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South West England
This article is about the region. For the European constituency, see South West England (European Parliament
constituency).
South West England is one of nine oﬃcial regions
The region has a particularly strong cultural identity.
Cornwall has its own language, Cornish, and the region
is known for its rich folklore, including the legend of
King Arthur and Glastonbury Tor, as well as its many
centuries-old traditions and customs. Traditionally, the
South West of England has been well known for producing Cheddar cheese, which originated in the Somerset village of Cheddar, for Devon cream teas, crabs, Cornish
pasties, and for cider. It is also well known as the home of
the Eden Project, Aardman Animations, the Glastonbury
Festival, the Bristol International Balloon Fiesta, trip hop
music and Cornwall’s surﬁng beaches. The region has by
far the longest coastline in England, and is well known for
its traditional seaside ﬁshing towns.
1 Geography
First Great Western train in Yatton.
of England. It is the largest such region in area, covering 9,200 square miles (23,800 km2 )[1] and comprising Gloucestershire, Bristol, Wiltshire, Somerset, Dorset,
Devon, Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Five million people live in South West England.
The region includes the area often known as the West
Country and much of the ancient kingdom of Wessex.
The size of the region is shown by the fact that the
northern part of Gloucestershire, near Chipping Campden, is as close to the Scottish border as it is to the tip
of Cornwall.[2] The largest city is Bristol. Other major
urban centres include Plymouth, Swindon, Gloucester,
Exeter, Bath, and the South East Dorset conurbation of
Bournemouth, Poole and Christchurch. All counties either include at least one unitary authority or are unitary authorities themselves, as is the case with Cornwall
and the Unitary Authority of Bristol. The region has 8
cities: Salisbury, Bath, Wells, Bristol, Gloucester, Exeter,
Plymouth and Truro. It includes two National Parks Dartmoor and Exmoor - and four World Heritage Sites,
including Stonehenge and the Jurassic Coast.
High Willhays on Dartmoor, Devon, the region’s highest point.
1.1 Geology and landscape
Most of the South West occupies a peninsula between the
English Channel and Bristol Channel. It has the longest
coastline of England’s regions, totalling over 700 miles
(1,130 km).[4] Much of the coast is now protected from
The region is used for statistical analysis,[3] being at the further substantial development because of its environﬁrst level of NUTS for Eurostat purposes. Key data and mental importance, which contributes to the region’s atfacts about the region are produced by the South West tractiveness to tourists and residents.
Observatory. Following the abolition of the South West Geologically the region is divided into the largely igneous
Regional Assembly and Government Oﬃce, some local and metamorphic west and sedimentary east, the dividgovernment co-ordination across the region is now under- ing line slightly to the west of the River Exe.[5] Cornwall
and West Devon’s landscape is of rocky coastline and
taken by South West Councils.
1
2
high moorland, notably at Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor
National Park. These are due to the granite and slate that
underlie the area. The highest point of the region is High
Willhays, at 2,038 feet (621 m), on Dartmoor.[6] In North
Devon the slates of the west and limestones of the east
meet at Exmoor National Park. The variety of rocks of
similar ages seen here have led to the county’s name being
lent to that of the Devonian period.
The east of the region is characterised by wide, ﬂat clay
vales and chalk and limestone downland. The vales, with
good irrigation, are home to the region’s dairy agriculture. The Blackmore Vale was Thomas Hardy's “Vale
of the Little Dairies";[7] another, the Somerset Levels
was created by reclaiming wetlands.[8] The Southern England Chalk Formation extends into the region, creating a series of high, sparsely populated and archaeologically rich downs, most famously Salisbury Plain, but also
Cranborne Chase, the Dorset Downs and the Purbeck
Hills. These downs are the principal area of arable agriculture in the region. Limestone is also found in the region, at the Cotswolds, Quantock Hills and Mendip Hills,
where they support sheep farming.[9] All of the principal
rock types can be seen on the Jurassic Coast of Dorset and
East Devon, where they document the entire Mesozoic
era from west to east.[10]
1
GEOGRAPHY
summer. Rainfall is the lowest at the coast and snowfall
is rarer than the rest of the region. Coastal areas are the
windiest parts of the peninsula and they receive the most
sunshine. The general coastal climate is more typical the
further south-west into the region.
Areas of moorland inland such as: Bodmin Moor,
Dartmoor and Exmoor experience lower temperatures
and more precipitation than the rest of the south west
(approximately twice as much rainfall as lowland areas),
because of their high altitude. Both of these factors also
cause it to experience the highest levels of snowfall and
the lowest levels of sunshine. Exposed areas of the moors
are windier than lowlands and can be almost as windy as
the coast.
1.3 Regional identity
The boundaries of the South West Region are based upon
those devised by central government in the 1930s for
civil defence administration, and subsequently used for
various statistical analyses. The region is also similar
(subject to minor boundary adjustments) to that used
in the 17th-century Rule of the Major-Generals under
Cromwell. (For further information, see Historical and
alternative regions of England). By the 1960s, the South
West Region (including Dorset, which for some previ1.2 Climate
ous purposes had been included in a Southern region),
was widely recognised for government administration and
Main article: Climate of south-west England
statistics. The boundaries were carried forward into the
1990s, when regional administrations were formally esThe climate of South West England is classed as oceanic tablished as Government Oﬃce Regions. A regional as(Cfb) according to the Köppen climate classiﬁcation. The sembly and regional development agency were added in
oceanic climate typically experiences cool winters with 1999.
warmer summers and precipitation all year round, with It has been argued that the oﬃcial South West region
more experienced in winter. Annual rainfall is about does not possess a cultural and historic unity or identity
1,000 millimetres (39 in) and up to 2,000 millimetres (79
of itself, which has led to criticism of it as an “artiﬁcial”
in) on higher ground.[11] Summer maxima averages range construct. The large area of the region, stretching as it
from 18 °C (64 °F) to 22 °C (72 °F) and winter minimum
does from the Isles of Scilly to Gloucestershire, encomaverages range from 1 °C (34 °F) to 4 °C (39 °F) across passes diverse areas which have little more in common
the south-west.[11] It is the second windiest area of the
with each other than they do with other areas of England.
