1. health and fitness
2. exercise

Unit 6 Body matters
Unit
6
Body matters
Warm-up
Personal response
Ask students to tell a partner
about their experience of
biking. Elicit some responses
from the class.
F E AT U R E S
1 Work in pairs. Write a short caption to accompany the photo.
70 Exercise around the
world
2 Look at the expressions about exercise and health. Write in the
Different exercise regimes
72 No pain, no gain
Avoiding sports injuries
74 The enigma of beauty
What is beauty and why is
it important to us?
78 Palestinian free
running
1 Ask students to work in pairs
to write a snappy caption for
the photo—one that captures
the moment and the feelings the
cyclist might have. Elicit some
suggestions from the class, and
discuss which the students like
best and why.
Compare your caption with another pair.
Sample anSWerS
words that are missing from four of them. Then check your
answers with your teacher.
1
2
3
4
stay
keep
watch
work
healthy
shape
your weight
out at the gym
in
5
6
7
8
Natural high; Natural thrill; The open
road; Adrenaline rush; The need for
speed; Wheeeee!; Wild wheels
go for a walk/run/ride
stretch
your legs
go on a diet
stay
active
2 Ask students to complete the
expressions with a preposition
individually, and then compare
answers with a partner. Emphasize
that only four phrases need a
preposition; the other expressions
are already complete. Check by
eliciting the four items as complete
phrases.
3 Work in groups. Ask each other questions about your fitness
using the expressions in Exercise 2.
A: What do you do to stay in
shape?
B: I walk a lot and I go
swimming a couple of times
a week.
A video about how an
unusual sport is inspiring
the youth in Gaza
C: Don’t you find swimming
boring?
B: Just doing laps is a little
dull, but it keeps me in
reasonable shape.
Unit 6 Body matters
69
3 Ask students to discuss their
personal exercise regimes in
groups, following the model
dialogue and asking follow-up
questions. Elicit responses from
the class.
Unit 6 Body matters
69
6a
6a Exercise around the world
Reading
Exercise around
the world
3 Work in pairs. Write a suitable
heading for each paragraph.
1 Look at this quotation by the professional swimmer David
Walters. What point was he making about exercise? Do you agree?
An hour of basketball feels like fifteen minutes. An hour on a treadmill
feels like a weekend in traffic school.
David Walters, swimmer
2 Quickly read the article and match the sentences to the exercise
Warm-up
they describe: Radio Taiso (RT), swogging (S), or yoga (Y). There
is sometimes more than one possibility.
Personal response
Ask students to discuss exercise
around the world with a
partner—which countries
do the most? Why? Do any
countries do very little or none?
Elicit ideas from the class.
1
2
3
4
5
6
It’s a trendy form of exercise. Y
It benefits the mind and the body. Y, RT
It is not a strenuous form of exercise. Y, RT
Your body feels as if it is under attack. S
People have been doing this form of exercise for centuries.
It’s an enjoyable way to exercise. RT
language focus
6 anSWerS
a 2 and 3
b In 2, it is after the phrasal verb,
while in 3, it is between the verb
and the preposition
70
Here are a
few o f our
readers’
experiences.
I do something called “swogging,” a mixture of jogging and swimming.
JO
The inspiration came from a book about people in the Caucasus
mountains who can live to well over a hundred and remain mentally and
physically fit. For generations they’ve been walking down steep slopes each
day to swim in cold mountain streams. The idea of freezing cold water might
put a lot of people off, but it’s scientifically proven to help your circulation
and boost your immune system, because it triggers your body’s self-defense
mechanisms. Then they dry off and climb back up the mountain. I do the
same thing in North Wales where I live, but I jog two miles to a lake. It’s
exhilarating, but I’ve got a little way to go before I reach a hundred!
The point he is making is that if you
do exercise that you enjoy, the time
passes quickly, and it doesn’t feel as if
you are making an effort.
1 A positive start to your day
2 No pain, no gain
3 Relax and get fit
S
Not many people outside Japan have come across Radio Taiso.
KEvIN
Each morning at 6:30 you hear this tinkly piano sound coming out
of the radio and everywhere people start doing calisthenics, (gentle warmup exercises) to get ready for the day ahead. They’re group exercises that
everyone can join in with, at home or in the park. That group ethic is very
Japanese. People say the idea was copied from US factories in the 1920s. It’s
fun and they’re simple movements that anyone can do, old or young. They
get the brain working, too.
Sample anSWer
Sample anSWerS
WORDBUILDING off and up
There are certain phrasal verbs
that use off and up to mean doing
something completely or to the end.
dry off, eat up, finish off
around the world
1 Ask students to read the quotation
and discuss its implications with a
partner. Check that they understand
what a treadmill is (an exercise
machine where you walk in one
place on a moving belt). Elicit ideas
from the class.
3 Elicit suggestions from around
the class, and discuss which are
most suitable.
benefit of each exercise. Do you do
anything similar? Do any of them
appeal to you? Why?
ExErcisE
reading
2 Ask students to read the
sentences in the list, then scan the
article to match the sentences to
the form of exercise they relate to.
They should check with a partner
before you elicit answers from
the whole class. Note that some
answers may vary slightly, based
on students’ own background
knowledge (for example, yoga has
also been practiced for centuries,
although this is not explicitly
mentioned in the text).
4 Work in groups. Discuss the main
To an outside observer, yoga doesn’t look hard; it’s just slow
RASHMI
stretching and holding certain positions. Yoga practitioners came
up with their own version of the saying ‘‘Don’t just sit there, do something,’’
which is ‘‘Don’t just do something, sit there.’’ But actually, it’s a very good
workout. Like a lot of Eastern exercise regimes, it offers a more holistic
approach to health by combining physical fitness with mental well-being.
The idea is to concentrate on your breathing to make movement easier and
reduce tension. Although it started out in India, only a small proportion of the
population there practice yoga seriously. Recently more Indians have taken it
up, partly because they’ve seen it become trendy in the West.
