ОРИГІНАЛЬНІ СТАТТІ УДК: 616.071+616.002.16+616.45+616.18 © Knyazevich-Chorna T., 2012 THE FEATURES OF MORPHOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF ADRENAL GLANDS’ HEMOMICROCIRCULATORY FLOW AND PARENCHYMA ON THE 7-TH DAY OF POSTHYPOTHERMIA PERIOD Knyazevich-Chorna T State Higher Educational Establishment “Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University” Introduction: One of the most important areas of biomedical science is study of low temperature on the human body. At the same time in different organs and systems, a number of morphological and biochemical changes are a combination of pathogenic and adaptive changes. Last aimed at preventing violations of homeostasis of the organism [7, 8]. Particular attention is attracted by the reaction of the endocrine system, including the adrenal glands, the influence of cold. This organ is one of the first responding object to changing internal environment, because it is under the influence of a stress factor, including cold and increasing synthesis of hormones that promotes resistance of the organism by adjustment of metabolic processes [1, 8]. The research aim. To learn morphofunctional changes in adrenal glands’ hemomicrocirculatory flow and parenchyma on the 7-th day of posthypothermia period. Materials and methods. The experiment was performed on the 20 mature white breedless male rats, with weight 160-200 grams each, which were divided into two groups: the experimental (16 rats) and control (4 rats). The animals from the experimental group were put into the freezing camera with the constant temperature of about -32°C in order to reach the desirable rectal temperature of about +12-+13°C [3]. Sections of the adrenals glands were dyed with hematoxylin-eosin and fuksin-picrofuksin in order to perform the histological investigation. In order to study the adrenal vessels, they were injected with the ether chloroform mixture of paris blue paint through the abdominal aorta and subsequently dyed with hematoxylin-eosin [4]. Electromicroscopic investigation was performed in the conventional way. Pets and manipulation of them carried out in accordance with Appendix 4 to the "Rules for work with experimental animals", approved by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine № 755 of 12 August 1997., "On measures for further improvement of forms of work with experimental animals" and the "General ethical principles of animal experiments", approved by the first National Congress on Bioethics (Kyiv, 2001). Results and discussion. The main feature of circulatory system in adrenal gland on the 7th day after exposure to cold in comparison with the early stages of research enlargement of the arterial lumen and maintaining venous dilation is observed. The swelling processes in the components of blood capillaries in particular are still decreasing, but the destructive features like homohegeneity and vacuolation of nuclear plasma, partial destruction of nuclear membrane, mitochondrial cristaes destruction and the enlightening of their matrix, and the destruction of membrane granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus structure are increasing. Vacuolation of en- dothelial cells cytoplasm is strengthened, a number of lipid vesicles and micropinocytotic vesicles is increased. Interendothelial contacts and fenestras in some places are widened. Substantia medullaris sinusoids become of irregular form, widen and there is aggregation of blood elements in them that extend into the intercellular spaces with the formation of “blood lakes”. On the 7th day of posthypothermia period of swelling phenomena are reduced in comparison to the early stages of research and cellular components of the adrenal parenchyma. Between glomerular and fasciculate zones a band of small cells with elongated nuclei is formed, which is evident in activation of regenerative processes. The features of dystrophic changes are traced in many adrenocortical cells especially in zone fasciculata: their nuclei become of irregular form, heterochromatic condensation along periphery of the nucleus, perinuclear space widen with the nuclear membrane destruction and chromatin appears in the cytoplasm; mitochondrial matrix is enlightened, their cristae are disorientated: granular endoplasmic reticulum cisternae are widened. There are singular ribosomes and polyribosomes in cytoplasm. The emptiness of lipid granules is observed. Body increasing demand of glucocorticoids at this term of posthypothermia period takes place, and as a result of holocrine type of secretion that leads to the destruction of plasmalemma of adrenocortical cells unity, partial destruction of these cells occure . Numerous macrophages which phagocyte the products of cells degeneration are observed in pericappillary and intercellular spaces. Destructive changes features are also traced in the part of substantia medullaris cells. Such cells cytoplasm is vacuolated, nuclears are deformed, mitochondrial matrix is enlightened, their cristae are ruined. Tubules and cysternae granular endoplasmic reticulum widen, free ribosomes and polyribosomes number decreases. Secretory granules become partially free of their content. Some macrophages, which contain the rests of chromaffin cells phagocytosis parts are observed in substantia medullaris parenchyma. The destructive processes taking place in both cortex and substantia medullaris cells on the 7-th day of the posthypothermia period and the morphological features of compensative-adaptive processes are noticed. They include: partially increasing of nucleus size with chromatin which either equally distributed or more condenced along the periphery, mitochondrial matrix normalizing but their cristae increasing, granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus structural