. In addition, some 600 experts undertake
missions in all regions of the world under the programme of technical cooperation. The office also
contains a research and documentation centre and a printing facility, which issue many specialized
studies, reports and periodicals.
INDIA AND INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO)
India is one of the founding members of International Labour Organisation (ILO) that
came into existence in 1919 and has been a permanent member of the ILO Governing Body since
1922. India and ILO have an enduring and vibrant relationship which is marked by close and
dynamic cooperation over the years. This relationship has been a matter of mutual benefaction too.
Even as India has significantly contributed to the achievement of ILO‘s objectives, its thought
processes, deliberations and style of functioning, ILO too has made impression on the India‘s
legislative framework for providing equity, human dignity, social justice, freedom of association,
etc.
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR CONFERENCE
India has been playing a pro-active role in the proceedings of the ILO since its inception.
The Indian delegation, which is tripartite in composition, has been participating in the International
Labour Conference (ILC) on a regular basis. The ILC is the main policy making body of the ILO.
While the International Labour Standards adopted by the ILO have been enriched by the vast
experience of its delegates and advisers, the experience gained in this International forum by the
members of the Indian delegations over a period of time has helped in giving the much needed
international perspective to our national laws and practices. We have so far ratified 43 Conventions
and one Protocol of the ILO.
100th Session of the International Labour Conference:
The 100th Session of the International Labour Conference (ILC) was held during 1-17
June, 2011. A tripartite delegation led by Shri Mallikarjun Kharge, Hon'ble Minister for Labour &
Employment (LEM) attended the Session. Shri Ramakant Goswami, Labour & Employment
Minister, Delhi Government and Shri Hasan Mushrif, Labour & Employment Minister,
Government of Maharashtra also attended the ILC Session. From India, 8 representatives of
Government, 8 representatives of Workers and 9 representatives of Employers participated in the
ILC.
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101st Session of the International Labour Conference:
101st Session of the International Labour Conference (ILC) was held during 30th May to
l4th June, 2012 in Geneva. A 30 member Indian Tripartite Delegation led by Shri Mallikarjun
Kharge, Union Minister of Labour & Employment attended the ILC. Besides officials from
Ministry of Labour & Employment, the delegation included 9 representatives from Workers
(Central Trade Union Organizations) and 9 representatives from Central Organisation of employers
in the ILC. The Conference was preceded by 314th Session of the Governing Body meeting of ILO
on 28.06.2012 wherein new Director General of ILO, Mr. Guy Ryder was elected. The plenary
session of the ILC had a detailed discussion on the theme of Future strategies, activities and
programs of ILO. Hon'ble Minister for Labour & Employment delivered his speech on this theme.
The conference also adopted reports of various Committees on Social Protection Floor, Youth
Employment and Fundamental Principles & Rights at Work. 315th Session of the Governing Body
of ILO followed the 101st ILC.
151 Ministers, Vice-Ministers and Deputy Ministers were accredited for participation in
this ILC. Heads of States and Governments with more than 4,000 participants representing
governments, employers and workers from the ILO Member States attended the conference. A total
of 170 member States were represented at the ILC.
Report of the Director General- 2011:
The Director General of ILO submitted a report on "A New Era of Social Justice". The
report provided a good opportunity to all member states of ILO for deliberating on the need for a
strong social dimension to globalization in achieving improved and fair outcomes enshrined in the
Decent Work Agenda.
On 13.06.2011 Hon'ble LEM delivered his speech in the high-level plenary discussing the
DG Report, which was on the need for a strong social dimension to globalization in achieving
improved and fair outcomes enshrined in the Decent Work Agenda. He mentioned about India's
work towards achieving social progress, economic growth and increased engagement with nations
around the world. He spoke about our strategy of seeking inclusive growth within the country and
inclusive globalization internationally that benefits the have-nots and reduces disparities. The
speech covered India's achievements in the area of employment (MGNREGA), Right to Education,
efforts towards food security, health security - NRHM, RSBY etc and skill development. Hon'ble
LEM also endorse the concept of Social Protection Floor (SPF) and stressed the need to decide the
level of social protection floor by each country. While concluding he stated that the time has now
come for all member states of ILO to pledge their support to ensure policy coherence for a social
dimension in globalization with Decent Work as the overriding policy objective.
Dr. Mrutyunjay Sarangi, Secretary (Labour & Employment) congratulated ILO for the
excellent report providing useful insight into the impact of Globalization, challenges for achieving
social justice and sustainable development and stated that Indian economy has been resilient during
the time of crisis and the macroeconomic fundamentals remain strong to support growth rate of 8.5
to 9%. He spoke about the policy of inclusive development implemented through our 11th Five
Year Plan and also listed the various social security measures for the un-organized sector.
Hon'ble Minister for Labour & Employment Speech on Future strategies, activities and
programme of ILO:
Shri Mallikarjun Kharge, Hon'ble Minister for Labour & Employment in the Plenary
Session of the 101st ILC, 2012 delivered a speech on the theme of "Future strategies, activities and
programs of ILO". In his speech, he stated that in the years to come, ILO must maintain its
leadership in the subjects related to labour since it has the unique advantage of tripartite structure,
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transparency and the ability to obtain inputs from real economy. He further added that the primary
function of ILO is standard setting and their application. It was also suggested by LEM that ILO
should undertake an in- depth analysis to put in place a standards strategy which encourages steps
like progressive ratification of a Convention. While concluding, he emphasized that ILO should
concentrate its limited resources on its core mandate.
Committees of the 101st International Labour Conference:
In this 101st International Labour Conference (ILC), 2012 there were Committees on
Application of Standards, Youth Employment, Social Protection Floor and Fundamental Principles
& Rights at Work. Shri Ravi Mathur, Additional Secretary (L&E) represented Government of
India in the Committee on Elaboration of an autonomous Recommendation on the Social
Protection Floor (standard setting, single discussion). Shri Sharda Prasad, DGE&T represented
Government of India in the Committee on Youth Employment Crisis (general discussion). In the
Committee Proceedings on Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions
and Recommendations (CEACR) (2012), Government of India was represented by Shri A.C.
Pandey, Joint Secretary. Shri V.P. Yajurvedi, DG, V.V.Giri National Labour Institute represented
Government of India in the Committee on a recurrent discussion on the strategic objective of
fundamental principles and rights at work, under the follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Social
Justice for a Fair Globalization, of 2008, and the follow-up (revised, June 2010) to the ILO
Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, of 1998. A brief of the general
discussion of the various committees of the 101st ILC, 2012 are as below :
a) Committee on Social Protection Floor: During the general discussion, the Government
member of India conveyed his country's appreciation of the proposed Recommendation. India had
provided social protection to its workforce in both the formal economy and informal economy
through legislative and other means. The range of benefits included employment guarantees
through the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act and the legal right to
cheaper food grains through the National Food Security Bill. The proposed Recommendation
rightly recognized that social protection floors should be tailored according to national
circumstances and levels of development. Each country should determine its own national strategy.
Faced with the challenge of a vast population with limited resources and infrastructures, India‘s
approach had been, and would continue to be, target oriented, as the progressive extension of
benefits yielded better results in terms of sustainability than universal coverage in one single go. In
the Plenary Session, Government of India voted for the adoption of the Text of the
Recommendations.
b) Committee on Youth Employment: During the general discussion, the Government member
of India highlighted that India had always pursued the goal of productive and freely chosen
employment, within the limitations of available resources. As a planned economy, the policy
followed focused on employment generation in the growth process itself with the thrust on sectors
with high employment potential, aiming at the attainment of social objectives. Employment
generation required multi-sectoral and multi-pronged approaches creating wider avenues for wage
employment and self-employment. Employment generation was a high priority for his
Government. DGE&T named several employment generation programmes, including the Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act and the Prime Minister's Employment
Generation Programme and the Bharat Nirman scheme. He confirmed that, despite the global
economic meltdown, the Indian labour market showed resilience.
c) Committee on the Application of Standards: The Government member of India, JS (AP)
emphasized the pressing need for the protection of fundamental principles and rights at work in the
context of globalization and financial crisis. However, although ratification of the fundamental
Conventions was very important, the main thrust should be on the realization of the principles
enshrined therein. The 2015 time line for achieving universal ratification was unrealistic and the
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number of ratifications should not be the sole yardstick for measuring the situation in a country.
Prospects for progressive ratification should be examined, taking into account national diversities
and complexities. A detailed analysis should be carried out within the framework of the Standards
Review Mechanism of why some of the fundamental Conventions had not been ratified by
countries comprising over half of the global population and emphasis should be placed on capacity
building and technical cooperation to create the necessary conditions for ratification.
The Government member of India expressed our Government's appreciation of the efforts
made by the Government of Myanmar with regard to the observance of the Convention No.29. The
main developments in Myanmar included economic and social reforms as well as major legislative
and policy reforms involving Parliamentary de-bates and interactions with the business
community, United Nations agencies and the international community. The Government of India
had always encouraged dialogue and cooperation between the ILO and member States in resolving the outstanding issues. In this context, he acknowledged the signing, in March 2012, of a
Memorandum of Understanding between the ILO and the Government of Myanmar on the
elimination of all forms of forced labour and considered that it was time for the international
community to recognize the progress made to comply with the Convention. Government of India
encouraged the Government of Myanmar to continue its constructive engagement with the ILO
and urged the ILO to reply positively to the endeavours taken by the Government of Myanmar so
as to fulfil the aspirations of the people of Myanmar.
This year due to the differences between Workers and Employers, no list of hearing of
individual countries in this Committee could be finalized.
d) Committee on the recurrent discussion on the strategic objective of fundamental
principles and rights of work: During the general discussion, the Government member of India,
DGNLI recognized the ILO's effort in promoting FPRW with member States, but due regard
should be given to their varying conditions and circumstances. Ratification was not the sole
indicator of government commitment and of real change on the ground. Countries should respect
FPRW and promote them in a comprehensive and realistic manner. It was important to advocate
decent work for all, to recognize the importance of tripartism and to be actively engaged with
social partners and other stakeholders in the formulation of initiatives on FPRW. The objectives of
the Social Justice Declaration could be realized if workers benefitted from enduring economic and
social justice. The ILO should develop and replicate programmes in support of these issues, and
increase its efforts in capacity building for phased ratification of fundamental standards, to
facilitate the conditions for ratification of Conventions, especially in developing countries.
310th Session of the Governing Body:
The 310th Session of the Governing Body (GB) of the International Labour Organization
(ILO) was held during 3-25 March, 2011 at Geneva. On 3-4 March 2011, the Committee of
Freedom of Association held its proceedings. India is not a member of this Committee. Hence the
Indian delegation participated in the Governing Body and its Committee meetings during 8-25
March, 2011.
The Programme, Financial and Administrative Committee met on 7-11 and l7th March,
2011 and discussed matters relating to Results-based strategies 2011-2015: Evaluation strategy Strengthening the use of evaluations, Independent external evaluation of the ILO's evaluation
function, Knowledge Strategy 2010-2015: the role and contribution of the decent work statistics.
The Committee on Legal Issues and International Labour Standards discussed matters
relating to (i) Improvements in the standards related activities of the ILO, (ii) choice of
Conventions and Recommendations on which reports should be requested under 19 of the
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constitution, in 2012, (iii) ratification and promotion of fundamental and governance ILO
conventions.
The Committee on Employment in Social Policy met on 15-16 March 2011. The
Committee discussed various agenda items such as unleashing rural development through
productive employment and decent work and global wage trends.
The Committee on Sectoral and Technical Meetings and related Issues met on 14.03.2011.
The Committee discussed various agenda items such as sectoral activities programmes and
proposals for activities in 2012-13 and Effects to be given to the recommendations of the sectoral
and technical meetings.
The Committee on Technical Cooperation met on 15.03.2011: The Committee discussed
the operational strategies for capacity development for constituents in Decent Work Country
Programme and Technical Cooperation and Decent Work and aid effectiveness.
The Sub-Committee on Multinational Enterprises met on 16.03.2011. The Committee
discussed update on the review of the follow-up mechanism of the Tripartite Declaration of
Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and update on Strategic priorities for 2010-11.
The Working Party on Social Dimension of Globalization met on 21.03.2011. The
Committee discussed challenges and changes in the Arab World and had a debate on recovering
from the crisis.
