Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Weaving Factors and Their Effect on Mock Leno
Properties
Samer Said Sayed Radwan
Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University.
A lecturer in the department of spinning, weaving, and knitting.
Keywords: Drapability, Float rates, Perforated Fabrics, Tensile
Strength, Weave structure, Weft densities.
1-Introduction:
Woven fabrics are naturally net formed (porous material) as a
result of the intersection between the intersected warp and weft
yarns. Perforation degree is a vital character in many end-use
applications such as filtration, thermal insulation and fluid barriers,
so the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties and their
relation to the structure parameters is persistent.
Pores or voids spaces could be situated in the fibers, between
fibers in the threads, and between warp and weft threads in the
fabrics. The pores between warp and weft threads are also called the
macropores (1).
The weave structure has an essential role to achieve the
perforated effect which can be sometimes accompanied with
distorted thread effects. The methods of forming perforates were
introduced and explained by many literatures concerned to weave
structure (2-4).
The geometric model studies of woven fabrics were started since
earlier time by Pierce (5) and consecutively continued by many
researchers according the yarns cross sections shapes (6-8) to aid the
explanation of fabrics properties and their prediction but these
philosophical conceptions were theoretical and mathematical
assumption differed from actual results, this let many researchers
such as Snowden (9) to emphasis on the importance of handling the
scientific concept of woven construction through practical work
frame.
Most researches about the properties of the weave structures
neglected the perforated structures. Although the air permeability or
water penetration of the perforated structures are incontestable
properties but the adaptation to a specific application requires
evaluating other physical and mechanical properties, so the present
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Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
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work is focused on the effects of floating rates on tensile and
drapapility properties of perforated fabrics. The longitudinal floating
rates were controlled by three parameters the weave structure
(weave factor), the longitudinal float length, and the weft densities.
2- Materials and Methods:
Eighteen experimental samples were woven of 30/2 Ne Egyptian
cotton yarns in warp and wefts. 16 ends/cm were used for warp
threads and three different Weft Densities were used for wefts (18,
24, and 30 yarns/cm).
The 30 wefts/cm was the maximum rate of packing where the
wefts closely jammed and increased the difficulties of running the
loom because of increased breaking of the warp threads and
therefore the increased stopping times of the loom.
Experimental fabrics were woven according two net Weaves Type
differed in weave factor and three levels of Longitudinal Floats
Length for each structure (above 3 wefts, above 5 wefts, and above 7
wefts) via changing the length of the repeat of the weave structure.
Figures (1), and (2) show the two net structures with the three float
length for each used for weaving the experimental
above 3 wefts above 5 wefts above 7 wefts
Figure (1). First Net Structure, with three different longitudinal
floats
.
above 3 wefts
above 5 wefts
above 7 wefts
Figure (2). Second Net Structure, with three different
longitudinal floats
- 64 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
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The average breaking load and elongation of single yarns used for
weaving were tested by Uster Tenso Rapid instrument according to
A.S.T.M. D2256 (10); the distance between the two grips was stetted
to 50cm.
The breaking load and elongation of experimental fabrics were
tested by textile tensile strength tester (manufactured by Asno
Machine MFG, Japanese company), according to A.S.T.M. D5035
(10). The applied tension of tested fabrics was under constant speed
300 mm/min.
The fabric assistance in weft direction for the three densities was
calculated and also in warp direction; where:
The fabric assistance % =
Ft  Yt
× 100
Yt
Where:
Ft=Fabric Tensile Strength
Yt= Sum of single yarns tensile strength before weaving.
The drapability of experimental fabrics was determined by
Greusot-Loir instrument, using a circular support disk (15cm
diameter) and cutting tested specimen circular shape (25cm
diameter).
The drabability coefficient calculated as the following:
F%=
As  Ad
× 100
AD  Ad
Where:
A s = Area under the draped sample
A d = Area of support disk
A D = Area of tested specimen
F % = 1/4 (S2-225)
Where:
S = Diameter of specimen after draping
3- Results and Discussion:
Breaking strength in warp direction, breaking strength in weft
direction, Breaking Elongation in warp direction, Breaking
Elongation in weft direction, and Drapability Coefficient ―F %‖ of
experimental fabrics were shown in table (1).
