References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement
Structures. Equivalent Single Axle Load Calculations. AASHTO. Web.
Andersen, Lars Bo, Pater Schnohr, Marianne Schroll, and Hans Ole Hien. "All-Cause Mortality Associated With
Physical Activity During Leisure Time, Work, Sports, and Cycling to Work, Sports, and Cycling to
Work." American Medical Association. 160. (2000): 1621-1628. Web. 14 Oct. 2013.
"Average Hourly Wages." . Statistics Canada, 06 Sep 2013. Web. 9 May 2013. <http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tablestableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/labr69a-eng.htm>.
Babisch, Wolfgang. Federal Environment Agency .Transportation Noise and Cardiovascular Risk Review and
Synthesis of Epidemiological Studies Dose-effect Curve and Risk Estimation. Dessau: Federal Environment
Agency, 2006. Web.
BC Laws. Motor Vehicles Act, Motor Vehicle Fees Regulations. Queens Printer , 1996. Web.
<http://www.canlii.org/en/bc/laws/regu/bc-reg-334-91/latest/bc-reg-334-91.html>.
Besser, Lilah, and Andrew Dannenberg. "Walking to Public Transit Steps to Help Meet Physical Activity
Recommendations." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 29.4 (2005): 273-280. Web. 14 Oct. 2013.
British Columbia. Translink. 2011 Metro Vancouver Regional Trip Diary Survey Analysis. New Westminster:
Translink, 2013. Web.
Brown, Barbara, and Carol Werner. "A New Rail Stop Tracking Moderate Physical Activity Bouts and
Ridership." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 33.4 (2007): 306-309. Web. 14 Oct. 2013.
"Bus Schedules." Translink. Translink. Web. 11 Oct 2013.
<http://tripplanning.translink.ca/hiwire?.a=iScheduleLookup>.
"Bus Tests." The Altoona Bus Research and Testing Center. The Thomas D. Larson Pennsylvania Transportation
Institute . Web. 12 Oct 2013. <http://www.altoonabustest.com/>.
Canadian Automotive Association. Driving Costs, Beyond the price tag: Understanding your vehicles expenses .
Ottawa: CAA, 2012. Web.
Canadian Black Book . Web. 13 Oct 2013. <http://www.canadianblackbook.com/>.
Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology . Adopted by the Public Health Agency of Canada . Canadian Physical
Activity Guidelines. CSEP , 2011. Web.
"Canadian Black Book Value ." Canadian Black Book . N.p.. Web. 13 Oct 2013.
<http://www.canadianblackbook.com/>.
Canepa, Brian. "Bursting the Bubble Determining the Transit-Oriented Development’s Walkable Limits."Journal of
the Transportation Research Board. (2007): 28-34. Web. 15 Oct. 2013.
Checkel, David. Hybrid Diesel-Electric Bus/Trolley Bus Demonstration Project: Technical Comparison of in-use
Performance, Appendix B, Noise Testing Report. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta,
2007. Web
City of Vancouver . 2008 Pedestrian Volume and Opinion Survey – Commercial Streets. Vancouver: City of
Vancouver, 2009. Web.
City of Vancouver . Cycling in Vancouver: Looking Forward to 2010/2011. Vancouver: City of Vancouver, 2010.
Web.
City of Vancouver . Transportation 2040. Vancouver: City of Vancouver , 2012. Web.
City of Vancouver . Vancouver Transportation Plan Progress Report. Vancouver: City of Vancouver, 2006. Web.
City of Vancouver. "Get to work on two wheels during Bike to Work Week.", 24 May 2013. Web. 7 Oct 2013.
<http://vancouver.ca/news-calendar/get-to-work-on-two-wheels-during-bike-to-work-week.asp&xgt;>.
"Coast Mountain Bus Company." Canadian Public Transportation Discussion Board. N.p., 19 Aug 2013. Web. 11
Oct 2013. <http://cptdb.ca/wiki/index.php?title=Coast_Mountain_Bus_Company>.
Colman, Ronald, and Sally Walker. GPI Atlantic . Prepared for the B.C. Ministry of Health Planning. Cost of
Physical Inactivity in British Columbia . GPI Atlantic , 2004 . Web.
COWI. Prepared for the City of Copenhagen.Samfundsøkonomiske analyser af cykeltiltag - metode og cases.
Copenhagen: COWI, 2009. Web.