70
extra activity
Ask students to find two more phrasal
verbs in the second paragraph and a
three-word phrasal verb (verb + two
prepositions) in the third paragraph,
and discuss the meanings with a partner.
Answers: second paragraph:
put...off (5 deter)
dry off (5 dry with a towel or allow to dry)
third paragraph: came up with
(5 thought of)
7 Read through the language focus box.
Ask students to read the text and put
the objects of the phrasal verbs into the
correct positions. They should do this
individually, and then compare answers
with a partner before you elicit answers
from the class as complete sentences.
7 anSWerS
1
2
3
4
5
6
get over this
setting them up
hit on it
fell back on some Samba music
getting out of dangerous situations
carrying them out
Language focus phrasal verbs
8 What do the phrasal verbs in bold in
Exercise 7 mean? Discuss with your partner.
5 Look at the verb + preposition(s) combinations and
9 Put the words in sentence order.
answer the questions.
come across
come out of
join in with
come out of
a Which one(s) are not phrasal verbs; they simply
combine the meanings of the verb and the preposition
to give a more literal meaning (like go into a room)?
b Which one(s) are phrasal verbs? They have a meaning
that is different from the separate meanings of the
verb and preposition and is more metaphorical or
idiomatic. come across, join with
6 Look at the sentences (1–3) about yoga and answer the
questions (a–b).
1 It started out in India.
2 In recent years, a lot of Westerners have gotten into it.
3 Recently more Indians have taken it up.
a Which phrasal verbs have an object?
b What do you notice about the position(s) of the object?
1 I’m thinking / of / up / Pilates / taking
2 I hurt my back playing tennis. It took /
it / me / over/ forever / to get
3 My friend has his own dance school.
He / up / set / last year / it
4 At school we had to exercise twice a
week. We / of / it / get / couldn’t / out
5 The doctor / out / some tests /
is going / to carry / on my knee
6 How / hit / that idea? / did you / on
7 Don’t / away! / that / throw /
8 It takes / back / my childhood / to / me
8 anSWerS
get over 5 recover (from); set up 5
start
(a business or other organization);
come about 5 happen; hit on 5
have (an idea); fall back on 5 use
as a substitute; take off 5 become
popular; get out of 5 avoid or leave a
difficult situation; carry out 5 do
Speaking
10 Work in pairs. Check the meanings of the
Grammar note
phrasal verbs, then interview your partner
using the questionnaire.
We can classify transitive (i.e.,
having an object) two-part
phrasal verbs into three kinds:
PHRASAL VERBS
Intransitive phrasal verbs
We get along very well.
1 How much time do you set aside for
Separable phrasal verbs
I don’t want to put off the appointment.
I don’t want to put the appointment off.
2 What kind of exercise do you go in for?
3 Have you taken up any new forms of
1 always inseparable (i.e., the
object must always follow the
particle), for example:
exercise each week?
exercise in the last twelve months?
Inseparable phrasal verbs
I came across a book on Tai Chi at the library.
I came across it at the library.
to look She looks after
after sb her mother on the
weekend.
4 Do you keep up with exercise trends?
5 Do you prefer to exercise alone or to join in
with others?
Three-part phrasal verbs
Yoga practitioners came up with their own version.
Yoga practitioners came up with it.
6 What do you put off more: exercising or
(similar verbs: call for, look
through, come after, count
on, go into, look for, look
through, make of, take after)
cleaning?
Three-part phrasal verbs with two objects
He took us up on the invitation.
11 Compare your findings with another pair.
For more information and practice, see page 163.
7 Put the objects of each phrasal verb in the correct position
What are their attitudes to exercise?
2 separable or inseparable (i.e.,
the object can either be before
or after the particle; however,
when it is a pronoun it must
come between the verb and
the particle), for example:
below.
S
ickness as a child left Joseph Pilates, born in
Germany in 1880, frail and weak. To 1 get over
(this), he developed a series of exercises to build
core muscle strength. Some of his early students
then opened studios using his methods, 2 setting up
(them) in various cities. Pilates is now practiced by
millions all over the world.
The idea for Zumba came about in Colombia in the
1990s. Alberto Perez 3 hit on (it) when he was taking
an aerobics class in his native Colombia. Having
forgotten his usual music for an aerobics class. He
fell back on (some Salsa music) he had with him.
Zumba, a routine combining aerobics with Latin
dance moves, was born. Since then it has taken off
and become an international exercise craze.
4
Unit 6 Body matters
9 anSWerS
1
2
3
4
5
to put
out
Most people think Tai Chi is a form of meditation.
In fact, it’s an old Chinese martial art based on the
idea of 5 getting out of (dangerous situations) by
turning an attacker’s force against him. The most
common form of Tai Chi today is a routine of slow
movements. You often see people 6 carrying out
(them) in parks and public spaces.
71
Speaking
He put out the cat
for the night.
He put the cat out
for the night.
He put it out for
the night.
(similar verbs: bring out, bring
around, call off, drop off, get
up, give up, look up, make up,
pass around, pick up, put across)
3 always separable (i.e., the
object must always come
between the verb and the
particle), for example:
I’m thinking of taking up Pilates.
It took me forever to get over it.
He set it up last year.
We couldn’t get out of it.
The doctor is going to carry out some
tests on my knee.
6 How did you hit on that idea?
7 Don’t throw that away!
8 It takes me back to my childhood.
10 anSWerS
1
2
3
4
(similar verbs: call over, invite
out, tell apart)
Vocabulary notes
HOmeWOrK Ask students to write a
take up 5 to start (usually a hobby)
150-word report about their classmates’
exercise habits.
look after sb / sth (object must
follow the particle, as in 1)
it takes me back 5 it reminds me of a
previous time or event
set aside 5 reserve
go in for 5 have an interest in doing
take up 5 start (to do)
keep up with 5 continue to know the
newest information about something
5 join in 5 be involved
6 put off 5 delay doing
to call sb Can you call Peter
back
back this evening?
Students can find out the word
order of a new phrasal verb
by checking in a dictionary.
