Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Weaving Factors and Their Effect on Mock Leno Properties Samer Said Sayed Radwan Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University. A lecturer in the department of spinning, weaving, and knitting. Keywords: Drapability, Float rates, Perforated Fabrics, Tensile Strength, Weave structure, Weft densities. 1-Introduction: Woven fabrics are naturally net formed (porous material) as a result of the intersection between the intersected warp and weft yarns. Perforation degree is a vital character in many end-use applications such as filtration, thermal insulation and fluid barriers, so the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties and their relation to the structure parameters is persistent. Pores or voids spaces could be situated in the fibers, between fibers in the threads, and between warp and weft threads in the fabrics. The pores between warp and weft threads are also called the macropores (1). The weave structure has an essential role to achieve the perforated effect which can be sometimes accompanied with distorted thread effects. The methods of forming perforates were introduced and explained by many literatures concerned to weave structure (2-4). The geometric model studies of woven fabrics were started since earlier time by Pierce (5) and consecutively continued by many researchers according the yarns cross sections shapes (6-8) to aid the explanation of fabrics properties and their prediction but these philosophical conceptions were theoretical and mathematical assumption differed from actual results, this let many researchers such as Snowden (9) to emphasis on the importance of handling the scientific concept of woven construction through practical work frame. Most researches about the properties of the weave structures neglected the perforated structures. Although the air permeability or water penetration of the perforated structures are incontestable properties but the adaptation to a specific application requires evaluating other physical and mechanical properties, so the present - 63 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ work is focused on the effects of floating rates on tensile and drapapility properties of perforated fabrics. The longitudinal floating rates were controlled by three parameters the weave structure (weave factor), the longitudinal float length, and the weft densities. 2- Materials and Methods: Eighteen experimental samples were woven of 30/2 Ne Egyptian cotton yarns in warp and wefts. 16 ends/cm were used for warp threads and three different Weft Densities were used for wefts (18, 24, and 30 yarns/cm). The 30 wefts/cm was the maximum rate of packing where the wefts closely jammed and increased the difficulties of running the loom because of increased breaking of the warp threads and therefore the increased stopping times of the loom. Experimental fabrics were woven according two net Weaves Type differed in weave factor and three levels of Longitudinal Floats Length for each structure (above 3 wefts, above 5 wefts, and above 7 wefts) via changing the length of the repeat of the weave structure. Figures (1), and (2) show the two net structures with the three float length for each used for weaving the experimental above 3 wefts above 5 wefts above 7 wefts Figure (1). First Net Structure, with three different longitudinal floats . above 3 wefts above 5 wefts above 7 wefts Figure (2). Second Net Structure, with three different longitudinal floats - 64 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ The average breaking load and elongation of single yarns used for weaving were tested by Uster Tenso Rapid instrument according to A.S.T.M. D2256 (10); the distance between the two grips was stetted to 50cm. The breaking load and elongation of experimental fabrics were tested by textile tensile strength tester (manufactured by Asno Machine MFG, Japanese company), according to A.S.T.M. D5035 (10). The applied tension of tested fabrics was under constant speed 300 mm/min. The fabric assistance in weft direction for the three densities was calculated and also in warp direction; where: The fabric assistance % = Ft Yt × 100 Yt Where: Ft=Fabric Tensile Strength Yt= Sum of single yarns tensile strength before weaving. The drapability of experimental fabrics was determined by Greusot-Loir instrument, using a circular support disk (15cm diameter) and cutting tested specimen circular shape (25cm diameter). The drabability coefficient calculated as the following: F%= As Ad × 100 AD Ad Where: A s = Area under the draped sample A d = Area of support disk A D = Area of tested specimen F % = 1/4 (S2-225) Where: S = Diameter of specimen after draping 3- Results and Discussion: Breaking strength in warp direction, breaking strength in weft direction, Breaking Elongation in warp direction, Breaking Elongation in weft direction, and Drapability Coefficient ―F %‖ of experimental fabrics were shown in table (1). - 65 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 3-1- Effect of Longitudinal Floats Length on the tested properties Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) referred to a significant effect of the Longitudinal Floats Length (at 5%) on tensile properties in both directions and drapapility of experimental net fabrics. Table (1). Results of Tested Properties of Perforated