United Kingdom, the majority of winds coming from the The region has several TV stations and newspapers based
south-west and north-east.[11] Government organisations
in diﬀerent areas, and no single acknowledged regional
predict the region to rise in temperature and become the “capital”. Many people of the region have some level of
hottest region in the United Kingdom.[12]
a 'South West', or 'West Country' regional identity, alInland areas of low altitude experience the least amount
of precipitation. They experience the highest summer
maxima temperatures, but winter minima are colder than
the coast. Snowfalls are more frequent in comparison to
the coast, but less so in comparison to higher ground.[11]
It experiences the lowest wind speeds and sunshine total
in between that of the coast and the moors. The climate
of inland areas is more noticeable the further north-east
into the region.
though this may not necessarily correspond to an identiﬁcation with the oﬃcial government-deﬁned region. It
is common for people in the region to identify at a national level (whether English, British, Cornish, and/or a
county or city/town level). Identifying as being from 'the
Westcountry', amorphous though it is, tends to be more
predominant further into the peninsula where the status
of being from the region is less equivocal.[13][14]
In particular, Cornwall's inclusion in the region is disIn comparison to inland areas, the coast experiences high puted by Cornish nationalists.[15] The cross-party Cornish
minimum temperatures, especially in winter, and it expe- Constitutional Convention and Cornish nationalist party
riences slightly lower maximum temperatures during the Mebyon Kernow have campaigned for a Cornish Assem-
1.5
Transport
3
bly ever since the idea of regional devolution was put for- Castle Cary and Yeovil, with most services starting at
ward.
Gloucester.
1.4
Settlements
Pulteney Bridge in Bath, Somerset: the entire city is a World Heritage Site.
The South West region is largely rural, with small towns
and villages; a higher proportion of people live in such
areas than in any other English region. The largest
cities and towns are Bristol, Plymouth, Bournemouth and
Poole (which together with Christchurch make up the
South East Dorset conurbation), Swindon, Gloucester,
Cheltenham, Torbay, Exeter, Bath, Weston-super-Mare,
Salisbury, Taunton and Weymouth. The population of
the South West is about ﬁve million.[16]
1.5
Transport
The vast majority of trains in the region are operated by South West Trains, First Great Western and
CrossCountry. First Great Western is the key operator
for all counties in the region except Dorset and Hampshire (the key operator for Dorset and Hampshire is South
West Trains). South West Trains operate services to and
from London Waterloo and serves every county in the region except Gloucestershire and Cornwall (they no longer
operate west of Exeter as of 2009). First Great Western serves all counties in the region and operate diesel
high-speed trains to various destinations, some of which
run to South Wales and the West Midlands, though almost all intercity trains operated by FGW run through
the region. CrossCountry operates services to Manchester Piccadilly and the Scottish Lowlands. Dorset is currently the only county in the region where there are electric trains, though there are oﬃcial plans to electrify the
Great Western Main Line and the South Wales Main Line
in Wiltshire, Somerset, Greater Bristol and Gloucestershire. Arriva Trains Wales also operates services between
Maesteg and Cheltenham Spa and London Midland operates a parliamentary train between Worcester Shrub Hill
and Gloucester (there was once a regular service on the
route, but this was withdrawn in 2009).
The Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR needs to
be reopened to connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the
rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis.
There are proposals to reopen the line from Tavistock to
Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth.[17] On the
night of 4 February 2014, amid high winds and extremely
rough seas, part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached
washing away around 40 metres (130 ft) of the wall and
the ballast under the railway immediately behind. The
line was closed. Network Rail began repair work [18]
and the line reopened on 4 April 2014.[19] In the wake
of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal storms in February 2014,
Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to
Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route.[20]
Three major roads enter the region from the east. The M4
motorway from London to South Wales via Bristol is the
busiest. The A303 cuts through the centre of the region
from Salisbury to Honiton, where it merges with the A30
to continue past Exeter to the west of Cornwall. The A31,
an extension of the M27, serves Poole and Bournemouth
and the Dorset coast. The M5 runs from the West Midlands through Gloucestershire, Bristol and Somerset to
Exeter. The A38 serves as a western extension to Plymouth. There are three other smaller motorways in the
region, all in the Bristol area.
The region lies on several main line railways. The Great
Western Main Line runs from London to Bristol, Exeter, Plymouth and Penzance in the far west of Cornwall. The South Western Main Line runs from London
and Southampton to Bournemouth, Poole and Weymouth
in Dorset. The West of England Main Line runs from
London to Exeter via south Wiltshire, north Dorset and
south Somerset. The Wessex Main Line runs from Bris- Passenger airports in the region include Bristol, Exeter,
tol to Salisbury and on to Southampton. The Heart of Newquay and Bournemouth.
Wessex Line runs from Bristol in the north of the region
Within the region the local transport authorities carry out
to Weymouth on the south Dorset coast via Westbury,
4
2
HISTORY
land was connected to the continent during the ice age
and humans may have repeatedly migrated into and out of
the region as the climate ﬂuctuated. There is evidence of
human habitation in the caves at Cheddar Gorge 11,000–
10,000 years BC, during a partial thaw in the ice age. The
earliest scientiﬁcally dated cemetery in Great Britain was
found at Aveline’s Hole in the Mendip Hills. The human
bone fragments it contained, from about 21 diﬀerent individuals, are thought to be roughly between 10,200 and
10,400 years old.[34] During this time the tundra gave
way to birch forests and grassland and evidence for human settlement appears at Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire and
Hengistbury Head, Dorset.
M5 looking north towards Avonmouth
transport planning through the use of a Local Transport
Plan (LTP) which outlines their strategies, policies and
implementation programme.[21] The most recent LTP is
that for the period 2006–11. In the South West region
the following transport authorities have published their
LTP online: Bournemouth U.A.,[22] Cornwall U.A.,[23]
Devon,[24] Dorset,[25] Gloucestershire,[26] Plymouth
U.A.,[27] Somerset,[28] Swindon U. A.,[29] Torbay U.