The WP/GBC - Working Party on the Functioning of the Governing Body and the
International Labour Conference discussed improving the functioning of the Governing Body.
Plenary Session of the Governing Body:
The Plenary Session of the Governing Body started on 22.03.2011. Following Items were
discussed during the Plenary Session:
 Approval of the minutes of the 309th Session of the Governing Body,
 The agendas of the 101st Session (2012) and 102nd Session (2013) of the Conference,
 Review of annual reports under the follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental
Principles and Rights at Work,
 Report and conclusions of the l7th American Regional Meeting,
 Developments concerning the question of the observance by the Government of Myanmar
of the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29),
 Complaint concerning non-observance by Myanmar of the Freedom of Association and
Protection of the Right to Organize Convention, 1948 (No. 87) made by delegates to the
99th Session (2010) of the International Labour Conference under Article 26 of the ILO
Constitution,
 Complaint concerning non-observance by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela of the
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention, 1948 (No.
87), and the Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98),
made by delegates to the 92nd Session (2004) of the International Labour Conference under
Article 26 of the ILO Constitution,
 Report of the Committee on Freedom of Association,
 Report of the Working Party on the Functioning of the Governing Body and the
International Labour Conference,
 Reports of the Programme, Financial and Administrative Committee,
 Report of the Government members of the Committee on Allocations Matters, '
 Reports of the Programme Financial and Administrative Committee,
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 Reports of the Committee on Legal Issues and International Labour Standards, Report:
Legal issues,
 Report of the Sub-Committee on Multinational Enterprises,
 Report of the Committee on Employment and Social Policy,
 Report of the Committee on Sectoral and Technical Meetings and Related Issues,
 Report of the Committee on Technical Cooperation,
 Report of the Working Party on the Social Dimension of Globalization,
 Report of the Director-General,
 Reports of the Officers of the Governing Body, Composition and
 Agenda of standing bodies and meetings.
Secretary (L&E) made interventions on agenda items concerning Global Action Plan to
promote implementation of the HIV/AIDS Recommendation 2010 (No.200), observance by the
Government of Myanmar of the Forced Labour Convention No.29, Decent Work and Multilateral
System and Measuring Decent Work.
311th Session of the Governing Body:
The 311th Session of the Governing Body of ILO was held in June, 2011. It discussed a
range of issues including the questions arising out of the 100th Session of the ILC and the
composition and agenda of standing bodies and meetings.
312th Session of the Governing Body:
312th Session of the Governing Body (GB) of the International Labour Organization was
held during 3-18 November, 2011. During 3-4 November 2011, the proceedings of the Committee
on Freedom of Association held its proceedings. As India is not a member of this Committee, the
Indian delegation participated in the Governing Body Meetings during 07-18 November 2011.
Governing Body as per the reformed structure has now been constituted into sections comprising
of segments as mentioned below.
Institutional Section (INS):
The Section deals with issues related to the functioning of the Office and of the
Organization including constitutional obligations. This would encompass standing items such as
reporting obligations and urgent matters arising between or during sessions.
Policy Development Section (POL):
Covers the previous mandates of the Committee on Employment and Social Policy (ESP),
the Committee on Sectoral and Technical Meetings and Related Issues (STM) and the Committee
on Technical Cooperation (TC) and takes the work of the Sub-Committee on Multinational
Enterprises (MNE), Enlarged to include social dialogue and industrial relations issues - such as
labour law, labour administration and labour inspection, it ensures that strategies and policies for
technical cooperation are fully discussed and mainstreams the standards dimension of the above
matters. This section has got following segments -Employment and Social Protection Segment,
Social Dialogue Segment, Technical Cooperation Segment and Multinational Enterprises Segment.
Legal Issues and International Labour Standards Section (LILS):
Considers constitutional issues, Standing Orders (International Labour Conference,
Governing Body, regional meetings, Sectoral meetings; ILO's standard-related work and
procedures, including among other matters; ILO's supervisory machinery, the approval of reports
forms for ILO Conventions and recommendations and the selection of instruments for reporting
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under article 19 of the ILO Constitution; action relating to the protection of human rights;
international legal instruments and judicial decisions affecting the status of the ILO's standardsetting work; legal agreements concluded by the ILO with other international organizations. This
section has got following segments - Legal Issues Segment and International Standards and
Human Rights Segment.
Programme, Financial and Administrative Section (PFA):
The Section is responsible for programme financial and general administrative matters and
for personnel questions and takes in the work of the Information and Communication Technology
Sub- committee and of the Building Sub-Committee. Financial dimensions and implications of
matters discussed in other sections are also treated in the PFA Section. This section has got
segments such as - Programme, Financial and Administrative Segment, Audit and Oversight
Segment, Personnel Segment.
High Level Section (HL):
The High-Level Section (HL) continues the Governing Body's role as a forum for global
policy discussion and strategic guidance allowing types of debate more appropriate to the ILC or
other bodies. This section has got segments like - Strategic Policy Segment and Working Party on
the Social Dimension of Globalization.
The Indian delegation took part in the meetings of various sections and their respective
segments and made important interventions thus contributing towards shaping the conclusions on
the discussions. Indian delegation also participated in the discussions of the working party for
Improvement of the functioning of GB and International Labour Conference. It is pertinent to
mention that this working party has been formed two years ago and due to our coordinated efforts,
India is one of the 16 Governments on this Working Party. There are 8 each workers and
employers members also in this Working Party. The work of the reforms of GB has been
comprehensively completed and now this Working Party took up the matters regarding
improvement in the functioning of International Labour Conference. The work of this working
party will be carried forward by a Tripartite Geneva based group based on the discussion in this
GB. The matter will be further discussed in the working party meeting of the next Governing
Body.
Dr. Mrutyunjay Sarangi, Secretary (L&E) took part in the GB in the concluding week and
participated in High level, LILS and Institutional Sections. These three sections discussed high
level policy issues having long term social and economic implications. Everyday before the
starting of the Governing Body discussion, the meeting of governments of Asia Pacific Group used
to take place in which the Indian delegation participated daily. Indian delegation also participated
in the Government Group meetings of all the regions combined.
Discussion in the Policy Development Section (POL) took place on four agenda items:  Green jobs, Decent Work and sustainable Development.
 Follow up to the discussion on Social Security at the l00th Session of the International
labour Conference (June 2011): Plan of action.
 Follow up to the conclusions concerning the promotion of Sustainable Enterprise adopted
by the International labour Conference in June 2007.
 Work Life Balance.
Shri A.C.Pandey, Joint Secretary made an intervention on the agenda item concerning
Green Jobs, Decent Work and sustainable Development and mentioned about MGNERGA. He
pointed out that Sustainable Development cannot be seen in isolation from Environment
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Protection and Social Progress. He also dwelt upon Renewable Energy and Local Community
Initiatives in our country. He also made an intervention on the agenda item concerning Plan of
action Follow up to the discussion on Social Security at the 100th Session of the International
labour Conference. He stated that implementation and extension of Social Protection Floor should
be determined on the individual capacities of the countries, the status of affording the necessary
resources and depending on sustainability.
Work Life Balance:
The Governing body reviewed the work family policies based on the agenda document.
The Indian delegation made an intervention on this agenda item and spoke about the facilities and
statutory provisions required for working women and the challenges lying in the informal sector.
Indian delegate made an intervention on the agenda item concerning "Labour
Administration and Labour Inspection: Follow up to the general discussion at the 100th Session of
the International Labour Conference" and gave his comments on the ILO action plan. The Indian
delegate made an intervention on the agenda item concerning "Decent Work in the Global Food
Supply Chain: A Sectoral Approach". He spoke about Government of India's endeavour to move
towards a right based approach on food security. The contribution of MGNREGA in this area was
also highlighted.
The Sectoral and Technical Meetings agenda item was related to the Maritime industry.
The Indian delegation made an intervention on this agenda item based on the inputs from DG
Shipping and supported the decision point relating to welfare of sea farers. Indian delegate made
intervention on the agenda items concerning "Capacity Development for Constituents in Decent
Work Country Programmes and Technical Cooperation: Follow up" and "ILO Technical
Cooperation and Decent Work Country Programmes, 2009-10".
Indian delegate made an intervention on agenda item concerning "Follow up to the ILO
Declaration and fundamental principles and rights of work: Technical Cooperation priorities and
action plans regarding the elimination of discrimination in employment and occupation" An
agenda item concerning "Update on strategic priorities 2010-11 including promotion of the
Tripartite declaration of principles concerning multi- national enterprises and social policy in
collaboration with inter-governmental organization" was discussed in the Multinational Segments.
Indian delegate made an intervention on this agenda.
Working Party on the Functioning of the Governing Body and the International Labour
Conference (WP/ GBC) discussed about improving the functioning of the International Labour
Conference and the Regional Meetings. ILO's document provided the summary listing the
previous efforts towards the reforms of the conference, constitutional framework, trends etc.
Indian delegate made an intervention on this agenda item.
The Programme Financial and Administrative segment discussed 'Use of Special
Programme Account and Annual Evaluation Report 2010-11'. An agenda item concerning "Policy
Coherence in the Multi-lateral System" was discussed in the High Level Section. Secretary (L&E)
made an intervention on this agenda. He stated that greater clarification of the components,
structure and modalities of "Coherence" was required.
Working Party on Social Dimension of Globalization (WP/SDG) discussed an agenda item
concerning "A turn for the worse Latest Developments and current dialogue for employment and
the social dimension of globalization". Secretary (L&E) made an intervention on this agenda item
and spoke about the resilience of the Indian economy even during the crisis period. Secretary
(L&E) spoke about various government schemes in the areas of employment and Social Security
especially highlighting MGNREGA and Unorganized Worker's Social Security Act 2008.
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Secretary (L&E) also spoke about our fiscal policies, DGE&T initiatives in the area of skills,
RSBY and proposed Food Security Act.
GOI / ILO NATIONAL TRIPARTITE WORKSHOP ON MARITIME LABOUR
CONVENTION (MLC), 2006:
A Government of India / ILO National Tripartite Workshop was held at Mumbai during
19-21 October, 2011 on Maritime Labour Convention, 2006. It was co-organized with ILO and
DG Shipping to discuss the way forward for ratification of MLC, 2006. The Workshop saw the
active participation of all stakeholders from the maritime sector. ILO Office Geneva was
represented by the Director of International Labour Standards, Ms. Cleopatra Doumbia Henry and
Mr. Dani Appaue and Mr. Brandt Wagner. India has largest number of seafarers and ratification of
MLC, 2006 will be beneficial for our seafarers' welfare.
The Ministry of Labour & Employment has worked actively with Department of Animal
Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries (DAHDF), Ministry of Agriculture for the ratification of C188, Work in fishing Convention. Two National Workshops have already been held at Kochi and
Vishakhapatnam and a Task Force has been constituted on C-188. In August, 2011, M/s Clarus
Law Associates were appointed by ILO to conduct the Gap Analysis of C- 188 and draft a new
legislation. The second meeting of Task Force on C-188 was held on 03.10.2011 in the Ministry
of Labour & Employment, New Delhi. Consultations are ongoing with DAHDF to pave the way
ahead for ratification of this Convention.
313th Session of the Governing Body of ILO (March 15-30, 2012):
313rd Session of the Governing Body (GB) of the International labour Organization was
held during 15-30 March, 2012. On 15-16, March 2012, the proceedings of the Committee on
Freedom of Association held its proceedings. As India is not a member of this Committee, the
Indian delegation participated in the Governing Body Meetings during 19-30 March, 2012.
The following officers of Ministry of Labour & Employment participated in the 313th
Session of the Governing Body:
(i)
ii)
iii)
Dr. Mrutyunjay Sarangi, Secretary March 26- 30, 2012
Shri A.C. Pandey, Joint Secretary March 19- 30, 2012
Shri Vikas, Director, March 26-30, 2012
Governing Body as per the reformed structure has now been constituted into sections
comprising of segments as mentioned above.