- 65 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
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3-1- Effect of Longitudinal Floats Length on the tested
properties
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) referred to a significant effect of
the Longitudinal Floats Length (at 5%) on tensile properties in both
directions and drapapility of experimental net fabrics.
Table (1). Results of Tested Properties of Perforated
experimental fabrics
Warp Breaking
WT
Weft Longitudinal
Density Float Length
above 3
wefts
18
above 5
weft/cm
wefts
above 7
wefts
above 3
wefts
P1
24
above 5
weft/cm
wefts
above 7
wefts
above 3
wefts
30
above 5
weft/cm
wefts
above 7
wefts
above 3
wefts
18
above 5
weft/cm
wefts
above 7
P2
wefts
above 3
24
weft/cm
wefts
above 5
wefts
above 7
Weft Breaking
F
Strength Elongation Strength Elongation (%)
(gm)
(%)
(gm)
(%)
56.9
16.3
61.6
13
62.15
53.8
15.8
56.8
13.8
57.44
52.6
13.3
52.8
15.4
53.87
57.3
16.9
87
15.1
68.49
54.5
15.9
79.6
15.3
62.02
53.1
14.6
73.4
15.8
58.5
59
17.7
123.2
16.6
74.85
57.8
17.4
113.6
17
68.49
55.7
16.6
106.2
17.6
63.79
57.9
13.5
65.4
12.9
81.08
55.8
13.2
63.6
13.1
74.71
53.4
13.1
62.2
14.6
72.57
62.5
15.7
99.6
14.5
86.7
60.7
15.6
90.2
15.1
80.49
58.5
14.6
83.6
16.5
79.91
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Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
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wefts
above 3
wefts
30
above 5
weft/cm
wefts
above 7
wefts
64.5
16.3
128.6
16.2
91.37
62.9
15.7
114.6
16.6
84.32
61.4
15.1
108.4
17.1
82.55
3-1-1- Effect of Longitudinal Floats Length on the breaking
strength and elongation in warp direction
Anova stated the significant effect of longitudinal float length on
the breaking properties in warp direction with fixing the weft density
effect for each mock leno weave. Tables (2), (3) show the results of
mean rates of the breaking strength and elongation in warp direction,
and the significant difference in between. The breaking strength and
elongation rates in warp direction trended to decrease by increasing
the Longitudinal Floats Length and reached to the lowest value at
the maximum longitudinal float length (above seven wefts).
Table (2). Mean rates of breaking strength in warp direction
concerned the longitudinal float length and their significant difference
Longitudinal
Float Length
Mean
Above 3 wefts
59.683
Level
(I)
Level
(J)
Mean Difference
(I-J)
5
2.100 *
7
3.900 *
7
1.800 *
3
Above 5 wefts
57.583
Above 7 wefts
55.783
5
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
Table (3). Mean rates of breaking elongation in warp direction
concerned the longitudinal float length and their significant difference
Longitudinal
Float Length
Mean
Above 3 wefts
16.067
Level
(I)
Level
(J)
Mean Difference
(I-J)
5
.467
7
1.517 *
7
1.050 *
3
Above 5 wefts
15.600
Above 7 wefts
14.550
5
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
- 67 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
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The relationship between the longitudinal float length and the
breaking strength and elongation in warp direction at the three used
weft density for the both net weaves consequently were shown in
Figures (3), (4).
first net weave
second net weave
60
70
60
58
Breaking Strength
in warp direction (gm)
Breaking Strength
in warp direction (gm)
59
18 weft/cm
57
24 weft/cm
56
30 weft/cm
55
Linear (18 weft/cm)
Linear (24 weft/cm)
54
Linear (30 weft/cm)
53
18 weft/cm
50
24 weft/cm
40
30 weft/cm
Linear (18 weft/cm)
30
Linear (24 weft/cm)
20
Linear (30 weft/cm)
10
52
51
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
Longitudinal Float Length
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Longitudinal Float Length
Figure (3). Relationship between the longitudinal float length
and breaking strength in warp direction for the two net weaves
Tables (4), (5) show the simple regression equations and
correlation values (R). It's obvious the negative relationship between
the longitudinal float length and the breaking strength or elongation
in warp direction.