A.[30] and Wiltshire unitary authority.[31] The transport
authorities of Bath and North East Somerset U. A.,
Bristol U. A., North Somerset U. A. and South Gloucestershire U. A. publish a single Joint Local Transport Plan
as part of the West of England Partnership.[32]
2
2.1
History
Pre-Roman
Stonehenge
At the end of the last Ice Age the Bristol Channel was
dry land, but subsequently the sea level rose, resulting in major coastal changes. The Somerset Levels
were ﬂooded, but the dry points such as Glastonbury
and Brent Knoll are known to have been occupied by
Mesolithic hunters.[35] The landscape at this time was
tundra. Britain’s oldest complete skeleton, Cheddar Man,
lived at Cheddar Gorge around 7150 BC (in the Upper
Palaeolithic or Old Stone Age), shortly after the end
of the ice age;[36] however it is unclear whether the region was continuously inhabited during the previous 4000
years, or if humans returned to the gorge after a ﬁnal cold
spell. A Palaeolithic ﬂint tool found in West Sedgemoor
is the earliest indication of human presence on the Somerset Levels.[37] During the 7th millennium BC the sea level
rose and ﬂooded the valleys, so the Mesolithic people occupied seasonal camps on the higher ground, indicated
by scatters of ﬂints.[37] The Neolithic people continued
to exploit the reed swamps for their natural resources and
started to construct wooden trackways. These included
the Post Track and the Sweet Track. The Sweet Track,
dating from the 39th century BC, is thought to be the
world’s oldest timber trackway and was once thought to
be the world’s oldest engineered roadway.[8] The Levels
were also the location of the Glastonbury Lake Village
as well as two lake villages at Meare.[38] Stonehenge and
Avebury are perhaps the most famous Neolithic sites in
the UK.
The region was heavily populated during the Neolithic,
Bronze Age and Iron Age periods. Many monuments,
barrows and trackways exist. Coin evidence shows that
the region was split between the Durotriges, Dobunni
and Dumnonii. The Iron Age tribe in Dorset were the
Durotriges, “water dwellers”, whose main settlement is
represented by Maiden Castle. Ptolemy stated that Bath
was in the territory of the Belgae,[39] but this may be a
mistake.[40] The Celtic gods were worshipped at the temple of Sulis at Bath and possibly the temple on Brean
Down. Iron Age sites on the Quantock Hills include major hill forts at Dowsborough and Ruborough, as well
as smaller earthwork enclosures, such as Trendle Ring,
Elworthy Barrows and Plainsﬁeld Camp.
There is evidence from ﬂint artefacts in a quarry at
Westbury-sub-Mendip that an ancestor of modern man,
possibly Homo heidelbergensis, was present in the future Somerset from around 500,000 years ago.[33] There
is some evidence of human occupation of southern England before the last ice age, such as at Kents Cavern in At the time of the Roman invasion, the inhabitants of the
Devon, but largely in the south east. The British main- entire area spoke a Brythonic Celtic language. Its descen-
2.3
British kingdoms and the arrival of the Saxons
5
dant languages are still spoken to a greater or lesser extent England, was inspired in part by the lead mines of the
in Cornwall, Wales, and Brittany.[41]
Mendip Hills, which also oﬀered the potential for the
extraction of silver.[43][44] Forts were set up at Bath and
Ilchester. The lead and silver mines at Charterhouse in
2.2 Roman period
the Mendip Hills were run by the military. The Romans established a defensive boundary along the new
military road known the Fosse Way (from the Latin
fossa meaning “ditch”). The Fosse Way ran through
Bath, Shepton Mallet, Ilchester and south-west towards
Axminster. The road from Dorchester ran through Yeovil
to meet the Fosse Way at Ilchester. Salt was produced on
the Somerset Levels near Highbridge and quarrying took
place near Bath, named after the Roman baths.[45]
Silbury Hill – Europe’s largest man-made earthwork
During the Roman era, the east of the region, particularly
the Cotswolds and eastern Somerset, was heavily Romanised but Devon and Cornwall were much less so, though
Exeter was a regional capital. There are villas, farms and
temples dating from the period, including the remains at
Bath.
