1. No category

Laboratory
5
Human Body Tissues
(LM pages 57–76)
Time Estimates for Entire Lab: 2.0 hours
Seventh Edition Changes
This was lab 4 in the previous edition. Stratified Squamous Epithelium is a new exercise.
New or revised figures: 5.6 Skeletal muscle; 5.7 Cardiac muscle; 5.8 Smooth muscle; 5.9 Motor neuron
anatomy
MATERIALS AND PREPARATIONS1
All Exercises
_____
microscopes, compound light
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lens paper
5.1–5.4 Tissues (LM pages 60-72)
_____
models (if available in your laboratory), epithelial tissue: simple squamous, simple
cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified ciliated columnar
_____
model, skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle (Wards 81W0650), or diagram
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model, neuron (Carolina 56-7419, 56-7420), or diagram
_____
model, compact bone (Carolina 56-7375), or diagram
_____
slide, prepared: human simple squamous epithelium (Carolina 31-2360)
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slide, prepared: human simple cuboidal epithelium (Carolina 31-2378)
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slide, prepared: human simple columnar epithelium (Carolina 31-2426)
_____
slide, prepared: human pseudostratified columnar epithelium (Carolina 31-2498)
_____
slide, prepared: human skeletal muscle (Carolina 31-3316 to 31-3328, or 31-3460, which
has all three muscle types on one slide)
_____
slide, prepared: human cardiac muscle (Carolina 31-3424, or 31-3460, which has all three
muscle types on one slide)
_____
slide, prepared: human smooth muscle (Carolina 31-3358, -3364, -3376, or 31-3460, which
has all three muscle types on one slide)
_____
slide, prepared: neuron (Carolina 31-3570, 31-3594)
_____
slide, prepared: human adipose tissue (Carolina 31-2728, 31-2734)
_____
slide, prepared: compact bone (Carolina 31-2958 to 31-2976)
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slide, prepared: human hyaline cartilage (Carolina 31-2898)
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slide, prepared: human blood (Carolina 31-3152 to 31-3164)
5.5 Tissues Form Organs (LM pages 73-75)
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slide, prepared: intestinal wall, cross section (Carolina 31-5142, 31-5154)
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slide, prepared: human skin (Carolina 31-4534)
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model, human skin (Carolina 56-7665, -7668, -7671, -7673)
1 Note: “Materials and Preparations” instructions are grouped by exercise. Some materials may be used in more than one exercise.
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EXERCISE QUESTIONS
5.1 Epithelial Tissue (LM page 60)
Observation: Simple and Stratified Squamous Epithelium (LM page 60)
imple Squamous Epithelium (LM page 60)
1. What does squamous mean? flat
2. What shapes are the cells? The cells are shaped like pancakes (thin, flat, many-sided).
4. Knowing that the diameter of field of your microscope is about 400 µm, estimate the size of an
epithelial cell. 10–16 µm
Stratified Squamous Epithelium (LM page 61)
2. Approximately how many layers of cells make up this portion of skin? 40-45 layers
3. Which layers of cells best represent squamous epithelium? outermost layer
Observation: Simple Cuboidal Epithelium (LM page 61)
2. Are these cells ciliated? no
Observation: Simple Columnar Epithelium (LM page 62)
2. Label the location of the basement membrane in Figure 5.4. The basement membrane runs along the
lower edge of the figure, below the column-shaped cells.
Summary of Epithelial Tissue (LM page 63)
Table 5.1 Epithelial Tissue
Type
Appearance
Function
Location
Simple squamous
Flat, pancake-shaped
Filtration, diffusion,
osmosis
Walls of capillaries, lining of blood
vessels, air sacs of lungs, lining of
internal cavities
Stratified squamous
Innermost layers are cuboidal or
columnar; outermost layers are
flattened
Protection, repel water
Skin, linings of mouth, throat, anal
canal, vagina
Simple cuboidal
Cube-shaped
Secretion, absorption
Surface of ovaries, linings of ducts
and glands, lining of kidney tubules
Simple columnar
Columnlike—tall, cylindrical
nucleus at base
Protection, secretion,
absorption
Lining of uterus, tubes of digestive
tract
Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
Looks layered but is not;
ciliated
Protection, secretion,
movement of mucus
and sex cells
Linings of reproductive system
tubes and respiratory passages
5.2 Muscular Tissue (LM page 64)
Observation: Cardiac Muscle (LM page 65)
2. What is the function of cardiac muscle? Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is responsible for contraction of the heart, and thus, pumping of blood.