second net weave
20
18
18
16
16
18 weft/cm
14
24 weft/cm
12
30 weft/cm
10
Linear (18 weft/cm)
8
Linear (24 weft/cm)
6
Linear (30 weft/cm)
4
Breaking Elongation
in warp direction (%)
Breaking Elongation
in warp direction (%)
first net weave
14
18 weft/cm
12
24 weft/cm
10
30 weft/cm
8
Linear (18 weft/cm)
6
Linear (24 weft/cm)
Linear (30 weft/cm)
4
2
2
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
Longitudinal Float Length
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Longitudinal Float Length
Figure (4). Relationship between the longitudinal float length
and breaking elongation in warp direction for the two net
weaves
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Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
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The decreasing of breaking strength rates in warp direction may
be due to Increasing the length of floats above wefts leaded to
increasing the variation of crimp between the plain threads and the
float threads of the mock leno structure where form weak points so
increasing the probabilities of breaking and collapsing the resistance
of the net fabrics to the applied load in the warp direction.
The increasing of elongation in warp direction is explained that
the warp thread crimps with higher rates according shorter floats
above the picks and the increasing of the mock leno intersections,
hence breaking elongation in warp direction increased.
- 69 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
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Table (5). Simple regression equations and correlation values (R)
between longitudinal float length and breaking elongation in warp
direction
Weft
Second
Net Weave
First
Net Weave
Density
R
Equation
18
0.9333
weft/cm
y = -0.75x + 18.883
24
0.9972
weft/cm
y = -0.575x + 18.675
30
0.9673
weft/cm
y = -0.275x + 18.608
18
0.9607
weft/cm
y = -0.1x + 13.767
24
0.9042
weft/cm
y = -0.275x + 16.675
30
weft/cm
1
y = -0.3x + 17.2
3-1-2- Effect of Longitudinal Floats Length on the breaking
strength and elongation in weft direction
Anova stated the significant effect of longitudinal float length on
the breaking properties in weft direction with fixing the weft density
effect for each mock leno weave. Tables (6), (7) show the results of
mean rates of the breaking strength and elongation in weft direction,
and the significant difference in between. The breaking strength
rates in weft direction trended to decrease by increasing the
Longitudinal Floats Length and reached to the lowest value at the
maximum longitudinal float length (above seven wefts). For the
breaking elongation in weft direction, the highest values achieved at
the maximum longitudinal float length.
- 70 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
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Table (6). Mean rates of breaking strength in weft direction concerned
the longitudinal float length and their significant Difference
Longitudinal
Float Length
Mean
Above 3 wefts
94.233
Level
(I)
Level
(J)
Mean Difference
(I-J)
5
7.833 *
7
13.133 *
7
5.300 *
3
Above 5 wefts
86.400
Above 7 wefts
81.100
5
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
The breaking strength mean rates in weft direction were twice
times in warp direction and the significant differences between the
levels of longitudinal float length were clearer.
The longer floats of mock leno weaves in the longitudinal
direction decreased their joining to the wefts, hence the breaking
strength in weft direction decreased.
The relationship between the longitudinal float length and the
breaking strength and elongation in weft direction at the three used
weft density for the both net weaves consequently were shown in
Figures (5), (6).