Excavations carried out before the ﬂooding of Chew Valley Lake also uncovered Roman remains, indicating agricultural and industrial activity from the second half of
the 1st century until the 3rd century AD. The ﬁnds included a moderately large villa at Chew Park,[46] where
wooden writing tablets (the ﬁrst in the UK) with ink writing were found. There is also evidence from the Pagans
Hill Roman Temple at Chew Stoke.[46][47] In October
2001 the West Bagborough Hoard of 4th-century Roman
silver was discovered in West Bagborough. The 681 coins
included two denarii from the early 2nd century and 8
miliarensia and 671 siliquae all dating from AD 337 to
367. The majority were struck in the reigns of emperors Constantius II and Julian and derive from a range of
mints including Arles and Lyons in France, Trier in Germany, and Rome.[48] In April 2010, the Frome Hoard,
one of the largest ever hoards of Roman coins discovered
in Britain, was found by a metal detectorist. The hoard
of 52,500 coins dated from the 3rd century AD and was
found buried in a ﬁeld near Frome, in a jar 14 inches (36
cm) below the surface.[49] The coins were excavated by
archaeologists from the Portable Antiquities Scheme.[50]
The area of Somerset was part of the Roman Empire from
AD 47 to about AD 409.[42] The empire disintegrated
gradually, and elements of Romanitas lingered on for perhaps a century. In AD 47, Somerset was invaded from the
south-east by the Second Legion Augusta, under the future emperor Vespasian. The hillforts of the Durotriges
at Ham Hill and Cadbury Castle were captured. Ham Hill
probably had a temporary Roman occupation. The massacre at Cadbury Castle seems to have been associated
2.3
with the later Boudiccan Revolt of AD 60–61.[35]
A 19th-century Photochrom of the Roman Baths in Bath, Somerset
British kingdoms and the arrival of the
Saxons
Maes Knoll the western end of Wansdyke
The Roman invasion, and possibly the preceding period
of involvement in the internal aﬀairs of the south of Main articles:
Wessex and Constitutional status of
6
2
Cornwall
After the Romans left at the start of the 5th century AD,
the region split into several British kingdoms, including
Dumnonia, centred around the old tribal territory of the
Dumnonii.[51] The upper Thames area soon came under
Anglo-Saxon control but the remainder of the region was
in British control until the 6th century.[52][53] Bokerley
Dyke, a large defensive ditch on Cranborne Chase dated
to 367, delayed the Saxon conquest of Dorset, with the
Romano-British remaining in Dorset for 200 years after the withdrawal of the Roman legions. The Western
Wandsdyke earthwork was probably built during the 5th
or 6th century. This area became the border between
the Romano-British Celts and the West Saxons following
the Battle of Deorham in 577.[54] The Anglo-Saxons then
gained control of the Cotswold area; but most of Somerset, Dorset and Devon (as well as Cornwall) remained
in British hands until the late 7th century. According to
the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Saxon Cenwalh achieved
a breakthrough against the British Celtic tribes, with victories at Bradford-on-Avon (in the Avon Gap in the Wansdyke) in 652,[55] and further south at the Battle of Peonnum (at Penselwood) in 658,[56] followed by an advance
west through the Polden Hills to the River Parrett.[57] The
Saxon advance from the east seems to have been halted
by battles between the British and Saxons, for example
at the siege of Badon Mons Badonicus (which may mave
been in the Bath district, perhaps at Solsbury Hill),[58] or
Bathampton Down.[59] The Battle of Bedwyn was fought
in 675 between Escuin, a West Saxon nobleman who had
seized the throne of Queen Saxburga, and King Wulfhere
of Mercia.[60] The earliest fortiﬁcation of Taunton started
for King Ine of Wessex and Æthelburg, in or about the
year 710. However according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle this was destroyed 12 years later.[61] Alfred the Great
refortiﬁed Exeter as a defensive burh, followed by new
erections at Lydford, Halwell and Pilton, although these
fortiﬁcations were small compared to burhs further east,
suggesting that they were protection for the elite only.
2.4
9th century and the arrival of the
Danes
The English defeated a combined Cornish and Danish
force at Hingston Down (near Gunnislake) in 838.[62]
Edward the Elder built similarly at Barnstaple and
Totnes. But sporadic Viking incursions continued until
the Norman Conquest, including the disastrous defeat of
the Devonians at the Battle of Pinhoe. In 876 King Alfred
the Great trapped a Danish ﬂeet at Arne and then drove
it out; 120 ships were wrecked at Studland.[63] Although
King Alfred had lands in Cornwall, it continued to have
a British king. It is generally considered that Cornwall
came fully under the dominion of the English Crown in
the time of Athelstan's rule, i.e. 924–939.[64] In the absence of any speciﬁc documentation to record this event,
HISTORY
supporters of Cornwall’s English status presume that it
then became part of England. However in 944, within a
mere ﬁve years of Athelstan’s death, King Edmund issued
a charter styling himself “King of the English and ruler
of this province of the Britons". Thus we can see that then
the “province” was a territorial possession, which has long
claimed a special relationship to the English Crown.[65]
Corfe Castle
Corfe Castle in 978 saw the murder of King Edward
the Martyr, whose body was taken ﬁrst to Wareham and
then to Shaftesbury. Somerset played an important part
in stopping the spread of the Danes in the 9th century.
Viking raids took place for instance in 987 and 997 at
Watchet[66] and the Battle of Cynwit.
King Alfred was driven to seek refuge from the Danes
at Athelney before defeating them in 878 at the Battle
of Ethandun, usually considered to be near Edington,
Wiltshire, but possibly the village of Edington in Somerset. Alfred established a series of forts and lookout
posts linked by a military road, or Herepath, to allow his
army to cover Viking movements at sea. The Herepath
has a characteristic form which is familiar on the Quantocks: a regulation 20 m wide track between avenues
of trees growing from hedge laying embankments. A
peace treaty with the Danes was signed at Wedmore and
the Danish king Guthrum the Old was baptised at Aller.
Burhs (fortiﬁed places) had been set up by 919, such as
Lyng. The Alfred Jewel, an object about 2.5-inch (64
mm) long, made of ﬁligree gold, cloisonné-enamelled
and with a rock crystal covering, was found in 1693 at
Petherton Park, North Petherton.[67] This is believed to
have been owned by King Alfred.[68] Monasteries and
2.6
Middle Ages
7
minster churches were set up all over Somerset, with for the Saxons.[73] In 1016 Edmund Ironside was crowned
daughter churches of the minsters in manors. There was king at Glastonbury.[74]
a royal palace at Cheddar, which was used at times in the
10th century to host the Witenagemot.[69]
2.6 Middle Ages
The statue of Sir Francis Drake (1540–1596) on Plymouth Hoe
Sweyn Forkbeard
2.5
11th century
In the late pre-Norman period, the east coast of modernday England came increasingly under the sway of the
Norsemen. Eventually England came to be ruled by
Norse monarchs, and the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms fell one
by one, Wessex being conquered in 1013 by King Sweyn
Forkbeard.[70][71][72] Sweyn’s realms included Denmark
and Norway, and parts of England such as Mercia (an Anglian kingdom roughly coinciding with the English Midlands), much of which, along with northern England, fell
under the Danelaw. Sweyn ruled Wessex, along with
his other realms, from 1013 onwards, followed by his
son Canute the Great. But Cornwall was not part of
his realm of Wessex. A map by the American historian
called “The Dominions of Canute” (pictured just above)
shows that Cornwall, like Wales and Scotland, was part
neither of Sweyn Forkbeard’s nor of Canute’s Danish empire. Neither Sweyn Forkbeard nor Canute conquered or
controlled Scotland, Wales or Cornwall; but these areas
were “client nations": subject to payment of a yearly tribute or danegeld to Sweyn and later Canute, all three areas
retained their autonomy from the Danes. Ultimately, the
Danes lost control of Wessex in 1042 on the death of both
of Canute’s sons. Edward the Confessor retook Wessex
After the Norman Conquest the region was controlled by
various Norman as well as Breton lords and later by local
gentry, a few of whom appear to have been descended
from pre-Conquest families. In 1140, during the civil
war of King Stephen's reign, the castles of Plympton and
Exeter were held against the king by Baldwin de Redvers
and this gave rise to the defensive castles at Corfe Castle,
Powerstock, Wareham and Shaftesbury. The period saw
the growth of towns such as Truro, Totnes, Okehampton
and Plympton in the west of the region, but these were
small compared with the established wealth of ancient
cathedral cities in the east of the region such as Exeter,
Bath and Wells. Wealth grew from sheep farming in
the east of the region: church controlled estates such as
Glastonbury Abbey and Wells became among the richest in England, while tin and silver mining was important
in Devon and Cornwall; Stannary Parliaments with semiautonomous powers were established. Farming prospered until it was severely hit by the Black Death which
arrived in Dorset in 1348 and quickly spread through
Somerset, causing widespread death, with mortality rates
perhaps as high as 50% in places. The resulting labour
shortage led to changes in feudal practices. Crafts and
industries also ﬂourished; the Somerset woollen industry
was then one of the largest in England.[75] Coal mining
in the Mendips was an important source of wealth while
quarrying also took place.