components’ show mild widening, fixed and free ribosomes’ number increasing. Some cells have overloaded secretory granulars in zone fasciculate that tes86 УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ МЕДИЧНИЙ АЛЬМАНАХ, 2012, Том 15, № 4 tify about their functional activity increase. The structure of chromaffin cells secretory granulars is normalized. So, in the adrenal glands on the 7-th day after the effect of cold, on the background of destructive changes there are cells with compensative-adaptive features, that fact testifies about high functional tension and some structural peculiarities of this organ. These changes occur due to blood flow comprising elements’ dilatation that can be the result of tunica media innervations. Adrenal glands zone fasciculate activity doesn’t come down as it is responsible for glucocorticoids’ production which stimulates compensativeadaptive reaction of the whole body. We may state that the 7-th day of the posthypothermia period is equal to the beginning phase of general adaptation syndrom’s resistance stage [2, 5]. Considering the changes that occur in the bloodstream of the adrenal glands on the seventh day after exposure to the general deep hypothermia, and considering the influence of this factor as a stress factor it can be determined that in this period a number of powerful stress-limitative mechanisms are included that determine the phase of antishock alert phase of general adaptation syndrome. This is indicated by other authors who have studied general patterns of stress response [6]. Conclusions: 1. Destructive changes of endothelial cells of hemomicrocirculatory bed are evident on the 7-th day after cold effect. 2. Blood vessels and hemomicrocirculatory bed chains dilatation is the specific feature. 3. Parenchyma changes testify about adrenal glands participation in compensative-adaptive reaction of the whole body. Prospects for future research in this direction are unquestioned, because it is unknown what changes we will observe in other terms after the total deep hypothermia and how the regeneration of the organ will be held. The results can be the basis for optimal treatments in clinic. REFERENCES: 1. Adrenal cell aldosterone production is stimulated by very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) / Y. Xing, W.E. Rainey, J.W. Apolzan [et al.] // Endocrinology. – 2012. – Vol. 153, №2. – Р. 721–731. 2. Inheritable stimulatory effects of caffeine on steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression and cortisol production in human adrenocortical cells / J. Ping, Y.Y. Lei, L. Liu [et al.] // Chem Biol Interact. – 2012. – Vol. 195, №1. – Р. 68–75. 3. Pat. 65225A Ukraine, IPC A 61 B 5/01. 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Depletion of brown fat norepinephrine content by acute cold exposure and adrenoceptor blockade / S. Subramanian, R. R. Vollmer // Pharmacol Biochem Behav. – 2001. – Vol. 68, № 3. – P. 597–602. 8. Threshold for adrenomedullary activation and increased cardiac work during mild core hypothermia / S. M. Frank, C. G.Cattaneo, M. B. Wieneke-Brady [et al.] // Clin Sci (Lond). – 2002. – Vol. 102, № 1. – Р. 119–125. Knyazevich-Chorna T. The features of morphological reconstruction of adrenal glands’ hemomicrocirculatory flow and parenchyma on the 7-th day of posthypothermia period // Український медичний альманах. – 2012. – Том 15, № 4. – С. 8687. During the experiment on rats that are exposed to general deep hypothermia, using comlex of morphological methods, it was studied the state of the adrenal vascular flow on the seventh days after the action of cold factor. It was established that after the action of hypothermia the degenerative changes of the vascular wall of the adrenal gland with the changes of their morphometric sizes and morphological features took place. Beside, there is an activation of intracellular regenerative processes. Key words: adrenal glands, hemomicrocirculatory flow, general deep hypothermia. Князевич-Чорна Т.В. Особливості морфологічної перебудови гемомікроциркуляторного русла та паренхіми надниркових залоз на 7 день постгіпотермічного періоду // Український медичний альманах. – 2012. – Том 15, № 4. – С. 86-87. В експерименті на щурах, які зазнавали впливу загальної глибокої гіпотермії, використовуючи комплекс морфологічних методів дослідження, вивчено стан судинного русла наднирників на сьому добу постгіпотермічного періоду. Встановлено, що при дії холодового фактора виявляються дистрофічні зміни з частковим руйнуванням клітинних і позаклітинних компонентів судинної стінки наднирників, зміни їх морфометричних величин та морфологічних ознак. Поряд з цим, спостерігається активація внутрішньоклітинних регенераторних процесів. Ключові слова: надниркова залоза, гемомікроциркуляторне русло, загальна глибока гіпотермія. Князевич-Чорна Т.В. Особенности морфологической перестройки гемомикроциркуляторного русла и паренхимы надпочечников на 7 день постгипотермичного периода // Український медичний альманах. – 2012. – Том 15, № 4. – С. 86-87. В эксперименте на крысах, которые подвергались воздействию общей глубокой гипотермии, используя комплекс морфологических методов исследования, изучено состояние сосудистого русла надпочечников на седьмые сутки постгипотермического периода. Установлено, что при воздействии холодового фактора обнаруживаются дистрофические изменения с частичным разрушением клеточных и внеклеточных компонентов сосудистой стенки надпочечников, изменения их морфометрических величин и морфологических признаков. Наряду с этим, наблюдается активация внутриклеточных регенераторных процессов. Ключевые слова: надпочечники, гемомикроциркуляторное русло, общая глубокая гипотермия. Надійшла 17.05.2012 р. Рецензент: проф. С.А.Кащенко 87
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