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Nomen: ____________________ Bell: _________ XXXIV: The Cōmissātiō Vocabulary Across Down 2. pessimus 6. to call upon 9. collapsus est 11. I drain 13. more wine 15. gender of the word that means, ‘care’ 16. prūdentior 1. 2nd principle part of poscō 3. 3rd principle part of the word that means, ‘to allow’ 4. modus 5. part of speech of et . . . et 7. 4th principle part of the word that means, ‘to anoint’ 8. nimis 10. wisely 12. part of speech of quam 14. 4th principle part of the word that means, ‘to mix’ Building the Meaning – Adjectives: Positive, Comparative, and Superlative Degrees In the past you have seen adjectives in the positive degree but there are also the comparative and superlative degrees. These three degrees are used to compare the descriptions of people. For example: Joe is fast. Jim is faster than Joe. John is the fastest of all. Exercise 34a Read the following sentences and translate. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cornēlia est molesta. Mārcus est molestior quam Cornēlia. Sextus est molestissimus omnium. Titus est ēbrissimus omnium. Mᾱrcus est fēlīcior quam Sextus. Exercise 34b Identify the degree, case (if necessary), number (if necessary), and gender (if necessary) of the following adjectives and translate. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. prūdentior brevissimā pulcherimōs celerius ācer Forms – Adjectives: Positive, Comparative, and Superlative 1. Study these further examples of positive, comparative, and superlative adjectives. Drop the -us, -a, or -um or -is and add -ior for comparatives and add -issimus, -a, -um for superlatives. Positive Comparative Superlative longior, longius longissimus, -a, -um 1st and 2nd adjectives: longus, -a, -um 3rd declension adjectives: ómnis, -is, -e, all, the whole, every, ómnior, ómnius each ferōx, ferōcis, fierce ferōcior, ferocius íngēns, ingéntis, huge óminissimus, -a, -um ferōcissimus, -a, -um ingentior, ingentius ingentissimus, -a, -um 2. Note what happens with adjectives that end in -er: Drop nothing, -a, or -um and add -ior for comparatives and add -rimus, -a, -um for superlatives. 1st and 2nd declension adjectives ending in -er: niger, nigra, nigrum nigrior, nigrius nigerrimus, -a, -um 3rd declension adjectives ending in -er: celer, celeris, celere, swift celerior, celerius celerrimus, -a, -um 3. Most 3rd declension adjectives that end in -lis form their comparatives and superlatives regularly: Drop -is, -is, or -e and add -ior for comparatives and add –issimus, -a, -um for superlatives. immōbilis, -is, -e immōbilior, immobilius immōbilissimus, -a, -um Exceptions: six 3rd declension adjectives that end in –lis form their superlatives irregularly: For superlatives add –limus, -a, -um instead. similis, -is, -e, similar similior, similius simillimus, -a, -um The other adjectives are facilis, easy; difficilis, difficult; dissimilis, dissimilar; gracilis, slender; and humilis, humble. 4. Note that you can recognize the superlative by the endings -issimus, -rimus, or -limus. Exercise 34c Form the comparatives and superlatives of the following adjectives. Provide translations of each adjective. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. léntus, -a, -um céler, céleris, célere moléstus, -a, -um gracilis, -is, -e niger, nigra, nigrum ferōx, ferōcis strēnuus, -a, -um fórtis, -is, -e immortālis, -is, -e mórtuus, -a, -um Forms – Irregular Comparative and Superlative Adjectives All of the most common irregular comparative and superlative adjectives are in the book on page 66. The best way to understand these is to memorize the forms of each. Exercise 34d Complete the comparison of the following irregular adjectives by giving the missing items. Positive Comparative Superlative multus ____________ _____________ _____________ minor _____________ _____________ ____________ plūrimī _____________ ____________ optimus malus ____________ _____________ _____________ maior _____________ Forms – Adjectives: Case Endings of Comparatives and Superlatives All superlatives have the same endings as the 1st and 2nd declension adjective iratus, irata, iratum, e.g., longissimus, longissima, longissimum. The comparatives have ending like those of 3rd declension nouns. Here are the forms of the comparative. Note in particular the neuter nominative and accusative singular form: longius: Number Case Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Masc. Fem. Neut. longior longiōris longiōrī longiōrem longiōre longior longiōris longiōrī longiōrem longiōre longius longiōris longiōrī longius longiōre longiōrēs longiōrum longiōribus longiōrēs longiōribus longiōrēs longiōrum longiōribus longiōrēs longiōribus longiōra longiōrum longiōribus longiōra longiōribus Compare these forms with those of 3rd declension nouns and adjectives. Note the differences from the endings of 3rd declension adjectives. The masculine and feminine forms are the same, as well as the neuter, except for the differences as stated above. Memorize these endings to be able to us the comparative form of adjectives in sentences and to know how to translate them. Exercise 34e Create a chart of all of the forms of the comparative for the following adjectives. 