Most dictionaries will give the
information like this:
call sb back (object must come
before the particle, as in 3)
Unit 6 Body matters
71
6b
6b No pain, no gain
No pain, no gain
Ultrarunner on the 100-mi Ultra-Trail
du Mont-Blanc annual race, France
Warm-up
Personal response
Ask students to tell a partner
about the most strenuous,
exhausting, and demanding
physical activity they have
ever done. It might not have
anything to do with sports. Elicit
some experiences from the class.
Vocabulary injuries
Vocabulary
1 Work in pairs. Look at the photo and caption.
What injuries do you think this runner risks?
1 Sample anSWerS
2 Choose the best noun to complete these
He might pull a muscle, twist/sprain
an ankle, strain his back, suffer from
exhaustion/dehydration/nausea
(altitude sickness)/sunstroke/
hypothermia, damage his knees, break
a leg/ankle/arm in a fall, get hit by falling
rocks, get blisters and cuts on his feet.
collocations to describe injuries.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Vocabulary note
Point out the difference between
these two similar verbs:
sprain 5 an injury in a joint, e.g.,
ankle or wrist, caused by too
much stress
strain 5 an injury in a muscle
caused by overstretching; it can
include torn muscle fibers. This
is also called a pulled muscle in
informal English.
Strain can also be used as a
general word for stress or
pressure, either physical stress on
the body or mental stress.
Other common injuries:
to graze your knee 5 to take the
top layer of skin off
to bump your head 5 to knock
your head against something
(e.g., the door)
to lose your voice 5 to be unable
to speak because of a throat
inflammation
to stub your toe 5 to hit your toe
to chip a tooth 5 to hit a tooth
on something hard so that a
corner breaks off
to bruise your ribs 5 you can
actually bruise any part of the
body, i.e., hit the body and cause
a purple mark to form
to break your arm 5 to break the
bone in the arm (or any other
part of the body)
72
graze your knee / voice / rib
bump your tooth / head / toe
pull a back / muscle / knee
lose your ankle / voice / back
stub your toe / ribs / knee
sprain your ankle / ribs / toe
strain your head / wrist / back
chip a tooth / voice / knee
bruise your head / ribs / muscle
break your knee / muscle / arm
3 Work in groups. Put the injuries in Exercise 2
in order according to the following criteria.
a most/least painful
b most/least annoying
c most/least common
Listening
4
22 Listen to an interview with
ultrarunner Ben Newborn talking about
sports injuries. Answer the questions.
1 How does Newborn define ultrarunning?
2 What was his biggest fear about doing the
Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc?
3 What mistake do many athletes make?
4 What is his answer to sports injuries?
5
22 Listen again and complete the sentences.
exhaustion
and the things that
1 He had to overcome
make you feel nauseous .
2 A lot of athletes try to ignore small strains or
twinges in a joint.
3 Minor problems can develop into more severe
injuries.
4 His exercises have prevented him from getting ankle
sprains , lower back
pain, and runner’s knee.
Idioms health
6 Work in pairs. What do you think this idiom means?
“I’m not talking about when they’re in a really bad
way.” seriously injured or sick
7 Complete these idioms using the prepositions below.
Discuss their meaning with your partner and check your
answers with your instructor.
down
in
off
on
out
under
up
1 A: I heard Sarah fell off her bicycle. Is she in
a
bad way?
B: Luckily she didn’t break anything; she was pretty
shaken up though.
2 A: Is it true that Jack nearly cut his finger off?
B: Yes, he practically passed out when he saw
what he’d done. It was a pretty deep cut, but he’s
on the mend now, I think.
3 A: You look a little off color. Are you feeling
under the weather?
B: No, I’m not sick. I’m just run down from working
too much.
72
3 When checking, encourage groups to
explain their rankings.
listening
4 anSWerS
1 Ultrarunning is running further than a
normal marathon.
2 The fear of failure.
3 They continue when they have an injury
rather than resting.
4 Listen to your body and do the right kind of
preparation.
Background notes
The Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc is a singlestage mountain ultramarathon, and
considered the most difficult foot race in
Europe. It mostly follows the Tour du
Mont-Blanc hiking path, through the
Alps in France, Italy, and Switzerland.
The fastest runners complete the race
in about 20 hours, but most participants
finish in 30–45 hours. There are food
and drink points at regular intervals,
and four “life bases” along the course.
A maximum of 2,000 participants can
take part, and they have to prove their
ability beforehand.
3 Since their sport relies so heavily on using (use)
the arm, these people tend to have (have)
problems with their elbows and forearms.
4 Because these people pull muscles so often, they
are encouraged to warm (warm) up properly
before a match to prevent such injuries from occurring
(occur).
5 Neck pain is common among these people. Because
they insist on bending (bend) low over the
handlebars, forcing them to raise (raise) their
heads to see ahead.
8 Match these words with the correct idioms
from Exercise 7.
distressed fainted getting better
lacking in energy pale
suffering
unwell
Language focus verb
patterns
9 Work in pairs. Match the verbs (1–6) with
the verb patterns (a–f) that follow them.
Then look at the highlighted verbs in the
audioscript on pages 177–8 and check your
answers.
1
2
3
4
5
6
involve d
require b
worry e
make c
tend a
discourage f
a
b
c
d
e
f
to do
someone to do
someone do
doing
about doing
someone from doing
in a bad way: suffering
shaken up: distressed
passed out: fainted
on the mend: getting better
off color: pale
under the weather: unwell
run down: lacking in energy
sentences in Exercise 11? Discuss with your partner.
cyclists
runners
tennis players
soccer players
swimmers
13 Often verbs that express a similar idea are followed
by the same verb pattern. Look at the sentences (1–8).
Choose a verb from the box that could replace the verbs
in bold without changing the verb pattern.
appear
expect
pattern in the audioscript on pages 177–8.
blame
mean
convince
postpone
language focus
10 Ask students to find the other
examples in the audioscript on
page 177. Elicit the answers from
the class. See also highlighting in
the audioscript.
decide
stop
1 We can’t prevent people from having accidents.
2 The organizers were criticized for not having paid
enough attention to track safety.