experimental fabrics Warp Breaking WT Weft Longitudinal Density Float Length above 3 wefts 18 above 5 weft/cm wefts above 7 wefts above 3 wefts P1 24 above 5 weft/cm wefts above 7 wefts above 3 wefts 30 above 5 weft/cm wefts above 7 wefts above 3 wefts 18 above 5 weft/cm wefts above 7 P2 wefts above 3 24 weft/cm wefts above 5 wefts above 7 Weft Breaking F Strength Elongation Strength Elongation (%) (gm) (%) (gm) (%) 56.9 16.3 61.6 13 62.15 53.8 15.8 56.8 13.8 57.44 52.6 13.3 52.8 15.4 53.87 57.3 16.9 87 15.1 68.49 54.5 15.9 79.6 15.3 62.02 53.1 14.6 73.4 15.8 58.5 59 17.7 123.2 16.6 74.85 57.8 17.4 113.6 17 68.49 55.7 16.6 106.2 17.6 63.79 57.9 13.5 65.4 12.9 81.08 55.8 13.2 63.6 13.1 74.71 53.4 13.1 62.2 14.6 72.57 62.5 15.7 99.6 14.5 86.7 60.7 15.6 90.2 15.1 80.49 58.5 14.6 83.6 16.5 79.91 - 66 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ wefts above 3 wefts 30 above 5 weft/cm wefts above 7 wefts 64.5 16.3 128.6 16.2 91.37 62.9 15.7 114.6 16.6 84.32 61.4 15.1 108.4 17.1 82.55 3-1-1- Effect of Longitudinal Floats Length on the breaking strength and elongation in warp direction Anova stated the significant effect of longitudinal float length on the breaking properties in warp direction with fixing the weft density effect for each mock leno weave. Tables (2), (3) show the results of mean rates of the breaking strength and elongation in warp direction, and the significant difference in between. The breaking strength and elongation rates in warp direction trended to decrease by increasing the Longitudinal Floats Length and reached to the lowest value at the maximum longitudinal float length (above seven wefts). Table (2). Mean rates of breaking strength in warp direction concerned the longitudinal float length and their significant difference Longitudinal Float Length Mean Above 3 wefts 59.683 Level (I) Level (J) Mean Difference (I-J) 5 2.100 * 7 3.900 * 7 1.800 * 3 Above 5 wefts 57.583 Above 7 wefts 55.783 5 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Table (3). Mean rates of breaking elongation in warp direction concerned the longitudinal float length and their significant difference Longitudinal Float Length Mean Above 3 wefts 16.067 Level (I) Level (J) Mean Difference (I-J) 5 .467 7 1.517 * 7 1.050 * 3 Above 5 wefts 15.600 Above 7 wefts 14.550 5 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level - 67 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ The relationship between the longitudinal float length and the breaking strength and elongation in warp direction at the three used weft density for the both net weaves consequently were shown in Figures (3), (4). first net weave second net weave 60 70 60 58 Breaking Strength in warp direction (gm) Breaking Strength in warp direction (gm) 59 18 weft/cm 57 24 weft/cm 56 30 weft/cm 55 Linear (18 weft/cm) Linear (24 weft/cm) 54 Linear (30 weft/cm) 53 18 weft/cm 50 24 weft/cm 40 30 weft/cm Linear (18 weft/cm) 30 Linear (24 weft/cm) 20 Linear (30 weft/cm) 10 52 51 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 Longitudinal Float Length 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Longitudinal Float Length Figure (3). Relationship between the longitudinal float length and breaking strength in warp direction for the two net weaves Tables (4), (5) show the simple regression equations and correlation values (R). It's obvious the negative relationship between the longitudinal float length and the breaking strength or elongation in warp direction. second net weave 20 18 18 16 16 18 weft/cm 14 24 weft/cm 12 30 weft/cm 10 Linear (18 weft/cm) 8 Linear (24 weft/cm) 6 Linear (30 weft/cm) 4 Breaking Elongation in warp direction (%) Breaking Elongation in warp direction (%) first net weave 14 18 weft/cm 12 24 weft/cm 10 30 weft/cm 8 Linear (18 weft/cm) 6 Linear (24 weft/cm) Linear (30 weft/cm) 4 2 2 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 Longitudinal Float Length 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Longitudinal Float Length Figure (4). Relationship between the longitudinal float length and breaking elongation in warp direction for the two net weaves - 68 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ The decreasing of breaking strength rates in warp direction may be due to Increasing the length of floats above wefts leaded to increasing the variation of crimp between the plain threads and the float threads of the mock leno structure where form weak points so increasing the probabilities of breaking and collapsing the resistance of the net fabrics to the applied load in the warp direction. The increasing of elongation in warp direction is explained that the warp thread crimps with higher rates according shorter floats above the picks and the increasing of the mock leno intersections, hence breaking elongation in warp direction increased. - 69 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Table (5). Simple regression equations and correlation values (R) between longitudinal float length and breaking elongation in warp direction Weft Second Net Weave First Net Weave Density R Equation 18 0.9333 weft/cm y = -0.75x + 18.883 24 0.9972 weft/cm y = -0.575x + 18.675 30 0.9673 weft/cm y = -0.275x + 18.608 18 0.9607 weft/cm y = -0.1x + 13.767 24 0.9042 weft/cm y = -0.275x + 16.675 30 weft/cm 1 y = -0.3x + 17.2 3-1-2- Effect of Longitudinal Floats Length on the breaking strength