The Indian delegation took part in the meetings of various sections and their respective
segments and made important interventions thus contributing towards shaping the conclusions on
the discussions. Indian delegation also participated in the discussions of the working party for
Improvement of the functioning of GB and International Labour Conference. It is pertinent to
mention that this working party has been formed two years ago and due to our coordinated efforts,
India is one of the 16 Governments on this Working Party. There are 8 workers and 8 employers
members also in this Working Party. The work of the reforms of GB has been comprehensively
completed and now this Working Party took up the matters regarding improvement in the
functioning of International Labour Conference. Dr. Mrutyunjay Sarangi, Secretary (L&E) took
part in the GB in the concluding week and participated in High level, LILS and Institutional
Sections. These three sections discussed high level policy issues having long term social and
economic implications. Every day before the starting of the Governing Body discussion, the
meeting of governments of Asia Pacific Group used to take place in which the Indian delegation
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participated daily. Indian delegation also participated in the Government Group meetings of all the
regions combined.
The ILO and the Multilateral System: ILO Preparations for the 2012 United Nations
Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20)
On this agenda item Dr. Mrutyunjay Sarangi, Secretary (L&E) made an intervention. In the
context of agenda document regarding suggested areas for the forthcoming United Nation
Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), the views of Government of India were stated
as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Enhancing coherence between the international organizations and governments on
complementary issues is important. However, coherence is an issue which is still at a
nascent stage of discussion at ILO and the specific areas on which coherence is sought at
international as well as national levels needs to be spelled out clearly. The components and
modalities of Policy Coherence need to be further elaborated. We do not support social
clauses in trade and investment agreements.
We support the concept of Social Protection Floor but we are of the view that the floor
should be nationally determined.
There should not be any prescriptive approach in the area of labour standard compliance.
There should not be any duplication of structures for carrying out work which belongs to
ILO's domain. Government of India holds ILO standards in great esteem as these standards
draw strength from the tripartite consensus arrived at the ILO deliberations.
To encourage free mobility of the skills and labour, attempts should be made to develop
International Qualification Frameworks. While developing indicators for areas like skills,
we should be very clear about the purpose for which these indicators are being developed
so that there is no scope for its use as barriers in trade, investment, labour mobility etc. Due
consideration should be given regarding the diversities of various countries, scale of
development and size of the informal economy.
We oppose any form of green protectionism leading to trade barriers under the guise of
addressing legitimate environmental goals.
Secretary (L&E) further added that idea of sustainability began as a developmental ideal
and over time it has become an important focus of policy, as countries struggle to reconcile their
efforts to develop with the compelling need to protect the environment. Dr. Sarangi also made
mention of our National Action Plan on Climate Change. He also laid stress on need of technology
transfer for green jobs to developing countries.
Agenda of the 2014 International Labour Conference:
The agenda document mentioned that as follow up to the ILO Social Justice Declaration
2008 the employment pillar will be discussed for the second time in the 7 year cycle in the year
2014. In the June 2012 ILC, three very important items are there Youth Employment, Social
Protection Floor and Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. The second technical item for
2014 ILC will be decided after the discussions on the 2012 ILC technical topics. Regarding the 3rd
technical item for 2014 ILC there were list of items in the agenda document. The Indian delegation
made an intervention and supported "Promoting Sound Industrial Relations through the Prevention
& Resolution of Labour Disputes" to be selected as the third technical item for 2014 ILC.
210
MULTILATERAL COOPERATION
High-Level International Meetings (2011):
Some of the prominent International meetings in the year 2011 where India participated
actively at the highest level include:
A high level Indian Tripartite delegation led by Union Minister for Labour &
Employment attended the 100th Session of International Labour Conference of ILO held
at Geneva, Switzerland during 01-17 June, 2011.

A high level Indian delegation led by Hon'ble Minister of Labour & Employment
attended the XIX World Congress on Safety and Health at Work in Istanbul, Turkey
during 11-15 September, 2011. The XIX World Congress focused on four main topics
under the motto of "Building a Global Prevention Culture for a Healthy and Safe Future":
 Comprehensive, Proactive and Preventative Approaches to Safety and Health at
Work;
 Systems Approach for Occupational Safety and Health;
 Social Dialogue, Partnerships and Innovation on Occupational Safety and Health; and
 New Challenges in a Changing World of Work and the Global Economy
A two member delegation led by Dr. Mrutyunjay Sarangi, Secretary (L&E) visited China
during 14-16 September, 2011 to attend Asia-High Level Seminar on Social Security Extension
organized by International Labour Organisation. The objectives of the seminar was to enhance the
understanding of social security measures in China and the invited countries and to share the latest
achievements in the extension of social security coverage to uncovered groups of the population in
two dimensions, namely the extent of personal coverage and the adequacy of benefit levels and
contingency scope that have assisted to reduce the coverage gaps. The seminar aimed to maintain
the momentum and consolidate the political consensus obtained in the region on the two
dimensional extension strategy of social protection that was recently endorsed by the 100th
International Labour Conference.
A delegation led by Hon'ble Minister of Labour & Employment attended the G-20 Labour
& Employment Ministerial Meeting in Paris, France during 26-27 September, 2011. Important
topics of this meeting were:
 Strengthening social protection;
 Improving structural employment policies, especially for the youth and the most vulnerable
populations;
 Promoting the respect of social and labour rights; and
 Enhancing coherence among international organizations and among economic, social,
finance, trade and development policies.
A delegation led by Secretary (L&E) attended 312th Session of the Governing Body of ILO
at Geneva, Switzerland during 07-18 November, 2011.
A delegation led by AS(L&E) attended "ASEM High level Forum on Employment and
Social Policy" and the "ASEM Senior Officials Meeting (SOM) for the Labour and Employment"
during 24-25 November, 2011 in Hanoi, Vietnam.
A delegation led by Hon'ble LEM attended the l5th Asia-Pacific Regional Meeting
(APRM) of International Labour Organisation in Kyoto, Japan during 4-7 December, 2011. The
15th APRM discussed progress made so far on the Asian Decent Work Decade (ADWD).
211
The three main topics discussed in this meeting were: Coordinated macroeconomic, employment and social protection policies.
 Productive employment, sustainable enterprises and skills development.
 Rights at work and social dialogue
A delegation led by Federal Councillor Mr. Johann N. Schneider-Ammann, Head of the
Federal Department of Economic Affairs (FDEA), Government of Switzerland visited Ministry of
Labour & Employment on 07.04.2011. A meeting was held by Hon'ble Minister of Labour &
Employment with the visiting delegation on 07.04.2011.
An Australian Delegation led by H.E. Mr. Christopher Evans, Minister for Tertiary
Education, Skill, Jobs and Workplace Relations, Australia visited Ministry of Labour &
Employment, New Delhi on 01.08.2011. A meeting was held by Hon'ble Minister for Labour &
Employment with the delegation.
A Nepalese Delegation led by Hon'ble Prof. Subhodha Narayan Jha, Member National
Planning Commission visited Ministry of Labour & Employment on 29.09.2011. A meeting was
held by Shri A.C. Pandey, Joint Secretary with the delegation on 29.09.2011.
Afghan delegation led by Ms. Amena Afzali, Minister for Labour, Social Affairs, Martyrs
and Disabled (MOLSAMD), Government of Afghanistan visited Ministry of Labour &
Employment on 01.10.2011. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between Ministry of
Labour & Employment, Government of India with Government of Afghanistan regarding
"Implementation of a twinning arrangement for public sector capacity development in
Afghanistan" was signed on 12.10.2011. The signing ceremony was followed by a meeting with
the visiting delegation. The Indian side was led was by Shri Mallikarjun Kharge, Hon'ble Minister
for Labour & Employment.
High-Level International Meetings (2012):
Some of the prominent International meetings in the year 2012 where India participated
actively include:A delegation led by Shri A.C.Pandey, Joint Secretary Ministry of Labour & Employment
attended the G-20 Labour & Employment Ministerial Meeting in Guadalajara, Mexico during 1718 May, 2012. The main topic of the meeting was "Creation of Quality Employment". The
meeting was preceded by the last preparatory meeting (SHERPA meeting) held on 15.05.2012 in
Guadalajara, Mexico.
A delegation led by Shri Sharda Prasad, Additional Secretary / DG, DGE&T attended the
4th ASEM Labour & Employment Ministers' Conference during 24-26 October, 2012 in Hanoi,
Vietnam. The main theme of this Conference was "Employment and Social Protection - A Key to
Sustainable and Inclusive Growth". The Labour & Employment Ministerial conference consisted
of two sessions:


Policies to Foster Employment, including Youth Employment and Employment of Other
Vulnerable Groups
Three Key Future Challenges of our Joint Decent Work Agenda, Including Social
Protection, CSR and Health and Safety at Work.
A delegation led by Dr.Mrutyunjay Sarangi, Secretary, Ministry of Labour & Employment
attended the 316th Session of the Governing Body of ILO at Geneva, Switzerland held from 1-16,
November, 2012. Governing Body Session is constituted of various sections as: Institutional
212
Sections (INS), Policy Development Section (POL); Legal Issues and International Labour
Standards Section (LILS); Programme, Financial and Administrative Section (PFA); High Level
Section (HL); and Working party on the functioning of the Governing Body and the International
Labour conference (WP/GBC). Our delegation made various interventions during the proceedings
of the various sections.
A four member Afghan Delegation (Joint Working Group) led by Mr. Mohammad Salim
Mastoor, DG of Policy and Planning, Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, Martyrs & Disabled
(MoLSAMD), Government of Afghanistan visited New Delhi during 24-27 April, 2012. The
main topics of discussions were as under:

Technical support in developing a comprehensive Employment Strategy for Afghanistan
and Labour Market Information system & other skill development initiatives etc.
Child Labour, support for Gender Policy, designing rehabilitation programmes, matters
relating to Labour welfare and other labour related areas, labour policy etc.
A three member US Delegation (Joint Working Group) led by Mr. Amit Pandya, Chief of
Staff, Bureau of International Labour Affaires, Unites States Department of Labour visited New
Delhi on 27th April 2012. The delegation discussed issues on occupational safety, mines safety,
skill development and employment.
An Agreement on mutual cooperation between the Ministry of Labour and Social
Protection of Population of the Republic of Tajikistan and the Ministry of Labour &
Employment, Government of India was signed on 3rd September, 2012. The areas covered under
the agreement are:



Regulation of the labour market and problems of employment,
The protection of employees in the workplace;
Salary and incentives;
Exchange of experience of employees of the parties in the field of training and
retraining;
 Exchange of experience in cooperation with the United Nations and its structural bodies
of the International Labour Organization.
 Occupational Safety and Health.
In terms of the MoU signed between Ministry of Labour & Employment and Department
of Labour of Government of United States of America - the Globally Harmonized System for
Hazardous Chemicals 'Webinar' was launched at Regional Labour Institute, Faridabad on
29.11.2012.
A Swedish delegation led by Mr. Ulf Kristersson, Minister for Social Security, Kingdom of
Sweden visited Ministry of Labour & Employment, New Delhi on 27.11.2012. The bilateral
meeting was held between the Swedish Minister and Shri Kodikunnil Suresh, Hon'ble MoS
(L&E).
TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION PROGRAMMES:
India and ILO share a very significant and fruitful cooperation in various technical
programmes in the areas of employment, occupational safety & health, improvement of working
conditions, upgradation of technical facilities and skills development, management consultation
development, social security, skill development and other labour related issues.
Under the Active Partnership Policy of the ILO, collaboration between India and SRO-ILO
is supported by technical inputs from the multidisciplinary teams at SRO New Delhi as well as
213
by technical departments at the ILO Headquarters. The technical specialists provide advisory
services in international labour standards, statistics and also discuss areas of possible
collaboration in future. The tripartite machinery of the Government, Workers' and Employers'
Organizations, worked closely with the ILO in identifying the major Decent Work Country
Programmes objectives for the ensuing years. The main focus of the exercise was to promote
employment and social protection in the process of restructuring of the economy, management of
working conditions and occupational safety and health in high-risk areas.
A number of officers from Ministry of Labour & Employment, representatives from social
partners (Worker Organizations & Employer Organizations) were deputed for training,
workshops, seminars and meetings under fellowships provided by ILO / KOILAF.
FINANCE AND INDIA'S ASSISTANCE TO ILO:
ILO is financed mainly by contribution received from the member states. The ILO Budget
follows the calendar year and annual contributions are paid by the Governments of the member
states according to a scale, which the International Labour Conference on year-to year basis
fixes, in line with the U.N. scale of assessment. India contributed Swiss Francs 19, 31, 675
(equivalent to Rs. 10, 97, 77,488.00) to the ILO for the year 2012. For the year 2013, India is
paying an amount of SF 18,61,360.