3 If the job involves straining my back in any way, I’m
afraid I can’t risk it.
4 I’ve made up my mind to get in shape.
5 She seemed to pull a muscle as she stretched reach
the ball.
6 Don’t delay going to the doctor. If you do, it’ll take
longer to recover from the injury.
7 I hope to be playing again in a few weeks.
8 The doctor persuaded him to take it easy for a while.
VERB PATTERNS
Verb + to + infinitive
Accidents seem to happen most when people are
tired.
Verb + object + to + infinitive
The fallen tree caused the driver to stop suddenly.
Verb + object + infinitive
Drinking lots of water helps people feel less
nauseous.
Verb + -ing
I don’t recommend riding a bike without a helmet.
Verb + object + preposition + -ing
She accused him of not paying attention.
8 anSWerS
12 Which of these athletes are being referred to in the
10 Find one more example of each type of verb
Verb + preposition + -ing
If you think about getting injured, it’s more likely
that you will.
Idioms
anSWerS
a like to turn; wanted to take; had
to get; try to go; afford to rest;
used to suffer
b warning you to be
c let me run
d mean running; avoid getting
e succeed in overcoming
f prevent me from getting
Speaking
14 Work in pairs. Choose one of the following incidents
For more information and practice, see page 164.
11 Look at the language focus box. Complete
the sentences about sports injuries using
the correct verb patterns. You need to add
prepositions in some of the sentences.
and describe what happened.
1 A time when you or a friend were injured doing a
sport or in some other situation.
2 A time when you or a friend narrowly escaped being
injured.
1 These people often complain about suffering
(suffer) from “pink eye” from the chlorine
to be
in the water. They also tend
(be) susceptible to shoulder problems.
2 These people risk damaging (damage)
the joints in their legs. But they can avoid
getting (get) long-term injuries by
wearing the right shoes.
I was playing tennis one time
and I got hit in the head with
a ball and passed out!
Oh no! Did anyone
take you to a hospital?
Unit 6 Body matters
extra activity
Ask students to write three sentences
telling someone how to avoid injuries,
using a different verb pattern for each
sentence.
11 Read through the box about
verb patterns with the class and
discuss the contents. Ask students
to use the patterns from the box
to complete the sentences. They
should do this individually, and
then check with a partner. Elicit
the answers from the class as
complete sentences.
73
HOmeWOrK Ask students to write in
greater detail about the incident they
discussed in Exercise 14.
12 anSWerS
1
2
3
4
5
swimmers
runners
tennis players
soccer players
cyclists
13 Point out that the verbs in the
box are in the infinitive form, and
a different form may be needed in
the sentences.
anSWerS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
stop
blame
mean
decide
appear
postpone
expect
convince
Unit 6 Body matters
73
6c
6c The enigma of beauty
The enigma
of beauty
Warm-up
Reading
Personal response
1 Work in groups. Check (✓) the faces that you think are
Ask students to say which
famous person they think is
very handsome or beautiful, and
why. Discuss the choices as a class.
beautiful or handsome. Can you explain why? How
many do you agree on? Discuss your findings.
2 Look at the sentences and discuss if you think each one
is true or not. Then read the article and find out the
author’s views.
1 There are no universal characteristics of human
beauty.
2 Perceptions of a person’s beauty can be connected to
their social position.
3 Your character can have an influence on whether
people think you are beautiful or not.
4 The search for beauty is superficial and vain.
reading
1 Ask students to work in groups
of three and discuss how beautiful
they find the six faces in the
photos, and why. Elicit responses
from the whole class. You may
want to mention that Huli
Wigmen in Papua New Guinea
(picture 4) paint their faces to
make themselves more attractive,
as do geisha in Japan (picture 5).
3 Read the article again. Choose the meaning (a or b) that
best matches the phrases from the text.
1 meets the question with a composed reply (para 1) means:
a has a ready answer
b is calm
2 we may as well dissect a soap bubble (para 2) means:
a delicate
b impossible
3 … aesthetic … considerations (para 2) means:
a looking nice
b being healthy
4 a shallow quest (para 5) means the search is:
a pointless
b trivial
5 fussed over (para 6) means:
a made to feel special
b discussed a lot
2 Ask students to work in pairs to
discuss the statements. Elicit some
responses from the class. Then ask
them to read the text to find out
what the author thinks.
Critical thinking identifying aims
4 Work in pairs. Look at this list of purposes for writing
an article and discuss which best fits the article The
enigma of beauty. Underline the parts of the article that
support this view.
anSWerS
1
2
3
4
5 Compare your answers from Exercise 4 with
False
True
True
False
1 to persuade using objective or scientific facts
2 to persuade using subjective argument and
anecdotal evidence
3 to inform and teach the reader something new
4 to inform and invite reflection on particular issues
5 to entertain by telling stories about real or imaginary
characters
another pair. Discuss your conclusions.
Word focus face
6 Find two expressions with face in paragraphs
1 and 6 of the article which mean the
following.
a to be honest
b sad looks
7 Choose the meaning that face has in
sentences (1–6). Then explain the meaning of
the expressions.
attitude/expression
credibility
confront
surface
1 He couldn’t admit he was wrong. He
didn’t want to lose face in front of us.
2 I’m sure she was disappointed not to win,
but she put a brave face on it.
3 I took her offer to help at face value. I
don’t think she had any hidden motive.
4 The actors had trouble keeping a straight
face when Jon fell off the stage.
5 You should tell her that you scratched her
car, because sooner or later you will have
to face the music.
6 On the face of it, it seems like a good idea,
but I wouldn’t rush into making a decision.
Speaking
8 Work in pairs. You are planning an
advertising campaign for a face cream that
your company is launching. Read your role
cards and prepare ideas for the campaign.
Decide on the name of your product, then
act out the meeting to agree on the ads that
will run.