Danish Ministry of Transport. 3rd Report - Total external costs of road and rail transport in Denmark. Copenhagen: ,
2004. Web.
de Roo, F., M.G. Dittrich, P.J.G. van Beek, C. Bosschaart, G.B. Derksen, and M. de Kievit. TNO Science and
Industry. VENOLIVA - Vehicle Noise Limit Values - Comparison of two noise emission test methods – Final
Report. Brussels: European Commission Enterprise & Industry Directorate General, 2011. Web.
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Economic Valuation of Noise Pollution – developing a tool
for policy appraisal. DEFRA, 2008. Web.
Department of Transport. Calculation of Road Traffic Noise. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1988. Web.
Doll, Claus, Huib van Essen. Road infrastructure cost and revenue in Europe, Produced within the study
Internalization Measures and Policies for all external cost of Transport (IMPACT) – Deliverable 2. CE Delft, 2008.
Web.
Duckenfield, Tony. United Kingdom. Transport for London. Cycling in London. City of London: , 2008. Web.
"Dynamometer Drive Schedules." Testing and Measuring Emissions. United States Environmental Protection
Agency, 06 Feb 2013. Web. 9 Oct 2013. <http://www.epa.gov/nvfel/testing/dynamometer.htm>.
El-Geneidy, A., Tetreault, P., Suprenant-Legault, J., (2010). Pedestrian access to transit: Identifying redundancies
and gaps using variables service area analysis. Paper presented at the 89th Transportation Research Board Annual
Meeting, Washington dc. USA. Web.
Expo Line Upgrade Strategy. SNC Lavalin and Steer Davies Gleave, September 2010 . Web.
"Fare Zone Map." Translink. Translink. Web. 14 Oct 2013.
"Find and Compare Cars." www.FuelEconomy.gov. U.S. Department of Energy, 27 Sep 2013. Web. 13 Oct 2013.
<http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.shtml>.
Frank, Lawrence et al. UD4H. Prepared for Infrastructure Canada. LESSONS FROM THE CITY OF
VANCOUVER - How to Accommodate Growth and Create a More Sustainable Transportation System at the Same
Time. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2012. Web.
Genter J. A., Donovan S., Petrenas, B., and Badland, H. 2008. Valuing the health benefits of active transport modes.
NZ Transport Agency. Web.
Gillen, David. Noise and the Full Cost Investigation in Canada: Final Report, Estimation of Noise Costs due to
Road, Rail and Air Transportation in Canada, Centre for Transportation Studies, University of British Columbia,
2007. Web.
"Glossary of Statistical Terms." OECD . Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 11 Jun 2013.
Web. 11 Oct 2013. <http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2096>.
Grant-Muller, Susan, and James Laird. Scottish Executive Social Research. COSTS OF CONGESTION:
LITERATURE BASED REVIEW OF METHODOLOGIES AND ANALYTICAL APPROACHES. Edinburgh:
Chief Researcher at Office of Chief Researcher, 2006. Web.
Greinus, Anne, Patrick Leypoldt, Gernot Liedtke, and Aaron Scholz. Progtrans. Federal Ministry for Transport,
Construction and Urban Development .Updated Route Costing for Federal Trunk Roads in Germany. Basel:
Progtrans , 2007. Web.
"H 40 EP/H 50 EP." Allison Hybrid. Allison Transmissions Inc. , 2011. Web.
Infrastructure expenditures and costs: Practical guidelines to calculate total infrastructure costs for five modes of
transport. ECORYS Transport and CE Delft for European Commissions-DG TREN. Rotterdam, November 2005.
Web.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE. IPCC Second Assessment Climate Change 1995 A
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 1995. Web.
Jette, M., K. Sidney, G. Blumchen. "Metabolic Equivalents (METS) in Exercise Testing, Exercise Prescription, and
Evaluation of Functional Capacity." Clinical Cardiology. 13.8 (1990): 555-565. Web. 9 Oct. 2013
Klimchuk, Don. "Vancouver Walking by the Numbers.". Vancouver: City of Vancouver, 2011. Web. 15 Oct. 2013.
Kriger, David. Updates to Costs of Congestion Studies, iTRANS for Transport Canada, Economic Analysis. March
2009. Web.
Lindberg, G, Marginal cost case studies for road and rail transport Deliverable D 3, GRACE. Funded by Sixth
Framework Programme. ITS, University of Leeds, Leeds, November 2006. Web.