CONCLUSION:
India has always had a positive approach towards International Labour Standards. The
basic principles set out in the International Labour Standards are by and large reflected in our
national laws and regulations especially for free exercise of and for protection of rights of our
workforce. We have so far ratified 43 Conventions and 1 Protocol of the ILO as given in Box
11.1.
214
BOX 11.1
LIST OF CONVENTIONS AND PROTOCOL RATIFIED BY INDIA
S. No.
No. and Title of Convention
Date of
ratification
14 Jul 1921
14 Jul 1921
14 Jul 1921
09 Sep 1955
14 Jul 1921
11 May 1923
11 May 1923
20 Nov 1922
20 Nov 1922
30 Sep 1927
30 Sep 1927
14 Jan 1928
31 Oct 1932
10 Jan 1955
07 Sep 1931
30 Nov 1954
10 Feb 1947
22 Nov 1935
13 Jan 1964
25 Mar 1938
17 Nov 1947
07 Apr 1949
24 Jun 1959
27 Feb 1950
27 Feb 1950
25 Sep 1958
18 May 2000
29 Sep 1958
17 Jan 2005
03 Jun 1960
17 Nov 1975
21 Jun 1962
19 Aug 1964
17 Nov 1998
20 Mar 1975
26 Mar 2010
11 Jun 1991
18 Aug 1977
25 Mar 2009
27 Feb 1978
26 Sep 1996
01 Apr 1992
06 Jun 2008
1.
C001 - Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919
2.*
C002 - Unemployment Convention, 1919
3.
C004 - Night Work (Women) Convention, 1919
4.
C005 - Minimum Age (Industry) Convention, 1919
5.
C006 - Night Work of Young Persons (Industry) Convention, 1919
6.
C011 - Right of Association (Agriculture) Convention, 1921
7.
C014 - Weekly Rest (Industry) Convention, 1921
8.
C015 - Minimum Age (Trimmers and Stokers) Convention, 1921
9.
C016 - Medical Examination of Young Persons (Sea) Convention, 1921
10.
C018 - Workmen's Compensation (Occupational Diseases) Convention, 1925
11.
C019 - Equality of Treatment (Accident Compensation) Convention, 1925
12.
C021 - Inspection of Emigrants Convention, 1926
13.
C022 - Seamen's Articles of Agreement Convention, 1926
14.
C026 - Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery Convention, 1928
15.
C027 - Marking of Weight (Packages Transported by Vessels) Convention, 1929
16.
C029 - Forced Labour Convention, 1930
17.
C032 - Protection against Accidents (Dockers) Convention (Revised), 1932
18.@ C041 - Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1934
19.
C042 - Workmen's Compensation (Occupational Diseases) Convention (Revised), 1934
20.
C045 - Underground Work (Women) Convention, 1935
21.
C080 - Final Articles Revision Convention, 1946
22.** C081 - Labour Inspection Convention, 1947
23.
C088 - Employment Service Convention, 1948
24.
C089 - Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1948
25.
C090 - Night Work of Young Persons (Industry) Convention (Revised), 1948
26.
C100 - Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951
27.
C105 - Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957
28.
C107 - Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957
29.
C108 - Seafarers' Identity Documents Convention, 1958
30.
C111 - Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958
31.
C115 - Radiation Protection Convention, 1960
32.
C116 - Final Articles Revision Convention, 1961
33.#
C118 - Equality of Treatment (Social Security) Convention, 1962
34.
C122 - Employment Policy Convention, 1964
35.@@ C123 - Minimum Age (Underground Work) Convention, 1965
36.
C127 - Maximum Weight Convention, 1967
37.
C136 - Benzene Convention, 1971
38.
C141 - Rural Workers' Organisations Convention, 1975
39.
C142 - Human Resources Development Convention, 1975
40.
C144 - Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976
41.
C147 - Merchant Shipping (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1976
42.## C160 - Labour Statistics Convention, 1985
43.
C174 - Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents Convention, 1993
Protocol 1 : P89 - Protocol of 1990 to the Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1948
* Later denounced, The Convention requires, internal furnishing of statistics concerning unemployment
every three months which is considered not practicable.
@ Convention denounced as a result of ratification of Convention No.89.
** Excluding Part II.
# Branches (c) and (g) and Branches (a) to (c) and (i).
@@ Minimum Age initially specified was 16 years but was raised to 18 years in 1989.
## Article 8 of Part – II.
215
CHAPTER 12
LABOUR BUREAU PUBLICATIONS
Apart from its few regular publications, the Labour Bureau brings out a number of
publications based on statistical research work, studies and surveys, which are of great relevance to
the policy makers, Govt./Non-Governmental agencies and researchers.
A brief account of the various publications of the Labour Bureau is presented in this
chapter.
Sl.
No.
1
LABOUR BUREAU PUBLICATIONS AND THEIR CONTENTS
Title
Latest
Periodicity
Contents
edition
available
2
3
4
5
A
1
REGULAR PUBLICATIONS
Indian Labour Journal A regular Monthly
monthly
publication
2
Indian Labour Year 2009 and
Book
2010
Annual
3
Indian
Labour 2011
Statistics (bilingual )
Annual
4
Pocket
Book
of 2012
Labour
Statistics
(bilingual )
Statistics of Factories
2010
Annual
5
Annual
216
Contains special articles on subjects of labour
interest, reports, enquiries and studies, book
reviews, labour news, labour situation,
industrial disputes, closures, retrenchments
and lay-off; important labour decisions,
summaries of important awards and
agreements, labour literature and also
statistical information on consumer price
index numbers, employment, employment
exchanges, employment potential, wages and
earnings, absenteeism, etc.
Provides in a compact volume a general
description of various topics in the field of
labour such as employment and training,
wages, levels of living and consumer price
index numbers, industrial relations, welfare,
housing, health, labour legislation, labour
administration, etc. and relevant supporting
statistics.
A bilingual publication containing serial
statistics relating to labour. It presents data on
employment in Factories, Mines, Plantation,
Railways, Employment Service and Training,
Wages and Earnings, Price Indices, Trade
Unions, Industrial Injuries, Absenteeism and
Labour Turnover, Social Security, Industrial
Disputes and International statistics pertaining
to Labour.
Present a summary of principal labour
statistics in the country.
Contains
comprehensive
statistical
information on factories registered under the
Factories Act, 1948. Important statistics
presented in this publication relate to the
number of registered factories and
employment by states, industries, age and sex,
by specified normal weekly hours of work,
injuries by states, industries age, sex and
causes, mandays lost due to injuries, welfare
facilities, inspection of factories, inspectorate
staff, convictions, etc.
Sl.
No.
1
Title
2
Latest
edition
available
3
Periodicity
4
6
Industrial
Disputes, 2011
Closures,
Retrenchments
and
Lay-offs in India
Annual
7
Review
on
the 2011
Working
of
the
Industrial
Employment
(Standing
Orders)
Act,1946 £
Review
on
the 2011
Working
of
the
Workmen‘s
Compensation Act,
1923 £
Annual
9
Review
on
the 2011
Working
of
the
Maternity
Benefit
Act,1961£
Annual
10
Review
on
the 2011
Working
of
the
Legislation Governing
Conditions
of
Employment in Shops,
Commercial
Establishments,
Cinemas,
Theaters,
Hotels and Restaurants
£
Review
on
the 2011
Working
of
the
Plantations
Labour
Act,1951£
Annual
Review
on
the 2011
Working of the Motor
Transport
Workers‘
Act, 1961£
Annual
8
11
12
Annual
Annual
217
Contents
5
Contains statistics of industrial disputes
resulting in work-stoppages, viz., strikes,
lockouts,
gheraos,
etc.
by
various
combinations such as sector, sphere, cause
etc. and also industry-wise and state-wise
statistics on closure, retrenchment and lay-off.
Contains statistical information on progress of
certification of standing orders by spheres,
modification of standing orders and disposal
of appeals.
Contains information in respect of number of
compensated accidents and amount of
compensation paid, number of cases of
accidents coming up before the Workmen‘s
Compensation Commissioners involving adult
workers in respect of whom compensation
was awarded or disbursed, number of cases
handled by the Commissioners for
Workmen‘s Compensation, deposits and
disbursements under Section 8 of the
Workmen‘s Compensation Act, 1923 and
disposal of appeals.
The statistics presented in this publication
relate to the number of women workers
claiming maternity benefits and amount paid
as maternity benefits in the factories,
plantations and mines.
Contains statistical information relating to the
number of shops, commercial establishments,
cinemas, theaters, hotels restaurants, etc., and
total number of persons employed therein,
ownership of shops and employment therein,
inspections made, prosecutions launched,
cases disposed off by courts and amount of
fines realised.
Contains information on number of plantation
estates, annual average daily employment by
age and sex, normal weekly hours, leave with
wages, welfare facilities like canteens,
crèches, drinking water, etc. Maternity
benefits and Sickness benefits in respect of
plantations submitting returns.
Contains statistical information relating to
number of registered motor transport
undertakings and employment therein, normal
daily hours of work, rest intervals, the
facilities of canteens and rest rooms including
medical facilities provided, inspections made,
prosecutions launched, convictions obtained
and amount of fines realised.
Sl.
No.
1
Title
2
Latest
edition
available
3
Periodicity
4
13
Labour
Statistics 2010-11
under the Annual
Survey of Industries
Annual
14
Report
on
the 2011
Working
of
the
Minimum Wages Act,
1948
Annual
B
15
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Wage Rates in Rural 2011-2012
India
(Agricultur
al year)
Consumer Price Index 2011-12
Numbers
for
Agricultural and Rural
Labourers
(198687=100)
Consumer Price Index 2012
Numbers for Industrial
Workers (1982=100)
Trade Unions in India 2010
16
17
18
Annual
Contents
5
Labour statistics are collected alongwith the
annual survey of industries being conducted
under the collection of statistics Act, 1953.
These reports present serial and comparable
data on important labour aspects, viz.,
absenteeism, labour turnover, earnings, labour
cost, salaries and wages and bonus paid, etc.
Presents information on employments covered
the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, fixation and
revision of minimum rates of wages,
principles evolved in fixation of minimum
wages.
Committees, enforcement and
implementation of the Act.
Annual
Contains monthly wage rate statistics relating
to 18 agricultural and non-agricultural
occupations in the country.
Contains detailed information on Consumer
Price Index Numbers for Agricultural/Rural
Labourers.
Annual
Contains group-wise and sub-group wise
indices for 78 centres with linking factors.
Annual
Presents data relating to number, membership
and finances of trade unions registered under
the Trade Union Act, 1926.
Family living surveys aim at collecting data
on consumption expenditure, levels of living
covering aspects such as demographic
particulars, sickness and medical treatments,
education, conditions of work, social security,
employment,
housing
conditions,
indebtedness etc. Family income and
expenditure surveys were conducted at 78
industrial centres in the country during 19992000. Based on the results thrown up by these
surveys, the weighting diagrams for building
up the Labour Bureau‘s Series of Working
Class Consumer Price Index Numbers on
base: 2001=100 which replaced the earlier
series of 1982=100 base, w.e.f, January, 2006
was up-dated. Reports pertaining to the period
1999-2000 were released in the year 2008.
In order to assess the working conditions of
the workers, the Labour Bureau conducted a
comprehensive survey of labour conditions in
46 important manufacturing, mining and
plantation industries in a phased manner
during 1960-65. The important data collected
related to employment, wages and earnings,
working conditions, welfare amenities, social
security, industrial relations and labour cost.
The survey is being conducted on regular
basis by taking up one or two industries each
year and the reports published thereof.
19
Family Living Survey 1999-2000
of Industrial Workers:
Reports for different
Centres
Ad-hoc
20
Survey of Labour 2009
Conditions Reports on
different Industries
Ad-hoc
218
Sl.
No.