Many parish churches were rebuilt in this period. Between 1107 and 1129 William Giﬀard, the Chancellor
of King Henry I, converted the bishop’s hall in Taunton
into Taunton Castle. His successor, Henry of Blois, transformed the manor house here into a mighty castle in
1138.[76] Bridgwater Castle was built in 1202 by William
Brewer.[77] It passed to the king in 1233[78] and in 1245
repairs were ordered to its motte and towers. During
the 11th century Second Barons’ War against Henry III,
8
2
HISTORY
Bridgwater was held by the barons against the King. During the Middle Ages sheep farming for the wool trade
came to dominate the economy of Exmoor. The wool was
spun into thread on isolated farms and collected by merchants to be woven, fulled, dyed and ﬁnished in thriving
towns such as Dunster. The land started to be enclosed
and from the 17th century onwards larger estates developed, leading to establishment of areas of large regular
shaped ﬁelds. During this period a Royal Forest and hunting ground was established, administered by the Warden.
The Royal Forest was sold oﬀ in 1818.[79]
Perkin Warbeck
Fowey harbour
Where conditions were suitable, coastal villages and ports
had an economy based on ﬁshing. The larger ports such
as Fowey contributed vessels to the naval enterprises of
the King and were subject to attack from the French in
return. Bridgwater was part of the Port of Bristol until the Port of Bridgwater was created in 1348,[66] covering 80 miles (130 km) of the Somerset coast line, from
the Devon border to the mouth of the River Axe.[80][81]
Historically, the main port on the river was at Bridgwater; the river being bridged at this point, with the ﬁrst
bridge being constructed in 1200.[82] Quays were built in
1424; with another quay, the Langport slip, being built
in 1488 upstream of the Town Bridge.[83] In Bristol the
port began to develop in the 11th century.[84] By the 12th
century Bristol was an important port, handling much of
England’s trade with Ireland. During this period Bristol
also became a centre of shipbuilding and manufacturing.
Bristol was the starting point for many important voyages,
notably John Cabot's 1497 voyage of exploration to North
America.[85] By the 14th century Bristol was one of England’s three largest medieval towns after London, along
with York and Norwich, with perhaps 15,000–20,000 inhabitants on the eve of the Black Death of 1348–49.[86]
The plague resulted in a prolonged pause in the growth of
Bristol’s population, with numbers remaining at 10,000–
12,000 through most of the 15th and 16th centuries.[87]
During the Wars of the Roses, there were frequent
skirmishes between the Lancastrian Earl of Devon and
Yorkist Lord Bonville. In 1470, Edward IV pursued
Warwick and Clarence as far as Exeter after the Battle
of Lose-coat Field. The organisation of the region remained based on the shires and Church estates, which
were largely unchanged throughout the period. In 1497,
early in Henry VII's reign, the Royal pretender Perkin
Warbeck, besieged Exeter. The Cornish Rebellion of
1497 led by An Gof and Thomas Flamank ended in a
march to Blackheath in London where the Cornish forces
were massacred.
2.7 16th century
Great disturbances throughout both Cornwall and Devon
followed the introduction of Edward VI's Book of Common Prayer. The day after Whit Sunday 1549, a priest
at Sampford Courtenay was persuaded to read the old
mass.[88] This insubordination spread swiftly into serious
revolt. The Cornish quickly joined the men of Devon in
the Prayer Book Rebellion and Exeter was besieged until
relieved by Lord Russell.[89] The Cornish had a particular
motivation for opposing the new English language prayer
book, as there were still many monoglot Cornish speakers in West Cornwall. The Cornish language declined
rapidly afterwards and the Dissolution of the Monasteries
resulted in the eventual loss of the Cornish language as a
primary language. By the end of the 18th century it was
no longer a ﬁrst language.
The Council of the West was a short-lived administrative
body established by Henry VIII for the government of the
western counties of England. It was analogous in form to
the Council of the North. The Council was established
in March 1539, with Lord Russell as its Lord President.