1. longus, -a, -um Number Case Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Masc. Fem. Neut. 2. celeber, celebris, celebre Number Case Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Masc. Fem. Neut. XXXIV: The Cōmissātiō – Answer Key Vocabulary Across Down 2. pessimus worst 6. to call upon invocāre 9. collapsus est he collapsed 11. I drain hauriō 13. more wine plūs vīnī 15. gender of the word that means, ‘care’ feminine 16. prūdentior wiser 1. 2nd principle part of poscō poscere 3. 3rd principle part of the word that means, ‘to allow’ sīvī 4. modus method 5. part of speech of et . . . et conjugation 7. 4th principle part of the word that means, ‘to anoint’ creātus 8. nimis too much 10. wisely prūdenter 12. part of speech of quam adverb 14. 4th principle part of the word that means, ‘to mix’ mixtus Building the Meaning – Adjectives: Positive, Comparative, and Superlative Degrees Exercise 34a Read the following sentences and translate. 1. Cornēlia est molesta. Cornelia is annoying. 2. Mārcus est molestior quam Cornēlia. Marcus is more annoying than Cornelia. 3. Sextus est molestissimus omnium. Sextus it the most annoying of all. 4. Titus est ēbrissimus omnium. Titus is the most drunk of all. 5. Mārcus est fēlīcior quam Sextus. Marcus is wiser than Sextus. Exercise 34b Identify the degree, case (if necessary), number (if necessary), and gender (if necessary) of the following adjectives and translate. 1. prūdentior comparative 2. brevissimā superlative, fem., nom., sing. 3. pulcherimōs superlative, masc., acc., sing. 4. celerius comparative 5. ācer positive, masc., nom., sing. Forms – Adjectives: Positive, Comparative, and Superlative Exercise 34c Form the comparatives and superlatives of the following adjectives. Provide translations of each adjective. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. léntus, -a, -um, slow céler, céleris, célere, swift moléstus, -a, -um, annoying gracilis, -is, -e, slender niger, nigra, nigrum, black ferōx, ferōcis, fierce strēnuus, -a, -um, active fórtis, -is, -e, strong immortālis, -is, -e, immortal immortal 10. mórtuus, -a, -um, dead léntior, slower célerior, swifter moléstior, more annoying gracilior, slenderer nigerior, blacker ferōcior, fiercer strēnior, more active fórtior, stronger immortālior, more immortal léntissimus, slowest célerrimus, swiftest moléstissius, most annoying gracillimus, slenderest nigerrimus, blackest ferōcissimus, fiercest strēnissimus, most active fórtissimus, strongest immortālissimus, most mórtior, more dead mórtissimus, most dead Forms – Irregular Comparative and Superlative Adjectives Exercise 34d Complete the comparison of the following irregular adjectives by giving the missing items. Positive Comparative Superlative multus plūs plūrimus parvus minor minimus multī plūrēs plūrimī bonus melior optimus malus peior pessimus magnus maior maximus Forms – Adjectives: Case Endings of Comparatives and Superlatives Exercise 34e 1. longus, -a, -um Number Case Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Masc. Fem. Neut. longior longiōris longiōrī longiōrem longiōre longior longiōris longiōrī longiōrem longiōre longius longiōris longiōrī longius longiōre longiōrēs longiōrum longiōribus longiōrēs longiōribus longiōrēs longiōrum longiōribus longiōrēs longiōribus longiōra longiōrum longiōribus longiōra longiōribus 2. celeber, celebris, celebre Number Case Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Masc. Fem. Neut. celeberior celeberiōris celeberiōrī celeberiōrem celeberiōre celeberior celeberiōris celeberiōrī celeberiōrem celeberiōre celeberius celeberiōris celeberiōrī celeberius celeberiōre celeberiōrēs celberiōrum celeberiōribus celeberiōrēs celeberiōribus celeberiōrēs celberiōrum celeberiōribus celeberiōrēs celeberiōribus celeberiōra celberiōrum celeberiōribus celeberiōra celeberiōribus
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