and elongation in weft direction Anova stated the significant effect of longitudinal float length on the breaking properties in weft direction with fixing the weft density effect for each mock leno weave. Tables (6), (7) show the results of mean rates of the breaking strength and elongation in weft direction, and the significant difference in between. The breaking strength rates in weft direction trended to decrease by increasing the Longitudinal Floats Length and reached to the lowest value at the maximum longitudinal float length (above seven wefts). For the breaking elongation in weft direction, the highest values achieved at the maximum longitudinal float length. - 70 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Table (6). Mean rates of breaking strength in weft direction concerned the longitudinal float length and their significant Difference Longitudinal Float Length Mean Above 3 wefts 94.233 Level (I) Level (J) Mean Difference (I-J) 5 7.833 * 7 13.133 * 7 5.300 * 3 Above 5 wefts 86.400 Above 7 wefts 81.100 5 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level The breaking strength mean rates in weft direction were twice times in warp direction and the significant differences between the levels of longitudinal float length were clearer. The longer floats of mock leno weaves in the longitudinal direction decreased their joining to the wefts, hence the breaking strength in weft direction decreased. The relationship between the longitudinal float length and the breaking strength and elongation in weft direction at the three used weft density for the both net weaves consequently were shown in Figures (5), (6). Table (7). Mean rates of breaking elongation in weft direction concerned the longitudinal float length and their significant difference Longitudinal Float Length Mean Above 3 wefts 14.717 Level (I) Level (J) Mean Difference (I-J) 5 -.433 7 -1.450 * 7 -1.017 * 3 Above 5 wefts 15.150 Above 7 wefts 16.167 5 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level - 71 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ second net weave 140 140 120 120 18 weft/cm 100 24 weft/cm 80 30 weft/cm Linear (18 weft/cm) 60 Linear (24 weft/cm) 40 Linear (30 weft/cm) Breaking Strength in weft direction (gm) Breaking Strength in weft direction (gm) first net weave 20 18 weft/cm 100 24 weft/cm 80 30 weft/cm Linear (18 weft/cm) 60 Linear (24 weft/cm) 40 Linear (30 weft/cm) 20 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 Longitudinal Float Length 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Longitudinal Float Length Figure (6). Relationship between the longitudinal float length and breaking strength in weft direction for the two net weaves second net weave 20 18 18 16 16 18 weft/cm 14 24 weft/cm 12 30 weft/cm 10 Linear (18 weft/cm) 8 Linear (24 weft/cm) 6 Linear (30 weft/cm) 4 Breaking Elongation in weft direction (%) Breaking Elongation in weft direction (%) first net weave 14 18 weft/cm 12 24 weft/cm 10 30 weft/cm 8 Linear (18 weft/cm) 6 Linear (24 weft/cm) Linear (30 weft/cm) 4 2 2 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 Longitudinal Float Length 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Longitudinal Float Length Figure (7). Relationship between the longitudinal float length and breaking elongation in weft direction for the two net weaves The increasing trend of the weft elongation rates according the increasing of longitudinal float length due to increasing the number of plain intersections in the same width of the mock leno weaves repeat so the weft crimp increase, hence breaking elongation in weft direction increases. Tables (8), (9) show the simple regression equations and correlation values (R). It's obvious the negative relationship between the longitudinal float length and the breaking strength in weft direction, and the positive relationship between the longitudinal float length and breaking elongation in weft direction. - 72 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Table (9). Simple regression equations and correlation values (R) between longitudinal float length and breaking elongation in weft direction Second Perforated Weave First Perforated Weave Weft Density R Equation 18 0.9813 weft/cm y = 0.6x + 11.067 24 0.9707 weft/cm y = 0.175x + 14.525 30 0.9934 weft/cm y = 0.25x + 15.817 18 0.9148 weft/cm y = 0.425x + 11.408 24 0.9744 weft/cm y = 0.5x + 12.867 30 0.9979 weft/cm y = 0.225x + 15.508 - 73 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 3-1-3- Effect of Longitudinal Floats Length on the drapability coefficient Anova stated the significant effect of longitudinal float length on the drapability coefficient with fixing the weft density effect for each mock leno weave. Table (10) shows the results of mean rates of the drapability coefficient, and the significant difference in between. The drapability coefficient rates trended to decrease by increasing the Longitudinal Floats Length and reached to the lowest value at the maximum longitudinal float length (above seven wefts). Table (10). Mean rates of Drapability Coefficient concerned the longitudinal float length and their significant difference Longitudinal Float Length Mean Above 3 wefts 77.440 Level (I) Level (J) Mean Difference (I-J) 5 6.195 * 7 8.908 * 7 2.713 * 3 Above 5 wefts 71.245 Above 7 wefts 68.532 5 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level