20th April 2007
Guidelines for
General Installation
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1 SCOPE & GENERAL
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
GENERAL
APPLICATION
DOCUMENTATION
TRANSPORTATION, ON-SITE HANDLING & STORAGE
SAFETY & CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
SECTION 2 WALL FRAME INSTALLATION
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION & IDENTIFICATION
ERECTION OF WALL FRAMES
TIE-DOWN REQUIREMENTS
STRAP BRACING & SHEET BRACING
BULKHEAD BEAM INSTALLATION
GARAGE, PORCH & VERANDAH BEAM INSTALLATION
SHOWER CUT-OUTS & BATH INSET CHANNEL
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
GENERAL & DESIGN
PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION & TRUSS IDENTIFICATION
ROOF TRUSS SET-OUT
GABLE END CONSTRUCTION
HIP END CONSTRUCTION
DUTCH GABLE CONSTRUCTION
TURRET TRUSS CONSTRUCTION
GIRDER TRUSS INSTALLATION
COMMON ROOF BLOCK CONSTRUCTION
SADDLE TRUSS CONSTRUCTION
CEILING BATTENS, PLASTER ANGLES & HITCH BRACKETS
ROOF BRACING REQUIREMENTS
ROOF BATTENS & SPACINGS
VALLEY TRAY, VALLEY BOARDS & FASCIAS
SECTION 4 FIT-OUT & FOLLOWING TRADES
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
INSTALLATION OF SERVICES
EXTERNAL DOORS & WINDOWS
BRICK TIES & DAMP PROOF COURSE
EXTERNAL CLADDINGS
PLASTERBOARD WALL & CEILING LININGS
INTERNAL DOOR JAMBS, ARCHITRAVES & SKIRTING BOARDS
SECTION 5 GENERAL INFORMATION
5.1
5.2
ON-SITE FRAME MODIFICATIONS
FASTENING DESCRIPTIONS
2
SECTION 1 SCOPE & GENERAL
1.1 GENERAL
Steel Frame Solutions wall frames and trusses are engineered and manufactured to exacting standards. Steel
Frame Solutions is a Quality Assured Company under ISO 9001:2000 and prides itself in ensuring a safe, clean
and enjoyable work environment for all involved. To ensure that the expected performance is achieved from our
product, it is imperative that all relevant parties are familiar with the requirements set out in all documents supplied
by Steel Frame Solutions.
The guidelines in this document are a simple sub-set of the Bluescope Steel, Steel Framing Manuals and
comprising of the following Australian Standards;
• AS 4600-2005, Cold Formed Steel Structures
• AS 3623-1993, Domestic Metal Framing
• AS 4055-2006, Wind Loads for Housing
• AS 1170 Part 1, 2002, Structural Design Actions – Permanent, Imposed and other Actions
• AS 1170 Part 2, 2002, Structural Design Actions – Wind Actions
It is advised that the Standards should be read in conjunction with all documents supplied by Steel Frame Solutions.
Steel Frame Solutions acknowledges Bluescope Steel, Standards Australia and the National Association of Steel
Framed Housing (NASH) for permission to reproduce some of the technical information from within their speciﬁc
guidelines.
1.2 APPLICATION
The construction procedures in this manual may be applied from the time the concrete slab has been laid and
cured or a ﬂoor frame or platform has been constructed. Procedures detail the installation, spacing and fastening
methods required to erect a Steel Frame Solution frame.
This document intends to apply to Steel Frame Solutions steel wall frames and trusses within the following
general limitations;
a) Residential structures and light commercial structures,
b) Maximum wind rating of N3, Approximately Terrain Category 2 Region A, AS 1170
c) Maximum truss spacing of 1200mm,
d) Tile and sheet roof construction,
e) Standard stud spacings of 450mm to 600mm centres,
f) Standard wall heights up to 3000mm,
g) 75mm and 90mm standard stud widths,
h) Single and double storey construction.
For applications outside those listed above Steel Frame Solutions will provide adequate design documentation
and engineering to verify the required speciﬁcations.
1.3 DOCUMENTATION
The Builder is responsible to supply all relevant information required by Steel Frame Solutions prior to fabrication.
Failure to supply copies of amendments and variations prior to fabrication will result in extra charges and on-site
work.
Steel Frame Solutions will not accept any back charges for extra site work due to the builder’s failure to supply all
relevant amendments or variations.
3
SECTION 1 SCOPE & GENERAL
Upon delivery of our wall frame and truss system, Steel Frame Solutions will provide the following site
documentation;
- Copy of Architectural plans,
- Wall Framing Layout,
- Roof Framing Layout,
- Construction Information Sheet,
- Sundries Sheet,
- Individual Wall Panel Details, (excluding South Australia)
- Job speciﬁc Details.
Steel Frame Solutions can also include Wall and Truss Certiﬁcation along with Wind Bracing Design to the
required Authorities upon request.
1.4 TRANSPORTATION, ON-SITE HANDLING & STORAGE
Transportation is generally organised by Steel Frame Solutions. In the event of customer organised transportation
Steel Frame Solutions are not accountable for any damage to the load after it has left our premises.
Lifting, loading and transportation of steel frames shall be accomplished with sufﬁcient care to prevent damage.
When a crane is used to unload, suitable lifting methods are required to minimise racking loads or local distortion
of members.
Where cranage is required, sling trusses from the top chord panel points and wall frames at plate and stud
connections. Slings should be located at equal distances from the truss or wall centreline and be approximately
one-third to one-half the length apart. The angle between sling legs should be 60 degrees or less and where truss
spans are greater than 9000mm, a spreader bar or strong back should be used. Where a truss exceeds 9000mm,
spreader bars with attachments to web-chord joints should be used.
Refer to Drawing No. 001
NOTE: Never lift trusses by the apex joint alone.
Walls and trusses may also be placed by pulling them up skids spaced 3000mm apart without allowing sag
between supports.
Where a roof design consists of multiple truss types, each truss type should be isolated where possible.
Components such as jack rafters and hip rafters should also be isolated. This simple procedure will eliminate
double handling during erection and also reduce erection time.
NOTE: When manoeuvring any materials by hand take care not to damage components.
Wall frames and trusses should be inspected on arrival to site. Any damaged parts must be reported
immediately to ensure correct rectiﬁcation, not site repaired without prior approval from Steel Frame Solutions.*
* Damage components may effect the structual integrity.
Steel Frame Solutions will not be liable for any site rectiﬁcation if we did not give prior approval.
Steel wall frames, trusses and associated ancillaries must be kept dry and stored clear of the ground to provide
ventilation. They must be covered with a waterproof membrane to prevent water or condensation being
trapped between adjacent surfaces. In the event the bundles or packs become wet the components should be
separated, wiped dry with a clean cloth and placed so that air can circulate freely to complete the drying process.
ADVICE: Some building materials and environmental conditions can be detrimental to coated steel products.
These include contact with, or exposure to runoff from;
• Industrial, agricultural, marine or other aggressive atmospheric conditions,
• Incompatible metals (eg. Lead or copper),
• Building materials subject to cycles of dryness/wetness, or which have excessive moisture
content (such as improperly seasoned timber),
• Materials which have been treated with preservatives (eg. CCA or tanalith-treated timber).
