1. religion and spirituality
2. alternative religions
3. pagan and wiccan

WEEK 18
%DUEDULDQV
9RO,VVXH
7KLUG4XDUWHU
®
Decline of an Empire
A
WWKHKHLJKWRIWKH5RPDQ(PSLUHWKHSRZHURI5RPH
H[WHQGHGDVIDUQRUWKDV(QJODQGDQGDVIDUHDVWDV
0HVRSRWDPLD7KHHPSLUHVSUHDGWKURXJKRXWWKUHHFRQWLQHQWV³
(XURSH$VLDDQG$IULFD³DQGPLOHVRIURDGVFRQQHFWHGWKH
HPSLUH$ERXWFRXQWULHVLQWKHZRUOGWRGD\ZHUHRQFHSDUWRI
WKHHPSLUHZKLFKUHDFKHGLWVJUHDWHVWSRLQWXQGHU(PSHURU7UDMDQ
DURXQG$'
3D[5RPDQDHQGHGZLWKWKHGHDWKRI0DUFXV
$XUHOLXVWKHODVWRIWKH)LYH*RRG(PSHURUVLQ
$'$VHULHVRIZHDNHUUXOHUVIROORZHG
,PDJLQHKDYLQJDWOHDVWOHDGHUVLQ\HDUV
7KDW·VH[DFWO\ZKDWKDSSHQHGLQ5RPHIURP
$'WR$'+DYLQJVXFKDODUJH
HPSLUHWRFRQWUROZDVYHU\GLIÀFXOW
'LIIHUHQWPLOLWDU\SHRSOHFRQWUROOHG
GLIIHUHQWDUHDVRIWKHHPSLUH7KHLU
DUPLHVZHUHOR\DOWRWKHPDQGQRW
WKHHPSHURURI5RPH&DQ\RX
VHHKRZWKLVZRXOGFUHDWHD
SUREOHP"7KHUHZHUHRWKHU
SUREOHPVWRR/HDGHUVUDLVHG
WD[HVWRSD\IRUWKH
DUPLHV0DQ\IDUPHUV
ZHUHXQDEOHWRSD\
WKHLUWD[HVDQGKDGWR
DEDQGRQWKHLUÀHOGV
7KLVOHGWRDWHUULEOHIRRG
VKRUWDJH/DQGRZQHUV
FDSWXUHGVODYHVDQG
IRUFHGWKHPWRZRUN
ZLWKRXWSD\7KLV
PDGHLWKDUGHUIRU
SRRUHUIUHHFLWL]HQV
WRÀQGDMRE2QHODZ
VWDWHGWKDWDFLWL]HQKDG
WRZRUNDWKLVMREXQWLO
KHGLHG7RWRSLWRIIDSODJXHVSUHDGWKURXJKWKH5RPDQ(PSLUH
7KHGLVHDVHVSUHDGUDSLGO\DQGZDVVDLGWRNLOOSHRSOHDGD\
DWLWVKHLJKW
'LRFOHWLDQFDPHWRSRZHULQ$'DQGUHDOL]HGWKDWVXFKD
ODUJHDUHDZDVLPSRVVLEOHWRJRYHUQ+HGLYLGHGWKH5RPDQ(PSLUH
LQWRWZRSDUWVDZHVWHUQDQGHDVWHUQ
HPSLUHDQGODWHUDSSRLQWHGWZR
HTXDOHPSHURUVWRJRYHUQWKHDUHDV
7KH(DVWHUQ(PSLUHHYHQWXDOO\EHFDPH
NQRZQDVWKH%\]DQWLQH(PSLUHDQGODVWHGXQWLOLW
ZDVFRQTXHUHGE\WKH2WWRPDQ7XUNVLQ
:LWKWKH5RPDQ(PSLUHZHDNHQHGQRUWKHUQ
SHRSOHFRQTXHUHGSDUWVRIWKHHPSLUH7KHVH
SHRSOHZHUHORRNLQJIRU
JUD]LQJODQGVIRUWKHLU
DQLPDOVDZDUPHU
