1. business and industrial
2. agriculture and forestry
3. livestock

chatper 17
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. If a mutation introduces a new skin color in a lizard population, which factor might determine whether the
frequency of the new allele will increase?
a. how many other alleles are present
b. whether the mutation makes some lizards more fit for their environment than other lizards
c. how many phenotypes the population has
d. whether the mutation was caused by nature or by human intervention
____
2. Which statement about evolution in the Galápagos finches is true?
a. Natural selection on beak size and shape is driven by available food.
b. Stabilizing selection has favored an intermediate beak type for all of the finches.
c. Mate choice likely plays no role in the finches’ evolution.
d. None of the finch species is reproductively isolated.
____
3. In determining evolutionary relationships, molecular clocks depend on
a. radioactive decay of certain elements.
b. the position of fossils in rock layers.
c. the rate of DNA mutation.
d. the similarity of transfer RNA.
____
4. Small populations of organisms are less likely to survive changes in the environment because
a. individuals cannot find mates in such small populations.
b. mutations do not occur in small populations.
c. natural selection only applies to very large populations.
d. there is not sufficient variation in the gene pool of the population to ensure that some
members are better adapted in the new environment.
____
5. Cheetahs capture prey by outrunning them over short distances. Over time, the fastest cheetahs have been
more likely to survive and pass this characteristic to their offspring. This is an example of
a. use and disuse.
b. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
c. artificial selection.
d. natural selection.
____
6. When reproductive isolation prevents members of two populations from interbreeding and producing
offspring, thus separating their gene pools, what process can occur?
a. Directional selection
b. Mutation
c. Disruptive selection
d. Speciation
____
7. Humans are working to protect biodiversity. Which of the following is one way that people can do this?
a. Understanding and protecting habitats
b. Using large-scale monoculture
c. Encouraging deforestation in fire-prone areas
d. Introducing invasive plants to an ecosystem
____
8. The concept map describes natural selection.
Which terms could be added to the boxes in the concept map to most accurately describe natural selection?
a. Box A: Individuals with particular phenotypes; Box B: Populations
b. Box A: Gene pools; Box B: Populations
c. Box A: Individual genes; Box B: Allele frequencies
d. Box A: Gene pools; Box B: Individuals with particular phenotypes
____
9. The model shows how a molecular clock can be used to estimate how closely related different species are.
The model does not provide enough information to estimate how long the species have been evolving
independently. What information is missing?
a. the process that caused the changes shown in this DNA sequence
b. the degree of similarity in body structures of the three species
c. the rate at which mutations accumulate in this DNA sequence
d. the geographic areas in which the species are found
____ 10. What are the definitions for gene pool and allele frequency?
a. The alleles for a species; the number of times a gene appears
b. The number of alleles; genes that appear in a population
c. All the alleles that appear in a population; the number of times the alleles appear
d. All the genes that are present in a population; the number of times an allele occurs in a
gene pool
____ 11. Which is one way that genetic recombination can result in genetic variation?
a. mutation
b. polygenic traits
c. crossing over
d. lateral gene transfer
____ 12. Which is one reason that sexual reproduction provides more opportunities for genetic variation than asexual
reproduction?
a. Mutations occur more frequently.
b. More offspring are produced.
c. Allele frequency increases.
d. There is a random reassortment of DNA during meiosis.
____ 13. Mutations can be passed on to the next generation only if they occur in
a. internal organs.
b. skin cells.
c. egg or sperm cells.
d. phenotypes.
____ 14. What is a random change in allele frequency in a population called?
a. bottleneck effect
b. founder effect
c. genetic drift
d. directional selection
____ 15. Which statement about the evolution of the insect body plan is true?
a. Hox genes show there is no relationship between modern crustaceans and modern insects.
b. The genes that code for body plans in animal groups are not homologous.
c. Small changes in Hox genes can lead to large changes in adult body plans.
d. All of the other answer choices
____ 16. How is genetic drift similar to natural selection?
a. Both cause changes in individual genes.
b. Both occur only in small populations.
c. Both cause changes in the gene pools of populations.
d. Both are the result of random changes.
____ 17. All the genes, including all of the alleles for each gene, in a population is called
a. a genotype.
b. allele frequency.
c. a gene pool.
d. genetic variation.
____ 18. Many moths have coloring similar to the bark of the trees they live on. This coloring is advantageous because
it protects the moths from
a. mutualism.
b. parasitism.
c. starvation.
d. predation.
____ 19. Coral reefs provide food and shelter to certain protist algae. The algae, in turn, provide most of the coral's
energy needs by photosynthesis. This type of symbiotic relationship is called
a. parasitism.
b. mutualism.
c. commensalism.
d. codominance.
____ 20. Tapeworms live in the intestines of mammals, where they absorb large amounts of their hosts' food. Why is
the tapeworm considered a parasite?
a. It harms the animal.
b. It has no effect on the animal.
c. It benefits the animal.
d. The two need each other to survive.
Other
Figure 17–5
1. Interpret Graphs According to Graph A in Figure 17–5, what has occurred?
2. Interpret Graphs According to Graph B in Figure 17–5, what has occurred?
3. Infer Which of the three graphs shown in Figure 17–5 might show a population of birds with members that
specialize in different types of food? Explain.
4. Infer What factors or conditions might have led to the change shown in Graph A of Figure 17–5?
Figure 17–7
5. Apply Concepts Explain what speciation means using examples from Figure 17–7.
6. Apply Concepts Darwin’s finches in Figure 17–7 were found on one or more of the Galápagos Islands. How
might the island geography have affected the evolution of these species?