Full list is available at www.bluescopesteel.com
4
SECTION 1 SCOPE & GENERAL
Drawing No. 001
5
SECTION 1 SCOPE & GENERAL
1.5 SAFETY & CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
When erecting a Steel Frame Solutions frame the following safety equipment and tools will be required.
a) Essential Safety Equipment
- Safety glasses
- Hearing protection (when using power tools)
- Earth leakage circuit breaker for power tools
- Protective gloves
- Power lead stands or insulated hooks
b) Power Tools
- Electric screw gun (Tek-Gun)
- 230mm (9”) Angle grinder
- Electric drill/Hammer drill
- Powder actuated nail gun
c) Power Tool Accessories
- 8mm (5/16”) hexagonal socket
- No 2 Phillips head bits
- Extension bar up to 150mm long
- Suitable metal cutting discs
- Metal/Masonry bits
- Masonry anchors
- Powder actuated fasteners (washered pins)
- Heavy duty power leads
d) Hand Tools
- Spirit level
- Double action tin snips
- Step ladder
- Vice grips
- Chalk line
NOTE: The construction of wall frames and trusses must adhere to the relevant safe work practices for general
construction. Safety systems must not modify the wall frames and trusses, or put loads onto wall frames and
trusses unless designed for that purpose.
NOTE: Earth leakage breakers are mandatory on building sites. They should be installed between the power
supply and electrical tools to prevent the risk of electrical shock. Permanent earthing of a completed steel frame
is essential and shall be carried out in accordance with the regulations of the local electrical authority as soon as
is practicable, once the frame is anchored.
6
SECTION 2 WALL FRAME INSTALLATION
2.1 PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION & IDENTIFICATION
Frame erectors must be aware of the following points before constructing Steel Frame Solutions wall frames.
NOTE: Wall frames should be inspected on arrival to site. Any damaged parts should be reported immediately to
ensure correct rectiﬁcation, not site repaired without prior approval from Steel Frame Solutions.
Steel Frame Solutions will not be liable for any site rectiﬁcation if we did not give prior approval.
a) Frame and Slab/Sub-Floor Dimensions MUST be compatible
Measure your slab or ﬂoor platform to ensure the frame will sit comfortably within its dimensions.
This will highlight any discrepancies between the two that must be catered for during set-out.
b) Frame Set-out MUST be as per Correct Plan
Set-out must be made using the Architectural plans to ensure all relevant measurements are transferred to the
slab/sub-ﬂoor.
c) Frames MUST be Installed Right Way Up & Right Way Around
The Steel Frame Solutions wall frame numbering system and Wall Framing Layout will ensure each wall frame is
installed correctly on-site.
d) Site Modiﬁcations MUST be Checked by Steel Frame Solutions
Minor modiﬁcations to wall frames are easily made on-site if required by the client.
However, check with Steel Frame Solutions for any structural implications.
Refer to Section 5.1 On-Site Frame Modiﬁcations
e) Statutory Regulations MUST be Adhered to
Following trades must ensure that all statutory regulations are complied with during the construction process.
WALL FRAME NUMBERING SYSTEM: During the fabrication detailing process the wall frames are numbered
to accurately identify them; this process also incorporates junction numbers which reference back to the Wall
Framing Layout.
Drawing No. 002 illustrates the Steel Frame Solutions numbering system.
IMPORTANT NOTE: To ensure a wall frame is not installed upside down or wrong way around, match the
junction numbers as per the Wall Framing Layout, also all numbers should be maintained the right way up.
Always refer back to the Architectural plans prior to ﬁxing down the wall frames to ensure construction is correct.
7
SECTION 2 WALL FRAME INSTALLATION
Drawing No. 002
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SECTION 2 WALL FRAME INSTALLATION
2.2 ERECTION OF WALL FRAMES
The erection sequence for a steel building frame is generally the same as that for timber framing.
The advantage of the Steel Frame Solutions system is its light weight and rigidity.
Suggested construction sequence as follows.
STEP 1: Study the entire set of Architectural and fabrication plans.
STEP 2: Mark wall frame positions on the ﬂoor with a chalk line as per the Architectural plans. Ensure that the
building perimeter and individual rooms are square by comparing the diagonals. It may be helpful to mark the wall
frame numbers on the slab at their appropriate locations. Also note the external corner of the smallest room, as
this will be the most convenient place to begin construction.
STEP 3: Open the relevant frame packs and identify each panel using the wall frame numbering system and the
Wall Framing Layout. Place the external wall frames around the site near their required positions, ensuring junction
numbers match those of incoming walls. This is to be done in such a way that the wall frames can be pivoted
up when required. The internal wall frames should be stacked inside the slab boundary at the corner diagonally
opposite (furthest away from) the one where erection will commence. Make sure that the frames required ﬁrst are
at the top of the stack; the last at the bottom.
IMPORTANT NOTE: An impermeable membrane should be installed under all perimeter bottom plates ﬁxed
to on ground concrete slabs. The membrane should also extend up the weather side ﬂange of the bottom
plate. This is consistent with good building practices and is a condition of Bluescope Steel’s warranty on house
framing made from TrueCore steel. When a frame is ﬁxed to a suspended ﬂoor, an impermeable membrane is not
required if adequate ventilation is supplied and a minimum distance of 400mm is allowed between the underside
of the ﬂoor framing and existing ground level.
Suitable impervious membranes include:
• Bitustik by Grace Construction Products
• Brushable Hydroseal from Tremco
• Polyethylene and other products speciﬁed in BCA Volume 2, Section 3.3.4.4.
STEP 4: Starting from the previously selected convenient corner, stand the ﬁrst two external wall frames together,
along or parallel with the chalk lines, to form a corner. Be sure to note from the Wall Framing Layout which frame
butts against the other. Square and plumb the two wall frames and connect with two #10-16x16mm hex head tek
screws at each of the following locations: the top plates, noggin line and bottom plates of each frame.
Refer to Drawing No. 003 for common wall junction conﬁgurations.
Some wall frame connections may require additional structural support to form a rigid joint. This is usually
required when on-site modiﬁcations have been made to the frame. Two examples are; where an internal wall
does not butt against the appropriate studs in the external wall after frame modiﬁcation; and where there is an
insufﬁcient structural base for fastening. Any structural modiﬁcation to the frame must be referred to the design
engineer.
Refer to Section 5.1 On-Site Frame Modiﬁcations
STEP 5: The rest of the structure is built out across the ﬂoor from the free-standing corner. Do not erect the
building perimeter before any internal walls, and do not close off a room before every frame is in place. Before
joining wall frames, make sure they are square, plumbed and temporarily secured. Make sure that there is
always sufﬁcient support for the free-standing structure by adding temporary props or bracing as required. This is
particularly necessary for long runs of walls or on windy days. During erection, always check the location of each
bottom plate with respect to the chalk line to ensure that the structure is aligned and square.
STEP 6: Continue erecting adjacent wall frames as per STEP 4 until the entire frame is standing. When every
wall frame has been joined, align the base of the walls with the chalk lines and ensure that all rooms are square
(measure the diagonals again to be certain). The straightness of long walls can be checked with a string line.
9
SECTION 2 WALL FRAME INSTALLATION
Drawing No. 003
STEP 7: When all walls are aligned with the chalk lines, ﬁx to the ﬂoor through the bottom plates with the
appropriate fasteners.
Refer to Section 2.3 Tie-Down Requirements
STEP 8: If a wall frame requires a bulkhead beam or bulkhead frame, install it now as per
Section 2.5 Bulkhead Beam Installation
NOTE: Unlike garage and verandah beams, bulkhead beams must be installed before the frame is plumbed and
braced.
STEP 9: Adjust the alignment and vertical position of the walls by tensioning the strap bracing to rack the walls
square and plumb. This is done by placing a straight edge, with a level, between the top and bottom plate, then
tensioning the bracing on the wall perpendicular. Fine adjustment is achieved by gently tightening or loosening
each tensioner.
Refer to Section 2.4 Strap Bracing & Sheet Bracing
STEP 10: Cut out bottom plates at all door openings, using an angle grinder or tin snips. The cut outs may be
used elsewhere if required for trimmers or noggins.
STEP 11: Once all wall frames have been installed, the frame must be earthed in accordance with local regulations.