FOLPDWHDQGWKH
ZHDOWKWKH\EHOLHYHG
VWLOOH[LVWHGLQ5RPH
*UHDW%ULWDLQ)UDQFHDQG
6SDLQZHUHWKHÀUVWWRIDOO
WRWKHVHLQYDGHUV)LQDOO\WKH
5RPDQ(PSLUHFROODSVHGLQ$'
7KH+XQV6D[RQV)UDQNV
$QJOHV9LVLJRWKV2VWURJRWKVDQG
9DQGDOVZHUHWULEHVRIQRUWKHUQSHRSOH
WKH5RPDQVFDOOHGEDUEDULDQV7KHZRUG
EDUEDULDQFDPHWRPHDQZLOGVDYDJH
SHRSOHEXWWKHRULJLQDOZRUGPHDQW
VRPHWKLQJTXLWHGLIIHUHQW7KH*UHHN
ZRUG´EDUEDUµPHDQWDQ\RQHZKRZDVQ·W
SDUWRIWKHNQRZQFXOWXUHRUODQJXDJH
,QRWKHUZRUGVWKH\ZHUHIRUHLJQHUV
(YHQWXDOO\WKHZRUGFDPHWRPHDQZDUULRUV
ZKRXVHGYLROHQFH
What a Piggy Bank!
'R\RXKDYHDSLJJ\EDQNDWKRPH"+RZ
PXFKPRQH\GR\RXWKLQNLVLQVRPHRQH·V
SLJJ\EDQN",I\RXWKLQNDIHZGROODUVZRUWKRI
FRLQVPLJKWEHKLGLQJLQVLGHRQHRIWKHVHWKHQ
KROGRQWR\RXUKDWV
$W\SHRI9LNLQJSLJJ\EDQNFDOOHGD
EXFNHWKDVEHHQIRXQGRQWKH6ZHGLVK,VODQG
RI*RWODQGLQWKH%DOWLF6HD$QDUFKDHRORJLVW
IRXQGLWXVLQJDPHWDOGHWHFWRU2WKHUWUHDVXUHV
IURP9LNLQJWLPHVKDGEHHQIRXQGRQWKHLVODQG
LQFOXGLQJDWUHDVXUHRIDOPRVWFRLQV
GLVFRYHUHGGXULQJWKHV:HOOZKHQSHRSOH
NQRZWUHDVXUHFRXOGEHEXULHGVRPHZKHUH
WKHQWKH\KXQWIRUWKHPVHOYHV7KH*RWODQG
FRXQW\DGPLQLVWUDWLYHERDUGGHFLGHGWKDWWKH\
KDGEHWWHUÀQGZKDWHYHU9LNLQJWUHDVXUHPLJKW
VWLOOEHRQWKHLVODQGEHIRUHWUHDVXUHKXQWHUV
ORRWHGDQ\PRUHRILW:KDWWKH\IRXQGKDV
EHHQGHVFULEHGDV´IDQWDVWLFµE\6ZHGLVK
DUFKDHRORJLVWV
%XULHGDERXWLQFKHVXQGHUWKHJURXQG
WKH\IRXQGDEURQ]HEXFNHWIURPWKH9LNLQJHUD
ÀOOHGWRWKHEULPZLWKVLOYHUFRLQV7KHEXFNHW
LVDERXWLQFKHVZLGHE\LQFKHVGHHSDQG
DUFKDHRORJLVWVWKLQNLWFRQWDLQVWKRXVDQGVRI
FRLQV7KH\WKLQNWKHFRLQVZHUHSUREDEO\PLQWHG
LQ*HUPDQ\EHWZHHQ$'DQG7KH
DUFKDHRORJLVWVHVWLPDWHWKDWMXVWRQHRIWKHFRLQV
FRXOGEHZRUWKKXQGUHGVRI86GROODUV7KH
VFLHQWLVWVSODQWRVWXG\WKHWUHDVXUHHYHQPRUHWR
XQUDYHOPRUHVHFUHWVIURPWKHSDVW
Reference: History News Network (hnn.us)