The relationship between the longitudinal float length and the drapability coefficient at the three used weft density for the both net weaves consequently were shown in Figure (8). second net weave 80 100 70 90 60 18 weft/cm 50 24 weft/cm Drapability Coefficient (%) Drapability Coefficient (%) first net weave 30 weft/cm 40 Linear (18 weft/cm) 30 Linear (24 weft/cm) 20 Linear (30 weft/cm) 10 80 18 weft/cm 70 24 weft/cm 60 30 weft/cm 50 Linear (18 weft/cm) 40 Linear (24 weft/cm) 30 Linear (30 weft/cm) 20 10 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Longitudinal Float Length Longitudinal Float Length Figure (8). Relationship between the longitudinal float length and drabability coefficient for the two net weaves The table (11) shows the simple regression equations and correlation values (R). It's obvious the negative relationship between - 74 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ the longitudinal float length and the drapability coefficient; this may be explained that the stiffness of the net structures was decreased by increasing the longitudinal float length because of being the structure more opened, hence the drapability improved. 3-2- Effect of Weft Density on the tested properties Analysis of Variance referred to a significant effect of the weft density (at 5%) on tensile properties in both directions and drapapility of experimental net fabrics. 3-2-1- Effect of weft density on the breaking strength and elongation in warp direction Anova stated the significant effect of the weft density on the breaking properties in warp direction with fixing the longitudinal float length effect for each mock leno weave. Tables (12), (13) show the results of mean rates of the breaking strength and elongation in warp direction, and the significant difference in between. The breaking strength and elongation rates in warp direction trended to increase by increasing the weft density and reached to the highest value at the maximum weft density (30 yarns/cm). The increasing of breaking strength in warp direction due to decreasing the float rates of warp threads according increasing the weft density so their ability to resist the applied tension load increased. - 75 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Table (12). Mean rates of breaking strength in warp direction concerned the weft density and their significant difference Weft Density Mean 18 55.067 Level (I) Level (J) Mean Difference (I-J) 24 -2.700 * 30 -5.150 * 30 -2.450 * 18 24 57.767 30 60.217 24 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Table (13). Mean rates of breaking elongation in warp direction concerned the weft density and their significant difference Weft Density Mean 18 14.200 Level (I) Level (J) Mean Difference (I-J) 24 -1.350 * 30 -2.267 * 30 -.917 * 18 24 15.550 30 16.467 24 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level - 76 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ The fabric assistance in warp direction could be indicated for both the two mock leno weaves as shown in Figures (9) and (10), The negative values of fabric assistance in warp direction indicated that difference in crimp of float yarns and plain yarns formed the net structures caused decreasing the breaking strength of yarns inside fabric than the collective yarns without weaving. 18 weft/cm 24 weft/cm 30 weft/cm Precentage Ratio of Fabric Assistance 0% -10% -20% Above 7 Above 5 Above 3 -30% -40% -50% Weft Densities Figure (9). Fabric assistance in warp direction of the first net structure 18 weft/cm 24 weft/cm 30 weft/cm Precentage Ratio of Fabric Assistance 0% -10% -20% Above 7 Above 5 Above 3 -30% -40% -50% Weft Densities Figure (10). Fabric assistance in warp direction of the second net structure - 77 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Increasing of the breaking elongation in warp direction according to increase of the numbers of weft density due to increasing the crimp of warp threads. 3-2-2 Effect of Weft Density on the breaking strength and elongation in weft direction Anova stated the significant effect of the weft density on the breaking properties in weft direction with fixing the longitudinal float length effect for each mock leno weave. Tables (14), (15) show the results of mean rates of the breaking strength and elongation in weft direction, and the significant difference in between. The breaking strength and elongation rates in weft direction trended to increase by increasing the weft density and reached to the highest value at the maximum weft density (30 yarns/cm). The increasing of breaking strength rates in weft direction according to the increasing of weft density due to the applied tension load distributes with bigger number of wefts; hence the resistance of breaking strength increases. The fabric assistance in warp direction could be indicated for both the two mock leno weaves as shown in Figures (11) and (12), The negative values of fabric assistance in warp direction indicated that difference in crimp of float yarns and plain yarns formed the net structures caused decreasing the breaking strength of yarns inside fabric than the collective yarns without weaving. Table (14). Mean rates of breaking strength in weft direction concerned the weft density and their significant difference Weft Density Mean 18 60.400 Level (I) Level (J) Mean Difference (I-J) 24 