1
Title
2
Latest
edition
available
3
Periodicity
4
21
Rural Labour Enquiry- 2004-05
Reports
Quinquennial
22
Occupational Wage
6th Round
Survey Reports
Report
on
Nine
Engineering Industries
Ad-hoc
23
Socio-economic
2008-09
Conditions of Women
Workers in Plantation
Industry
Statistical Profile on 2009-2011
Women Labour
Ad-hoc
25
Contract
Labour 2009-11
Surveys: Reports on
various Industries
Ad-hoc
26
Consumer Price Index 1989
Numbers-India
(Reference Book)
Ad-hoc
27
Evaluation Studies on 2007-08
the Implementation of
the Minimum Wages
Act,1948 in Certain
Employments
Ad-hoc
28
Survey of Working 2008-09
and Living Conditions
of
Workers
in
Unorganised Sector of
Industries in Certain
Industries
Ad-hoc
C
29
MISCELLANEOUS
Wage Fixation in 1993
Industry
and
Agriculture in India
24
Ad-hoc
Ad-hoc
219
Contents
5
Contains data relating to structure of
rural/agricultural labour households, their
wages
and
earnings,
indebtedness,
consumption pattern, employment and general
characteristics.
Present occupation-wise information on
employment, minimum and maximum wage
rates, earnings by components, dearness
allowance, overtime allowance etc. The
break-up of figures relating to these items by
age and sex and system of payment, wherever
possible, has also been given in the reports.
Presents a broad picture of the characteristics
of women‘s employment, their working and
service conditions, wages and earnings,
welfare facilities, living conditions, etc.
Contains up-to-date statistics on important
aspects of women workers, population,
employment, employment service and
training, wages and earnings, trade unions,
industrial injuries, social security, crèches,
etc.
Labour Bureau has been conducting Contract
Labour Surveys to ascertain the extent, the
nature and working conditions of contract
labour employed in different industries. The
reports contains data on employment, jobs on
which contract labour is employed, systems of
recruitment, advances, wages and earnings,
working conditions, leave and holidays with
pay, welfare and other facilities, housing,
social security, industrial relations, etc.
The Concept of Consumer Price Index
Numbers,
coverage,
consumption,
consistency, recommendations /criticisms, etc.
have been discussed.
Contains a detailed account of the
classifications of industry, characteristics of
the work force, wages and earnings,
enforcement of the Minimum Wages Act,
1948, responsibilities of the enforcement
machinery as well as the difficulties faced in
the implementation of the provisions of the
Act.
The reports present in details the working and
living conditions of workers including
statistics relating to employments, wages, etc.,
of workers in the respective industries.
Present an objective view on regulation of
wages, principles of wage fixation and
machinery of wage fixation in India. It also
includes latest developments in wage fixation.
Sl.
No.
1
Title
2
Latest
edition
available
3
Periodicity
4
30
Ninth Digest of Indian 2010
Labour Research 2010
Ad-hoc
31
Report on Working 2005
and Living Conditions
of Scheduled Castes
Workers in Selected
Occupations
at
Selected Centres
Report on the Socio- 2008-09
Economic Conditions
of Scheduled Tribes
Workers in KBK belt Orissa
Ad-hoc
Labour
Bureau‘s
Master
Reference
Book
on
Labour
Statistics
Report on the Survey
on
Socio-Economic
Conditions
of
Licensed
Railway
Porters
at
Five
Selected Centres.
Report
on
Child
Labour
in Indian
Industries
Report on
Employment &
Unemployment
Survey
1989
Ad-hoc
2004
Ad-hoc
1981
Ad-hoc
2012-13
Ad-hoc
32
33.
34
35
36
37
£
Ad-hoc
Contents
5
Contains labour research, details of surveys
and studies done in India in the field of labour
by Research Scholars/Institutions.
The Surveys study the working and living
conditions of scheduled caste workers in
occupations likes sweeping and scavenging,
tanning and flaying, bone crushing and shoe
making in selected centres.
Contains information relating to employment,
training, earnings, working conditions, social
security, industrial relations, income and
consumption,
indebtedness,
housing
conditions, social customs and faiths, etc., of
Scheduled Tribes Labour.
Presents all important data and information on
different facets of labour in a comprehensive
and consolidated form.
The report contains data on demographic
particulars, earnings, expenditure, assets,
consumption habits, indebtedness, health,
availability of welfare facilities and industrial
relations etc. in respect of Licensed Railway
Porters working at the five selected centres.
Contains findings of a quick survey
undertaken into the problems of Child Labour
Provides an assessment of employmentunemployment situation experienced by the
economy over the years, range of
demographic particulars of the population and
various labour force estimates at state and
overall level. Various parameters of
employment by types of enterprise and
working conditions of labour force based on
the survey results.
Contains findings of quick quarterly surveys
undertaken to study the effect of Economic
Slowdown in Employment
Effect of Economic
2013
Ad-hoc
Slowdown on
Employment in India Quarterly Reports
With effect from the review for the year 2000, they are now being published in the Indian Labour
Journal.
220
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I
LIST OF IMPORTANT LABOUR ACTS
Under the Constitution of India, Labour is a subject in the concurrent list where both the Central
and State Governments are competent to enact legislations. The Labour related legislations can be
categorized as follows:
1) Labour laws enacted by the Central Government, where the Central Government has the sole
responsibility for enforcement.
2) Labour laws enacted by Central Government and enforced both by Central and State
Governments.
3) Labour laws enacted by Central Government and enforced by the State Governments.
4) Labour laws enacted and enforced by the various State Governments which apply to respective
States.
(a) Labour laws enacted by the Central Government, where the Central Government has the
sole responsibility for enforcement
1. The Employees‘ State Insurance Act, 1948
2. The Employees‘ Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
3. The Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act, 1986
4. The Mines Act, 1952
5. The Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare (Cess) Act,
1976
6. The Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labor Welfare Fund Act,
1976
7. The Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1946
8. The Beedi Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1976
9. The Limestone and Dolomite Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1972
10. The Cine Workers Welfare (Cess) Act, 1981
11. The Beedi Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1976
12. The Cine Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1981
(b) Labour laws enacted by Central Government and enforced both by Central and State
Governments
13. The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986.
14. The Building and Other Constructions Workers‘ (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of
Service) Act, 1996.
15. The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970.
16. The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.
17. The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947.
18. The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946.
19. The Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act,
1979.
221
20. The Labour Laws (Exemption from Furnishing Returns and Maintaining Registers by Certain
Establishments) Act, 1988
21. The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
22. The Minimum Wages Act, 1948
23. The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965
24. The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
25. The Payment of Wages Act, 1936
26. The Cine Workers and Cinema Theatre Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1981
27. The Building and Other Construction Workers Cess Act, 1996
28. The Apprentices Act, 1961
29. Unorganized Workers Social Security Act, 2008
30. Working Journalists (Fixation of Rates of Wages Act, 1958
31. Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
32. Sales Promotion Employees Act, 1976
33. Dangerous Machines (Regulation) Act, 1983
34. Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1948
35. Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) (Inapplicability to Major Ports) Act, 1997
36. Private Security Agencies (Regulation) Act, 2005
(c) Labour laws enacted by Central Government and enforced by the State Governments
37. The Employers‘ Liability Act, 1938
38. The Factories Act, 1948
39. The Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961
40. The Personal Injuries (Compensation Insurance) Act, 1963
41. The Personal Injuries (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1962
42. The Plantation Labour Act, 1951
43. The Sales Promotion Employees (Conditions of Service) Act, 1976
44. The Trade Unions Act, 1926
45. The Weekly Holidays Act, 1942
46. The Working Journalists and Other Newspapers Employees (Conditions of Service) and
Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1955
47. The Workmen‘s Compensation Act, 1923
48. The Employment Exchange (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959
49. The Children (Pledging of Labour) Act 1938
50. The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976
51. The Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966
222
Also, we may classify labour laws under the following heads:
I. Laws related to Industrial Relations such as:
1. Trade Unions Act, 1926
2. Industrial Employment Standing Order Act, 1946.
3. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947.
II. Laws related to Wages such as:
4. Payment of Wages Act, 1936
5. Minimum Wages Act, 1948
6. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965.
7. Working Journalists (Fixation of Rates of Wages Act, 1958
III. Laws related to Working Hours, Conditions of Service and Employment such as:
8. Factories Act, 1948.
9. Plantation Labour Act, 1951.
10. Mines Act, 1952.
11. Working Journalists and other Newspaper Employees‘ (Conditions of Service and Misc.
Provisions) Act, 1955.
12. Merchant Shipping Act, 1958.
13. Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961.
14. Beedi & Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966.
15. Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act, 1970.
16. Sales Promotion Employees Act, 1976.
17. Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act,
1979.
18. Dock Workers (Safety, Health & Welfare) Act, 1986.
19. Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment & Conditions of Service)
Act, 1996.
20. Building and Other Construction Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1996
21. Cine-Workers and Cinema Theatre Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1981
22. Dangerous Machines (Regulation) Act, 1983
23. Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1948
24. Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) (Inapplicability to Major Ports) Act, 1997
25. Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993
26. Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946
27. Mines and Mineral (Development and Regulation Act, 1957
28. Plantation Labour Act, 1951
29. Private Security Agencies (Regulation) Act, 2005
IV. Laws related to Equality and Empowerment of Women such as:
30. Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
223
31. Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.
V. Laws related to Deprived and Disadvantaged Sections of the Society such as:
32. Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976
33. Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, 1986
34. Children (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933
VI. Laws related to Social Security such as:
35. Workmen‘s Compensation Act, 1923.
36. Employees‘ State Insurance Act, 1948.
37. Employees‘ Provident Fund & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952.
38. Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972.