Student A: Turn to page 155.
Student B: Turn to page 156.
extra activity
In pairs, have students correct the
false items in Exercise 2.
extra activity
Ask students to find and discuss the
universal characteristics of beauty
mentioned in the article with a
partner. Did they refer to any of
these when they were discussing
the faces in Exercise 1? Elicit some
responses from the class.
Universal characteristics
mentioned: symmetry,
averageness, indications of
strength and good health
74
74
3 Ask students to read through the
phrases, then find them in the article and
choose the correct meaning. They can
check with a partner before you elicit the
answers from the class.
Vocabulary note
to diminish 5 to become less
to dissect 5 to cut up in order to
examine
foot-binding 5 breaking and wrapping
the foot in tight bandages to keep it
from growing
a trait 5 a characteristic
to preoccupy 5 to be thought about
very often
to fuss over 5 to give someone a lot of
attention in an excited way
Sheli Jeffry is searching for beauty. As a scout for Ford, one
of the world’s top modeling agencies, Jeffry scans up to 200
young women every Thursday afternoon. They line up and
one by one the line diminishes. Tears roll and there are long
faces as the refrain “You’re not what we’re looking for right
now” extinguishes the conversation—and hope. Faced with
rejection, one hopeful asks: “What are you looking for?”
Jeffry meets the question with a composed reply. “I know it
when I see it.”
Define beauty? Some say we may as well dissect a soap
bubble; that beauty is only in the eye of the beholder. Yet
it does seem that across different cultures we can agree on
certain points. Psychologists have proved this by testing
the attractiveness of different faces on children. Symmetry
is one characteristic that meets with general approval;
averageness is another: we seem to prefer features that
are not extreme. Things that speak of strength and good
health, such as a glowing complexion and full lips in
women or a strong jaw in men, are also universal qualities.
Scientists maintain that this is the true definition of beauty,
because for them we are influenced not by aesthetic but
by biological considerations: the need to produce healthy
children.
But there are also cultural differences in how beauty is
defined. The women of the Padaung tribe in Myanmar put
brass coils around their necks to extend them because in
their culture very long necks are considered beautiful. In
China and Japan, small feet are admired in women, though
thankfully the ancient practice of foot-binding has long
since disappeared. In cultures where people’s skin is dark,
it is often seen as desirable to have fair skin. Conversely, in
the northern hemisphere, fair-skinned people put value on
having a tan.
magazines: that of a long-limbed, impossibly thin figure.
Whatever the perception of ideal beauty may be, the search
for it has preoccupied people of all cultures for centuries,
from ancient Egypt to modern China.
Critical thinking
Is it a shallow quest? We all like to think that beauty is not
only skin deep; that personality and charm contribute as
much, if not more, to attractiveness as superficial beauty.
Certainly, as we grow older, the more generous our definition
of beauty seems to become. Experience teaches us to look for
the beauty within, rather than what is on the outside.
4 Ask students to read the
statements, discuss them with a
partner, and decide on the best
reason for writing the article. Do
not check answers at this stage.
But let’s face it, most of us still care how we look. Until she
was a hundred years old, my grandmother had a regular
appointment at the beauty salon down the street. A month
before she died, I took her there in my car. I stayed and
watched as she was still being greeted and fussed over by
the hairdresser and manicurist. Afterwards, in the nursing
home, she radiated happiness. She is not alone in getting
satisfaction from looking nice. It seems the quest for beauty
goes deeper than vanity; maybe it fulfils a deep human need
in all of us.
5 anSWer
Number 4 best fits the article
(facts about different cultures are
presented; historical perspective is
presented; Is it a shallow quest? invites
reflection; the author presents an
anecdote).
glowing (adj) /ˈgloʊɪŋ/ bright and healthy looking
limb (n) /lɪm/ an arm or a leg
manicurist (n) /ˈmænɪˌkjʊrɪst/ someone who cleans, cuts, and
polishes fingernails
scout (n) /skaʊt/ someone whose job is to search for people
with certain qualities or talents
Word focus
6 Ask students to find the two
expressions with face. Elicit
answers from the class.
anSWerS
a let’s face it
b there are long faces
Perceptions of beauty also change over time. Historically
in northern Europe and the US, tanned skin belonged to
those who had to work outside (agricultural workers or
other poorer members of society) and so a white skin
was a symbol of status and beauty. Now a tan reflects
status of a different kind: those that can afford a beach
vacation in the Mediterranean or the Caribbean. Our
idea of the perfect body shape is also different from 200
years ago. In almost all cultures, a little fat was a positive
trait, a sign of wealth and well-being. Nowadays a very
different image stares out at us from the pages of fashion
7 Ask students to match the
meaning of face in each expression
to one of the words in the box,
then discuss the meaning of the
whole expression with a partner.
Elicit the answers from the whole
class.
The
enigma BEAUTy
anSWerS
of
Unit 6 Body matters
75
1 credibility: he didn’t want to look
foolish
2 attitude/expression: didn’t show her
disappointment
3 surface: for what it seemed to be
4 attitude/expression: looking serious,
not laughing
5 confront: accept the consequences
6 surface: on the surface, without
looking at the details
Speaking
8 After pairs act out the situation,
ask them to discuss their ideas
with another pair and find out the
similarities and differences in their
ideas.
Unit 6 Body matters
75
6d
6d A bold initiative
Real life discussing proposals
A bold initiative
2
1 Work in pairs. Read how some governments around
the world encourage their populations to get in
shape and stay healthy. Answer the questions.
Warm-up
1 Why is promoting fitness important to the
company?
2 What different ideas are proposed?
3 Were any of them like those in Exercise 1?
4 Which idea got approval? Which idea was
rejected?
1 What are the pros and cons of each idea?
2 Which initiative would work best ? Why?
3 Are there any similar initiatives in your country?
Personal response
Ask students to discuss the
attitude toward sports and
fitness at the schools they
attended. How much physical
education did they have to do?
What did it consist of? Were
there sports teams?