2.3 TIE-DOWN REQUIREMENTS
The wind speed for each job is noted on the Wall Framing Layout and is provided by the client prior to detailing.
Steel Frame Solutions designs the tie-down requirements based on the speciﬁc job data and wind speed
classiﬁcation. The frame must be tied down as speciﬁed on your Construction Information sheet provided with
your site documentation.
10
SECTION 2 WALL FRAME INSTALLATION
2.4 STRAP BRACING & SHEET BRACING
Steel strap bracing is ﬁtted in the factory, however there are occasions where additional on-site bracing is required
in the form of strap or sheet bracing. The Wall Framing Layout will show where this additional bracing is required.
a) Factory Fitted Strap Bracing
Adjust the alignment and vertical position of the walls by tensioning the strap bracing to rack the walls square and
plumb. This is done by placing a straight edge, with a level, between the top and bottom plate, and tensioning the
bracing on the wall perpendicular. Fine adjustment is achieved by gently tightening or loosening each tensioner.
One #10-16x16mm tek screw must be ﬁxed at all strap and stud intersections. Where walls are lined or clad, use
wafer head tek screws. On external walls, hex head tek screws are used on brick veneer construction, on the
cavity side of the frame.
b) On-Site Fixing of Additional Strap Bracing
Any additional steel strap bracing must have three #10-16x16mm tek screws to each end of the strap bracing
where the studs meet the plates. Adjust the alignment and vertical position of the walls by tensioning the strap
bracing to rack the walls square and plumb. This is done by placing a straight edge, with a level, between the top
and bottom plate, and tensioning the bracing on the wall perpendicular. Fine adjustment is achieved by gently
tightening or loosening each tensioner.
One #10-16x16mm tek screw must be ﬁxed at all strap and stud intersections. Where walls are lined or clad, use
wafer head tek screws. On external walls, hex head tek screws are used on brick veneer construction, on the
cavity side of the frame.
c) On-Site Fixing of Sheet Bracing
Any extra sheet bracing is to be ﬁxed using #12-14x20mm hex head screws in accordance with Drawing No. 004
Drawing No. 004
11
SECTION 2 WALL FRAME INSTALLATION
d) Two Storey – Upper to Lower Connection
Where the ends of strap or sheet bracing land between joists, blocking must be used for sufﬁcient tie-down
capacity. An additional four #12-14x45mm or Type 17 x 50mm hex head tek screws must be used to ﬁx the
upper ﬂoor down at each end of the bracing panel.
Temporary bracing must be used to align and plumb long walls, and should be removed only after completion of
the roof frame.
It is the builder’s responsibility to ensure the structure and all of its elements are adequately braced, fully
tensioned and maintained in a safe and stable condition during the construction phase. No part of the
structure shall be allowed to be overstressed or over loaded during the construction phase.
2.5 BULKHEAD BEAM INSTALLATION
Bulkhead construction will occasionally require the use of a beam in order to maintain a continuous pitching
perimeter for the roof structure.
STEP 1: Study the entire set of Architectural and fabrication plans.
STEP 2: Locate the relevant beams using the beam numbering system and Wall Framing Layout.
Lay the beams around the site near their required positions.
NOTE: Beams will be the correct length and will not require cutting unless otherwise noted on the drawings.
STEP 3: Lift the beam into position and align with walls. Beams will either sit in allocated ‘check-outs’ in studs or
on structural posts, depending on the designated loads.
Ensure beam is facing the correct way as noted on the individual wall frame sheet.
STEP 4: Determine the bulkhead beam conﬁguration from the Wall Framing Layout.
STEP 5: Screw ﬁx beam using 4 x #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws at each connection for beams up to and
including C-150’s. Screw ﬁx beam using 6 x #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws at each connection for beams
ranging from C-200’s to C-300’s.
Refer to Drawing No. 005 for typical bulkhead beam connections.
Drawing No. 005
12
SECTION 2 WALL FRAME INSTALLATION
2.6 GARAGE, PORCH & VERANDAH BEAM INSTALLATION
The installation of garage, porch and verandah beams require similar processes. Beam to beam connections and
beam to frame, or post connections will be the same regardless of beam usage.
STEP 1: Study the entire set of Architectural and fabrication plans.
STEP 2: Locate the relevant beams using the beam numbering system and the Wall Framing Layout. Lay the
beams around the site near their required positions.
NOTE: Beams will be the correct length and will not require cutting unless otherwise noted on the drawings.
STEP 3: Determine the beam conﬁguration from the Wall Framing Layout and any job speciﬁc details. A beam
will either sit in allocated ‘check-outs’ in studs or on structural posts, depending on the designated loads. Fixings
for beams must be done in accordance with Steel Frame Solutions documentation and details. Ensure beam is
facing the correct way as noted on the individual wall frame sheet.
STEP 4: Fix beams to the posts using the bolts provided, beams will be pre-drilled for post connections. Most
jobs will have temporary posts which can be removed when brickwork is in position and the mortar has hardened.
Refer to Drawing No. 006 for beam to post ﬁxing details.
Drawing No. 006
STEP 5: Screw ﬁx beams together or to wall framing using 6 x #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws at each
connection.
Refer to Drawing No. 006 for post to concrete ﬁxing details.
NOTE: All garages must be temporarily braced during the construction sequence.
Temporary bracing must be used to align and plumb long walls including long beam spans and should be
removed only after completion of the roof frame.
It is the builder’s responsibility to ensure the structure and all of its elements are adequately braced, fully
tensioned and maintained in a safe and stable condition during the construction phase. No part of the
structure shall be allowed to be overstressed or over loaded during the construction phase.
13
SECTION 2 WALL FRAME INSTALLATION
2.7 SHOWER CUT-OUT & BATH INSET CHANNEL
Showers can be either in-situ or recessed. When an in-situ shower has been speciﬁed by the client Steel Frame
Solutions will place the studs in the wall to suit the tap breach and lining requirements.
When a shower is speciﬁed to be inset Steel Frame Solutions will allow a second plate 100mm up from the
bottom plate. The toe on the bottom plate will be cut on-site to allow the shower base to slide under the wall, the
secondary plate will then form the trimmer for ﬁxing the lining.
Refer to Drawing No. 007a for shower cut-out details.
When a bath frame is speciﬁed to be inset into a wall frame Steel Frame Solutions will supply Bath inset channel.
Bath inset channel must be ﬁtted on-site as it is classed as a structural member and strengthens the studs when
they have been notched.
Refer to Drawing No. 007b for bath inset channel details.
Bath Hobs will be supplied accordingly and are ﬁxed together following the same principles as noted under
Section 2.2 Erection of Wall Frames.
Drawing No. 007a
Drawing No. 007b
14
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
3.1 GENERAL & DESIGN
Steel Frame Solutions roof trusses have been manufactured to engineering standards. To ensure that the
trusses perform, as designed, it is essential that they be handled, erected and braced correctly. The following
recommendations apply to roof trusses on standard domestic and light commercial buildings.
The trusses are designed for normal roof, ceiling and wind loads to suit speciﬁc jobs and conditions. Additional
loading such as Solar Units, Hot Water Tanks, Air Conditioning, etc. require special consideration. Advice should
be sought from Steel Frame Solutions prior to commencing construction.
Wind load is an important factor in the design and performance of roof trusses. Ensure that you have correctly
advised Steel Frame Solutions with regard to wind load requirements and that adequate provision has been made
to ﬁx trusses to support structure to withstand wind uplift forces.
3.2 PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION & TRUSS IDENTIFICATION
Frame erectors must be aware of the following points before constructing Steel Frame Solutions roof trusses.
The wall frames must be fully braced, plumb and fully tied down before the erection of trusses has commenced.
NOTE: Roof trusses must be inspected on arrival to site. Any damaged parts must be reported immediately to
ensure correct rectiﬁcation, not site repaired without prior approval from Steel Frame Solutions.