dH
Worl
istory
*HUPDQLFLVWKHQDPHZHJLYHWRPDQ\RIWKHWULEHVZKR
PLJUDWHGIURPWKHQRUWKHDVWDURXQG$'7KHVHJURXSV
LQFOXGHGWKH)UDQNV*RWKV9DQGDOV%XUJXQGLDQV/RPEDUGVDQG
$ODPDQQL:KDWXQLWHGWKHVHJURXSVZHUHWKHLUODQJXDJHVZKLFK
ZHUHVLPLODUWRWKDWRIWKHPRGHUQ*HUPDQODQJXDJH0DQ\RI
WKHVHWULEHVZHUHIDUPHUVDQGKHUGHUV7KH\DGRSWHG&KULVWLDQLW\
DQGVHWWOHGLQWRWKHODQGLQVWHDGRIURDPLQJIURPDUHDWRDUHD
*HUPDQLFWULEHVGLGQRWKDYHDZULWLQJV\VWHPRUDQ\FLWLHV7KHLU
NLQJ·VUROHZDVWROHDGSHRSOHLQWREDWWOH7KH*HUPDQLFWULEHVZHUH
SRZHUIXOEHWZHHQ$'DQGDIWHUWKH\FRQTXHUHGVHFWLRQV
RIZHVWHUQ(XURSH
7KH+XQVZHUHQRW*HUPDQLFEXWZHUHD0RQJROLDQWULEHWKDW
RULJLQDWHGLQ&HQWUDO$VLD3HRSOHSUREDEO\IHDUHGWKH+XQVWKH
PRVWWKURXJKRXWKLVWRU\7KH+XQVZHUHQRPDGLFDQGPDQ\
ZHUHVNLOOHGKRUVHPHQDQGWKH\KDGOLWWOHLQWHUHVWLQWKHODQG
WKH\FRQTXHUHG7KHLUJRDOZDVWRDWWDFNDQGGHVWUR\7KH\
RIWHQGLGMXVWWKDWEHWZHHQWKHUGDQGWKFHQWXULHV
7KH+XQVDOVRKDGDQLQYHQWLRQWKDWRWKHUSHRSOH
GLGQ·W³WKHVWLUUXS7KHVWLUUXS
DOORZHGKRUVHPHQWRJDOORSZLWK
EDODQFHDQGVXSSRUWZKLOHWKH\
VKRWWKHLUERZVDQGDUURZVDQG
EUDQGLVKHGWKHLUVZRUGV7KH
PRVWUXWKOHVVRIWKH+XQ
OHDGHUVZDV$WWLODZKRZDV
ERUQDURXQG$'7KH
5RPDQVWKRXJKW*RGVHQW
$WWLODDVDSXQLVKPHQW
VRWKH\FDOOHGKLPWKH
´6FRXUJHRI*RGµ
:KHQ$WWLODWKH+XQ
GLHGWKH*HUPDQLF
WULEHVURVHWRSRZHU
7KH2VWURJRWKV
ZHUHD*HUPDQLF
SHRSOHZKR
SUREDEO\
RULJLQDWHGLQ
WKH8NUDLQH
DUHD7KH\
Barbarians
Conquer Europe
FRQTXHUHGPRVWRI,WDO\*UHHFHDQGWKHZHVWHUQ%DONDQV
,QWKHVWKH9LVLJRWKVFDPHWROLYHLQ5RPH7KH\DJUHHG
WREHOR\DOWRWKH5RPDQOHDGHUV7KH\WRRIHDUHGWKH+XQVDIWHU
VHHLQJWKHPLQDFWLRQ+RZHYHUWKH5RPDQVZHUHQ·WYHU\NLQG
WRWKH9LVLJRWKVOLYLQJLQWKHLUDUHD2IWHQWKH5RPDQVUHIXVHGWR
VHOOWKHPIRRGDQGRWKHUQHFHVVLWLHV:KHQWKH\GLGWKH\FKDUJHG
YHU\KLJKSULFHV5RPDQVDOVRIRUFHGVRPH9LVLJRWKVLQWRVODYHU\