25.167 * 30 -55.367 * 30 -30.200 * 18 24 85.567 30 115.767 24 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level - 78 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Table (15). Mean rates of breaking elongation in weft direction concerned the weft density and their significant difference Weft Density Mean 18 60.400 Level (I) Level (J) Mean Difference (I-J) 24 25.167 * 30 -55.367 * 30 -30.200 * 18 24 85.567 30 115.767 24 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level 18 weft/cm 24 weft/cm 30 weft/cm Precentage Ratio of Fabric Assistance 0% -10% -20% Above 7 Above 5 Above 3 -30% -40% -50% Weft Densities Figure (11). Fabric assistance in warp direction of the first net structure The increasing of breaking elongation in weft density due to the increasing of weft crimp resulted from the increasing of weft density. 3-2-3- Effect of Weft Density on the drapability coefficient Anova stated the significant effect of the weft density on the drapability coefficient with fixing the longitudinal float length effect for each mock leno weave. Table (16) shows the results of mean rates of the drapability coefficient, and the significant difference in between. The drapability coefficient rates trended to increase by increasing the weft density and reached to the highest value at the maximum weft density (30 yarns/cm). - 79 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 18 weft/cm 24 weft/cm 30 weft/cm Precentage Ratio of Fabric Assistance 0% -10% -20% Above 7 Above 5 Above 3 -30% -40% -50% Weft Densities Figure (12). Fabric assistance in warp direction of the second net structure Table (16). Mean rates of Drapability Coefficient concerned the weft density and their significant difference Weft Density Mean 18 66.970 Level (I) Level (J) Mean Difference (I-J) 24 -5.715 * 30 -10.592 * 30 -4.877 * 18 24 72.685 30 77.562 24 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level The increasing of drapability coefficient according to increase of the weft density due to the increase of restricted intersections which resist the freedom movement of yarns inside the fabric structure so the drapability decreased. 3-3- Effect of perforated Weave Type on the tested properties Analysis of Variance referred to a significant effect of the weave type (at 5%) on tensile properties in both directions and drapapility of experimental net fabrics. 3-3-1- Effect of Weave Type on the breaking strength and elongation in warp direction Anova stated the significant effect of the weave type on the breaking properties in warp direction with fixing the longitudinal float length and weft density for each mock leno weave. - 80 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Tables (17), (18) show the results of mean rates of the breaking strength and elongation in warp direction, and the significant difference in between. The second mock leno weave had higher breaking strength rates in warp direction, For the elongation in warp direction the first mock leno weave had higher breaking strength rates in warp direction. The second mock leno weave factor has lower weave factor; increasing the number of intersections of the warp threads compared with the first mock leno weave so their breaking strength increased. 3-3-2- Effect of Weave Type on the breaking strength and elongation in weft direction Anova stated the significant effect of the weave type on the breaking strength in weft direction with fixing the longitudinal float length and weft density for each mock leno weave, while there was no significant effect 0f weave type on the breaking elongation in weft direction. Tables (19), (20) show the results of mean rates of the breaking strength in weft direction, and the significant difference in between. The second mock leno weave had higher breaking strength rates in weft direction. Table (17). Mean rates of breaking strength in warp direction concerned the weave type and their significant difference Weave Type Mean First Net Weave 63.289 Second Net Weave 81.522 Level (I) Level (J) Mean Difference (I-J) First Second -18.233 * * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Table (18). Mean rates of breaking elongation in warp direction concerned the weave type and their significant difference Weave Type Mean First Net Weave 16.056 Second Net Weave 14.756 Level (I) Level (J) Mean Difference (I-J) P1 P2 1.3 * * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level - 81 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Table (19). Mean rates of breaking strength in weft direction concerned the weave type and their significant difference Weave Type Mean First Net Weave 83.800 Second Net Weave 90.689 Level (I) Level (J) Mean Difference (I-J) P1 P2 -6.889 * * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Table (20). Mean rates of breaking elongation in weft direction concerned the weave type and their significant difference Weave Type Mean First Net Weave 15.511 Second Net Weave 15.178 Level (I) Level (J) Mean Difference (I-J) P1 P2 0.333 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level The same interpretation could be introduced such as the breaking strength in warp direction case; increasing the number of intersections of the second mock leno weave so the breaking strength in weft direction increased. 