Steel Frame Solutions will not be liable for any site rectiﬁcation if we did not give prior approval.
NOTE: The builder is responsible for the supply of all relevant information required for the truss design, to Steel
Frame Solutions at the time the trusses are ordered.
a) Frame/Supporting Structure Dimensions MUST be compatible
Measure your wall frame/supporting structure to ensure the roof trusses will ﬁt comfortably. This will highlight any
discrepancies between the two that must be catered for during truss set-out. A structure that is not level and is
out of square will result in an ugly and unsatisfactory roof line.
Time is well spent to ensure the following;
1) The load bearing top plates are level,
2) The structure is the correct dimensions,
3) The top plates as well as being level are straight over the length of the building,
4) Care must be taken to ensure that the supporting structure is adequately braced and stable
within its own right.
15
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
b) Roof Truss Set-out MUST be as per Correct Plan
Roof truss set-out must be made using the Roof Framing Layout to ensure all relevant measurements are
transferred to the frame/supporting structure.
c) Trusses MUST be Installed the Right Way Around
The Steel Frame Solutions roof truss numbering system and Roof Framing Layout will ensure each roof truss is
installed correctly on-site.
d) Site Modiﬁcations MUST be Checked by Steel Frame Solutions
Minor modiﬁcations to roof trusses are easily made on-site if required by the client. However, check with Steel
Frame Solutions for any structural implications.
Refer to Section 5.1 On-Site Frame Modiﬁcations
e) Statutory Regulations MUST be Adhered to
Following trades must ensure that all statutory regulations are complied with during the construction process.
NOTE: The construction of roof trusses must adhere to the relevant safe work practices for general construction
of roofs. This will require that barriers or safety systems be installed at the appropriate time. These systems must
not modify the trusses, or put loads on trusses unless designed for that purpose.
NOTE: If internal walls are required for support, the Wall & Roof Framing Layouts will be marked accordingly, and
this intention is very clear. The supporting structure, including footings, etc., must be checked by the builder to
ensure allowance has been made for these loads.
ROOF TRUSS COMPONENTS: Drawing No. 008 illustrates the deﬁnition of terms for the various roof truss
components.
Drawing No. 008
ROOF TRUSS IDENTIFICATION: Drawings No. 009 & No. 010 illustrate the deﬁnition of terms for the various
types of roof trusses.
ROOF TRUSS NUMBERING SYSTEM: During the fabrication detailing process the roof trusses are numbered to
accurately identify them, this process incorporates numbers which reference back to the Roof Framing Layout.
3.3 ROOF TRUSS SET-OUT
Prior to lifting any trusses into place, it is often convenient to mark out the truss locations on the top wall plate,
using the supplied Roof Framing Layout for reference.
NOTE: The truss design spacing must not be exceeded.
Girder and truncated trusses should be set-out ﬁrst as they have speciﬁc, ﬁxed locations. Dual purpose trusses
such as truncated girders need special attention as they may appear similar in proﬁle to other trusses which must
not be used accidentally instead.
Standard trusses must then be set-out, taking care not to exceed the design spacing. Generally they would be
evenly set-out over runs of similar trusses. But it is also acceptable to space them at the design spacing and
have a closing gap smaller than this – adjacent to a more heavily loaded truss, if possible.
NOTE: While erecting roof, trusses must be ﬁxed plumb and straight. After ﬁxing, if a bow or tilt is evident, the
trusses have not been installed correctly. In this case, the problem must be rectiﬁed immediately.
16
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
Drawing No. 009
17
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
Drawing No. 010
18
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
3.4 GABLE END CONSTRUCTION
The following recommendations are guidelines only, as the details are the responsibility of the roof truss erectors.
Scope: - Up to N3 wind speed
- Sheet and tile rooﬁng
Fasteners: - #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws
STEP 1: Study the entire set of Architectural and fabrication drawings.
STEP 2: Mark out truss positions on the top plate as per the Roof Framing Layout.
Refer to Section 3.3 Roof Truss Set-Out.
STEP 3: Begin by installing the gable end truss. Position it so as the battened face is in-line with the external face
of the wall frame.
STEP 4: When the gable truss is in position, ﬁx two #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws through the ﬁxing bracket
at each heel connection into the side of the top plates.
STEP 5: Temporarily brace the gable truss plumb and straight.
STEP 6: Install the next truss in its set-out position as in Steps 4 and 5 and temporarily brace the truss at or near
the apex.
Refer to Drawing No. 011
STEP 7: Continue positioning trusses as per the procedures in, Section 3.9 Common Roof Block Construction.
STEP 8: For gable overhangs up to 300mm on tile rooﬁng and 450mm on sheet rooﬁng use gable outriggers.
Install gable outriggers by positioning the ﬁrst three as follows; one in the drop off area, one at the heel of the truss
and one as close to the apex as possible.
Refer to Drawing No. 011
Fix the outriggers with two #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws, one through each tag of the outrigger into the top
chord of the gable truss.
NOTE: Spacing of gable outriggers is to suit the roof batten spacing requirements. Ensure the roof battens run
over the top of the outrigger and are ﬁxed accordingly to provide extra support.
STEP 9: Additional support is necessary for all gable overhangs when the overhang is greater than 300mm on
tile rooﬁng and 450mm on sheet rooﬁng. This is achieved by using gable overhang bars in-lieu of outriggers.
Overhang bars are ﬁxed in the same positions as outriggers, one in the drop off area, one at the heel of the truss
and one as close to the apex as possible.
Overhang bars are ﬁxed to the gable truss and to the second truss using #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws. On
sheet roof construction the roof battens will be ﬁxed directly over the top of the overhang bars.
Refer to Drawing No. 011 for details on outriggers and overhang bars.
NOTE: Spacing of gable overhang bars is to suit the roof batten spacing requirement.
19
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
Drawing No. 011
20
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
3.5 HIP END CONSTRUCTION
The following recommendations are guidelines only, as the details are the responsibility of the roof truss erectors.
Scope: - Up to N3 wind speed
- Sheet and tile rooﬁng
Fasteners: - #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws
STEP 1: Study the entire set of Architectural and fabrication drawings.
STEP 2: Mark out truss positions on the top plate as per the Roof Framing Layout.
Refer to Section 3.3 Roof Truss Set-Out.
STEP 3: Lift trusses into position, ensuring the webs of the trusses face the hip end wall.
STEP 4: Stand the ﬁrst station truncated truss in its set-out position and, ﬁx two #12-14x20mm hex head tek
screws through the ﬁxing bracket at each heel connection into the side of the top plates.
STEP 5: Temporarily brace the truss plumb and straight.
STEP 6: Repeat Steps 3 and 4 when installing the second, third and fourth station truncated trusses and
temporarily brace.
NOTE: The standard set-out for the ﬁrst four truncated trusses can be found on the Roof Framing Layout.
STEP 7: Continue positioning trusses as per the procedures in, Section 3.9 Common Roof Block Construction.
STEP 8: Install the crown end rafter by lining up the ﬁxing bracket with the outside of the top plate at the centre
of the hip end wall. Screw through the ﬁxing bracket with two #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws. Keeping
the crown end rafter square to the hip end wall, screw it to the top chord of each truncated truss with one #1214x20mm at each intersection. Ensure the top chords of all truncated trusses are straight and plumb.
STEP 9: Prior to ﬁxing all jack rafters it is recommended to construct the external corner of the roof. To form the
roof structure at the eave line, and to assist in the ﬁtting of the fascia use the Steel Frame Solutions hip corner.
The hip corner ﬁxes to the top plates at external corners with two #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws and to the
top of the ﬁrst truncated truss as per a standard jack rafter.
Refer to Drawing No. 012 for hip corner construction information.