3 Speaking skill conceding a point
1 JAPAN: Broadcast a daily morning
exercise routine on national radio.
23 The speakers tried to anticipate objections
to each proposal. Look at the phrases in the box
for conceding a point. Then listen again and
complete the phrases.
2 WASHINGTON STATE, US: Make it
compulsory for fast food chains to show
the calorie count for each item on the
menu.
real life
CONCEDING A POINT
I realize that 1
Admittedly, 2
3 QATAR: Encourage companies to
install gyms in the workplace so that
workers can exercise on breaks.
1 Ask students to read the
information about what the six
countries do to encourage a
healthy society. They should then
work with a partner to discuss the
questions. Elicit ideas from the
class.
.
.
It’s not (a) particularly 3
you, but
I know 4
4 UK: Use public health campaigns to
promote exercise activities that are
quick and easy to do.
, I’ll grant
.
, but
.
I’m just thinking off the top of my head.
I haven’t worked this out exactly, but…
I haven’t thought through 5
, but
.
It wouldn’t be so
5 SOUTH KOREA: Make getting a good
grade in physical education at school
count toward college acceptance.
, but
6
.
4 Pronunciation toning down negative
2 Ask students to read the
questions to focus their listening;
then play the audio. Elicit answers
from the class.
6 PHILIPPINES: In school, promote sports
like karate that combine exercise with
self-defense skills.
statements
a
24 Listen to these two statements where the
speaker tries to reduce the impact of a negative
statement. Underline the words which are most
strongly stressed in each sentence.
1 It’s not a particularly original idea…
2 It wouldn’t be so easy to monitor…
anSWerS
1 The company wants to lead the
way in encouraging health and
fitness, improving productivity.
2 Encourage health and fitness,
build a gym, offer fun sports
or group exercise, personal
incentives (loans for bikes)
3 Qatar encourages companies to
build gyms.
4 B’s bike idea is approved by A
and C; A’s group exercise idea is
rejected by B.
23 Listen to the discussion between a group
of human resources managers at a large company
about ideas to promote health and fitness among
their employees. Answer the questions.
b
25 Work in pairs. Practice saying these
sentences where a negative sentiment has been
toned down. Then listen and compare your
pronunciation.
1 I know it’s not a very practical solution.
2 It wouldn’t be that simple to convince people.
3 I’m not actually sure of the exact numbers.
5 Work in groups. Each think of another idea to
promote the health of company employees. Then
present and discuss your ideas. Try to anticipate
arguments against your proposal.
76
Speaking skill
3 Read through the instructions
and the phrases in the box. Ask
students to listen again and
complete the phrases.
76
anSWerS
1 there may not be a budget for that
2 a lot of people may do these things
anyway
3 original idea, it might be fun
4 that isn’t the intention, it could look
that way
5 exactly what proportion of the cost, I
think that that kind of individual incentive
probably works much better
6 easy to monitor whether they used the
bikes to commute to work or for leisure,
you’d probably just have to accept that risk
pronunciation
4a Ask students to read the two
sentences and underline the words
which are most strongly stressed. Elicit
the answers from the class.
4b Ask students to practice saying the
sentences in pairs; then play the audio.
5 Ask students to each come up with
another idea to promote health, then
discuss the ideas in their group.
6e
6e A controversial plan
Writing a formal
report
1 Work in pairs. Have you ever had
to write a formal report? Who
was it for and what was it about?
Discuss with your partner.
2 Read the internal report about a
public health initiative and look
at the questions. Underline the
answers in the report.
1 What is the aim of the report?
2 What are the main findings?
3 What action is proposed?
3 Read the description below and
say which of the features in bold
appear in the report.
Everything except bullet points
Formal reports present the
findings of an investigation
and make a recommendation
based on these findings. The
important thing is for the
reader to be able to scan
the document quickly for key
information, so bullet points,
subheadings, and short
paragraphs are all useful.
Reports present objective
facts, but internal reports
between colleagues can
also offer more subjective
comments.
4 Writing skill linking adverbs
and adverbial phrases
a Find the adverb or adverbial
phrase in the report that has the
same meaning as the phrases
below. Which introduce more
subjective comments?
as might be expected
clearly
in view of this
on the face of it
on the other hand
whatever the justification
A controversial
plan
ProPosed initiative
Over 100 people of different ages and social backgrounds were
interviewed to decide on the viability of a public health initiative.
The initiative examined was a proposal for smokers to pay higher
health insurance premiums. Ostensibly, the proposal is logical since
insurance is based on the evaluation of risk. Evidently, if a person
smokes, the risk of disease is increased.
Warm-up
Public reaction
Personal response
Thirty percent of the interviewees objected on the grounds that
the initiative was discriminatory. A common argument was that, by
this principle, higher premiums should also be paid by people who
overeat. Right or wrong, these critics view smoking and overeating
not as a question of personal choice, but as something beyond an
individual’s control.
Ask students to say what they
think about smoking and the
smoking laws and regulations
in their countries, towns, and
workplaces. Initiate a discussion.
Not surprisingly, 55 percent took the opposite view: that smokers
ought to pay for the consequences of their behavior. However, when
interviewees were asked if people should be helped to quit smoking,
the response was 90 percent positive.
Writing
recommendation
Accordingly, we recommend setting up a pilot program giving
smokers free help from their insurance company to stop smoking
over a six-month period. During this time, they will be offered
various solutions to stop smoking. If they succeed, they will be
rewarded with a discount of 5 percent on their insurance premiums
for as long as they remain non-smokers. Conversely, if they fail, their
insurance premiums will increase by 20 percent.
2 anSWerS
1 To decide on the viability of a
public health initiative
2 30 percent objected, 55 percent
were in favor, 90 percent thought
smokers should be given help to quit
3 A pilot program in which smokers
are given help to quit within a
six-month period
b Work in pairs. Replace the expressions in bold in the sentences
(1–6) with these adverbs.
alternatively
overall
1
2
3
4
5
6
apparently
specifically
interestingly
ultimately
It seems that this idea has already been tested in the US.