3-3-3- Effect of Weave Type on the drapability coefficient Anova stated the significant effect of the weave type on the drapability coefficient with fixing the longitudinal float length and weft density for each mock leno weave. Table (21) shows the results of mean rates of the drapability coefficient, and the significant difference in between. The second mock leno weave had higher drapability coefficient. Table (21). Mean rates of Drapability Coefficient concerned the weave type and their significant difference Weave Type Mean First Net Weave 63.289 Second Net Weave 81.522 Level (I) Level (J) Mean Difference (I-J) P1 P2 -18.233 * * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level - 82 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ The increasing of drapability coefficient rates concerned the second mock leno weave due to decreasing the weave factor; increasing the number of intersections of the warp threads compared with the first mock leno weave so the increased restricted positions decrease the movement freedom of woven yarns. 3-4- Participation Ratio of research parameters in affecting on tested properties The longitudinal float length and the weft density for the two used perforated weaves affected on tensile properties and drapability coefficient by different ratios. 3-4-1- Participation ratio in the breaking strength and elongation in warp direction Stepwise was applied on the breaking strength and elongation in warp direction results for each perforated weaves. For the first mock leno weave: 91.72% of the breaking strength in warp direction results were controlled by both the longitudinal float length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length participated with 57% and the weft density participated with 34.72%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-1) could be used for guising the breaking strength in warp direction (y). y = 54.417 - 0.983x1 + 0.256x2 ............... eq (3-4-1) Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value x2 = the weft density‘s value 87.38% of the breaking elongation of weave structure in warp direction results was controlled by both the longitudinal float length and weft density together. For the second mock leno weave: 96.5% of the breaking strength in warp direction results were controlled by both the longitudinal float length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length participated with 21.5% and the weft density participated with 75%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-2) could be used for guising the breaking strength in warp direction (y). y = 50.1 - 0.967x1 + 0.603x2 .................... eq (3-4-2) Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value x2 = the weft density‘s value - 83 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 85.84% of the breaking elongation of the second mock leno weave in warp direction results was controlled by both the longitudinal float length and weft density together. 3-4-2- Participation ratio in the breaking strength and elongation in weft direction Stepwise was applied on the breaking strength and elongation in weft direction results for each perforated weaves. For the first mock leno weave: 98.4% of the breaking strength in weft direction results were controlled by both the longitudinal float length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length participated with 4.9% and the weft density participated with 93.5%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-3) could be used for guising the breaking strength in weft direction (y). y = - 14.317 - 3.283x1 + 4.772x2 ............ eq (3-4-3) Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value x2 = the weft density‘s value 94.18% of the breaking elongation of the first net structure in weft direction results was controlled by both the longitudinal float length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length participated with 16.19% and the weft density participated with 77.99%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-4) could be used for guising the breaking elongation in weft direction (y). y = 7.803 + 0.342x1 + 0.25x2 ................... eq (3-4-4) Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value x2 = the weft density‘s value For the second mock leno weave: 98% of the breaking strength in weft direction results were controlled by both the longitudinal float length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length participated with 5.5% and the weft density participated with 92.5%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-5) could be used for guising the breaking strength in warp direction (y). y = 0.172 - 3.283x1 + 4.456x2 ................. eq (3-4-5) Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value x2 = the weft density‘s value 95.36% of the breaking elongation of the second net structure in weft direction results was controlled by both the longitudinal float - 84 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length participated with 18.75% and the weft density participated with 76.61%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-6) could be used for guising the breaking elongation in weft direction (y). y = 71.652 - 2.01x1 + 0.83x2 ..................... eq (3-4-6) Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value x2 = the weft density‘s value 3-4-3- Participation ratio in the drapability coefficient Stepwise was applied on the drapability coefficient