STEP 10: Mark out the positions of the jack rafters on the hip end wall, ensure the design spacing is maintained.
Fix the jack rafters to the hip end wall by lining up the ﬁxing bracket with the outside of the top plate. Screw
through the ﬁxing bracket with two #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws. Keeping the jack rafter square to the hip
end wall, screw it to the top chord of each truncated truss with one #12-14x20mm at each intersection. Ensure
the top chords of all truncated trusses are straight and plumb.
Continue to install all jack rafters until the hip end is complete.
Refer to Drawing No. 012
STEP 11: For sheet rooﬁng ﬁx a Topspan 40 roof batten each side of the line formed from the intersection of the
jack rafters and the chords of the truncated trusses to ﬁnish the hip roof line. Use two #12-14x20mm hex head
tek screws at each intersection.
For tile rooﬁng use the hip rafter section and ﬁx it directly to the intersection of the jack rafters and the chords of
the truncated trusses. Use two #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws at each intersection.
21
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
Drawing No. 012
22
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
3.6 DUTCH GABLE CONSTRUCTION
The following recommendations are guidelines only, as the details are the responsibility of the roof truss erectors.
Scope: - Up to N3 wind speed
- Sheet and tile rooﬁng
Fasteners: - #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws
STEP 1: Study the entire set of Architectural and fabrication drawings.
STEP 2: Mark out truss positions on the top plate as per the Roof Framing Layout.
Refer to Section 3.3 Roof Truss Set-Out
NOTE: Dutch gable truss set-back can be found on the Architectural plans or Roof Framing Layout.
STEP 3: Lift trusses into position, ensuring the webs of the trusses face the hip end wall.
STEP 4: Stand the ﬁrst station truncated truss in its set-out position and, ﬁx two #12-14x20mm hex head tek
screws through the ﬁxing bracket at each heel connection into the side of the top plates.
STEP 5: Temporarily brace the truss plumb and straight.
Refer to Section 3.5 Hip End Construction for truncated truss construction
STEP 6: Repeat Steps 3 and 4 when installing additional truncated trusses until the dutch gable truss is reached.
Temporarily brace the trusses plumb and straight.
STEP 7: Install the dutch gable truss as per Steps 3 and 4 ensuring the battened face of the truss faces the hip
end wall to allow for ﬁxing of cladding.
Refer to Section 3.4 Gable end Construction, Step 8 & Step 9 for gable overhang set-up.
STEP 8: Install the crown end rafter by lining up the ﬁxing bracket with the outside of the top plate at the centre
of the hip end wall. Screw through the ﬁxing bracket with two #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws. Keeping the
crown end rafter square to the hip end wall, screw it to the top of the mid-rail on the dutch gable truss and each
top chord of the truncated trusses with one #12-14x20mm at each intersection. Ensure the top chords of all
truncated trusses are straight and plumb.
STEP 9: Prior to ﬁxing all jack rafters it is recommended to construct the external corner of the roof. To form the
roof structure at the eave line, and to assist in the ﬁtting of the fascia use the Steel Frame Solutions hip corner.
The hip corner ﬁxes to the top plates at external corners with two #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws and to the
top of the ﬁrst truncated truss as per a standard jack rafter.
Refer to Drawing No. 013
STEP 10: Mark out the positions of the jack rafters on the hip end wall, ensure the design spacing is maintained.
Fix the jack rafters to the hip end wall by lining up the ﬁxing bracket with the outside of the top plate. Screw
through the ﬁxing bracket with two #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws. Keeping the jack rafter square to the hip
end wall, screw it to the mid-rail on the dutch gable truss and each top chord of the truncated trusses with one
#12-14x20mm at each intersection. Ensure the top chords of all truncated trusses are straight and plumb.
Continue to install all jack rafters until the hip end is complete.
Refer to Drawing No. 013
23
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
Drawing No. 013
STEP 11: For sheet rooﬁng ﬁx a Topspan 40 roof batten each side of the line formed from the intersection of the
jack rafters and the chords of the truncated trusses to ﬁnish the hip roof line. Use two #12-14x20mm hex head
tek screws at each intersection.
For tile rooﬁng use the hip rafter section and ﬁx it directly to the intersection of the jack rafters and the chords of
the truncated trusses. Use two #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws at each intersection.
NOTE: IF a dutch gable is formed out of saddle trusses, ensure the largest saddle truss is turned around so the
battened face of the truss faces outwards. This allows for adequate ﬁxing of cladding materials.
For standard saddle truss positioning and ﬁxing Refer to Section 3.10 Saddle Truss Construction.
24
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
3.7 TURRET TRUSS CONSTRUCTION
The following recommendations are guidelines only, as the details are the responsibility of the roof truss erectors.
Scope: - Up to N3 wind speed
- Sheet and tile rooﬁng
Fasteners: - #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws
STEP 1: Study the entire set of Architectural and fabrication drawings.
STEP 2: Mark out truss positions on the top plate as per the Roof Framing Layout.
Refer to Section 3.3 Roof Truss Set-Out.
STEP 3: Place the turret truss as per the Roof Framing Layout with the barrel section facing the incoming half
trusses.
STEP 4: Fix the turret truss to the top plate with two #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws through the ﬁxing
bracket at each heel connection into the side of the top plates.
STEP 5: Temporarily brace the turret truss plumb and straight.
STEP 6: Fix incoming half trusses to the turret truss with two #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws through the top
and bottom of the barrel section into the upright chord of the half trusses.
Refer to Drawing No. 014
Drawing No. 014
25
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
3.8 GIRDER TRUSSES INSTALLATION
The following recommendations are guidelines only, as the details are the responsibility of the roof truss erectors.
Scope: - Up to N3 wind speed
- Sheet and tile rooﬁng
Fasteners: - #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws
STEP 1: Study the entire set of Architectural and fabrication drawings.
STEP 2: Mark out truss positions on the top plate as per the Roof Framing Layout.
Refer to Section 3.3 Roof Truss Set-Out.
STEP 3: Place the girder truss as per the Roof Framing Layout with the angle lintel seat facing the incoming
bridge trusses.
STEP 4: Fix the girder truss to the top plate with two #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws through the ﬁxing
bracket at each heel connection into the side of the top plates.
STEP 5: Permanently brace the girder truss. This is necessary because the girder truss can not be allowed to roll
over under load.
STEP 6: Fix incoming bridge trusses to the girder truss with two #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws through the
trim angle bracket at the end of the bridge truss, into the angle lintel seat on the bottom chord of the girder truss.
Refer to Drawing No. 015
Drawing No. 015
26
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
3.9 COMMON ROOF BLOCK CONSTRUCTION
The following recommendations are guidelines only, as the details are the responsibility of the roof truss erectors.
Scope: - Up to N3 wind speed
- Sheet and tile rooﬁng
Fasteners: - #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws
STEP 1: Study the entire set of Architectural and fabrication drawings.
STEP 2: Mark out truss positions on the top plate as per the Roof Framing Layout.
Refer to Section 3.3 Roof Truss Set-Out.
STEP 3: Install remaining trusses in their set-out positions and secure using two #12-14x20mm hex head tek
screws through the ﬁxing bracket at each heel connection into the side of the top plates. Temporarily brace as
close as possible to the apex of each truss to plumb and straighten.
NOTE: To keep trusses in-line, simply maintain a straight line at the apex of all trusses this can be done using a
string line. Alternatively, run a string line along a common point on the trusses.
NOTE: When all trusses are erected, install wind bracing as speciﬁed in Section 3.12 Roof Bracing Requirements
3.10 SADDLE TRUSS CONSTRUCTION
The following recommendations are guidelines only, as the details are the responsibility of the roof truss erectors.