Observation: Smooth Muscle (LM page 66)
1. What does spindle-shaped mean? Fiber is thick in the middle and thin at the ends.
Summary of Muscular Tissue (LM page 66)
Table 5.2 Muscular Tissue
Type
Striations
Branching
Conscious Control
Skeletal
Yes
No
Yes
Cardiac
Yes
Yes
No
Smooth
No
No
No
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5.3 Nervous Tissue (LM page 67)
Observation: Nervous Tissue (LM page 67)
3. Explain the appearance and function of the parts of a motor neuron.
a. dendrites short processes that take signals to the cell body
b. cell body portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus, and therefore performs the usual functions
of a cell
c. axon long process that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body
5.4 Connective Tissue (LM page 68)
Observation: Adipose Tissue (LM page 69)
1. Why is the nucleus pushed to one side? The large, fat-filled vacuole that occupies the center of the cell
pushes the nucleus to one side of the cell.
2. Examine Figure 5.17 and state a location for adipose tissue in the body. Adipose tissue is found
beneath the skin. It is also found around the kidney and heart and in the breast.
What are two functions of adipose tissue at this location? insulation, fat storage, cushioning, and
protection
Observation: Compact Bone (LM page 70)
2. What is the function of the central canal and canaliculi? Blood vessels in the central canal bring
nourishment which is distributed by way of the canaliculi.
Observation: Hyaline Cartilage (LM page 70)
2. Which of these types of connective tissue is more organized? compact bone
Why do you say so? Cells are organized in concentric rings in compact bone, whereas cells in hyaline cartilage are in lacunae, which are scattered throughout a matrix.
3. Which of these two types of connective tissue lends more support to body parts? compact bone
Summary of Connective Tissue (LM page 72)
Table 5.3 Connective Tissue
Type
Appearance
Function
Location
Loose fibrous
connective
Fibers are widely separated.
Binds organs together
Between the muscles,
beneath the skin, beneath
most epithelial layers
Dense fibrous
connective
Fibers are closely packed.
Binds organs together,
binds muscle to bones,
binds bone to bone
Tendons, ligaments
Adipose
Large cell with fat-filled
vacuole; nucleus pushed
to one side
Insulation, fat storage,
cushioning, and protection
Beneath the skin, around the
kidney, and heart, in the
breast
Compact bone
Concentric circles
Support, protection
Bones of skeleton
Hyaline cartilage
Cells in lacunae
Support, protection
Ends of bones, nose;
rings in walls of respiratory
passages; between ribs and
sternum
Blood
Red and white cells
floating in plasma
RBCs carry oxygen and
hemoglobin for respiration;
WBCs fight infection
Blood vessels
5.5 Tissues Form Organs (LM page 73)
Observation: Skin (LM page 74)
2. List the structures you can identify on your slide. Answer depends on the student and the slide.
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LABORATORY REVIEW 5 (LM page 76)
1. How many major categories of tissues are in the human body? four
2. What is the name for a group of cells that have the same structural characteristics and perform the
same functions? tissue
3. Which type of epithelium has flattened cells? squamous
4. Name a body location for pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. trachea
5. What is the function of goblet cells? secrete mucus
6. What type of muscular tissue is involuntary and striated? cardiac
7. Name a body location for smooth muscle. digestive tract
8. What types of muscular tissue are striated? skeletal and cardiac
9. What is the scientific name for a nerve cell? neuron
10. Name a body location for nervous tissue. brain, spinal cord
11. Where is the nucleus located in a nerve cell? cell body
12. What term identifies each unit of compact bone? osteon
13. Name a body location for hyaline cartilage. end of ribs, nose, ears
14. The cells of which tissue have a large, central, fat-filled vacuole? adipose
15. What type of tissue occurs in the epidermis of the skin? stratified squamous epithelium
16. What type of tissue accounts for the movement of food along the digestive tract? smooth muscle
17. Which skin layer contains blood vessels? dermis
Thought Questions
18. Describe how you would recognize a slide of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. The
cells are ciliated, and although they appeared to be layered, all cells touch the basement membrane.
19. Describe how you would recognize a slide of compact bone. The cells are in concentric rings.