1st International Conference on Nuclear Risks About the Possibility of 1F1 IC Piping Breakage due to the Earthquake Jolts Vienna April 16, 2015 Mitsuhiko Tanaka Mitsuhiko Tanaka Science Journalist. Born in Japan in 1943. Graduated from the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology. Entered Babcock Hitachi K.K in 1968 and engaged in designing reactor pressure vessels for BWRs as a structural analyst. Performed detail stress analysis of the reactor pressure vessel of the Fukushima Daiichi NPP Unit 4. Since 1977, as a free-lance, lecturing science and technologies at colleges and universities, and writing and translating scientific books. Dec. 2011-July 2012, engaged in the investigation of the Fukushima nuclear accident as a member of the NAIIC (The National Diet of Japan Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission). Topic About the Possibility of 1F1 IC Piping Breakage due to the Earthquake Jolts The Point ; • I suspect the hydrogen explosion might have first occurred in the 4th floor, not in the 5th floor, and then instantaneously triggered a much more large-scale hydrogen explosion in 5th floor, and if so, the possibility may surface that the IC piping in the 4th floor might have been broken by the earthquake jolts. Contents (1) Background of This Topic (2) TEPCO’s Explanation about the Hydrogen Explosion in Fukushima Daiichi Unit 1 Reactor Building • Overview of Unit 1 Reactor Building • TEPCO’s Explanation about How It Occurred (3) Did It Really Occur in the 5th Floor? (Some Enigmas Still Remain Unsolved) (4) Discussion abbreviation • • • • • • • • • • 1F1 Fukushima Daiichi NPP Unit 1 R/B Reactor Building IC Isolation Condenser RPV Reactor Pressure Vessel PCV Primary Containment Vessel D/W Dry Well S/C Suppression Chamber SRV Safety Relief Valve PLR Primary Loop Recirculation (1) Background of the Topic The Japanese Government submitted a document to the IAEA as early as June 20, 2011 (about three months after the disaster) and said , “At present, damage caused by the earthquake was concerned with off-site power supply systems. Damage to safety-important systems and components was not confirmed, and the plant was in a manageable condition until the arrival of the tsunami.” And , since then, this governmental view has been basically unchanged. The NAIIC, on the other hand, says in its final report which was sent to the National Diet of Japan in July 5, 2012, that, particularly with regard to Unit 1 reactor, the possibility of a small break LOCA due to the earthquake ground motion could not be completely denied. This judgment was deduced from the following very important facts which were revealed by the NAIIC; A water leakage in the 4th floor was witnessed right after the occurrence of the earthquake by several subcontract workers who were, as it happened, working in the 4th floor. In terms of the safety relief valves (SRVs) of Unit 1, there isn’t any objective record to indicate that they really functioned properly (such records are available for Unit 2 & 3). In addition, no Unit 1 control room operators heard loud SRV sound whereas the Unit 2 and 3 control room operators heard the sound repeatedly. Saw Tooth-like Changes in Unit 2 Reactor Pressure Reactor Pressu re 13 (2) TEPCO’s Explanation about the Hydrogen Explosion in Unit1 Reactor Building • Overview of Unit1 Reactor Building Fukushima Daiichi NPP • 3 4 W S 1 2 6 5 N E The Pacific Ocean 16 Reactor Building for a BWR with Mark I Type PCV Operating Floor (5th Floor) Spent Fuel Pool PCV Dry Well Ceiling Crane Steel Plate Reinforced Concrete RPV PCV Suppression Chamber 17 Mark I Type PCV Flnage Coupling PCV Top Head (Brwons Ferry Unit 1) 18 Reactor Building Sections During the Severe Accident PCV Top Head BWR3 (1F1) Reactor Building with the IC system 1F1 R/B 4th Floor Plan View BWR 3 with the IC system 21 E x Equipment Hatch • TEPCO’s Explanation about How It Occurred Possible Hydrogen Leakage Paths TEOCP says that 1F1 R/B Hydrogen Explosion occurred in the 5th Floor. Unit 1 Reactor Building right after the explosion 写真提供: (株)エアフォトサービス 東電公開写真より 26 27 The Inside of the 4th Floor after the Explosion 28 On-site Inspection of 1F1 R/B was performed on February 22, 2015 by Niigate Prefecture’s Technical Committee (*) * TEPCO’s world largest Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP is in Niigata prefecture, and this committee is now re-examining the Fukushima accident from various view points. What caused this large scale destruction in the 4th floor? Below is TEPCO’s explanation; On the fourth floor of the R/B where the IC main unit is installed, there was a hole on the north ceiling due to the hydrogen explosion on the fifth floor, and removed insulation and debris were scattered on the north side of the top portion of the IC thought to be caused by the explosion’s blast. The insulation on the south side of the IC was severely torn and removed on the R/B equipment hatch side (opening). It is considered that the hydrogen explosion on the fifth floor blasted through the opening and damaged the insulation on the