Table (7). Mean rates of breaking elongation in weft direction
concerned the longitudinal float length and their significant difference
Longitudinal
Float Length
Mean
Above 3 wefts
14.717
Level
(I)
Level
(J)
Mean Difference
(I-J)
5
-.433
7
-1.450 *
7
-1.017 *
3
Above 5 wefts
15.150
Above 7 wefts
16.167
5
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
- 71 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
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second net weave
140
140
120
120
18 weft/cm
100
24 weft/cm
80
30 weft/cm
Linear (18 weft/cm)
60
Linear (24 weft/cm)
40
Linear (30 weft/cm)
Breaking Strength
in weft direction (gm)
Breaking Strength
in weft direction (gm)
first net weave
20
18 weft/cm
100
24 weft/cm
80
30 weft/cm
Linear (18 weft/cm)
60
Linear (24 weft/cm)
40
Linear (30 weft/cm)
20
0
0
0 1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8
0 1
Longitudinal Float Length
2 3
4 5 6
7 8
Longitudinal Float Length
Figure (6). Relationship between the longitudinal float length
and breaking strength in weft direction for the two net weaves
second net weave
20
18
18
16
16
18 weft/cm
14
24 weft/cm
12
30 weft/cm
10
Linear (18 weft/cm)
8
Linear (24 weft/cm)
6
Linear (30 weft/cm)
4
Breaking Elongation
in weft direction (%)
Breaking Elongation
in weft direction (%)
first net weave
14
18 weft/cm
12
24 weft/cm
10
30 weft/cm
8
Linear (18 weft/cm)
6
Linear (24 weft/cm)
Linear (30 weft/cm)
4
2
2
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
Longitudinal Float Length
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Longitudinal Float Length
Figure (7). Relationship between the longitudinal float length and
breaking elongation in weft direction for the two net weaves
The increasing trend of the weft elongation rates according the
increasing of longitudinal float length due to increasing the number
of plain intersections in the same width of the mock leno weaves
repeat so the weft crimp increase, hence breaking elongation in weft
direction increases.
Tables (8), (9) show the simple regression equations and
correlation values (R). It's obvious the negative relationship between
the longitudinal float length and the breaking strength in weft
direction, and the positive relationship between the longitudinal float
length and breaking elongation in weft direction.
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Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Table (9). Simple regression equations and correlation values (R)
between longitudinal float length and breaking elongation in weft
direction
Second
Perforated Weave
First
Perforated Weave
Weft
Density
R
Equation
18
0.9813
weft/cm
y = 0.6x + 11.067
24
0.9707
weft/cm
y = 0.175x + 14.525
30
0.9934
weft/cm
y = 0.25x + 15.817
18
0.9148
weft/cm
y = 0.425x + 11.408
24
0.9744
weft/cm
y = 0.5x + 12.867
30
0.9979
weft/cm
y = 0.225x + 15.508
- 73 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
3-1-3- Effect of Longitudinal Floats Length on the drapability
coefficient
Anova stated the significant effect of longitudinal float length on
the drapability coefficient with fixing the weft density effect for each
mock leno weave. Table (10) shows the results of mean rates of the
drapability coefficient, and the significant difference in between.
The drapability coefficient rates trended to decrease by increasing
the Longitudinal Floats Length and reached to the lowest value at
the maximum longitudinal float length (above seven wefts).
Table (10). Mean rates of Drapability Coefficient concerned the
longitudinal float length and their significant difference
Longitudinal
Float Length
Mean
Above 3 wefts
77.440
Level
(I)
Level
(J)
Mean Difference
(I-J)
5
6.195 *
7
8.908 *
7
2.713 *
3
Above 5 wefts
71.245
Above 7 wefts
68.532
5
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
The relationship between the longitudinal float length and the
drapability coefficient at the three used weft density for the both net
weaves consequently were shown in Figure (8).
second net weave
80
100
70
90
60
18 weft/cm
50
24 weft/cm
Drapability Coefficient (%)
Drapability Coefficient (%)
first net weave
30 weft/cm
40
Linear (18 weft/cm)
30
Linear (24 weft/cm)
20
Linear (30 weft/cm)
10
80
18 weft/cm
70
24 weft/cm
60
30 weft/cm
50
Linear (18 weft/cm)
40
Linear (24 weft/cm)
30
Linear (30 weft/cm)
20
10
0
0
0 1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Longitudinal Float Length
Longitudinal Float Length
Figure (8). Relationship between the longitudinal float length and
drabability coefficient for the two net weaves
The table (11) shows the simple regression equations and
correlation values (R). It's obvious the negative relationship between
- 74 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
the longitudinal float length and the drapability coefficient; this may
be explained that the stiffness of the net structures was decreased by
increasing the longitudinal float length because of being the
structure more opened, hence the drapability improved.
3-2- Effect of Weft Density on the tested properties
Analysis of Variance referred to a significant effect of the weft
density (at 5%) on tensile properties in both directions and
drapapility of experimental net fabrics.