39. Employers‘ Liability Act, 1938
40. Beedi Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1976
41. Beedi Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1976
42. Cine workers Welfare Cess Act, 1981
43. Cine Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1981
44. Fatal Accidents Act, 1855
45. Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Cess Act, 1976
46. Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act,
1976
47. Limestone and Dolomite Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1972
48. Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1946
49. Personal Injuries (Compensation Insurance) Act, 1963
50. Personal Injuries (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1962
51. Unorganised Workers‘ Social Security Act, 2008
224
APPENDIX 2
LIST OF CONVENTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ADOPTED BY THE
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR CONFERENCE 1919-2012
CONVENTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919
Unemployment Convention, 1919
Maternity Protection Convention, 1919
Night Work (Women) Convention, 1919
Minimum Age (Industry) Convention, 1919
Night Work of Young Persons (Industry) Convention, 1919
Minimum Age (Sea) Convention, 1920
Unemployment Indemnity (Shipwreck) Convention, 1920
Placing of Seamen Convention, 1920
Minimum Age (Agriculture) Convention, 1921
Right of Association (Agriculture) Convention, 1921
Workmen's Compensation (Agriculture) Convention, 1921
White Lead (Painting) Convention, 1921
Weekly Rest (Industry) Convention, 1921
Minimum Age (Trimmers and Stokers) Convention, 1921
Medical Examination of Young Persons (Sea) Convention, 1921
Workmen's Compensation (Accidents) Convention, 1925
Workmen's Compensation (Occupational Diseases) Convention, 1925
Equality of Treatment (Accident Compensation) Convention, 1925
Night Work (Bakeries) Convention, 1925
Inspection of Emigrants Convention, 1926
Seamen's Articles of Agreement Convention, 1926
Repatriation of Seamen Convention, 1926
Sickness Insurance (Industry) Convention, 1927
Sickness Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1927
Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery Convention, 1928
Marking of Weight (Packages Transported by Vessels) Convention, 1929
Protection against Accidents (Dockers) Convention, 1929
Forced Labour Convention, 1930
Hours of Work (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1930
Hours of Work (Coal Mines) Convention, 1931
Protection against Accidents (Dockers) Convention (Revised), 1932
Minimum Age (Non-Industrial Employment) Convention, 1932
Fee-Charging Employment Agencies Convention, 1933
Old-Age Insurance (Industry, etc.) Convention, 1933
Old-Age Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1933
Invalidity Insurance (Industry, etc.) Convention, 1933
Invalidity Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1933
Survivors' Insurance (Industry, etc.) Convention, 1933
Survivors' Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1933
Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1934
Workmen's Compensation (Occupational Diseases) Convention (Revised), 1934
Sheet-Glass Works Convention, 1934
Unemployment Provision Convention, 1934
225
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
Underground Work (Women) Convention, 1935
Hours of Work (Coal Mines) Convention (Revised), 1935
Forty-Hour Week Convention, 1935
Maintenance of Migrants' Pension Rights Convention, 1935
Reduction of Hours of Work (Glass-Bottle Works) Convention, 1935
Recruiting of Indigenous Workers Convention, 1936
Reduction of Hours of Work (Public Works) Convention, 1936
Holidays with Pay Convention, 1936
Officers' Competency Certificates Convention, 1936
Holidays with Pay (Sea) Convention, 1936
Shipowners' Liability (Sick and Injured Seamen) Convention, 1936
Sickness Insurance (Sea) Convention, 1936
Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Convention, 1936
Minimum Age (Sea) Convention (Revised), 1936
Minimum Age (Industry) Convention (Revised), 1937
Minimum Age (Non-Industrial Employment) Convention (Revised), 1937
Reduction of Hours of Work (Textiles) Convention, 1937
Safety Provisions (Building) Convention, 1937
Convention concerning Statistics of Wages and Hours of Work, 1938
Contracts of Employment (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1939
Penal Sanctions (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1939
Migration for Employment Convention, 1939
Hours of Work and Rest Periods (Road Transport) Convention, 1939
Food and Catering (Ships' Crews) Convention, 1946
Certification of Ships' Cooks Convention, 1946
Social Security (Seafarers) Convention, 1946
Seafarers' Pensions Convention, 1946
Paid Vacations (Seafarers) Convention, 1946
Medical Examination (Seafarers) Convention, 1946
Certification of Able Seamen Convention, 1946
Accommodation of Crews Convention, 1946
Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Convention, 1946
Medical Examination of Young Persons (Industry) Convention, 1946
Medical Examination of Young Persons (Non-Industrial Occupations) Convention, 1946
Night Work of Young Persons (Non-Industrial Occupations) Convention, 1946
Final Articles Revision Convention, 1946
Labour Inspection Convention, 1947
Social Policy (Non-Metropolitan Territories) Convention, 1947
Labour Standards (Non-Metropolitan Territories) Convention, 1947
Right of Association (Non-Metropolitan Territories) Convention, 1947
Labour Inspectorates (Non-Metropolitan Territories) Convention, 1947
Contracts of Employment (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1947
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948
Employment Service Convention, 1948
Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1948
Night Work of Young Persons (Industry) Convention (Revised), 1948
Paid Vacations (Seafarers) Convention (Revised), 1949
Accommodation of Crews Convention (Revised), 1949
Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Convention (Revised), 1949
Labour Clauses (Public Contracts) Convention, 1949
Protection of Wages Convention, 1949
226
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
Fee-Charging Employment Agencies Convention (Revised), 1949
Migration for Employment Convention (Revised), 1949
Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949
Minimum Wage Fixing Machinery (Agriculture) Convention, 1951
Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951
Holidays with Pay (Agriculture) Convention, 1952
Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952
Maternity Protection Convention (Revised), 1952
Abolition of Penal Sanctions (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1955
Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957
Weekly Rest (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1957
Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957
Seafarers' Identity Documents Convention, 1958
Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Convention (Revised), 1958
Plantations Convention, 1958
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958
Minimum Age (Fishermen) Convention, 1959
Medical Examination (Fishermen) Convention, 1959
Fishermen's Articles of Agreement Convention, 1959
Radiation Protection Convention, 1960
Final Articles Revision Convention, 1961
Social Policy (Basic Aims and Standards) Convention, 1962
Equality of Treatment (Social Security) Convention, 1962
Guarding of Machinery Convention, 1963
Hygiene (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1964
Employment Injury Benefits Convention, 1964
Employment Policy Convention, 1964
Minimum Age (Underground Work) Convention, 1965
Medical Examination of Young Persons (Underground Work) Convention, 1965
Fishermen's Competency Certificates Convention, 1966
Accommodation of Crews (Fishermen) Convention, 1966
Maximum Weight Convention, 1967
Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits Convention, 1967
Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969
Medical Care and Sickness Benefits Convention, 1969
Minimum Wage Fixing Convention, 1970
Holidays with Pay Convention (Revised), 1970
Accommodation of Crews (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1970
Prevention of Accidents (Seafarers) Convention, 1970
Workers' Representatives Convention, 1971
Benzene Convention, 1971
Dock Work Convention, 1973
Minimum Age Convention, 1973
Occupational Cancer Convention, 1974
Paid Educational Leave Convention, 1974
Rural Workers' Organisations Convention, 1975
Human Resources Development Convention, 1975
Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975
Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976
Continuity of Employment (Seafarers) Convention, 1976
Seafarers' Annual Leave with Pay Convention, 1976
227
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
Merchant Shipping (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1976
Working Environment (Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration) Convention, 1977
Nursing Personnel Convention, 1977
Labour Administration Convention, 1978
Labour Relations (Public Service) Convention, 1978
Occupational Safety and Health (Dock Work) Convention, 1979
Hours of Work and Rest Periods (Road Transport) Convention, 1979
Collective Bargaining Convention, 1981
Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
Workers with Family Responsibilities Convention, 1981
Maintenance of Social Security Rights Convention, 1982
Termination of Employment Convention, 1982
Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention, 1983
Labour Statistics Convention, 1985
Occupational Health Services Convention, 1985
Asbestos Convention, 1986
Seafarers' Welfare Convention, 1987
Health Protection and Medical Care (Seafarers) Convention, 1987
Social Security (Seafarers) Convention (Revised), 1987
Repatriation of Seafarers Convention (Revised), 1987
Safety and Health in Construction Convention, 1988
Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment Convention, 1988
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
Chemicals Convention, 1990
Night Work Convention, 1990
Working Conditions (Hotels and Restaurants) Convention, 1991
Protection of Workers' Claims (Employer's Insolvency) Convention, 1992
Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents Convention, 1993
Part-Time Work Convention, 1994
Safety and Health in Mines Convention, 1995
Home Work Convention, 1996
Labour Inspection (Seafarers) Convention, 1996
Recruitment and Placement of Seafarers Convention, 1996
Seafarers' Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships Convention, 1996
Private Employment Agencies Convention, 1997
Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999
Maternity Protection Convention, 2000
Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001
Seafarers' Identity Documents Convention (Revised), 2003
Maritime Labour Convention, 2006
Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006
Work in Fishing Convention, 2007
Domestic Workers Convention, 2011
Protocol of 1995 to the Labour Inspection Convention, 1947
Protocol of 1990 to the Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1948
Protocol of 1982 to the Plantations Convention, 1958
Protocol of 1996 to the Merchant Shipping (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1976
Protocol of 2002 to the Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
228
RECOMMENDATIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
Unemployment Recommendation, 1919
Reciprocity of Treatment Recommendation, 1919
Anthrax Prevention Recommendation, 1919
Lead Poisoning (Women and Children) Recommendation, 1919
Labour Inspection (Health Services) Recommendation, 1919
White Phosphorus Recommendation, 1919
Hours of Work (Fishing) Recommendation, 1920
Hours of Work (Inland Navigation) Recommendation, 1920
National Seamen's Codes Recommendation, 1920
Unemployment Insurance (Seamen) Recommendation, 1920
Unemployment (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1921
Maternity Protection (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1921
Night Work of Women (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1921
Night Work of Children and Young Persons (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1921
Vocational Education (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1921
Living-in Conditions (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1921
Social Insurance (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1921
Weekly Rest (Commerce) Recommendation, 1921
Migration Statistics Recommendation, 1922
Labour Inspection Recommendation, 1923
Utilisation of Spare Time Recommendation, 1924
Workmen's Compensation (Minimum Scale) Recommendation, 1925
Workmen's Compensation (Jurisdiction) Recommendation, 1925
Workmen's Compensation (Occupational Diseases) Recommendation, 1925
Equality of Treatment (Accident Compensation) Recommendation, 1925
Migration (Protection of Females at Sea) Recommendation, 1926
Repatriation (Ship Masters and Apprentices) Recommendation, 1926
Labour Inspection (Seamen) Recommendation, 1926
Sickness Insurance Recommendation, 1927
Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery Recommendation, 1928
Prevention of Industrial Accidents Recommendation, 1929
Power-driven Machinery Recommendation, 1929
Protection against Accidents (Dockers) Reciprocity Recommendation, 1929
Protection against Accidents (Dockers) Consultation of Organisations Recommendation,
1929
Forced Labour (Indirect Compulsion) Recommendation, 1930
Forced Labour (Regulation) Recommendation, 1930
Hours of Work (Hotels, etc.) Recommendation, 1930
Hours of Work (Theatres, etc.) Recommendation, 1930
Hours of Work (Hospitals, etc.) Recommendation, 1930
Protection against Accidents (Dockers) Reciprocity Recommendation, 1932
Minimum Age (Non-Industrial Employment) Recommendation, 1932
Employment Agencies Recommendation, 1933
Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Insurance Recommendation, 1933
Unemployment Provision Recommendation, 1934
Unemployment (Young Persons) Recommendation, 1935
Elimination of Recruiting Recommendation, 1936
Holidays with Pay Recommendation, 1936
Seamen's Welfare in Ports Recommendation, 1936
229
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Recommendation, 1936
Public Works (International Co-operation) Recommendation, 1937
Public Works (National Planning) Recommendation, 1937
Minimum Age (Family Undertakings) Recommendation, 1937
Safety Provisions (Building) Recommendation, 1937
Inspection (Building) Recommendation, 1937
Co-operation in Accident Prevention (Building) Recommendation, 1937
Vocational Education (Building) Recommendation, 1937
Vocational Training Recommendation, 1939
Contracts of Employment (Indigenous Workers) Recommendation, 1939
Labour Inspectorates (Indigenous Workers) Recommendation, 1939
Apprenticeship Recommendation, 1939
Migration for Employment Recommendation, 1939
Migration for Employment (Co-operation between States) Recommendation, 1939
Control Books (Road Transport) Recommendation, 1939
Night Work (Road Transport) Recommendation, 1939
Methods of Regulating Hours (Road Transport) Recommendation, 1939
Rest Periods (Private Chauffeurs) Recommendation, 1939
Income Security Recommendation, 1944
Social Security (Armed Forces) Recommendation, 1944
Medical Care Recommendation, 1944
Social Policy in Dependent Territories Recommendation, 1944
Employment (Transition from War to Peace) Recommendation, 1944
Employment Service Recommendation, 1944
Public Works (National Planning) Recommendation, 1944
Social Policy in Dependent Territories (Supplementary Provisions) Recommendation, 1945
Seafarers' Social Security (Agreements) Recommendation, 1946
Seafarers (Medical Care for Dependants) Recommendation, 1946