IC. No insulation on the third or second floor was removed or scattered. No damage was found on the IC main unit. No ruptured pipes, leakage from flanges, or broken valves were found. No conditions were present that would suggest a pipe failed and caused release of massive amounts of high pressure reactor steam. Judging from the above, it was confirmed that there was no damage to equipment located outside of the PCV that could have caused loss of reactor coolant. Equipment Hatch ⇐ 5m x 5 m Equipment Hatch Explosion’s Blast From 5th Floor (3) Did it really occur in the 5th floor? Some enigmas still remain unsolved Enigma 1 It was revealed by the NAIIC investigation that the equipment hatch was not open when the explosion occurred. It was closed with a heavy iron hatch cover. When the hatch was not open, how could such a thing like “the hydrogen explosion on the fifth floor blasted through the opening (equipment hatch) and damaged the insulation on the IC” happen? The equipment hatch was not open when the explosion occurred. 38 Enigma 2 What is the raindrop-like pattern found here and there in the 4th floor? Enigma 3 The surface of the reinforced concrete ceiling in the 4th floor was partly destroyed, and some of the re-bars emerged. Furthermore, the ventilation duct in the 4th floor was thoroughly smashed, and obviously, some parts of the duct were crushed by an upward strong impact force. It is hard to imagine that these destructions were , as TEPCO explains, caused by the explosion’s blast which blew in to the 4th floor from the 5th floor. Upward Impact Force IC Vent Pipe (4) Discussion a. TEPCO says in its “Fukushima Nuclear Accident Analysis Report” (published in June, 2012) “No damage was found on the IC main unit…….” But, in fact, TEPCO performed only a brief visual inspection. Besides, the IC piping is mostly buried under the debris. Therefore, nobody can say, “No ruptured pipes, leakage from flanges, or broken valves were found.” 53 b. Basically, I strongly stick to the fact the NAIIC revealed that , in the dark silence caused by SBO, none of the unit 1 control room operators heard “SRV sound” (* ) even once whereas unit 2 & 3 control room operators heard it repeatedly. (*) SRV sound; a banging sound generated when an SRV opens. A unit 2 operator said to the NAIIC, “The SRV of unit 2 was very frequently in motion and I heard a loud banging noise each time.” c. It is widely accepted now that right after the SBO, the IC system stopped functioning. Then, the reactor pressure must have begun to rise. Unit 1 has four (4) SRVs. Therefore, if the reactor pressure did begin to rise and attained to their operating pressure, any one of the four SRVs would have opened automatically and loud SRV sound must have been caused. But, as stated above, nobody in the unit 1 control room heard such SRV sound. I believe this strongly suggests that, in fact, the reactor pressure of Unit 1 never rose to the SRVs operating pressure after the SBO. Saw Tooth-like Changes in Unit 2 Reactor Pressure Reactor Pressu re 59 d. I also stick to another very important fact. That is, when the hydrogen explosion occurred, the equipment hatch in the 5th floor was closed with a heavy iron cover. Then, how did the explosion’s blast blow in to the 4th floor? I discussed this problem with TEPCO in Niigata Prefecture’s Technical Committee, but TEPCO fails to show how it could happen. Incidentally, so far, the 5m x 5m iron cover has not been found anywhere. It is missing. e. I suspect that the hydrogen explosion “first” occurred in the 4th floor, not in the 5th floor. As a result, the cover was blown off upward, and the vast amount of hydrogen that had piled up in the 5th floor was almost simultaneously exploded. f. One more important fact we have to pay attention to is the raindrop-like pattern on the surfaces of the IC tanks, piping, etc. I suspect that, before the hydrogen explosion, there was, in the fourth floor, a considerable amount of steam, which condensed later into water. g. And if so, the possibility may surface that the IC piping in the fourth floor was broken by the earthquake jolts. Since the IC piping is connected directly to the reactor pressure vessel, if it had even a small breakage, high temperature hydrogen, mixed with steam, would leak from the breakage and stay in the fourth floor. And if that had happened, at some point, a hydrogen explosion might have been caused in the 4th floor due to high temperature spontaneous combustion, and the iron cover of the equipment hatch might have been blown off upwards by the blast, which might have instantly triggered the large-scale hydrogen explosion in the 5th floor. Thank you for your attention! Backup material Isolation Condenser system 65 Saw Tooth-like Changes in Unit 2 Reactor Pressure Reactor Pressu re 67 1F1 Reactor Pressure and D/W Pressure 8 3/11 20:07 7 6 ? 5 4 3 2 3/12 02:45 3/12 15:36 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Unit 3 Reactor Building Explosion Photo / K.K Air Photo Service Photo by TEPCO
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