3-2-1- Effect of weft density on the breaking strength and
elongation in warp direction
Anova stated the significant effect of the weft density on the
breaking properties in warp direction with fixing the longitudinal
float length effect for each mock leno weave. Tables (12), (13) show
the results of mean rates of the breaking strength and elongation in
warp direction, and the significant difference in between. The
breaking strength and elongation rates in warp direction trended to
increase by increasing the weft density and reached to the highest
value at the maximum weft density (30 yarns/cm).
The increasing of breaking strength in warp direction due to
decreasing the float rates of warp threads according increasing the
weft density so their ability to resist the applied tension load
increased.
- 75 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Table (12). Mean rates of breaking strength in warp direction
concerned the weft density and their significant difference
Weft Density
Mean
18
55.067
Level
(I)
Level
(J)
Mean Difference
(I-J)
24
-2.700 *
30
-5.150 *
30
-2.450 *
18
24
57.767
30
60.217
24
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
Table (13). Mean rates of breaking elongation in warp direction
concerned the weft density and their significant difference
Weft Density
Mean
18
14.200
Level
(I)
Level
(J)
Mean Difference
(I-J)
24
-1.350 *
30
-2.267 *
30
-.917 *
18
24
15.550
30
16.467
24
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
- 76 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
The fabric assistance in warp direction could be indicated for
both the two mock leno weaves as shown in Figures (9) and (10),
The negative values of fabric assistance in warp direction indicated
that difference in crimp of float yarns and plain yarns formed the net
structures caused decreasing the breaking strength of yarns inside
fabric than the collective yarns without weaving.
18 weft/cm
24 weft/cm
30 weft/cm
Precentage Ratio of Fabric Assistance
0%
-10%
-20%
Above 7
Above 5
Above 3
-30%
-40%
-50%
Weft Densities
Figure (9). Fabric assistance in warp direction of the first net
structure
18 weft/cm
24 weft/cm
30 weft/cm
Precentage Ratio of Fabric Assistance
0%
-10%
-20%
Above 7
Above 5
Above 3
-30%
-40%
-50%
Weft Densities
Figure (10). Fabric assistance in warp direction of the second net
structure
- 77 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Increasing of the breaking elongation in warp direction according
to increase of the numbers of weft density due to increasing the
crimp of warp threads.
3-2-2 Effect of Weft Density on the breaking strength and
elongation in weft direction
Anova stated the significant effect of the weft density on the
breaking properties in weft direction with fixing the longitudinal
float length effect for each mock leno weave. Tables (14), (15) show
the results of mean rates of the breaking strength and elongation in
weft direction, and the significant difference in between. The
breaking strength and elongation rates in weft direction trended to
increase by increasing the weft density and reached to the highest
value at the maximum weft density (30 yarns/cm).
The increasing of breaking strength rates in weft direction
according to the increasing of weft density due to the applied tension
load distributes with bigger number of wefts; hence the resistance of
breaking strength increases.
The fabric assistance in warp direction could be indicated for
both the two mock leno weaves as shown in Figures (11) and (12),
The negative values of fabric assistance in warp direction indicated
that difference in crimp of float yarns and plain yarns formed the net
structures caused decreasing the breaking strength of yarns inside
fabric than the collective yarns without weaving.
Table (14). Mean rates of breaking strength in weft direction
concerned the weft density and their significant difference
Weft Density
Mean
18
60.400
Level
(I)
Level
(J)
Mean Difference
(I-J)
24
25.167 *
30
-55.367 *
30
-30.200 *
18
24
85.567
30
115.767
24
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
- 78 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Table (15). Mean rates of breaking elongation in weft direction
concerned the weft density and their significant difference
Weft Density
Mean
18
60.400
Level
(I)
Level
(J)
Mean Difference
(I-J)
24
25.167 *
30
-55.367 *
30
-30.200 *
18
24
85.567
30
115.767
24
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
18 weft/cm
24 weft/cm
30 weft/cm
Precentage Ratio of Fabric Assistance
0%
-10%
-20%
Above 7
Above 5
Above 3
-30%
-40%
-50%
Weft Densities
Figure (11). Fabric assistance in warp direction of the first net
structure
The increasing of breaking elongation in weft density due to the
increasing of weft crimp resulted from the increasing of weft
density.