$9LVLJRWKOHDGHU$ODLFGHFLGHGWROHDGKLVSHRSOHDJDLQVWWKH
5RPDQV7KH9LVLJRWKVGHVWUR\HGPRVWRI5RPHDQGNLOOHGPDQ\
SHRSOHLQ$'+RZGR\RXWKLQNWKH5RPDQVFRXOGKDYH
SUHYHQWHGWKH9LVLJRWKVIURPUHEHOOLQJ"0DQ\(XURSHDQVFDOOHGWKH
2VWURJRWKDQG9LVLJRWKSHRSOHVLPSO\*RWK
$QRWKHU*HUPDQLFWULEHWKH9DQGDOVÀUVWFRQTXHUHGWKHDUHDV
RI6SDLQDQG1RUWK$IULFD)URPWKHUHWKH9DQGDOVUDLGHGDUHDV
RI,WDO\DQGHYHQWXDOO\FRQTXHUHGWKH9LVLJRWKVLQWKHFLW\RI
5RPHLQ:HJHWWKHWHUPYDQGDOIURPWKHVHSHRSOH
$VGLIIHUHQW*HUPDQLFWULEHVIRXJKWDQG
FRQTXHUHGHDFKRWKHUWKH\JDYHWKHGHIHDWHG
WULEHDFKRLFH³OHDYHWKHDUHDRU
VWD\DQGOLYHDPRQJWKHZLQQLQJ
JURXS(YHQWXDOO\VXFKPHUJLQJ
RIWULEHVOHGWRWKHEHJLQQLQJ
RIODUJHQDWLRQV2QHRIWKH
VWURQJHVWNLQJGRPVZDVWKDWRI
WKH)UDQNVZKLFKEHJDQDURXQG
$'7KHLUOHDGHUZDV
&ORYLV+HGHIHDWHGWKH5RPDQ
DUHDFDOOHG*DXODGRSWHG
PDQ\5RPDQFXVWRPVDQG
FRQYHUWHGWR&KULVWLDQLW\
:KLFKFRXQWU\RI(XURSHGR
\RXWKLQNWKLV*HUPDQLFJURXS
,VWDQEXO
The most populous city in Turkey is
,VWDQEXO/RRNDWDPDSRI7XUNH\DQGÀQG
the city, which is located on both sides of
the Bosporus Strait, between the Marmara
6HDDQGWKH%ODFN6HD%HFDXVHRI,VWDQEXO·V
location, part of the city is on the European
continent, while the other is in Asia.
Istanbul has a long history and a long list
of names. Greeks originally settled the city,
calling it Byzantium. In A.D. 324, when Roman
Emperor Constantine declared it the capital
of the Roman Empire, it became known as
New Rome. When barbarians invaded the
empire, they never conquered New Rome,
ZKLFKFRQWLQXHGWRÁRXULVKIRUDERXW
DQRWKHU\HDUV$IWHU&RQVWDQWLQH·V
death, the city was named Constantinople in
honor of the great emperor. It was in 1453
that the Ottoman Turks defeated the city
and renamed it Stamboul, or Istanbul.