It was worth noting that 15 percent had no opinion.
To be exact, smokers objected to higher premiums.
On the whole, the response to the idea of a trial was positive.
In the end, it will be the insurance companies who decide.
Either that or the government will take some other measures.
extra activity
Ask students to discuss their
personal views of the report and
its findings with a partner. Elicit
some opinions from the class.
5 Write a short internal report for a company’s health initiatives.
You can use the ideas you discussed in Exercise 5 on page 76.
Write between 200 and 250 words.
6 Exchange reports with your partner. Answer the questions.
●
●
●
●
Writing skill
Have they presented their aims, findings, and
recommendations?
Have they divided the summary into clear sections?
Have they been objective but at the same time presented a
clear argument for the next step?
Have they made use of linking adverbs and adverbial phrases?
Unit 6 Body matters
5 You may want to assign this writing
task as homework.
6 Students should exchange reports
with a partner, and use the bullet points
in the Student Book to analyze their
partner’s work and give feedback.
4a anSWerS
77
as might be expected = not surprisingly
clearly = evidently
in view of this = accordingly
on the face of it = ostensibly
on the other hand = conversely
whatever the justification = right or
wrong
Subjective: not surprisingly, rightly
or wrongly, ostensibly
4b Point out that the phrases
used in the sentences are less
formal than the adverbs that
replace them.
anSWerS
1
2
3
4
5
6
Apparently
Interestingly
Specifically
Overall
Ultimately
Alternatively
Unit 6 Body matters
77
6f
6f Palestinian free running
Video
Video
Palestinian free
running
Videoscript
Narrator: The camps of Gaza are
rich with the performance arts of
the underprivileged. So it’s not
surprising that a sport that first
found expression in the poorer
suburbs of Paris, before spreading
to other urban settings such as
London and New York, should
catch on among the youth of the
Gaza Strip in Palestine.
Abed: My name is Abed Allah
Neshi, 22 years old from Khan
Younis in southern Gaza Strip.
Narrator: The beauty of parkour
is that you don’t need any
equipment; you just improvise
with the environment around you.
Mohammed: [words translated]
I am Mohammed Jamal Jakeer,
21, from Khan Younis in southern
Gaza Strip. We practice a sport
called parkour, which means the
art of moving from one part
to another as fast and easy as
possible by using physical strength
and ability. This is the definition of
parkour that we’ve been practicing
for five years.
Narrator: With unemployment
around 40 percent, and 35 percent
of the population living below the
poverty line, opportunities are
limited here. But there is no sense
of apathy among these youngsters
who are highly focused on staying
fit and active...and enjoy expressing
themselves at the same time.
Abed: If I don’t practice this sport
I feel something away from me so
I can’t leave it. I love it. It became
part of my life.
Mother: I’m very proud of him.
I encourage him and I’m happy
for him, although he finds some
obstacles in this game. His tooth
was broken, once he came to me
and his mouth was all like this and
I was very sad. But now it’s fine.
Here he is. I’m proud of him and I
encourage him and his friends.
78
The beauty of parkour is that you just improvise
with the environment around you.
78
Narrator: Injuries—sprains, broken
limbs, or worse—are an ever-present
risk. Landing awkwardly on concrete is
a very different matter from landing on
a rubber practice mat. So one of the first
lessons these parkour artists learn is how
to fall.
Mohammed: [words translated] At the
beginning, they opposed me a little bit,
because it’s dangerous and it requires
high abilities and skills. But after a
period of time, I convinced them and
I convinced all the people around me
about this sport. I thank God that we
have reached this very high level in this
sport.
Narrator: In addition to giving them
a sense of personal achievement, parkour
gives practitioners of this obviously
cool sport hope that they may one
day be asked to perform their art in
a competition, a movie, or even as
professional stuntmen.
Before you watch
6 Work in pairs. Complete the summary using the
correct verbs. Then watch the video again to check.
1 Work in pairs. Which sports (a–f) do people
Since its creation in France, parkour has
1
around the world and recently
has 2
on in Palestine. It’s a creative
sport, where participants 3
moves to
negotiate obstacles in their environment. For the
underprivileged youth of Gaza, it’s a great way to
4
themselves and 5
in shape at
the same time.
Parkour is a risky sport because you can easily
hurt yourself if you 6
awkwardly. But
maybe one day these men might be asked to
7
on a bigger public stage.
sometimes play or do in the street? Which sports
do people mainly do in the street? Think of other
examples of each type.
a
b
c
d
e
f
soccer
volleyball
skateboarding
basketball
roller blading
climbing
2 Look at the photo and answer the questions.
1 What does the sport of parkour, or free
running, involve?
Before you watch
1 Students work in pairs. Ask
them to look at the sports and say
whether they are usually done
in the street, or only sometimes.
Check answers as a class.
2 Ask students to look at the
photo and say what they see, and
then answer the questions. Accept
any answers at this stage.
After you watch
7 Roleplay planning a sports campaign
Work in pairs.
2 Who do you think it appeals to and why?
Imagine you want to promote sport as a way
for people in your city to get in shape and stay
healthy. You think the best way to do this is with
street sports. Look at these questions and then
plan a campaign.
While you watch
3 Watch the video and check your answers from
●
●
Exercise 2.
4 Watch the first part of the video (to 01:45) and
●
choose the correct option.
1 Parkour is an example of a performance art that
is found in modern cities / poor urbanized areas.
2 Parkour originated in London / Paris.
3 Parkour is something you can do without any
equipment / any formal training.
4 The young men in the video took up parkour
because they were bored / to keep in shape.
5 Abed says without parkour he would feel out of
shape / wouldn’t know what to do.
●
●
●
3 Give students time to read the
words in the glossary. Play the
video for students to check their
answers from Exercise 2. Check
answers as a class.
What is the target age group or groups?
What kind of sport would most appeal to
them?
Where could they play or do this sport?
Are training, equipment, and funds needed?