3-2-3- Effect of Weft Density on the drapability coefficient
Anova stated the significant effect of the weft density on the
drapability coefficient with fixing the longitudinal float length effect
for each mock leno weave. Table (16) shows the results of mean
rates of the drapability coefficient, and the significant difference in
between. The drapability coefficient rates trended to increase by
increasing the weft density and reached to the highest value at the
maximum weft density (30 yarns/cm).
- 79 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
18 weft/cm
24 weft/cm
30 weft/cm
Precentage Ratio of Fabric Assistance
0%
-10%
-20%
Above 7
Above 5
Above 3
-30%
-40%
-50%
Weft Densities
Figure (12). Fabric assistance in warp direction of the second net
structure
Table (16). Mean rates of Drapability Coefficient concerned the weft
density and their significant difference
Weft Density
Mean
18
66.970
Level
(I)
Level
(J)
Mean Difference
(I-J)
24
-5.715 *
30
-10.592 *
30
-4.877 *
18
24
72.685
30
77.562
24
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
The increasing of drapability coefficient according to increase of
the weft density due to the increase of restricted intersections which
resist the freedom movement of yarns inside the fabric structure so
the drapability decreased.
3-3- Effect of perforated Weave Type on the tested properties
Analysis of Variance referred to a significant effect of the weave
type (at 5%) on tensile properties in both directions and drapapility
of experimental net fabrics.
3-3-1- Effect of Weave Type on the breaking strength and
elongation in warp direction
Anova stated the significant effect of the weave type on the
breaking properties in warp direction with fixing the longitudinal
float length and weft density for each mock leno weave.
- 80 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Tables (17), (18) show the results of mean rates of the breaking
strength and elongation in warp direction, and the significant
difference in between. The second mock leno weave had higher
breaking strength rates in warp direction, For the elongation in warp
direction the first mock leno weave had higher breaking strength
rates in warp direction.
The second mock leno weave factor has lower weave factor;
increasing the number of intersections of the warp threads compared
with the first mock leno weave so their breaking strength increased.
3-3-2- Effect of Weave Type on the breaking strength and
elongation in weft direction
Anova stated the significant effect of the weave type on the
breaking strength in weft direction with fixing the longitudinal float
length and weft density for each mock leno weave, while there was
no significant effect 0f weave type on the breaking elongation in
weft direction. Tables (19), (20) show the results of mean rates of the
breaking strength in weft direction, and the significant difference in
between. The second mock leno weave had higher breaking strength
rates in weft direction.
Table (17). Mean rates of breaking strength in warp direction
concerned the weave type and their significant difference
Weave Type
Mean
First Net Weave
63.289
Second Net Weave
81.522
Level
(I)
Level
(J)
Mean Difference
(I-J)
First
Second
-18.233 *
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
Table (18). Mean rates of breaking elongation in warp direction
concerned the weave type and their significant difference
Weave Type
Mean
First Net Weave
16.056
Second Net Weave
14.756
Level
(I)
Level
(J)
Mean Difference
(I-J)
P1
P2
1.3 *
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
- 81 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Table (19). Mean rates of breaking strength in weft direction
concerned the weave type and their significant difference
Weave Type
Mean
First Net Weave
83.800
Second Net Weave
90.689
Level
(I)
Level
(J)
Mean Difference
(I-J)
P1
P2
-6.889 *
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
Table (20). Mean rates of breaking elongation in weft direction
concerned the weave type and their significant difference
Weave Type
Mean
First Net Weave
15.511
Second Net Weave
15.178
Level
(I)
Level
(J)
Mean Difference
(I-J)
P1
P2
0.333
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
The same interpretation could be introduced such as the breaking
strength in warp direction case; increasing the number of
intersections of the second mock leno weave so the breaking
strength in weft direction increased.