©World History Studies Weekly — Ancient History‡7ROOIUHHSKRQH‡)RUSULFLQJLQIRUPDWLRQJRWRZZZVWXGLHVZHHNO\FRP‡)RURUGHULQJLQIRUPDWLRQRUTXHVWLRQVHPDLOVHUYLFH#VWXGLHVZHHNO\FRP‡)RUHGLWRULDOFRPPHQWVDQGIHHG
EDFNHPDLOIHHGEDFN#VWXGLHVZHHNO\FRP‡0DWHULDOLQWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQPD\QRWEHUHSURGXFHGIRUVDOHLQSULQWRUHOHFWURQLFIRUPDW‹$PHULFDQ/HJDF\3XEOLVKLQJ,QF
:HHNRI‡3DJH
9LNLQJVVRXJKWVLOYHUVLONVSLFHV
MHZHOU\DQGJODVV2IWHQWKH\·GWUDGHWKHLU
ÀVKWLQIXUVZRRGKRQH\DQGZDOUXVLYRU\
IRUVXFKLWHPV7KH9LNLQJVDOVRERXJKW
VODYHVWRVHOOODWHU
7KH9LNLQJVZHUHSRO\WKHLVWLF³WKH\
ZRUVKLSHGPDQ\JRGV³DQG2GLQZDVWKHLU
FKLHIJRG/LNH=HXVRIWKH*UHHNVDQG
-XSLWHURIWKH5RPDQV2GLQUXOHGWKHRWKHU
JRGVRIWKH9LNLQJV7KH\EHOLHYHG2GLQ
JDYHDZD\RQHRIKLVH\HVWRREWDLQZLVGRP
DQGWKDWWZRUDYHQV+XJLQDQG0XQLQ
DFFRPSDQLHG2GLQ7KRUZDVWKHPRVW
SRSXODU9LNLQJJRGDQGKHUXOHGWKHVNLHV
3HRSOHVDLGKHKDGDKDPPHUZKLFKKH
XVHGDVDZHDSRQLURQJORYHVDQGDPDJLF
EHOW9LNLQJVEHOLHYHGWKDWZKHQ\RXGLHG
\RXZHQWWR$VJDUGDQGWRWKHEDQTXHWKDOO
RI2GLQFDOOHG9DOKDOOD9LNLQJVWROGPDQ\
PRUHVWRULHVRUP\WKVRIWKHLUGLIIHUHQW
JRGVDQGJRGGHVVHV
7KH9LNLQJVDOVRPDGHVRPHQHZ
HVWDEOLVKHG"
ORQJVKLSVWRVDLOWRRWKHUODQGVZKHUHWKH\ GLVFRYHULHV(ULNWKH5HGD9LNLQJH[SORUHU
$QRWKHUHUDRILQYDVLRQRFFXUUHG
IRXQGLWHDV\WRUDLGDQGVWHDORUVRPHWLPHV WUDYHOHGWKH$WODQWLF2FHDQDQGGLVFRYHUHG
EHWZHHQWKHVDQGV7KH0XVOLPV WUDGHIRUWKLQJVWKH\QHHGHG)URP,FHODQG ,FHODQGDURXQG$'DQG*UHHQODQGLQ
$'+LVWRULDQVEHOLHYHWKH9LNLQJV
FDPHIURPWKH6RXWKWKHQRPDGLF0DJ\DUV WR5XVVLDWR&RQVWDQWLQRSOHDQGGRZQWKH
OHGE\(ULNWKH5HG·VVRQ/HLIPD\KDYH
FDPHIURPWKH(DVWDQGWKH9LNLQJVFDPH
ULYHUVRI(XURSHWKH9LNLQJVPDGHWKHLU
FRPHWR1RUWK$PHULFDLQDERXW$'
IURPWKH1RUWK
PDUNWHUULI\LQJWKRVHZKRVWRRGLQWKHLU
DOPRVW\HDUVEHIRUH&ROXPEXV
ZD\
$UFKDHRORJLVWVKDYHIRXQGHYLGHQFHRI
Vikings
7KH9LNLQJV·ZRRGHQORQJVKLSVZKLFK
$IHZKXQGUHG\HDUVDIWHUWKH+XQV
WKH\ZDWHUSURRIHGZLWKWDUIURPSLQHWUHHV 9LNLQJZHDSRQVDQGWRROVLQ1HZIRXQGODQG
&DQDGD
DQG*HUPDQLFWULEHVWRSSOHGWKH5RPDQ