Scope: - Up to N3 wind speed
- Sheet and tile rooﬁng
Fasteners: - #12-14x20mm hex head tek screws
STEP 1: Study the entire set of Architectural and fabrication drawings.
STEP 2: Fix a string line along the ridge line of your roof and down the valley lines to aid in the positioning of
saddle trusses.
STEP 3: Position the largest saddle truss keeping it parallel to the edge of the main roof. With the open face of the
bottom chord facing down the slope and the webs facing up the slope, adjust the truss positions so that the long
points of the foot cut line up with the valley string lines.
STEP 4: When the saddle truss is standing plumb, the apex line should line up with the apex string line.
STEP 5: Fix the bottom chord of the saddle trusses to the top chord of the underlying truss with two #1214x20mm hex head tek screws at each intersection.
STEP 6: Repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 for subsequent saddle trusses until the saddle block is complete.
STEP 7: Temporarily brace the apex of the saddle trusses.
NOTE: The smallest saddle truss will require a trimmer to be installed below it for extra support.
27
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
3.11 CEILING BATTENS, PLASTER ANGLES & HITCH BRACKETS
Steel Frame Solutions speciﬁes that the ceiling battens must be ﬁtted immediately after the roof trusses have
been installed. By ﬁxing the ceiling battens at this stage the roof trusses will be laterally restrained without the
need of bottom chord ties.
STEP 1: When all trusses are erected, install ceiling battens to the underside of the bottom chords. Ceiling battens
can be spaced at 600mm centres or 450mm centres depending on the type of plasterboard that will be used for
the ceiling (check the speciﬁcations).
NOTE: Steel Frame Solutions supply ceiling battens to suit 450mm centres unless speciﬁed.
STEP 2: Fix the ceiling battens with two #10-16x16mm hex head tek screws, one into each ﬂange of the batten
into the bottom chord of the truss.
STEP 3: Plaster angle must be used at the intersection of the ceiling batten/load bearing wall junction to support
the ends of the ceiling battens.
Refer to Drawing No. 016
STEP 4: When all trusses and ceiling battens are complete, install internal wall (hitch) brackets. Hitch brackets are
designed to provide lateral support to internal walls whilst allowing vertical movement of the roof structure.
Any vertical movement of the roof structure will cause the bracket to bend at the ﬂexible joint. This allows the
hitch bracket to be rigidly ﬁxed to both the truss chord or ceiling batten and the top wall plate.
Hitch brackets must be ﬁxed at a maximum of 1200mm centres. Hook the hitch brackets over the top of the
ceiling battens and clip it back into position.
STEP 5: Fix one #10-16x16mm hex head tek screw down through the top of the bracket and into the top of the
ceiling batten to stop the bracket sliding.
STEP 6: Bend the bracket down to the top plate of the internal wall and ﬁx two #10-16x16mm hex head tek
screws through the foot of the bracket into the top plate.
Refer to Drawing No. 017
STEP 7: Install hitch brackets to the bottom chord of trusses at a maximum of 1200mm centres. Fix two #1016x16mm hex head tek screws into the side of the ﬂat face of the bottom chord.
STEP 8: Now ﬁx two #10-16x16mm hex head tek screws through the foot of the bracket into the top plate.
Refer to Drawing No. 017
28
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
Drawing No. 016
29
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
Drawing No. 017
30
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
3.12 ROOF BRACING REQUIREMENTS
The permitted form of roof bracing for the Steel Frame Solutions roof system is standard speed bracing or hoop
iron bracing as used in timber construction. For a tile roof, bracing provides roof stability during construction and
on completion. For sheet roof, bracing will only stabilise the roof during construction as the roof sheeting may
be considered as permanent bracing upon completion. The number of braced roof panels depends on the truss
span, roof length and roof pitch. Bracing is generally not required for a hip area due to the use of the hip rafter for
tiled rooﬁng and the use of a double roof batten on sheet rooﬁng.
Brace ﬁxing must be conducted according to the appropriate construction requirements within the Australian
Standards.
NOTE: The gable roof (standard truss) area should be braced using its corresponding length.
Refer to Drawing No. 018 for roof brace usage and ﬁxing details.
Drawing No. 018
31
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
Refer to Drawing No. 019 for standard bracing patterns based on roof span.
Drawing No. 019
NOTE: All cut-off trusses with vertical end webs not intersecting another truss will need end web bracing similar
to the top chord bracing. Diagonal bracing from the top chord to the supporting structure should be provided at
each end of each run of trusses.
32
SECTION 3 ROOF TRUSS INSTALLATION
3.13 ROOF BATTENS & SPACINGS
Steel Frame Solutions supply the roof battens for sheet rooﬁng, however the tile supplier will generally supply and
ﬁx the battens for tile rooﬁng.
The bracing of top chords is achieved via the overlying roof battens. Not more than one third of the battens should
be spliced at a single truss, nor should any two splices be adjacent at the same truss.
NOTE: Areas in the vicinity of the ends of gable roofs must be as free of splices as is practical.
STEP 1: Roof batten spacing is calculated on the sheet proﬁle and length. The number of supports per sheet are
usually deﬁned in sheet manufacturer’s tables. Steel Frame Solutions recommend a standard sheet roof batten
spacing of 900mm centres.
STEP 2: Fix roof battens to trusses using #10-16x16mm hex head tek screws, to both batten ﬂanges at each truss.
NOTE: For sheet rooﬁng ﬁx a Topspan 40 roof batten each side of the line formed from the intersection of the
jack rafters and the chords of the truncated trusses to ﬁnish the hip roof line. Use two #12-14x20mm hex head tek
screws at each intersection.
3.14 VALLEY TRAY, VALLEY BOARDS & FASCIA
Steel Frame Solutions recommends and supplies valley tray when sheet rooﬁng is speciﬁed and valley boards
when tile rooﬁng is speciﬁed.
Valley Tray
Valley tray provides a quick, reliable method of constructing a valley on steel framed roofs. It provides a safe,
secure platform for ﬁxing battens during roof construction. Valley tray is a custom cut sheet of Spandek HI-TEN
roof sheeting that is ﬁtted, cut and ﬁxed on-site at the valley lines. It is only used to support a valley gutter in sheet
roof construction when Topspan 40 roof battens are used. Fix valley tray to roof trusses using one #10-16x16mm
wafer head tek screw at each intersection.
Valley Boards
Valley boards provide a quick, reliable method of constructing a valley on steel framed roofs. It provides a safe,
secure platform for ﬁxing battens during roof construction. Valley boards are 190mm x 38mm pine and they are
ﬁtted, cut and ﬁxed on-site at the valley lines. Valley boards are only used to support a valley gutter in tile roof
construction. Fix valley boards to roof trusses using one #10-24x60mm countersinking (CSK) head tek screw at
each intersection.
Fascia
Fascia is ﬁtted to the brackets according to the manufacturer’s speciﬁcations. Generally the fascia brackets are
ﬁxed to the truss overhang (top chord) using two #10-16x16mm hex head tek screws.
To ensure a straight gutter line, install the two end fascia brackets ﬁrst, then extend a string line between the two
end brackets and ﬁx intermediate brackets to the string line. On long runs, install a central bracket to prevent the
string from sagging. Install the fascia to the brackets, with corners and joints as required.
33
SECTION 4 PREPARING FOR FIT-OUT
4.1 INSTALLATION OF SERVICES
The installation of plumbing and electrical services is greatly simpliﬁed using pre-fabricated wall frames with prepunched service holes. Steel Frame Solutions supply different grommets for plumbing and electrical services and
must to be installed where required by the appropriate tradesperson.
Split-ring grommets can be ﬁtted over piping or cable work into the service hole. Generally, electrical grommets
are installed before wiring to protect cables from the sharp edges of the service hole, and plumbing grommets
are installed after piping to prevent heat damage to the nylon component. Grommets prevent noise from water
hammer and isolate copper pipes from the steel frame. When using plastic pipes use electrical grommets.