Vocational Training (Seafarers) Recommendation, 1946
Bedding, Mess Utensils and Miscellaneous Provisions (Ships' Crews) Recommendation,
1946
Medical Examination of Young Persons Recommendation, 1946
Night Work of Young Persons (Non-Industrial Occupations) Recommendation, 1946
Labour Inspection Recommendation, 1947
Labour Inspection (Mining and Transport) Recommendation, 1947
Employment Service Recommendation, 1948
Labour Clauses (Public Contracts) Recommendation, 1949
Protection of Wages Recommendation, 1949
Migration for Employment Recommendation (Revised), 1949
Vocational Guidance Recommendation, 1949
Vocational Training (Adults) Recommendation, 1950
Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1951
Equal Remuneration Recommendation, 1951
Collective Agreements Recommendation, 1951
Voluntary Conciliation and Arbitration Recommendation, 1951
Holidays with Pay (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1952
Co-operation at the Level of the Undertaking Recommendation, 1952
Maternity Protection Recommendation, 1952
Minimum Age (Coal Mines) Recommendation, 1953
Protection of Workers' Health Recommendation, 1953
Holidays with Pay Recommendation, 1954
230
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
Vocational Rehabilitation (Disabled) Recommendation, 1955
Protection of Migrant Workers (Underdeveloped Countries) Recommendation, 1955
Vocational Training (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1956
Welfare Facilities Recommendation, 1956
Weekly Rest (Commerce and Offices) Recommendation, 1957
Indigenous and Tribal Populations Recommendation, 1957
Ships' Medicine Chests Recommendation, 1958
Medical Advice at Sea Recommendation, 1958
Seafarers' Engagement (Foreign Vessels) Recommendation, 1958
Social Conditions and Safety (Seafarers) Recommendation, 1958
Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Recommendation, 1958
Plantations Recommendation, 1958
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Recommendation, 1958
Occupational Health Services Recommendation, 1959
Consultation (Industrial and National Levels) Recommendation, 1960
Radiation Protection Recommendation, 1960
Workers' Housing Recommendation, 1961
Reduction of Hours of Work Recommendation, 1962
Vocational Training Recommendation, 1962
Guarding of Machinery Recommendation, 1963
Termination of Employment Recommendation, 1963
Hygiene (Commerce and Offices) Recommendation, 1964
Employment Injury Benefits Recommendation, 1964
Employment Policy Recommendation, 1964
Employment (Women with Family Responsibilities) Recommendation, 1965
Minimum Age (Underground Work) Recommendation, 1965
Conditions of Employment of Young Persons (Underground Work) Recommendation,
1965
Vocational Training (Fishermen) Recommendation, 1966
Co-operatives (Developing Countries) Recommendation, 1966
Maximum Weight Recommendation, 1967
Communications within the Undertaking Recommendation, 1967
Examination of Grievances Recommendation, 1967
Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits Recommendation, 1967
Tenants and Share-croppers Recommendation, 1968
Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1969
Medical Care and Sickness Benefits Recommendation, 1969
Minimum Wage Fixing Recommendation, 1970
Special Youth Schemes Recommendation, 1970
Vocational Training (Seafarers) Recommendation, 1970
Seafarers' Welfare Recommendation, 1970
Employment of Seafarers (Technical Developments) Recommendation, 1970
Crew Accommodation (Air Conditioning) Recommendation, 1970
Crew Accommodation (Noise Control) Recommendation, 1970
Prevention of Accidents (Seafarers) Recommendation, 1970
Workers' Representatives Recommendation, 1971
Benzene Recommendation, 1971
Dock Work Recommendation, 1973
Minimum Age Recommendation, 1973
Occupational Cancer Recommendation, 1974
Paid Educational Leave Recommendation, 1974
231
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
Rural Workers' Organisations Recommendation, 1975
Human Resources Development Recommendation, 1975
Migrant Workers Recommendation, 1975
Tripartite Consultation (Activities of the International Labour Organisation)
Recommendation, 1976
Protection of Young Seafarers Recommendation, 1976
Continuity of Employment (Seafarers) Recommendation, 1976
Merchant Shipping (Improvement of Standards) Recommendation, 1976
Working Environment (Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration) Recommendation, 1977
Nursing Personnel Recommendation, 1977
Labour Administration Recommendation, 1978
Labour Relations (Public Service) Recommendation, 1978
Occupational Safety and Health (Dock Work) Recommendation, 1979
Hours of Work and Rest Periods (Road Transport) Recommendation, 1979
Older Workers Recommendation, 1980
Collective Bargaining Recommendation, 1981
Occupational Safety and Health Recommendation, 1981
Workers with Family Responsibilities Recommendation, 1981
Termination of Employment Recommendation, 1982
Maintenance of Social Security Rights Recommendation, 1983
Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Recommendation, 1983
Employment Policy (Supplementary Provisions) Recommendation, 1984
Labour Statistics Recommendation, 1985
Occupational Health Services Recommendation, 1985
Asbestos Recommendation, 1986
Seafarers' Welfare Recommendation, 1987
Repatriation of Seafarers Recommendation, 1987
Safety and Health in Construction Recommendation, 1988
Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment Recommendation, 1988
Chemicals Recommendation, 1990
Night Work Recommendation, 1990
Working Conditions (Hotels and Restaurants) Recommendation, 1991
Protection of Workers' Claims (Employer's Insolvency) Recommendation, 1992
Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents Recommendation, 1993
Part-Time Work Recommendation, 1994
Safety and Health in Mines Recommendation, 1995
Home Work Recommendation, 1996
Labour Inspection (Seafarers) Recommendation, 1996
Recruitment and Placement of Seafarers Recommendation, 1996
Seafarers' Wages, Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships Recommendation, 1996
Private Employment Agencies Recommendation, 1997
Job Creation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Recommendation, 1998
Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation, 1999
Maternity Protection Recommendation, 2000
Safety and Health in Agriculture Recommendation, 2001
Promotion of Cooperatives Recommendation, 2002
List of Occupational Diseases Recommendation, 2002
Human Resources Development Recommendation, 2004
Work in Fishing Recommendation, 2005
Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Recommendation, 2006
Employment Relationship Recommendation, 2006
232
199.
200.
201.
202.
Work in Fishing Recommendation, 2007
HIV and AIDS Recommendation, 2010
Domestic Workers Recommendation, 2011
Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012
233
APPENDIX 3
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
In order to keep the readers well informed of the latest available literature on labour
matters, the first ‗Select Bibliography‘ was included in the 1948-49 edition of the Year Book Since
then it is being updated and published in the successive editions. In this issue of the Year Book an
effort has been made to include as much bibliographical information pertaining to the Year 2012 as
possible. For a list of previous publications, earlier editions of the Year Book may be consulted.
1.
PUBLICATIONS, REPORTS, ETC, OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
Ministry of Labour and Employment
 Annual Report of the Ministry of Labour 2012-2013.
 IInd Labour Commission Report.
Directorate General of Mines Safety, Dhanbad
 Quarterly Bulletin for metalliferous Mines.
 Annual Report of Directorate General of Mines Safety.
Directorate General of Employment and Training, New Delhi
 Monthly Highlights of Employment and Unemployment.
 Annual Report of the DGE&T.
 Annual Report to the People on Employment.
 Employment Exchange Statistic.
 Census of Central Government Employees, 2009
Ministry of Railways
 Annual Report and Accounts of Indian Railways, 2010-11.
Employees Provident Fund Organisation
 Annual Report 2012-13
Labour Bureau, Shimla/Chandigarh
 Indian Labour Journal (Monthly).
 Indian Labour Year Book 2009 and 2010
 Statistics on Industrial Disputes, Closure, Retrenchment and Lay-off in Industries in India
during the year 2010
 Consumer Price Index Numbers for Industrial Workers – Annual Report 2012
 Consumer Price Index Numbers for Agricultural and Rural Labourers (Base:1986-87=100) –
Annual Report 2011-2012 (Agricultural Year)
 Wage Rates in Rural India 2011-2012 (Agricultural Year)
 Annual Survey of Industries 2010-2011 (Vol.I.) Statistics on Employment and Labour Cost
 Annual Survey of Industries 2010-2011 (Vol.II.) Report on Absenteeism, Labour Turnover,
Employment and Labour cost
 Pocket Book of Labour Statistics 2010-11 (Bilingual)
 Annual Reviews for the year 2010 on the Working of the Industrial Employment (Standing
Orders) Act 1946; the Workmen‘s Compensation Act 1923; the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961,
and the Shops and Commercial Establishments Acts.
 Ninth Digest of Indian Labour Research 2010
 Report on the Working of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 for the year 2011
V.V.Giri National Labour Institute, Noida
 Employment and Social Protection of Cashew Workers in India With Special Reference to
Kerala
 Skill Mapping in Andaman & Nicobar Islands
234



Shram Vidhan
Child Labour and Legislative Framework
Changing Land Utilisation Patterns in Tea Plantation Sector in West Bengal: Some Policy
Imperatives
 Labour & Development
 Social Security for International Labour Migrants: Issues and Policy Options
 Child Labour and Health Hazards
 Worker‘s Rights and Practices in the Contemporary Scenario: An Overview
 Work Participation and Time-Use Pattern of Women in Rural Arunachal Prades
 Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and Informal Economy in India: Trends, Initiatives
and Challenges
 The Anti-Khoti Movement in the Konkan, C. 1920-1949
 Migrant and Trafficked Children in Hazardous Employment: The Case of Nagaland
 Expansion of Natural Rubber Cultivation in Tripura: Impact on Landholding, Employment and
Income
 Awards Digest
 ILO Convention 181: Issues and Challenges in the Context of Private Placement Agencies in
India
 Comprehending Child Labour
 Convergence of Social Security Schemes for Elimination of Child Labour
Ministry of Shipping
 Annual Report, 2012-2013.
Ministry of Communications
 Annual Report, 2012-2013.
Ministry of Women and Child Development
 Annual Report 2012-2013.
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
 Annual Report 2012-2013.
Ministry of Finance
 Economic Survey 2012-2013.
Ministry of Human Resource Development
 Annual Report 2012-2013.
Ministry of Rural Development
 Annual Report, 2012-2013.
Ministry of Urban Development
 Annual Report, 2012-2013.
Central Board for Workers Education
 CBWE News (Monthly).
 Workers‘ Education Journal (Quarterly).
National Sample Survey Office
 Level and Pattern of Consumer Expenditure 68th Round 2011-12
 Employment and Unemployment Situation in India 68th Round 2011-12
 Key Indicators of Employment And Unemployment in India, 2011-12
 Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India, 2011-12
 Key Results of Survey on Unincorporated Non-agricultural Enterprises in India, 2010-11
Central Statistical Organisation
 Situation Analysis of the Elderly in India 2011
 India in figures a Ready Reference 2011
 Women and Men in India(annual)-2011
 Millennium Development goals-India Country Report(Biennial) 2011
235
 Statistical Year Book India, 2012
 Informal Sector & Conditions of Employment in India 2009-10 (Vol. I & II)
 Selected Socio Economic Statistics 2011
International Labour Organisation
 Global Employment Trends for Women 2012
 Global Wage Report 2012/13: Wages and Equitable Growth
 Gender Equality and Decent Work: Selected ILO Conventions and Recommendations that
promote gender equality as of 2012
 Labour in the Global South: Challenges and alternatives for workers
 e-OSH 2012: Electronic library on occupational safety and health
 Confronting Finance: Mobilizing the 99% for economic and social progress
 Working towards sustainable development: Opportunities for decent work and social inclusion
in a green economy
 Effective Protection for Domestic Workers: A guide to designing labour laws
 International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 (ISCO-08): Structure, group
definitions and correspondence tables
 World of Work Report 2012 "Better Jobs for a Better Economy"
 Protecting the Poor: A microinsurance compendium. Vol. II
 Work Inequalities in the Crisis: Evidence from Europe
 Human Rights, Development and Decolonization. The International Labour Organization,
1940–70
 Global Employment Trends 2012: Preventing a deeper jobs crisis
 Measuring the Economically Active in Population Censuses: A Handbook
 Guidelines for Port State Control Officers Carrying out Inspections under the Work in Fishing
Convention, 2007 (No.188)
 Stress Prevention at Work Checkpoints. Practical improvements for stress prevention in the
workplace
 Ergonomic Checkpoints in Agriculture
2.
PUBLICATIONS, REPORTS, ETC OF THE STATE GOVERNMENTS
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh
Price Wage and Index Numbers
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bihar
Bihar at a Glance, 2011
Bihar Statistical Hand Book, 2012
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Gujarat
Socio Economic Review
Statistical Outline Gujarat
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Goa
Index of Industrial Production in Goa
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Himachal Pradesh
Economic Review of Himachal Pradesh
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Jammu & Kashmir
Economic Review of J&K
Compendium of Evaluation Studies
J&K in Indian Economy
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Maharashtra
Hand Book of Basic Statistics of Maharashtra State
Economic Survey
Economy in Figures
236
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Manipur
Economic Survey
Price Statistics of Manipur
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Rajasthan
Economic Review
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Tamil Nadu
Statistical Hand Book of Tamil Nadu
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Delhi
Labour Statistics
Government of Tripura
Labour in TripuraGovernment of Orissa
Labour Statistics
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Uttar Pradesh
Statistical Abstract, Uttar Pradesh
District Statistical Handbook
237
3. LIST OF SELECTED JOURNALS OF LABOUR INTEREST PUBLISHED IN INDIA
Name of Journal
Periodicity
Place of
Language
Source
Publication
Employment
Weekly
Delhi
English
D.G.E.&.T., Ministry of
Labour New Delhi
Indian Labour Journal
Monthly
Shimla
-doLabour Bureau, Ministry of
Labour, Shimla
Monthly Coal Bulletin -doDhanbad
-doDirector General Mines, Safety,
Dhanbad
Andhra Pradesh Labour -doHyderabad
English
Labour Department, Govt. of
Bulletin
/Telgu/Urdu
Andhra Pradesh
Shramik
-doPatna
Hindi
Commissioner of Labour, Govt.
of Bihar
Gujarat Labour Gazette -doAhmedabad English
Commissioner of Labour, Govt.
of Gujarat
Compendium of Labour Decennial -do-do-doStatistics, Gujarat
Haryana Labour Journal Quarterly Chandigarh
Hindi /English Government of Haryana,
Labour Department
Quarterly Labour News Monthly
Srinagar
English
Labour Commissioner, Govt. of
Bulletin
J&K
Quarterly Bulletin of
Quarterly Ahmeda-doGovernment of Gujarat
Economics and Statistics
bad
The Kerala Labour
Monthly
Thiruvanan- Malayalam
Commissioner of Labour, Govt.