ZHUHDVLJKWWRVHH&RORUIXOZRROVDLOV
(YHQWXDOO\PDQ\9LNLQJVGLGDVWKH
(PSLUHDQRWKHUJURXSVHWRXWWRFRQTXHU
KHOSHGJXLGHWKHVKLSVEXWDERXWPHQ
RWKHUJURXSVRISHRSOHEHIRUHWKHPKDG
(XURSH³WKH9LNLQJV7KH\FDPHIURP
ZRXOGURZLIWKHUHZHUHQ·WDQ\ZLQGV
GRQHWKH\PHUJHGZLWKWKHFXOWXUHLQ
6FDQGLQDYLDRU'HQPDUN6ZHGHQDQG
7KH9LNLQJVFDUYHGGHWDLOHGGHVLJQVRQ
1RUZD\9LNLQJVZHUHQ·WDVLQJOHJURXS
WKHRXWVLGHRIWKHLUORQJVKLSVZKLFKFRXOG ZKLFKWKH\OLYHGZKLFKLQFOXGHGDGRSWLQJ
&KULVWLDQLW\)RUH[DPSOHDURXQG$'
EXWDOOSHRSOHZKRVKDUHGWKH1RUVH
WUDYHOLQYHU\VKDOORZZDWHU7KH\ZHUH
WKH9LNLQJVZKRPWKH)UHQFK
ODQJXDJH
DEOHWRWUDYHORQLQOHWVDQGULYHUVVDLOLQJ
FDOOHGWKH1RUPDQVVHWWOHGDQDUHDWKDW
7KH9LNLQJVGRPLQDWHG(XURSHIURP
WKHVKLSVDOPRVWXSWRWKHVKRUHOLQH7KDW
ZHVWLOOFDOO1RUPDQG\7KHQDPHVRIWKH
DERXW$',QIDFWZHFDOOWKLV
PDGHLWHDV\IRUZDUULRUVWROHDSRXWDQG
SHULRGRIWLPHWKH9LNLQJ$JH%HFDXVH
DWWDFN9LNLQJVWUDYHOHGZLWKRXWDFRPSDVV ZHHN³7XHVGD\:HGQHVGD\7KXUVGD\DQG
)ULGD\³FRPHIURPWKH1RUVHJRGV7\U
RI(XURSH·VFROGFOLPDWHDQGUXJJHG
VRWKH\XVHGWKH1RUWK6WDUIRUQDYLJDWLRQ
:RGHQ2GLQ7KRUDQG)ULJJ2WKHUZRUGV
JHRJUDSK\WKHUHZDVYHU\OLWWOHIDUPODQG
7KH\DOVRUHOHDVHGUDYHQVLIWKH\JRWORVW
7KHSHRSOHRIWKLVUHJLRQUHOLHGRQWKHVHD
NQRZLQJWKHELUGVZRXOGÁ\LQWKHGLUHFWLRQ OLNHKXVEDQGODZNQLIHZLQGRZDQGHJJ
DOVRFRPHIURPWKH1RUVHODQJXDJH
IRUWKHLUIRRGDQGJRRGV7KH\FRQVWUXFWHG RIODQG
&RQVWDQWLQH
:KDWLVD
PHUFHQDU\"
You may have seen the word “mercenary”
in a book or heard it in a news report about a
war. We use this term to mean “soldiers for
KLUHµ0HUFHQDULHVÀJKWIRUWKHVLGHWKDW
pays them. They may be paid money, land or
a share of the wealth captured in battle.
Military leaders in ancient Rome (and
many other places) often hired mercenaries
to supplement their armies. Many of these
hired soldiers were not Romans. They fought
for those who paid them, not for glory and
loyalty to Rome. Some of the mercenaries
hired by Rome in the 300s were Visigoths
and Ostragoths—two of the tribes that
later went on to conquer part of the Roman
Empire.