Members included Thomas Derby, Sir Piers Edgcumbe,
Sir Richard Pollard and John Rowe. However, the fall of
Thomas Cromwell, the chief political supporter of gov-
2.9
Modern history
9
ernment by Councils, and the tranquillity of the western tore lead from the roof to make bullets, broke the wincounties made it largely superﬂuous. It last sat in summer dows, smashed the organ and the furnishings, and for a
1540, although it was never formally abolished.[90]
time stabled their horses in the nave.[98] They were defeated in the Battle of Sedgemoor at Westonzoyland, the
last battle fought on English soil.[99] The Bloody Assizes
2.8 17th century
which followed saw the losers being sentenced to death
or transportation.[100] At the time of the Glorious RevoThe Bristol Channel ﬂoods of 1607 are believed to have lution, King James II gathered his main forces, altogether
aﬀected large parts of the Somerset Levels, with ﬂooding about 19,000 men, at Salisbury, James himself arriving
up to 8 feet (2 m) above sea level.[91][92] In 1625, a House there on 19 November 1688. The ﬁrst blood was shed at
of Correction was established in Shepton Mallet, and to- Wincanton, in Somerset. In Salisbury, James heard that
day HMP Shepton Mallet is England’s oldest prison still some of his oﬃcers, such as Edward Hyde, had deserted,
in use.[93][94]
and he broke out in a nose-bleed which he took as a bad
During the English Civil War, Somerset was largely omen. His commander in chief, the Earl of Feversham,
Parliamentarian, although Dunster was a Royalist advised retreat on 23 November, and the next day John
stronghold. The county saw important battles between Churchill deserted to William. On 26 November, James’s
the Royalists and the Parliamentarians, notably at daughter Princess Anne did the same, and James returned
Lansdowne in 1643 and Langport in 1645.[95] Bristol to London the same day, never again to be at the head of
[101]
was occupied by Royalist military, after they overran a serious military force in England.
Royal Fort, the last Parliamentarian stronghold in the
city.[87] Taunton Castle had fallen into ruin by 1600
but it was repaired during the Civil War.[76] The castle
changed hands several times during 1642–45 along
with the town.[96] During the Siege of Taunton it was
defended by Robert Blake, from July 1644 to July 1645.
After the war, in 1662, the keep was demolished and
only the base remains.[76] This war resulted in castles
being slighted (destroyed to prevent their re-use).[97]
2.9 Modern history
Since 1650, the City of Plymouth has grown to become
the largest city in Devon, mainly due to the naval base
at Devonport. Her Majesty’s Naval Base (HMNB) Devonport is one of three operating bases in the United
Kingdom for the Royal Navy. HMNB Devonport is now
the largest naval base in Western Europe.[102] The large
Portland Harbour, built at the end of the 19th century
and protected by Nothe Fort and the Verne Citadel, was
for many years, including during the wars, another of the
largest Royal Navy bases.
The 19th century saw improvements to roads in the region with the introduction of turnpikes and the building of canals and railways. The usefulness of the canals
was short-lived, though they have now been restored for
recreation. Chard claims to be the birthplace of powered
ﬂight, in 1848 when the Victorian aeronautical pioneer
John Stringfellow ﬁrst demonstrated that engine-powered
ﬂight was possible through his work on the Aerial Steam
Carriage.[103][104] North Petherton was the ﬁrst town in
England (and one of the few ever) to be lit by acetylene
gas lighting.[105]
James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth
In 1685, the Duke of Monmouth led the Monmouth Rebellion in which a force partly raised in Somerset fought
against James II. The rebels landed at Lyme Regis and
travelled north hoping to capture Bristol and Bath, Puritan soldiers damaged the west front of Wells Cathedral,
Around the 1860s, at the height of the iron and steel era,
a pier and a deep-water dock were built, at Portishead to
accommodate the large ships that had diﬃculty in reaching Bristol Harbour.[106][107] The Portishead power stations were coal-fed power stations built next to the dock.
Industrial activities ceased in the dock with the closure
of the power stations. The Port of Bristol Authority ﬁnally closed the dock in 1992,[108] and it has now been
developed into a marina and residential area.
During the First World War many soldiers from the South
West were killed, and war memorials were put up in most
of the towns and villages; only a few villages escaped casualties. There were also casualties – though much fewer
10
3 DEMOGRAPHICS
Hinkley Point A nuclear power station was a Magnox
power station constructed between 1957 and 1962 and
operating until ceasing generation in 2000.[116] Hinkley
Point B is an Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR)
which was designed to generate 1250 MW of electricity
(MWe). Construction of Hinkley Point B started in 1967.
In September 2008 it was announced, by Electricité de
France (EDF), that a third, twin-unit European Pressurized Reactor (EPR) reactor known as Hinkley Point C is
planned,[117] to replace Hinkley Point B which is due for
closure in 2016.[118]
Portishead power station
3 Demographics
– during the Second World War, who were added to the
memorials. Several areas were bases for troops preparing
for the 1944 D-Day landings. Exercise Tiger, or Operation Tiger, was the code names for a full-scale rehearsal in
1944 for the D-Day invasion of Normandy. The British
Government evacuated approximately 3,000 local residents in the area of Slapton, now South Hams District
of Devon.[109] Some of them had never left their villages
before.[110] Bristol’s city centre suﬀered severe damage
from Luftwaﬀe bombing during the Bristol Blitz of World
War II.[111] The Royal Ordnance Factory ROF Bridgwater was constructed early in World War II for the Ministry
of Supply.[112] The Taunton Stop Line was set up to resist a potential German invasion, and the remains of its
pill boxes can still be seen, as well as others along the
coast.[113]
Porlock, Exmoor
Exmoor was one of the ﬁrst British National Parks, designated in 1954, under the 1949 National Parks and Access
to the Countryside Act.[114] and is named after its main
river. It was expanded in 1991 and in 1993 Exmoor was
designated as an Environmentally Sensitive Area. The
Quantock Hills were designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) in 1956, the ﬁrst such designation in England under the National Parks and Access
to the Countryside Act 1949. The Mendip Hills followed
with AONB designation in 1972.[115]
Regional proﬁle of the South West
According to the 2001 census the population of the
South West region was 4,928,434.[119] It had grown in
the last 20 years by 12.5% from 4,381,400 in mid1981, making it the fastest growing region in England.