Plumbing Services
In steel framing plumbing and gas service pipes are generally installed by passing them through the service holes.
In brick veneer construction the pipes often run within the wall cavity. Piping within the cavity must have a 25mm
clearance between it and the inside face of the brick veneer walling.
Where the pipe work is located outside the frame line, and supported by it, an inert saddle clamp is to be used on
unlagged pipe work. Lagged pipe work may be secured with standard metal saddle clamps of a material that will
not cause or be propagator of galvanic corrosion.
It is important to note that cold water lines can become cold enough for condensation to form, this condensation
can cause corrosion.
Copper and copper alloy pipes and ﬁttings must not come into contact with materials that will cause galvanic
corrosion. Pipes and ﬁttings must be kept separated from the steel framing by the insertion or addition of an inert
material such as plastic or rubber. This includes the installation of ﬁttings onto steel noggins.
CAUTION: CCA treated timbers are corrosive to steel. Do not ﬁx in direct contact with steel frames.
The use of oxyacetylene requires care so as not to deform and strip coating from steel framework.
Electrical Services
Electrical cables are generally installed in steel frames by passing them through the pre-punched service holes in
standard studs and plates. To prevent damage to insulation, electrical grommets must ﬁrst be inserted in service
holes to be used for cabling. In brick veneer construction the cables may be run within the wall cavity. Where the
cable work is located outside the frame line and supported by it, a cable clip may be used. Metal cable clips must
be made of a material that will not cause or be the propagator of galvanic corrosion. Alternatively, cables can be
held against studs, wall plates or truss chords by plastic cable ties.
Power point and switch brackets are attached to the studs with two #10-16x16mm wafer head tek screws.
Communication Services
Communication cables are installed in the same manner as electrical cables. Care should be taken to ensure that
the cabling is not draped over or passed through areas that may have sharp edges.
NOTE: Steel frames must be permanently earthed in accordance with the local electricity supply authority
requirements.
For information regarding site modiﬁcation for services refer to Section 5.1 On-Site Frame Modiﬁcation
34
SECTION 4 PREPARING FOR FIT-OUT
4.2 EXTERNAL DOORS & WINDOWS
Installation of external doors and windows in a Steel Frame Solutions frame is basically done the same way as
for timber construction. External doors and window frames should be installed in openings using packers.This
allows the frames to be squared and plumbed as required. Attach frames to single studs with #6-20x50mm CSK
head tek screws.
Refer to Drawing No. 020
Drawing No. 020
It is common practice that frame erectors install external windows, sliding doors, and door jambs in position.
NOTE: Windows may require adjusting after brickwork is in position.
35
SECTION 4 PREPARING FOR FIT-OUT
4.3 BRICK TIES & DAMP PROOF COURSE
Masonry or brick veneer cladding is laid as a single-leaf skin independent of the wall frame but tied laterally to it.
It is set on reinforced concrete slabs or footings, depending on the type of ﬂoor construction. An appearance of
masonry construction is made, however the building relies on the Steel Frame Solutions wall framing for its strength.
Brick ties are used to secure a non load-bearing brick veneer to a load-bearing frame. Install brick ties as per AS
3700 SAA Masonry Code, generally this is at every fourth course, to every stud at the sides of openings and every
second stud in the main body of the brickwork.
Damp prooﬁng or ﬂashing is a strip or sleeve of impervious material dressed and ﬁtted to provide a barrier to moisture
movement. Flashing material extends from the bottom of a wall frame into the cavity and is built into the brickwork.
Damp prooﬁng and ﬂashing is ﬁxed to steel studs using #10-16x16mm hex head tek screws. The damp proof
course (DPC) at ﬂoor level and ﬂashing around openings is then built into the masonry or brick veneer.
Refer to Drawing No. 021 for brick tie, ﬁxing procedure and DPC procedures.
Drawing No. 021
NOTE: Lead damp proof coursing and lead ﬂashing must not be used with Zincalume steel products. Aluminium
core and polyethylene ﬂashing and DPC are the recommended materials.
NOTE: All mortar droppings should be removed from the cavity, brick ties, damp prooﬁng and ﬂashing. All metal
surfaces must be protected during any acid wash cleaning of brickwork. Water containing acidic salts for high
pressure water jet cleaning must not be used. The protective Zincalume coating of steel framing will be etched
away by contact with any acidic solution.
Failure to comply will negate the structural design warranties of the framing system.
36
SECTION 4 PREPARING FOR FIT-OUT
4.4 EXTERNAL CLADDINGS
Steel Frame Solutions building frame construction is suited to most external cladding materials. Cladding boards
and sheets are normally laid horizontally and are ﬁxed directly to the studs. Where vertically laid cladding is to be
installed, wall plate blocking pieces are to be screw fastened to the studs at centres speciﬁed by the cladding
manufacturer.
Fibre cement and hardboard planks can be ﬁxed to the frame system with #8-16x35mm CSK head tek screws.
Fibre cement and hardboard sheets can be ﬁxed to the frame system with #8-16x20mm CSK head tek screws.
Steel cladding proﬁles must be ﬁxed in accordance with the manufacturer’s speciﬁcations. Brackets and clips
where required should be ﬁxed using #10-16x16mm hex head tek screws or #10-16x16mm wafer head tek
screws where the fastener head fouls the panel.
NOTE: Any CCA treated claddings must not come in direct contact with the steel frames because of corrosion
problems. Isolate such claddings with an approved building membrane.
Weatherboard Example
STEP 1: Fix ﬂashing at external and internal corners, heads, sills and the sides of openings as required. Fix a strip
of cover moulding or 45mm x 9mm timber around the bottom edge of the building, to pack out the ﬁrst plank.
STEP 2: Fix a string line around the building to establish the top of the ﬁrst plank. Starting from an external corner,
ﬁx the ﬁrst plank at each stud, ﬂush to the corner and the string line.
STEP 3: Fix a joiner to the free end of the plank and continue to ﬁx the bottom row of planks ﬁtting joiners as
required.
STEP 4: Internal corners of planks are normally butted to a timber stop. Pre-formed metal or plastic external
corners are normally ﬁlled with a recommended adhesive and pushed in position.
STEP 5: Measure the wall height, then calculate the board overlap and number of boards to cover the wall. Taking
into account the lap required, fabricate two lap gauges from timber and tack to the ﬁrst plank, to enable the
second plank to be accurately aligned.
STEP 6: Starting from an external corner, start with an off cut plank to stagger the joints and ﬁx in position. Fix
joiner in position, move lap gauges to the second plank position and ﬁt the following plank. Finish the course in
the same manner, ﬁxing corners as required. Follow this method for remaining courses.
Sheetboard Example
STEP 1: Fix ﬂashing at external and internal corners, heads, sills and the sides of openings as required. Set a
string line along the bottom edge to ensure correct alignment of sheets. Starting from a corner, position the ﬁrst
sheet, align correctly and ﬁx in position using #8-16x20mm CSK head tek screws.
STEP 2: Screw heads should ﬁnish 1/4mm below the sheet surface, so that the holes may be ﬁlled and sanded
ﬂush if required. They should not be over tightened, as damage to sheet may occur.
STEP 3: Fix vertical and horizontal joints and all corners to manufacturer’s speciﬁcations.
NOTE: When ﬁxing external linings to studs, screws must be ﬁxed as close as possible to the web side of the
studs to ensure the screws will engage correctly.
37
SECTION 4 PREPARING FOR FIT-OUT
4.5 PLASTERBOARD WALL & CEILING LININGS
It is important that wall surfaces to be lined are free of protrusions including hex head tek screws (wafer head
screws are recommended). Where plumbing components protrude or where access is required to power point or
switch brackets, holes should be made in the lining prior to installation. It is helpful to mark stud positions on the
ﬂoor prior to lining.