Constantine became emperor of Rome in A.D.
312, and he did many great things for the empire.
He established a new capital at a place known as
Nova Roma (New Rome). New Rome (also called
Constantinople and now known as Istanbul) became
the center of power. Anyone wanting a good job
followed Constantine to his new city. Constantine
required important Roman families to move to his
new city too. Historians think some people took
dirt from Rome when they moved. Constantine also
had many monuments and statues disassembled
and moved to New Rome. All of these changes
made Rome a less important city and left it
vulnerable to invasion. When the northern
barbaric tribes destroyed Rome, they never got
as far east as New Rome. The city continued to
thrive for about 1,000 years, then fell to the
Ottoman Turks in 1453.
&RQVWDQWLQHDOVRJUHDWO\LQÁXHQFHGUHOLJLRQ
Christianity had been growing despite persecution by the Roman government.
According to legend, Constantine saw a symbol of a cross in the sky once when he
was leading his army into battle. Near the cross, he saw the words, “In this sign
you will be the victor.” He won the battle and decided to adopt Christianity. When
the Roman emperor became Christian, many citizens became Christians as well.
Constantine banned the persecution of Christians, which had been going on for
300 years.
:HHNRI‡3DJH
1DPH ______________________________________
ACROSS
Roman Emperor who divided the empire into two
parts
part of Europe the Vikings came from
Roman name for Franks, Goths, Huns, etc.
what Vikings used for navigation
discovered by Erik the Red in A.D. 986
DVROGLHUSDLGWRÀJKW
DOWN
Roman Emperor who established the city that
later became Istanbul
chief god of the Vikings
invention that helped the Huns stay on their
KRUVHVZKLOHÀJKWLQJ
Viking writing
$V\RXUHDGWKLVZHHN·VOHVVRQFLUFOHRUKLJKOLJKW
all proper nouns with any color pen or highlighter.
7KLVZLOOKHOS\RXÀQGVRPHRIWKHFURVVZRUG
DQVZHUVDQGJHWUHDG\IRUWKLVZHHN·VWHVW
5XQHV
Unlike Germanic tribes, the ancient Vikings had a writing
system. They called it the runic alphabet. The word rune
is from the Old Norse language and means mystery, secret
or inscription. Archaeologists have found runes carved
in wood, metal and stone. Historians also call the runic
DOSKDEHW)XWKDUNIRUWKHÀUVWVL[UXQHVRXQGV7KH\
EHOLHYHWKHDOSKDEHWGDWHVEDFNWRWKHÀUVWFHQWXU\EXW
it may be even older than that. Archaeologists have found
KXQGUHGVRIUXQHVWRQHVLQ6ZHGHQDQG1RUZD\EXWWKH\·YH
also found many runes throughout the European continent.
,I\RX·GOLNHWRVHH\RXUQDPHZULWWHQLQUXQHVORJ
on to http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/writeyour-name-in-runes.html. To see the rune symbols, go to
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/runic.htm. Have you
noticed that all the symbols are made of straight lines?
Do you think this would have made it easier or harder to
carve into stone and wood?
Write a message using the runic alphabet and have
another student try to decode the message.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Some barbaric tribes wore freshly
killed animals on their heads, with
WKHDQLPDOV·EORRGGULSSLQJGRZQWKHLU
faces. Many barbarians had long
blond hair and blue eyes, but with the animals and the dripping
blood, these people were a scary sight to see as they stormed
into town. Pretend you are looking outside your home during a
barbaric invasion. What do you see? How do you feel? What
will you do to protect yourself and your family? Write a diary
entry about the invasion. Remember to check your work for
proper spelling, grammar and punctuation.
,I\RX·GOLNHWRPDNHDQ\HGLWRULDOFRPPHQWVDERXWRXU
SDSHUSOHDVHZULWHWRXVDWIHHGEDFN#VWXGLHVZHHNO\FRP