Link, Heike, and Markus Maibach. Calculating Transport Infrastructure Costs, Final Report of the Expert Advisors
to the High Level Group on Infrastructure Charging. April 1999. Web.
Litman, Todd (2012), Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis II – Noise (www.vtpi.org);at
http://www.vtpi.org/tca/tca0502.pdf
Litman, Todd (2012b), Analysis of Shorter Trips Using National Personal Travel Survey Data. (www.vtpi.org); at
http://www.vtpi.org/short_sweet.pdf
Litman, Todd (2013a), Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis II – Travel Time Costs (www.vtpi.org);at
http://www.vtpi.org/tca/tca0502.pdf
Litman, Todd (2013b), Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis II – Congestion Costs (www.vtpi.org);at
http://www.vtpi.org/tca/tca0505.pdf
M. A. Delucchi, D.R. McCubbin. External Costs of Transport in the U.S., Institute of Transportation Studies,
University of California, Davis, 2004. Web.
M. A. Delucchi, D.R. McCubbin. The Social Cost of the Health Effects of Motor-Vehicle Air Pollution, UCTC No
321,, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, August 1996. Web.
M. A. Delucchi, S.L. Hsu. The External Damage Cost of Noise Emitted from Motor Vehicles, UCD-ITS-RR-96-3
(14) rev. 1, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, 1998. Web.
M. A. Delucchi. Summary of the Nonmonetary Externalities of Motor-Vehicle Use, UCD-ITS-RR-96-3, Institute of
Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, December 1998. Web.
Maibach, M, C. Schreyer, D. Sutter, H.P. van Essen, B.H. Boon, R. Smokers, A. Schroten, C. Doll, B. Pawlowska,
M. Bak. Handbook on estimation of external costs in the transport sector Internalization Measures and Policies for
All external Cost of Transport (IMPACT) Version 1.1. Delft, CE, 2008
velocita ed inclinazioni del terreno. Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Classe Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Serie VI 7, 299 368
McGuckin, Nancy. "Biking in the U.S. Trends from the National Household Travel Survey." National Bike Summit.
Travel Behavior Analyst. 2011. Address.
Metro Vancouver. Policy and Planning Department. 2005 Lower Fraser Valley Air Emissions. Burnaby: Metro
Vancouver , 2010. Web.
Metro Vancouver. Climate Change as a ‘Driver’ for the Draft Regional Growth Strategy. Metro Vancouver , 2009.
Web.
<http://www.metrovancouver.org/planning/development/strategy/RGSBackgroundersNew/RGSBackgrounderClima
teChange.pdf>.
Miller, Ted. "Costs and Functional Consequences of U.S. Roadway Crashes." Accid. Anal. and Prev.. 25.5 (1993):
593-607. Web. 13 Oct. 2013.
"MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator)." Modeling and Inventories. United States Environmental Protection
Agency, 30 May 2013. Web. 11 Oct 2013. <http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/index.htm>.
Natural Resources Canada. Canadian Vehicle Survey. Ottawa: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2010.
Web.
New South Wales Government. Bureau of Transport Statistics. Sydney Cycling Survey 2011 Methods and Findings.
Bureau of Transport Statistics, 2012. Web.
Nordic Council of Ministers . CBA of Cycling. Copenhagen: TemaNord, 2005. Web.
Pearce, David. "The Social Cost of Carbon and its Policy Implications." Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 19.3
(2003): 362-384. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
"Population Estimates." . BCStats, 01 Jul 2013. Web. 9 Oct 2013.
<http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Demography/PopulationEstimates.asp&xgt;>.
" Population, urban and rural, by province and territory ." . Statistics Canada, 04 Feb 2011. Web. 11 Oct 2013.
<http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo62a-eng.htm>.
Province of British Columbia. Ministry of Finance . Tax Bulletin, Tax Rates on Fuels. Victoria : Ministry of Finance
, 2013b. Web.
Province of British Columbia. Ministry of Finance .Provincial Sales Tax (PST) Bulletin, PST on Vehicles. Victoria :
Ministry of Finance , 2013a. Web.
Provincial Health Services Authority . British Columbia Health and Wellness Survey. Vancouver : Provincial Health
Services Authority, 2007. Web.