Plasterboard Wall Linings
Plasterboard wall lining is attached to steel frames by an adhesive and #6-20x25mm bugle head, drill point
screws which seat in the lining without damaging the surface. Make sure that the adhesive used is recommended
by the manufacturer, and that the adhesive ‘walnuts’ are spaced at least 200mm from the fastening points.
Adhesive should not be placed where screws are, or at butt joints or corners.
The lining sheets must be laid horizontally, with the recessed edge running perpendicularly to the studs.
Fix the bottom lining sheets ﬁrst allowing a minimum gap of 5mm–10mm between the bottom edge and the
ﬂoor. Press the sheet ﬁrmly against the studs and fasten along the top recessed edge at every stud. Then fasten
along the bottom recessed edge at every stud and along the centreline of the sheet at every second stud. Finally,
attach the ends of the sheet at butt joints and internal or external corners at centres recommended by the lining
manufacturer. Fix around openings as recommended by the lining manufacturer.
Refer to installation manuals from lining manufacturers for more comprehensive installation details.
Plasterboard Ceiling Linings
Plasterboard ceiling lining is attached to steel ceiling battens by an adhesive and #6-18x30mm bugle head,
needle point screws which seat in the lining without damaging the surface. Make sure that the adhesive used
is recommended by the manufacturer, and that the adhesive ‘walnuts’ are spaced at least 200mm from the
fastening points. Adhesive should not be placed where screws are, or at butt joints.
Apply ceiling sheets with recessed edges at right angles to the ceiling battens. Press the sheet ﬁrmly against the
ceiling battens and fasten one recessed edge of the sheet to the batten, then along the centre of the sheet, ﬁxing
one screw at each batten. Butt join sheets to manufacturer’s speciﬁcations and screw ﬁx the ends of the sheets
around openings as required.
Refer to installation manuals from lining manufacturers for more comprehensive installation details.
4.6 INTERNAL DOOR JAMBS, ARCHITRAVES & SKIRTING BOARDS
Installation of internal door jambs, architraves and skirting boards in a Steel Frame Solutions frame is basically
done the same way as for timber construction. Internal door jambs should be installed in openings using
packers. This allows the frames to be squared and plumbed as required.
Internal door jambs
Internal door jambs are to be ﬁxed to steel jamb studs using #6-20x50mm CSK head tek screws.
Architraves
Architraves are to be ﬁxed to steel jamb studs using #6-20x50mm CSK head tek screws. The architraves are to
be nailed to the door jamb or window reveals as per timber construction.
Skirting Boards
Skirting boards are recommended to be screwed to steel framing using #6-20x50mm CSK head tek screws.
When using wide skirting it is recommended to use Masonite packers behind the bottom edge of the skirting
board, this will ensure a tight ﬁt against the wall lining at the top of the skirting board.
Refer to previous Drawing No. 020 in Section 4.2
38
SECTION 5 GENERAL INFORMATION
5.1 ON-SITE FRAME MODIFICATIONS
On-site modiﬁcations to frames are sometimes necessary due to both fabricating errors, ﬂoor construction
variation and customer speciﬁed variations. Generally this will involve extending or shortening individual wall
panels by splicing or cutting the plates, then connecting using suitable screws. Particular attention is drawn to
the structural adequacy of the modiﬁcation. Advice must be sought from Steel Frame Solutions where structural
integrity may be impaired.
Failure to comply will negate the structural design warranties of the framing system.
The installation of services should not require any frame modiﬁcations. Care must be taken to ensure the
installation of services does not affect the structural integrity of the building. The framing must not be notched,
drilled or pierced in any way other than that shown in this manual or within the documentation in the form of
speciﬁcations and drawings provided for the project.
Where additional holes are required, they must be cleanly punched or drilled on the centreline of the web of the
steel member. Under no circumstances shall the ﬂanges of any structural member be cut away to allow services
to pass, nor may holes be cut with an oxy-torch, chisel or similar implement.
Failure to comply will negate the structural design warranties of the framing system.
39
SECTION 5 GENERAL INFORMATION
5.2 FASTENING DESCRIPTIONS
Refer to the following Fastening description and uses for all screws required for erecting and ﬁnishing a Steel
Frame Solutions frame system.
Point Type
For fastening through steel up to 0.8mm thick an s-point or needle point is best. These have a sharp point with a
ﬂat side that partly extrudes the metal around the hole as they drill and increase the grip of the screw.
For fastenings through steel from 1.0mm up to 5.0mm thick a drill point is used because it acts like a twist drill.
For drilling through metal up to 1.2mm thick and into timber a screw point is used. The screw point is a large blunt
s-point which has been hardened.
For drilling through thick steel up to 12.5mm thick an enlarged drill point is best while wing cutters are used to ﬁx
thick sheets to steel. The wings cut a wider hole through the sheet material then break off when they come into
contact with the steel.
Thread Types
There are two types of threads:
• Course
• Fine
Course thread screws are used for ﬁxing through or into thin metals up to 2.5mm thick and into timber and board
products. The course threads allow a more secure grip to be obtained without stripping.
Fine thread screws are used for ﬁxing into thick metals. The ﬁne thread has an easier action for cutting into metal.
Finishes
Screws come in a range of metal bases and surface ﬁnishes. The base and ﬁnish chosen will depend upon:
• The material being ﬁxed
• Surface ﬁnish required
• Environmental conditions
• Manufacturers speciﬁcation
It is best to ensure that the ﬁnish is compatible with the metal it is ﬁxing through and to.
Refer to Drawing No. 022 for general screw speciﬁcations.
NOTE: Minimum coating for framing screws is to comply with AS 3566 Class 3.
40
SECTION 5 GENERAL INFORMATION
Drawing No. 022
Description
10-16x16mm Tek
Uses
Flush fixing screw where flush surface
finish is required, e.g. Plasterboard corner
angles.
10-16x16mm Tek
General non-structural fixing screw.
Uses: wall connectors, roof battens etc.
12-14x20mm Tek
Structural fixing screw, tiles roof truss
fixing, girder/truss heel bracket fixing, roof
batttens.
14-10x20mm Tek
Structural fixing screw low wind area.
Sheet roof truss fixing, rafter beam fixing
and high load sheet connections.
12-14x45mm Tek
Fixing wall bottom plate to steel joints.
12-24x32mm Hex series 500
Used for fixing steel brackets or joists to
heavy gauge beams up to 12mm
thickness.
10-24x75mm CSK Wing Tek
For fixing timber batten or timber to steel.
Timber thickness range 25-30mm.
10-16x45mm CSK Tek
Timber floor to steel joists fixing.
General timber to steel.
Timber thickness range 30mm.
8-18x35mm SEH Wing Tek
Used on Hardiplank. Weathertex and
assorted timber claddings to steel stud
work. (Use stainless steel for cedar).
6-20x50mm CSK Wing Tek
Architraves, reveals and skirtings.
General finishing and fixing timber screw.
6-20x65mm CSK Tek
Architraves, reveals and skirtings.
General finishing and fixing timber screw.
6-18x30mm Bugle Needle Pt
6-20x25mm Bugle Drill Pt.
8-18x25 SEH
Extended point Tek
Plasterboard fixing to ceiling battens.
Plasterboard fixing to wall frame studs.
Fibrous cement fixing screw (wet areas).
SCREW TYPES & DESCRIPTIONS
41
Victoria
Phone: (03) 5338 4800 Email: [email protected]
9 Caravan Street, Wendouree 3355 PO Box 1216W, Wendouree Village. Victoria 3355
South Australia
Phone: (08) 8285 3811 Email: [email protected]
11 Ceaﬁeld Road, Para Hills West. SA 5096
BCA/SFS021