3-3-3- Effect of Weave Type on the drapability coefficient
Anova stated the significant effect of the weave type on the
drapability coefficient with fixing the longitudinal float length and
weft density for each mock leno weave. Table (21) shows the results
of mean rates of the drapability coefficient, and the significant
difference in between. The second mock leno weave had higher
drapability coefficient.
Table (21). Mean rates of Drapability Coefficient concerned the weave
type and their significant difference
Weave Type
Mean
First Net Weave
63.289
Second Net Weave
81.522
Level
(I)
Level
(J)
Mean Difference
(I-J)
P1
P2
-18.233 *
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
- 82 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
The increasing of drapability coefficient rates concerned the
second mock leno weave due to decreasing the weave factor;
increasing the number of intersections of the warp threads compared
with the first mock leno weave so the increased restricted positions
decrease the movement freedom of woven yarns.
3-4- Participation Ratio of research parameters in affecting on
tested properties
The longitudinal float length and the weft density for the two
used perforated weaves affected on tensile properties and drapability
coefficient by different ratios.
3-4-1- Participation ratio in the breaking strength and
elongation in warp direction
Stepwise was applied on the breaking strength and elongation in
warp direction results for each perforated weaves.
For the first mock leno weave: 91.72% of the breaking strength in
warp direction results were controlled by both the longitudinal float
length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length
participated with 57% and the weft density participated with
34.72%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-1) could
be used for guising the breaking strength in warp direction (y).
y = 54.417 - 0.983x1 + 0.256x2 ............... eq (3-4-1)
Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value
x2 = the weft density‘s value
87.38% of the breaking elongation of weave structure in warp
direction results was controlled by both the longitudinal float length
and weft density together.
For the second mock leno weave: 96.5% of the breaking strength
in warp direction results were controlled by both the longitudinal
float length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length
participated with 21.5% and the weft density participated with 75%.
The following multiple regression equation (3-4-2) could be used for
guising the breaking strength in warp direction (y).
y = 50.1 - 0.967x1 + 0.603x2
.................... eq (3-4-2)
Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value
x2 = the weft density‘s value
- 83 -
Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
85.84% of the breaking elongation of the second mock leno
weave in warp direction results was controlled by both the
longitudinal float length and weft density together.
3-4-2- Participation ratio in the breaking strength and
elongation in weft direction
Stepwise was applied on the breaking strength and elongation in
weft direction results for each perforated weaves.
For the first mock leno weave: 98.4% of the breaking strength in
weft direction results were controlled by both the longitudinal float
length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length
participated with 4.9% and the weft density participated with 93.5%.
The following multiple regression equation (3-4-3) could be used for
guising the breaking strength in weft direction (y).
y = - 14.317 - 3.283x1 + 4.772x2 ............ eq (3-4-3)
Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value
x2 = the weft density‘s value
94.18% of the breaking elongation of the first net structure in
weft direction results was controlled by both the longitudinal float
length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length
participated with 16.19% and the weft density participated with
77.99%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-4) could
be used for guising the breaking elongation in weft direction (y).
y = 7.803 + 0.342x1 + 0.25x2 ................... eq (3-4-4)
Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value
x2 = the weft density‘s value
For the second mock leno weave: 98% of the breaking strength in
weft direction results were controlled by both the longitudinal float
length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length
participated with 5.5% and the weft density participated with 92.5%.
The following multiple regression equation (3-4-5) could be used for
guising the breaking strength in warp direction (y).
y = 0.172 - 3.283x1 + 4.456x2
................. eq (3-4-5)
Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value
x2 = the weft density‘s value
95.36% of the breaking elongation of the second net structure in
weft direction results was controlled by both the longitudinal float
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Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length
participated with 18.75% and the weft density participated with
76.61%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-6) could
be used for guising the breaking elongation in weft direction (y).
y = 71.652 - 2.01x1 + 0.83x2 ..................... eq (3-4-6)
Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value
x2 = the weft density‘s value
3-4-3- Participation ratio in the drapability coefficient
Stepwise was applied on the drapability coefficient results for
each perforated weaves.