11
Teignbridge in Devon had the largest population gain with
26.3% and Devon as whole grew by 17.6%. Population falls occurred in the two major cities of Bristol and
Plymouth.[120] 97.71% of the South West’s population are
classiﬁed as White British.[121]
3.1
Teenage pregnancy
The Cornish language evolved from the Southwestern dialect of the British language spoken during the Iron Age
and Roman period.[126] The area controlled by the Britons
was progressively reduced by the expansion of Wessex
after the 6th century, and in 936 Athelstan set the east
bank of the Tamar as the boundary between Anglo-Saxon
Wessex and Celtic Cornwall.[127] The Cornish language
continued to ﬂourish during the Middle Ages but declined thereafter, and the last speaker of traditional Cornish died in the 19th century.[128] Geographical names
derived from the British language are widespread in South
West England, and include several examples of the River
Avon, from abonā = “river” (cf. Welsh afon), and the
words "tor" and "combe".[129]
For top-tier authorities, Torbay has the highest teenage
pregnancy rate in the region,[122] with Exeter the highest
rate for council districts. For top-tier authorities, North
Somerset (closely followed by Bath & NE Somerset) has
the lowest rate, with Cotswold having the lowest rate for
council districts.
Until the 19th century, the West Country and its dialects of the English language were largely protected from
outside inﬂuences, due to its relative geographical isolation. The West Country dialects derive not from a
3.2 Deprivation
corrupted form of modern English, but from the SouthAs measured by the English Indices of Deprivation 2007, western dialects of Middle English, which themselves dethe region shows similarities with Southern England in rived from the dialects of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of
having more Lower Layer Super Output Areas in the Wessex. Late West Saxon, which formed the earliest En20% least multiple derived districts than the 20% most glish language standard, from the time of King Alfred undeprived.[123] The relative amount of deprivation is sim- til the late 11th century, is the form in which the majorilar to the East Midlands, except the South West has ity of Anglo-Saxon texts are preserved. Thomas Spencer
much fewer deprived areas. According to the LSOA data Baynes claimed in 1856 that, due to its position at the
in 2007, the most deprived districts[124] (before Corn- heart of the Kingdom of Wessex, the relics of Anglowall became a unitary authority) were, in descending or- Saxon accent, idiom and vocabulary were best preserved
der – Bristol (64th in England), Torbay (71st), Plymouth in the Somerset dialect. There is some inﬂuence from
(77th), Kerrier (86th), Restormel (89th), North Cornwall the Welsh and Cornish languages, depending on the spe(96th), and West Somerset (106th). At county level, the ciﬁc location. eﬂect the historic origins of the English
deprived areas are City of Bristol (49th in England), Tor- language and its historic pronunciation West Country dibay (55th), Plymouth (58th), and Cornwall and the Isles alects are commonly represented as "Mummerset", a kind
of catchall southern rural accent invented for broadcastof Scilly (69th).
ing.
The least deprived council districts are, in descending
order – East Dorset, North Wiltshire, South Gloucestershire, Cotswold, Kennet, Stroud, Tewkesbury, West
Wiltshire, Salisbury, and Bath and North East Somer- 5 Economy and industry
set. East Dorset has the highest life expectancy for males
in the UK. At county level, the least deprived areas, in
descending order, are South Gloucestershire, Wiltshire,
Bath and North East Somerset, Dorset, Gloucestershire,
Poole, North Somerset, and Somerset.
In March 2011 the region had the second lowest
unemployment claimant count in England, second to
South East England, with 2.7%. Inside the region, Torbay
has the highest rate with 4.5%, followed by Bristol and
Plymouth with 3.8%. East Dorset has the lowest rate with
1.4%.[125]
4
Language
Main articles:
language
Historic docks on Bristol Harbour, within the region’s most productive economy
West Country dialects and Cornish
The most economically productive areas within the region are Bristol, the M4 corridor and south east Dorset
12
5
ECONOMY AND INDUSTRY
important in Dorset and Devon, and the region has 1.76
million cattle, second to only one other UK region, and
3,520 square miles (9,117 km2 ) of grassland, more than
any other region. Only 5.6% of the region’s agriculture is
arable.[130]
Tourism is important in the region, and in 2003 the
tourist sector contributed £4,928 million to the region’s
economy.[132] In 2001 the GVA of the hotel industry was
£2,200 million, and the region had 13,800 hotels with
250,000 bed spaces.[130]
Since the decline of mining, Cornwall’s economy has been reliant
on agriculture and tourism
There are very large diﬀerences in prosperity between
the eastern parts of the region and the west. While Bristol is the second most aﬄuent large city in England after
London,[133] some parts of Cornwall have among the lowest average incomes in Northern Europe.
which are all areas with the best links to London. Bristol alone accounts for a quarter of the region’s economy,
with the surrounding areas of Gloucestershire, Somerset
and Wiltshire accounting for a further quarter.[130] The
South West of England Regional Development Agency is
based in Exeter (although this is expected to cease operations by March 2012, its functions being generally replaced by Local Enterprise Partnerships), and the South
West Strategic Leaders’ Board (which makes funding decisions) is in Taunton.
Bristol’s economy has been built on maritime trade (including the import of tobacco and the slave trade). Since
the early 20th century, however, aeronautics have taken
over as the basis of Bristol’s economy, with companies including Airbus UK, Rolls-Royce (military division) and
BAE Systems (former Bristol Aeroplane Company then
BAC) manufacturing in Filton. Defence Equipment and
Support is at MoD Abbey Wood. More recently defence,
telecommunications, information technology and electronics have been important industries in Bristol, Swindon and elsewhere. VOSA, the Soil Association, Clerical
Medical, the Arts and Humanities Research Council,
Bristol Water, and the Bristol and West Bank are in
Bristol; Orange United Kingdom and the Environment
Agency are based at Aztec West (South Gloucestershire);
Indesit makes tumble dryers in Yate; and HP have a large
site and Inﬁneon Technologies UK are at Stoke Giﬀord.