results for each perforated weaves. For the first mock leno weave (P1): 98.68% of the drapability coefficient results were controlled by both the longitudinal float length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length participated with 42.58% and the weft density participated with 56.1%. together; the longitudinal float length participated with 16.19% and the weft density participated with 77.99%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-4) could be used for guising the breaking elongation in weft direction (y). y = 7.803 + 0.342x1 + 0.25x2 ................... eq (3-4-4) Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value x2 = the weft density‘s value For the second mock leno weave: 98% of the breaking strength in weft direction results were controlled by both the longitudinal float length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length participated with 5.5% and the weft density participated with 92.5%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-5) could be used for guising the breaking strength in warp direction (y). y = 0.172 - 3.283x1 + 4.456x2 ................. eq (3-4-5) Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value x2 = the weft density‘s value 95.36% of the breaking elongation of the second net in weft direction results was controlled by both the longitudinal float length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length participated with 18.75% and the weft density participated with 76.61%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-6) could be used for guising the breaking elongation in weft direction (y). - 85 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ y = 71.652 - 2.01x1 + 0.83x2 ..................... eq (3-4-6) Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value x2 = the weft density‘s value 3-4-3- Participation ratio in the drapability coefficient Stepwise was applied on the drapability coefficient results for each perforated weaves. For the first mock leno weave: 98.68% of the drapability coefficient results were controlled by both the longitudinal float length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length participated with 42.58% and the weft density participated with 56.1%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-7) could be used for guising the breaking strength in warp direction (y). y = 53.063 – 2.444x1 + 0.935x2 ................. eq (3-4-7) Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value x2 = the weft density‘s value For the second mock leno weave: 93.4% of the drapability coefficient results were controlled by both the longitudinal float length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length participated with 36.8% and the weft density participated with 56.6%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-8) could be used for guising the breaking strength in warp direction (y). y = 71.652 – 2.010x1 + 0.830x2 ................. eq (3-4-8) Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value x2 = the weft density‘s value 4- Conclusion: The increasing of longitudinal float length of each net structure caused significant decrease of breaking strength and elongation in warp direction, breaking strength in weft direction, and drapability coefficient. A reverse significant effect of the longitudinal float length of each net structure was found in case of the breaking elongation in weft direction. The breaking strength rates in weft direction was twice times the breaking strength rates in warp direction, also the fabric assistance rates were negative values. All tested properties significantly increased by increasing the weft density; the weft density in most cases participated higher - 86 - Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal Helwan University ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ percentage ratio in affecting the breaking strength and elongation in both directions, and drapability for the both mock leno weaves. The second mock leno weave had higher numbers of intersections so it significantly increased the breaking strength rates in both directions, and the drabability coefficient rates. The weft density The highest breaking strength in both directions was represented by sample no.16 where the highest weft density, the shortest longitudinal float length, and the lower weave factor of net weave, while the best drapability was represented by sample no.3 where the lowest weft density, the longest longitudinal float length, and the higher weave factor of net weave. References: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Dubrovski, P., D., Brezocnik, M., Woven Fabric Macroporosity Properties Planning, World Textile Conference, 3rd Autex Conference, 2003, pp. 359 – 364. Grosicki, Z., Watson's Textile Design and colour, NewnesButterworth, Londond, 1977, p.88. Blinov, I., and Belay, S., Design of Woven Fabrics, Mir Publisher, Moscow, 1988, p.73-78. Gokarneshan, N., Fabric Structure and Design, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers, New Delhi, 2004, p.62-65. Pierce, F., T., J.Text.Inst., 1937, 28, T45. Kemp, A., J.Text.Inst., 1958, 49, T44. Hamilton, J., B., J.Text.Inst., 1964, 55, T66. Grosberg, P., Text.Inst.Indust., 1971, J, p.125. Snowden, D., C., Text.Asia, 1978, 9, p.45. A.S.T.M, American Standard on Material Designations: D.2256,: D.5035. - 87 -
© Copyright 2024