Are there health and safety implications?
How could you encourage people to join in?
anSWerS
Present your plan to another pair. Ask each other
questions about the practicalities of each plan.
1 Moving from place to place as
quickly and easily as possible
2 It appeals to young people because
it is exciting and good exercise.
8 Work in groups and discuss the questions.
5 Watch the second part of the video (01:46 to end)
and complete the sentences using one word in
each space.
about her son’s
1 Abed’s mother feels
involvement in parkour.
2 Common injuries include
and broken
arms and legs.
3 In order to avoid injury, practitioners have to
learn how to
.
4 Mohammad feels that initially people were
the sport.
5 It’s possible that this
sport will one
day bring these young men wider recognition.
1 Do you think sports like parkour should be
regulated? Why?
2 What are the advantages (and disadvantages)
of “street sports”?
3 What sport would you nominate to be included
in the next Olympic Games and why?
after you watch
7 Students work in pairs to act out
planning a sports campaign, according
to the instructions.
4 Give students time to read the
sentences. Then play the first part
of the video (to 01:45) for them to
choose the correct options.
apathy (n) /ˈæpəθi/ a lack of interest; feeling unconcerned
and unmotivated
awkward (adj) /ˈɔkwərd/ uncomfortable, clumsy
improvise (v) /ˈɪmprəˌvaɪz/ compose or perform something
without any preparation
poverty line (n) /ˈpɑvərti ˌlaɪn/ the minimum level of income
needed to live
stunt man (n) /stʌnt ˌmæn/ a person who simulates
dangerous actions like falls and car chases in movies
underprivileged (adj) /ˌʌndərˈprɪvəlɪʤd/ lacking social
advantages; from a poor background
Unit 6 Body matters
8 Students work in groups to discuss
the questions about sports.
While you watch
5 Give students time to read the
sentences; then play the second
part of the video (1:46 to end) for
them to write the missing words.
anSWerS
79
1
2
3
4
5
proud
sprains
fall/land
opposing
cool
6 Students work in pairs to read
and complete the summary. Play
the video again for them to check
their answers.
anSWerS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
spread
caught
improvise
express
stay
land
perform
Unit 6 Body matters
79
UNIT 6 Review
UnIT 6 REVIEW
Grammar
Grammar
1 Complete the first part of the blog by putting the
verbs (1–6) in the correct form: infinitive, to +
infinitive, -ing form, or preposition + -ing form.
1 Ask students to complete the
blog with the correct verb forms.
anSWerS
1
2
3
4
5
6
from working
to become
for thinking
to suffer
sitting
working
talk about exercise and health
use idioms and phrasal verbs
Real life
Back pain is a common health problem which affects
80 percent of us at some time in our lives. It prevents
people 1
(work), causes people
2
(become) depressed, and affects general
well-being.
You could be forgiven 3
(think) that lower
back pain is a curse of our modern lifestyle. Many in
the West blame our sedentary habits. But back pain is
something that people around the world seem
4
(suffer) from, whether they spend all
day 5
(sit) at a desk or 6
(work) in the fields.
Scientists believe that back pain comes from our being
bipedal: walking upright on two feet. So, unless you
go in for regular posture training or have a resistant
physique, you will suffer from back pain at some point.
What to do about it? You can look into exercise classes
that help to build core muscle strength, but they are
mainly a preventive measure. Some countries have
developed cures, like Madagascar, where Baobab tree
bark is used. But mostly treatment consists of months
of painkillers and manipulation before the practitioner
can turn around the situation. It seems that for the
time being, we will just have to put up with back pain.
3 Ask students to replace the noun
objects with pronouns.
anSWerS
go in for it; look into them; turn it
around; put up with it
Vocabulary
4 Students complete the sentences
with prepositions.
2 Read the rest of the blog. Who in the world suffers
from back pain? What can be done about it?
5 Students work in pairs
to discuss the statements in
Exercise 4.
3 Look at the phrasal verbs in bold in the second half
of the blog. Replace each noun object with a pronoun.
Think carefully about the position of the pronoun.
I CAN
use correct verb patterns (verb + -ing or infinitive)
real life
particularly
grant
through
Admittedly
head
out
7 Students work in pairs to
prepare and present their
proposal.
80
1 If I am feeling run down , I get some rest.
2 I fast one day a week. On the face of it, it
doesn’t sound like much, but I feel amazing.
3 If I feel I am about to come down with a cold,
I start taking lots of vitamin C.
4 A lot of athletes in their mid-thirties take up
yoga to prolong their careers.
5 Regular exercise keeps you in good shape.
6 It’s difficult to set aside time for exercise, but
you just have to build it into your routine.
I CAN
People all around the world. Exercise
classes, medicine, and manipulation
can help.
1
2
3
4
5
6
preposition.
Which do you agree with?
anSWer
anSWerS
4 Complete the sentences with the correct
5 Work in pairs. Discuss the statements in Exercise 4.
2 Ask students to read the blog
and answer the questions.
6 Ask students to read and
complete the proposal.
Vocabulary
use different kinds of phrasal verbs
80
Speaking
8 Students work in groups to discuss
health and exercise in their country.
6 Look at the proposal to install gyms in the
workplace. Complete the text with these words.
admittedly
out
grant
particularly
head
through
Workplace gyms are not a 1
original
idea, I’ll 2
you, but I think they could be
very popular with employees. I haven’t thought
3
all the details, but the basic idea is to
get people exercising during the workday.
4
, this isn’t going to be a cheap option
for companies. One possibility would be to
offer companies a tax break on the investment
they make. I’m just thinking off the top of my
5
here. I haven’t worked 6
exactly the best way to help companies fund this.
7 Work in pairs. Think of a health and fitness
program to help teenagers follow a healthier
lifestyle. Present your proposal to another pair.
Use phrases to anticipate arguments.
I CAN
present and discuss a proposal
anticipate arguments and concede a point
Speaking
8 Work in groups. How are people in your country
encouraged to stay in shape? Eat healthily?
Discuss.