R.G., Derwent, Jenkin M.E., and Saunders S.M. "Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials for a Large Number of
Reactive Hydrocarbons under European Conditions." Atmospheric Environment. 30.2 (1996): 181-199. Web. 11
Oct. 2013.
Robertson, Sandy, Heather Ward, Greg Narsden, Ulf Sandberg, and Ulf Hammerstrom. VTT Communities &
Infrastructure. Effect of Speed on Noise, Vibration and Emissions from Vehicles. 1998. Web.
Romeder, J.M., and J.R. McWhinnie. "Potential Years of Life Lost Between Ages 1 and 70: An Indicator of
Premature Mortality for Health Planning."International Journal of Epidemiology. 6.2 (1977): 143-151. Web. 7 Oct.
2013.
Ross, Jason, and Michael Staiano. "A comparison of green and conventional diesel bus noise levels.".Noise-Con
2007. Reno: 2007. Web. 12 Oct. 2013.
Royal, Dawn, and Darby Miller-Steiger. U.S. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration. National Survey of Bicyclist and Pedestrian Attitudes and Behavior, Volume I Summary Report.
Washington DC: US Department of Transportation, 2008. Web.
Saelens, Brian, James Sallis, and Lawrencd Frank. "Environmental Correlates of Walking and Cycling: Findings
From the Transportation, Urban Design, and Planning Literatures." Society of Behavioral Medicine. 25.2 (2003):
80-91. Web. 14 Oct. 2013.
Sandberg, Ulf. Noise Emissions of Road Vehicles Effect of Regulations, Working Party on Noise Emissions of
Road Vehicles, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, 2001. Web.
Sansom T., Nash C.A., Mackie P.J., Shires J., Watkiss P., Surface Transport Costs and Charges: Great Britain 1998.
Final report for the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. Institute for Transport Studies,
University of Leeds, Leeds, July 2001. Web
"Separated Bike Lanes." City of Vancouver. City of Vancouver, 03 Oct 2013. Web. 14 Oct 2013.
<http://citationmachine.net/index2.php?reqstyleid=1&reqsrcid=MLAWebDocument&srcCode=11&more=no&mod
e=form>.
"Single Fares." Translink. Translink. Web. 14 Oct 2013. < http://www.translink.ca/en/Fares-and-Passes/SingleFares.aspx>.
"Skytrain Schedules." Translink. Translink. Web. 14 Oct 2013.
<http://tripplanning.translink.ca/hiwire?.a=iScheduleLookupSearch&LineName=999&LineAbbr=999>.
SQW. Prepared for Cycling England. Valuing the benefits of cycling. SQW, 2007. Web.
Statistics Canada. Demography Division. Life Tables, Canada, Provinces and Territories 2007 to 2009. Minister of
Industry, 2012. Web.
Statistics Canada. Canadian Community Health Survey. Statistics Canada, 2006. Web.
Swales, Caspar. Northern Ireland. The Health Promotion Agency for Northern Ireland. health economics model The cost benefits of the Physical Activity Strategy for Northern Ireland - a summary of key findings. Belfast: Health
Promotion Agency , 2001. Web.
"Tire Stewardship of BC." Advance Disposal Fee. N.p.. Web. 13 Oct 2013. <http://www.tsbc.ca/ecofee.php>.
Traffic Collisions Statistics, Police-attended Injury and Fatal Collisions. ICBC. British Columbia, 2005-2007.
http://www.icbc.com/road-safety/safety-research/collision-statistics>.
"Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 2nd Edition, Rail Transit Capacity." Transportation Research
Board. Transportation Research Board, 05 Aug 2012. Web. 14 Oct 2013.
<http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/153590.asp&xgt;.>.
"Transit Mode Share Trends Looking Steady; Rail Appears to Encourage Non-Automobile Commutes." The
TransportPolitic. The TransportPolitic, 10 Oct 2010. Web. 14 Oct 2013.
<http://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2010/10/13/transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-toencourage-non-automobile-commutes/>.
"Transit Ridership 1989-2012." Metro Vancouver . Metro Vancouver . Web. 14 Oct 2013.
<http://www.metrovancouver.org/about/publications/Publications/TransitRidership.pdf>.
Translink. 2011 Annual Report. Burnaby: Translink, 2011. Web.
Translink. 2011 Bus System Performance Review. New Westminster: Translink, 2012. Web.
Translink. 2012 Business Plan, Operating and Capital Budget Summary. New Westminster: Translink, 2012. Web.