Gazette
thapuram
of Kerala
Thozhil Rangam
Bi-Monthly -doMalayalam
Commissioner of Labour, Govt.
of Kerala
Karnataka Labour
-doBangalore
English/
Government of Karnataka,
Journal
Kannada
Department of Labour
Quarterly Bulletin of
Quarterly Bangalore
English
Government of Karnataka
Economics and Statistics
Madhya Pradesh Labour -doIndore
English/ Hindi Labour Commissioner, Govt. of
Gazette
Madhya Pradesh
Industrial Court Reporter Monthly
Mumbai
English
Commissioner of Labour, Govt.
of Maharashtra
Labour Gazette
Monthly
Mumbai
-doCommissioner of Labour, Govt.
of Maharashtra
Quarterly State
Quarterly Mumbai
-doSEMI Unit at State Directorate
Employment Review
of Employment, Maharashtra
Rajasthan Shram Patrika -doJaipur
English/ Hindi Labour Commissioner Govt. of
Rajasthan
Pragati Vivran
Annual
Jaipur
Hindi
-doQuarterly Bulletin of
Quarterly Mumbai
English
Commissioner of Labour,
Economics and Statistics
Director of Employment,
Government of Maharashtra
Shramik
Monthly
Bhubaneshwar Hindi
Labour Commissioner, Govt.
of Orissa
Quarterly Bulletin of
Quarterly Bhubaneshwar English
Government of Orissa
Economics and Statistics
238
Name of Journal
Tamil Nadu Labour
Journal
Uzharppavar Ulagam
(Workers World)
Shramjivi
Labour Bulletin
Periodicity
Place of
Publication
Monthly
Chennai
Quarterly
Monthly
Monthly
Language
Source
-do-
English /
Tamil
Tamil
Commissioner of Labour, Govt.
of Tamil Nadu
-do-
Lucknow
Kanpur
Hindi
English
Quarterly Bulletin of
Quarterly
Economics and Statistics
West Bengal Labour
Monthly
Gazette
Punjab Labour Journal Monthly
-do-
-do-
Kolkata
-do-
Chandigarh
-do-
Punjab Labour News
Monthly
Bulletin
Quarterly Bulletin of
Quarterly
Economics and Statistics
Labour Statistics
Annual
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Delhi
-do-
Review of the Working
of Employment
Exchanges Act
Employment Market
News Digest
Labour Law Journal
Industrial Relations
Quarterly
-do-
-do-
Directorate of Information, U.P
Commissioner of Labour,
Government of U.P
Labour Department,
Government of U.P
Labour Department, Govt. of
West Bengal
Labour Department, Govt. of
Punjab
Labour Commissioner, Govt. of
Punjab
Labour Commissioner, Govt. of
Punjab
Labour Commissioner, Delhi
Administration
Directorate of Employment and
Training, Ministry of Labour
-do-doMonthly
Fortnightly
-do-doChennai
Kolkata
-do-do-do-do-
Ispat Samachar
Monthly
-do-
Durgapur Steel Tidings
Durgapur Ispat Darpan
Ispat Sambad
Hind Mazdoor
Quarterly
Quarterly
Monthly
Monthly
-do-do-doMumbai
Maharashtra Mazdoor
-do-
-do-
Mill Mazdoor
-do-
-do-
-do-doChennai
Journal of the Indian Institute
of Personnel Management
English/Hindi/ Indian Iron and Steel Company,
Bengali
Burnpur
English
Durgapur Steel Plant
Hindi
-doEnglish
-doEnglish
Hind Mazdoor Sabha,
Nagindas Chambers
-doMaharashtra State Council of
the Sabha (HMS)
Hindi
Mill Mazdoor Sabha (HMS)
Chemical Mazdoor
Monthly
-do-
Marahti
Sagar Deep
Monthly
-do-
-do-
Film Mazdoor Patrika
Quarterly
-do-
-do-
239
Chemical Mazdoor Sabha,
(HMS)
Transport and Dock Workers
Union (HMS)
Indian Motion Picture
Employees Union (HMS)
Name of Journal
Periodicity
HMS Bulletin
Oceanite
Labour Bulletin
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Trade Union Builder
Railway Sentinal
Not
periodic
Monthly
Mazdoor
Monthly
Brooke Bond Mazdoor
Patrika
Ukkina Varthe
Not
periodic
Monthly
Safety Magazine
Quarterly
Sphere
Bi-Monthly
Urvarak Samachar
Monthly
Talcher News
Bi-Monthly
Communiqué
Monthly
Sahayoga
Fortnightly
Rourkela News
Safety News
Tisco News
Tisco Samachar
Khas Baat
Mazdoor Awaz
Supervisors Newsletter
Taal Mel
Planter‘s Chronicle
Monthly
Monthly
Bi-Monthly
Bi-Monthly
Fortnightly
Monthly
Bi-monthly
Fortnightly
Fortnightly
Sindri News
Bi-Monthly
Sindri Samachar
Monthly
Namrup News
Bi-Monthly
Kadarkanni
Chennai Thuraimugam
Chennai Port
Monthly
Bi-Monthly
Bi-Monthly
Place of
Language
Source
Publication
Mumbai/ Delhi English/Hindi Hind Mazdoor Sabha, Mumbai
-doEnglish
Maritime Union of India(HMS)
Bhubaneshwar -doLabour Commissioner,
Government of Orissa
Mumbai
-doMetal and Engineering
Kamgar Sabha (HMS)
Mumbai
-doWestern Railway Employees‘
Union Mumbai (HMS)
Mumbai
Gujarati
Baroda City Labour Council
(HMS)
Nagpur
Marathi
Brooke Bond Karamchari
Samidhi Samittee (HMS)
Kannada
Mysore Iron and Steel Ltd.,
Bhadravati
Kannada/
Mysore Iron and Steel Ltd.,
English
Bhadravati
New Delhi
English/Hindi Fertilizer Corporation of India,
Nangal Unit
Gorakphur
-doFertilizer Corporation of India,
Gorakphur Unit
Talcher
-doFertilizer Corporation of India,
Talcher Unit
Talcher
Oriya/English Fertilizer Corporation of India,
Talcher Unit
Rourkela
English/Oriya/ Hindustan Steel Ltd., Rourkela
Hindi
Steel Plant
Rourkela
English/ Oriya -doRourkela
English
-doJamshedpur -doThe Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd.,
-doHindi
-do-do-do-do-doEnglish
-do-do-do-do-doHindi
-doCoonoor
English
United Planter‘s Association of
India
Sindri
-doFertilizer Corporation of India,
Ltd., Sindri Unit, Bihar
-doHindi
Fertilizer Corporation of India,
Ltd., Sindri Unit, Bihar
Namrup
English
Fertilizer Corporation of India,
Ltd., Namrup Unit
Chennai
Tamil
Madras Dock Labour Board
-do-doMadras Dock Labour Board
-doTamil/English/ Madras Dock Labour Board
Hindi
240
Name of Journal
Bombay Tower
Barauni News
Annapurana
Rudrama
Fertilizer Digest
Durgapur Fertilizer
Journal
Visakha Revu Patrika
Periodicity
Place of
Language
Source
Publication
Bi-Monthly Mumbai
English/Hindi Fertilizer Corporation of India,
Marathi
Ltd., Trombay Unit,
Maharashtra
Quarterly Barauni
English
Fertilizer Corporation of India
Urvarak
Ltd., Barauni Division, Bihar
Nagar
Quarterly Ramagund-am English/Telugu Fertilizer Corporation of India
Ltd., Ramagundam Division
Quarterly Telugu
Fertilizer Corporation of India
Ltd., Ramagundam Division
Bi-Monthly Hindi and
Fertilizer Corporation of India
English
Ltd., Central Office New Delhi
Quarterly Durgapur
-doFertilizer Corporation of India
Ltd., Durgapur Unit
BSP Magazine
Ispat Vihangam
Spot Light
Prakarima
Steel Bulletin
The Lagoon
Fourmonthly
Quarterly
-doMonthly
Monthly
Fortnightly
Half Yearly
Visakhapatnam
Bhilai
-do-do-do-doMangalore
Telugu
Visakhapatnam
English
Hindi
English
Hindi
English/Hindi
English/Hindi/
kannada
Marathi
Hindi/English/
Tamil
English
Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai
-do-do-do-doNew Mangalore Port Trust
Girini Samachar
BGML News Bulletin
Monthly
-
Mumbai
-
Personnel News
Quarterly
Bokaro Steel
City
Bokaro News
Bi-Monthly -do-
-do-
Bokaro Samacharika
Management Bulletin
Fortnightly -doQuarterly -do-
Hindi
English
Indian Journal of Labour Quarterly
Economics
Lucknow
English
The Journal of the
National Institute of
Labour Management
VISL News
VISL Varthe
Vocational Bulletin
Quarterly
Mumbai
-do-
Quarterly
Quarterly
Monthly
Bhadravati
-doPanaji-Goa
-doKannada
English
241
Millowners Association
Bharat Gold Mines Ltd.
Karnataka,
Personnel Department, Bokaro
Steel Plant, Bokaro Steel
City…
Public Relations Department,
Bokaro Steel Plant, Bokaro
-doManagement, Development and
Training Department, Bokaro
Steel Plant, Bokaro
Indian Journal of Labour
Economics, Department of
Economics, University of
Lucknow
The National Institute of
Labour Management, Mumbai
Visesvarya Iron and Steel Plant
-doCommissioner of Labour and
Employment, Govt. of Goa
Name of Journal
Periodicity
Productivity Journal
Quarterly
Place of
Language
Publication
New Dehli
-do-
Productivity News
Utpadkta
Workers Education
Monthly
Monthly
Quarterly
New Delhi
-doNagpur
-doHindi
English
Indian Journal of
Industrial Relations
Indian Worker
Quarterly
Delhi
-do-
Weekly
-do-
-do-
Awards Digest
Monthly
Delhi
English
V.V.Giri NLI Newsletters
Shram Vidhan
Mines Safety Digest
Monthly
-do-
-do-
Smriti
Quarterly
Guriti
Trade Union Record
Quarterly Korba
Fortnightly Delhi
Bi-Monthly -doQuarterly Dhanbad
Source
National Productivity Council
of India, Golf Link, New Delhi
-do-doCentral Board for Workers‘
Education
Shri Ram Centre for Industrial
Relation and Human Resources
Indian National Trade Union
Congress, New Delhi
V.V.Giri National Labour
Institute, Noida
-do-
Hindi
Egnlish
-doDirector, National Council for
Safety in Mines
English/Hindi Fertilizer Corporation of India
Ltd., Korba Division
English/Hindi -doEnglish
All India Trade Union
Congress
-doCurrent Labour Reports,
Labour Law Agency, B-19,
Arun Chambers, Tardeo Road,
Mumbai-34
English/
Hutti Gold Mines Ltd.,
Kannada
Korba
Current Labour Reports Monthly
Mumbai
HGML Bulletin
Quarterly
Hutti
Industrial Safety News
Industrial Safety
Chronicle
CBWE News letter
Monthly
Quarterly
Mumbai
-do-
English
-do-
Monthly
Nagpur
-do-
CBWE Samachar
Apna Port
Suraksha Samachar
Hindi Samachar
Goenchim
Monthly
Quarterly
Quarterly
Monthly
Monthly
-doMumbai
-do-doMormugao
Yours Faithfully
IISCO Samachar
Monthly
Quarterly
Burnpur
Burnpur
242
National Safety Council
-do-
Central Board for Workers
Education
Hindi
-doHindi/Marathi Mumbai Port Trust
Hindi/Marathi -doHindi
-doHindi/Marathi/ Mormugao Port Trust
English
English
Burnpur Steel Plant
Hindi/Bengali Burnpur Steel Plant
PDLB.19.2011-2012
300-2014 (DSK-III)
Price Rs. 200.00
Printed by the Printing Unit, Labour Bureau, Shimla
for the Controller of Publications,
Civil Lines, Delhi - 110054
243