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Jonathan Johnson History & Theory of New Media
Earliest example : "A documented claim (Xenophon)
attributes the invention to the Persian King Cyrus the
Great who mandated that every province in his kingdom
would organize reception and delivery of post to each of
its citizens." This allowed for circulation of information
(by horse) to connect the Western and Eastern regions.
Before the electric telegraph, the Semaphore telegraph
was a physical structure (tower) that would convey
messages visually through pivoting shutters. Ultimately,
it improved on travel time (waiting on horse rider /
carrier) and cost.
Postal Service
Persia, 550 BC
Semaphore
Telegraph 1792
1891
Causing a major impact in Europe, this early motion
picture device was designed for single viewer use
where one person could watch view a series of
photographs through a peephole. The Kenetiscope
was instrumental to the birth of American movie
culture.
Cinematographe
(First Movie
Camera)
Building upon the innovative Kinetograph, the
Lumiere brother's16 frame-per-second
Cinematograhe captured, printed aand projected film
and soon became the standard in early filmmaking.
Kinetoscope
1910
This improved upon the Semaphore technology by
using electrical signals through telecommunication
lines. Its invention allowed for person-to-person
contact, increased the speed, distance and privacy of
the information exchanged.
Electrical
Telegraph
The Invention of the Telephone transmitted messages
vocally (using soundwaves), personalizing person-toperson contact.
Telephone
The Radio improved on the Telephone by making
communication wireless (using radiowaves) covering
longer distances and improved sound quality.
and Morse
Code
Tape
Recorder
1924
1830
1876
The Long
Playing
Record
1948
Portable 2-way
Radio
1937
Popularization
of
Network
Television
1949
Email allowed for digital exchanges from one
person to multiple people through the internet or
other computer networks."Neither the users nor
their computers are required to be online
simultaneously; they need connect only briefly,
typically to a mail server, for as long as it takes to
send or receive messages."
Email
1966
Video Cassete
Recorder
Using an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) protocol, chat
rooms allowed for multiple users to login into a
virtual environment and share mutual interests.
Responses were an improvement over the delays
in email communication.
Online Chat
Rooms
Sony's Beta
Cam
Real-time responses over Local Area Network (LAN)
systems further improved message transmissions
over the internet.
1980
1972
1982
Instant
Messaging
Audio Video
Interleaved
mid-1990s
1992
Peer-to-peer communication through mobile
networks. Later technological advancements in
Short Message Service (SMS) protocol enabled
users to include images, video and sound
Text
Messaging
Digital Video
Discs
1992
1996
Online social networking platfroms where users
can share music, personal information, videos,
podcasts, photos, newfeeds, etc. through
custom-built BitTorrent-based release system.
Facebook and
MySpace
You Tube
2003
2005
Advancing from Alexander Graham Bell's nonmagnetic audio recorder, or 18886, Magnetizable
tape devices enabled artists to record, re-record
and edit audio, which revolutionized both the radio
broadcast and music recording industries in the
early 1900s.
First introduced by Columbia Records, the 33 1/3
rpm vinyl record was adopted by the recording
industry as the standard medium for analog sound
storage.
Network television struggled to become short wave
radio's alternative for delivering enterainment, news
broadcasts and communication throughout the
1940s. It wasnt until AT& T layed the groundwork
for national distribution through coaxial cable, that
programming was the rest of the country.
Developed by Philips and introduced in 1972 in
the UK and mainland Europe, video cassete
recording technology was aimed at the consumer
distribution level.
Using a proprietary magnetic tape cassette
(Betamax) system, Sony released the first
handheld camcorder to the public. Thus
eliminating the camera to recorder cable used in
most video capturing and recording devices.
Known by its initials AVI, Audio Video Interleaved
is a multimedia container format introduced by
Microsoft in November 1992 as part of its Video
for Windows software. AVI files can contain both
audio and video data in a file container that
allows synchronous audio-with-video playback.
Anticipating a repeat of the costly format war
between VHS and Betamax in the 1980s, IBM's
president Lou Gerstner, led an effort to unite
Phillips, Sony, Toshiba, and JVC in order to
develop the DVD 1.0 specification, which was
announced in 1995 and later finalized in
September 1996.
Capitalizing on the multiple video capturing and
storage technologies avilable in the 21st century,
Steven Chen and Chad Hurley, launched the
largest online video destination in the world and
the third most visited website overall.
Leveraging IRC, SMS, and MMS Twitter capitalized on multiple protocols to offer its services to the multi - user domain (MUD) world. By limiting the amount of
transmittable characters to 140, Twitter continues to be the most user -friendly platform for celebrities, reporters and sports figures worldwide.
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
2. Ganzel, Bill. "Television during the 1950s and 60s." Television during the 1950s and 60s . The Ganzel Group, 2007. Web. 05 Apr. 2015.
http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/life_17.html
3. "The History of Movie Cameras: Part 1 | Home Movie Depot." The History of Movie Cameras: Part 1 | Home Movie Depot . The Home Movie Depot, 26 Mar. 2012. Web. 05 Apr. 2015.
http://www.homemoviedepot.com/blog/the-history-of-movie-cameras-%E2%80%93-part-1/
4. "Video Cassette Recording (VCR) (1972 – 1979)." Museum Of Obsolete Media . N.p., 27 Apr. 2013. Web. 05 Apr. 2015.
http://www.obsoletemedia.org/vcr/
5. "History of DVD." Did You Know RSS . N.p., 06 Feb. 2010. Web. 05 Apr. 2015.
http://didyouknow.org/dvdhistory/
6. "Audio Video Interleave - Expand Your Mind." Audio Video Interleave - Expand Your Mind . N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2015.
http://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Audio%20Video%20Interleave&item_type=topic
7. "YouTube5Year." YouTube5Year . N.p., 17 May 2010. Web. 05 Apr. 2015.
https://sites.google.com/a/pressatgoogle.com/youtube5year/home/short-story-of-youtube