7. Interpret Visuals Competition for resources plays a key role in natural selection. Describe one way that
competition for food might have influenced the evolution of the large tree finch in Figure 17–7.
chatper 17
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
2. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
3. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
4. ANS:
STA:
BLM:
5. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
6. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
7. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
8. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
9. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
10. ANS:
STA:
BLM:
11. ANS:
STA:
BLM:
12. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
13. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
14. ANS:
B
PTS: 1
DIF: L3
Explain how natural selection affects single-gene and polygenic traits.
Bio.7C
TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C17_MC20
BLM: evaluation
A
PTS: 1
DIF: L3
Describe the current hypothesis about Galapagos finch speciation.
Bio.7E
TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C17_MC42
BLM: evaluation
C
PTS: 0
DIF: L1
Explain how molecular clocks are used.
STA: Bio.7A
PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_166178
BLM: knowledge
D
PTS: 0
DIF: L1
OBJ: Define evolution in genetic terms.
Bio.7C
TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_166804
comprehension
D
PTS: 0
DIF: L1
Describe the conditions under which natural selection occurs.
Bio.7D
TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_166861
comprehension
D
PTS: 0
DIF: L1
Identify the types of isolation that can lead to the formation of new species.
Bio.7E
TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_167345
knowledge
A
PTS: 0
DIF: L1
Describe how biodiversity can be preserved. STA:
Bio.1B|Bio.12F
PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_167741
BLM: knowledge
A
PTS: 0
DIF: L3
Describe the conditions under which natural selection occurs.
Bio.7C
TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_257256
analysis
C
PTS: 0
DIF: L3
Explain how molecular clocks are used.
STA: Bio.7A|Bio.3E
PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_257258
BLM: analysis
D
PTS: 0
DIF: L1
OBJ: Define evolution in genetic terms.
Bio.7C
TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_257810
knowledge
C
PTS: 0
DIF: L1
OBJ: Summarize the events of meiosis.
Bio.6G
TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_257814
knowledge
D
PTS: 0
DIF: L2
Identify the sources of genetic variation in a population. STA: Bio.7F
PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_257815
BLM: comprehension
C
PTS: 0
DIF: L1
Identify the sources of genetic variation in a population. STA: Bio.7F
PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_257819
BLM: comprehension
C
PTS: 0
DIF: L1
OBJ: Describe genetic drift.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
STA:
BLM:
ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
ANS:
STA:
BLM:
ANS:
STA:
ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
Bio.7F
TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_257823
knowledge
C
PTS: 0
DIF: L2
Describe how Hox genes may be involved in evolutionary change.
Bio.7A|Bio.7F
TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_257833
comprehension
C
PTS: 0
DIF: L3
OBJ: Describe genetic drift.
Bio.7F
TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_258334
synthesis
C
PTS: 0
DIF: L1
OBJ: Define evolution in genetic terms.
Bio.7C
TOP: PH_EN_SC_CB_2008_4_267356 BLM: knowledge
D
PTS: 0
DIF: L1
Describe the role predation and herbivory play in shaping communities.
Bio.12A
TOP: PH_EN_SC_CB_2008_4_267376 BLM: knowledge
B
PTS: 0
DIF: L1
Identify the three primary interdependent relationships among organisms.
Bio.12A
TOP: PH_EN_SC_CB_2008_4_267377 BLM: knowledge
A
PTS: 0
DIF: L1
Identify the three primary interdependent relationships among organisms.
Bio.12A
TOP: PH_EN_SC_CB_2008_4_267379 BLM: knowledge
OTHER
1. ANS:
The average beak size of the birds represented in Graph A has increased through directional selection. There
are now no birds with the smallest beaks, and some birds with very large beaks have evolved.
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
OBJ: Explain how natural selection affects single-gene and polygenic traits.
STA: Bio.7C
TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C17_OT91
BLM: application
2. ANS:
Stabilizing selection has occurred. There are more birds with a body mass of average size and no birds with
extremely large or small body mass.
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
OBJ: Explain how natural selection affects single-gene and polygenic traits.
STA: Bio.7C
TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C17_OT92
BLM: application
3. ANS:
Graph C in Figure 17–5 shows a population with two very different beak sizes, which indicates that the birds
could be eating different foods.
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
OBJ: Explain how natural selection affects single-gene and polygenic traits.
STA: Bio.7C
TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C17_OT94
BLM: analysis
4. ANS:
Student answers might include that a change in the birds’ environment, such as the introduction of a larger
kind of food, could have caused the directional selection in favor of larger beaks.
PTS: 1
DIF:
L3
OBJ: Explain how natural selection affects single-gene and polygenic traits.
STA: Bio.7C
TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C17_OT95
BLM: synthesis
5. ANS:
Speciation is the formation of new species. Figure 17–7 shows how an ancestral bird population gave rise to a
variety of new bird species over time. For example, the diagram shows that the original population separated
into two populations, tree finches and ground finches. Then each of those evolved into new species over time.
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
OBJ: Describe the current hypothesis about Galapagos finch speciation.
STA: Bio.7E
TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C17_OT101
BLM: application
6. ANS:
In the case of nearby islands, geographic isolation is the main mechanism for bringing about the reproductive
isolation involved in speciation. As each new species was forming, however, particular changes in the groups
may have also brought about behavioral and temporal isolation.
PTS: 1
DIF: L3
OBJ: Describe the current hypothesis about Galapagos finch speciation.
STA: Bio.7E
TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C17_OT103
BLM: synthesis
7. ANS:
The diagram shows that the large tree finch is a species of insect-eating tree finches with a particularly large
beak. It is likely that natural selection favored tree finches able to feed on large insects, eventually resulting in
the formation of a separate species with this adaptation.
PTS: 1
DIF: L3
OBJ: Describe the current hypothesis about Galapagos finch speciation.
STA: Bio.7E
TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C17_OT105
BLM: synthesis