For the first mock leno weave (P1): 98.68% of the drapability
coefficient results were controlled by both the longitudinal float
length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length
participated with 42.58% and the weft density participated with
56.1%. together; the longitudinal float length participated with
16.19% and the weft density participated with 77.99%. The
following multiple regression equation (3-4-4) could be used for
guising the breaking elongation in weft direction (y).
y = 7.803 + 0.342x1 + 0.25x2 ................... eq (3-4-4)
Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value
x2 = the weft density‘s value
For the second mock leno weave: 98% of the breaking strength in
weft direction results were controlled by both the longitudinal float
length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length
participated with 5.5% and the weft density participated with 92.5%.
The following multiple regression equation (3-4-5) could be used for
guising the breaking strength in warp direction (y).
y = 0.172 - 3.283x1 + 4.456x2
................. eq (3-4-5)
Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value
x2 = the weft density‘s value
95.36% of the breaking elongation of the second net in weft
direction results was controlled by both the longitudinal float length
and weft density together; the longitudinal float length participated
with 18.75% and the weft density participated with 76.61%. The
following multiple regression equation (3-4-6) could be used for
guising the breaking elongation in weft direction (y).
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Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
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y = 71.652 - 2.01x1 + 0.83x2 ..................... eq (3-4-6)
Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value
x2 = the weft density‘s value
3-4-3- Participation ratio in the drapability coefficient
Stepwise was applied on the drapability coefficient results for
each perforated weaves.
For the first mock leno weave: 98.68% of the drapability
coefficient results were controlled by both the longitudinal float
length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length
participated with 42.58% and the weft density participated with
56.1%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-7) could be
used for guising the breaking strength in warp direction (y).
y = 53.063 – 2.444x1 + 0.935x2
................. eq (3-4-7)
Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value
x2 = the weft density‘s value
For the second mock leno weave: 93.4% of the drapability
coefficient results were controlled by both the longitudinal float
length and weft density together; the longitudinal float length
participated with 36.8% and the weft density participated with
56.6%. The following multiple regression equation (3-4-8) could be
used for guising the breaking strength in warp direction (y).
y = 71.652 – 2.010x1 + 0.830x2 ................. eq (3-4-8)
Where x1 = the longitudinal float length‘s value
x2 = the weft density‘s value
4- Conclusion:
The increasing of longitudinal float length of each net structure
caused significant decrease of breaking strength and elongation in
warp direction, breaking strength in weft direction, and drapability
coefficient. A reverse significant effect of the longitudinal float
length of each net structure was found in case of the breaking
elongation in weft direction.
The breaking strength rates in weft direction was twice times the
breaking strength rates in warp direction, also the fabric assistance
rates were negative values.
All tested properties significantly increased by increasing the
weft density; the weft density in most cases participated higher
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Chinese-Egyptian Research Journal
Helwan University
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percentage ratio in affecting the breaking strength and elongation in
both directions, and drapability for the both mock leno weaves. The
second mock leno weave had higher numbers of intersections so it
significantly increased the breaking strength rates in both directions,
and the drabability coefficient rates.
The weft density
The highest breaking strength in both directions was represented
by sample no.16 where the highest weft density, the shortest
longitudinal float length, and the lower weave factor of net weave,
while the best drapability was represented by sample no.3 where the
lowest weft density, the longest longitudinal float length, and the
higher weave factor of net weave.
References:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Dubrovski, P., D., Brezocnik, M., Woven Fabric Macroporosity
Properties Planning, World Textile Conference, 3rd Autex
Conference, 2003, pp. 359 – 364.
Grosicki, Z., Watson's Textile Design and colour, NewnesButterworth, Londond, 1977, p.88.
Blinov, I., and Belay, S., Design of Woven Fabrics, Mir Publisher,
Moscow, 1988, p.73-78.
Gokarneshan, N., Fabric Structure and Design, New Age
International (P) Ltd., Publishers, New Delhi, 2004, p.62-65.
Pierce, F., T., J.Text.Inst., 1937, 28, T45.
Kemp, A., J.Text.Inst., 1958, 49, T44.
Hamilton, J., B., J.Text.Inst., 1964, 55, T66.
Grosberg, P., Text.Inst.Indust., 1971, J, p.125.
Snowden, D., C., Text.Asia, 1978, 9, p.45.
A.S.T.M, American Standard on Material Designations: D.2256,:
D.5035.
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