Translink. Fall 2011 Expo, Millennium and Canada Line Station Counts Program. New Westminster: Translink,
2011. Web.
Translink. Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority Annual Report and Consolidated Financial Statements.
Burnaby: Translink, 2006. Web.
Translink. TransLink 2008 Regional Screenline Survey Final Report Part 2. New Westminster: Translink, 2008.
Web.
Transport Canada. Canadian Motor Vehicle Traffic Collision Statistics. Minister of Public Works and Government
Services, 2001. Web.
Transport Canada. Cost of Urban Congestion in Canada . 2006. Web.
Transportation Research Board, 2000 Highway Capacity Manual. Washington, D.C., 2000. Web.
Transportation Research Board, Highway Capacity Manual, Appendix B-Traffic Level of Service Calculation
Methods, Special Report 209. Washington, D.C., 1994. Web.
Tranter, Paul. Department of the Environment and Heritage. Effective Speeds: Car Costs are Slowing Us Down.
Canberra: Australian Greenhouse Office, 2004. Web.
Troelsen, Jens, , et al. Denmark. City of Odense. Evaluering af Odense – Danmarks Nationale Cykelby. Odense:
City of Odense, 2009. Web. <http://www.odense.dk/web4/cyklisternesby/inspiration fra cykelbyen/maal og
resultater/~/media/SUBSITES OG WEBLIGHT/Cykelby/Idekatalog/Evaluering Danmarks Nationale
Cykelby.ash&xgt;>.
U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Addendum to the 1997 Federal Highway Cost
Allocation Study Final Report. Federal Highway Administration , 2000. Web.
<http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/hcas/addendum.htm>.
UITP. Bus Systems: As Efficient Mode of Transport. Vienna: UITP, 2009. Web.
United Kingdom. Department for Transport. Guidance on the Appraisal of Walking and Cycling Schemes.
Department for Transport, 2012. Web.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Transportation and Air Quality, FHWA Resource
Center. Introduction to MOVES2010. USEPA, Web.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Drive Cycle Development. USEPA, Web.
<http://www.epa.gov/smartway/documents/publications/testing/drive-cycle-development.pdf>.
Van Essen, Huib, Bart Boon, Eelco den Boer, Jasper Faber, Marten van den Bossche, Koen Vervoort, Clause
Rochez. Marginal costs of infrastructure use - towards a simplified approach. First interim report. Delft, CE, 2004.
Web.
Van Rijn, John. Road Capacities, INDEVELOPMENT. 2004. Web
Vancouver Georgia and Dumsuir Viaducts study. Halcrow Consulting Inc. for City of Vancouver. September 2011.
Web.
Vermeulen, J.P.L., Boon B.H., van Essen, H.P., den Boer, L.C., Dings, J.M.W., Bruinsma F.R., Koetse, M.J. The
price of transport - Overview of the social costs of transport. Delft, CE, 2004. Web
Villanueva, Karen, Billie Giles-Corti, and Gavin McCormack. "Achieving 10,000 steps: A comparison of public
transport users and drivers in a University setting." Journal of Preventive Medicine. 47. (2008): 338-341. Web. 14
Oct. 2013.
Wintonyk, Darcy. "Man struck by SkyTrain in Vancouver."CTV News. CTV News, 23 February 2010. Web. 14 Oct
2013. <http://bc.ctvnews.ca/man-struck-by-skytrain-in-vancouver-1.486138>.
Wlison, Rachel, Patrick Luckow, Bruce Biewald, Frank Ackerman, and Ezra Hausman. Synapse Energy Economics
Inc.. 2012 Carbon Dioxide Price Forecast. Massachusetts: Synapse Energy Economics Inc., 2012. Web.
World Health Organization. Burden of Disease from Environmental Noise, Quantification of Healthy Life Years
Lost in Europe. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2011b. Web.
World Health Organization. Health economic assessment tools (HEAT) for walking and for cycling. Copenhagen:
WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2011a. Web.
Yanes, Ana, and Richard Zavergiu. Transport Canada. Cost of Road Congestion in Canada: Data and Methodology
Issues. 2011. Web.
Zhang, Anming, Anthony Boardman, David Gillen, W.G. Waters II. Centre for Transportation Studies, Sauder
School of Business . Prepared for Transport Canada. Towards Estimating the Social and Environmental Costs of
Transportation in Canada. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 2004. Web.