Knorr-Bremse UK make air brakes in Kingswood. The
South West Observatory's Economy Module provides a
detailed analysis of the region’s economy.[131]
Vegetable crop south of Ludgvan
NHS South West, the strategic health authority is based in
Taunton oﬀ junction 25 of the M5. The Devon Air Ambulance is based at the Devon and Cornwall Police HQ
in Exeter; the Cornwall Air Ambulance is at Newquay
Cornwall Airport; Dorset and Somerset Air Ambulance
is at Henstridge east of Yeovil on the A30; the Great
Western Air Ambulance is at Bristol Filton Airport (one
of the last in the UK when it began in June 2008); and
the Wiltshire Air Ambulance (shared with the police)
is at Devizes (police HQ). The South Western Ambulance Service is on the Sowton Industrial Estate, next to
the M5, half a mile east of the police HQ. The region’s
Manufacturing Advisory Service is on the A38 north of
Gloucester at Twigworth,[134] its Business Link is in central Swindon,[135] and the UKTI oﬃce is at the Leigh
Court Business Centre in Abbots Leigh, North SomerThe electricity for the area formerly looked after by set.[136]
SWEB, is now looked after by Western Power Distribution, owned by the American company, PPL.
5.1 Cornwall
The region’s Gross value added (GVA) breaks down as
69.9% service industry, 28.1% production industry and
2.0% agriculture. This is a slightly higher proportion in Main article: Economy of Cornwall
production, and lower proportion in services, than the UK
average. Agriculture, though in decline, is important in Major companies in Cornwall include Imerys who are
many parts of the region. Dairy farming is especially major producers of kaolin, Dairy Crest who have their
5.3
Dorset
main cheese creamery in Davidstow making Cathedral
City Cheddar on the former RAF Davidstow Moor, and
Ginsters have a food production plant in Callington, oﬀ
the A390 between Liskeard and Tavistock. Rodda’s
make clotted cream near Scorrier, oﬀ the A30 east of
Redruth. Fugro Seacore in Mongleath near Falmouth are
leading oﬀshore drilling contractors. Kensa Heat Pumps
are west of Truro.
The Ginsters bakery
Cornwall has become reliant on tourism, more so than
the other counties of the South West. In 2010 Cornwall
and the Isles of Scilly had the lowest GVA per head of
any county or unitary authority in England.[137] It contributes only 7.4% of the region’s economy[138] and has
received EU Convergence funding (formerly Objective
One funding) since 2000.[139] Over four million people
visit the county each year.[140] The reasons for Cornwall’s poor economic performance are complex and apparently persistent, but causes include its remoteness and
poor transport links,[130] the decline of its traditional
industries, such as mining, agriculture and ﬁshing, the
low-wealth generating capacity of tourism, relocation of
higher skilled jobs to other parts of the South West, and
lack of a concerted economic strategy (although use of
European Regional Development Fund and European Social Fund monies have been deployed in an attempt at
restructuring).[141]
5.2
13
of tungsten in the world. Britannia Royal Naval College is at Dartmouth. Appledore Shipbuilders are based
at Appledore, Torridge, Devon, three miles north of
Bideford. Parker Hanniﬁn have their instrumentation
division next to the Taw Bridge (A361) at Pottington
in Barnstaple. Next to Royal Marines Base Chivenor
Perrigo makes Germolene and own-label OTC medicines
at the Wrafton Laboratories in Heanton Punchardon on
the A361.
All Ambrosia products are made in Lifton, oﬀ the A30 on
the River Lyd. Parkham Farms make Westcountry Farmhouse Cheddar at Woolfardisworthy, Torridge. Supacat
at Dunkeswell Aerodrome, north of Honiton, make protective vehicles for the Army, notably the Jackal. These
vehicles are also made in Plymouth by Babcock International formerly Devonport Management Limited (DML).
Centrax make industrial gas turbines in Newton Abbot.
To the north-west, on the A38 at the A382 junction at
Heathﬁeld in Bovey Tracey, British Ceramic Tile have
the largest ceramic tile plant in Europe.
Beverage Brands, maker of WKD Original Vodka, is in
Torquay.
Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company UK (chewing gum) and
HMNB Devonport (the largest naval base in western Europe) are in Plymouth. Toshiba had a large presence
in Ernesettle, in the north Plymouth of, which was the
second largest employer after the Royal Navy, until they
moved production of televisions to Kobierzyce in Poland
in 2009; Britain made its last television at the site on 27
August 2009. Princess Yachts make motor yachts oﬀ the
A374 in Stonehouse.
5.3 Dorset
Main article: Dorset § Economy and industry
New Look is in Weymouth. Hall & Woodhouse brew-
Devon
Main article: Economy and industry of Devon
See also: Mining in Cornwall and Devon
The Met Oﬃce is in Exeter as is Pennon Group, the wa-
The Met Oﬃce, with cumulus humilis cloud
The Lifeboat College in Poole
ter company. The airline Flybe is based at Exeter Air- ery is in Blandford Forum (home of the Royal Corps
port; Plymouth City Airport closed in 2011. Hemerdon of Signals). Wytch Farm (BP) is the UK’s largest onMine, east of Plymouth, has one of the largest deposits shore oil ﬁeld. Meggitt is a leading aerospace and de-
14
5
fence contractor, based west of Bournemouth Airport,
with Hobbycraft, at a former BAC works in Hurn, close
to West Parley. The Royal Armoured Corps is based at
Bovington Camp, and next door is the Bovington Tank
Museum.
ECONOMY AND INDUSTRY
at Staverton. The Cheltenham & Gloucester bank is
Barnwood (north Gloucester) next to Unilever's manufacturing site for Wall’s ice cream on the A417 and to
the south EDF Energy (former British Energy) have their
nuclear energy engineering centre.
Unisys Insurance Services is headquartered in Moog Controls UK on the Ashchurch Ind Estate near
Imagine Publishing, a magazine junction 9 (A46) of the M5 makes servo valves for the
Bournemouth.
publisher, is at the A35/A347 junction.
aerospace industry (ﬂight control systems). The Colt Car
Merlin Entertainments (who own Sea Life Centres, and Company UK (who distribute Mitsubishi Motors) are in
are the world’s second largest theme park operator af- Cirencester, and Corin Group make artiﬁcial joints on the
ter Disney) is in Poole, at the end of the A350 near the A429 near the Royal Agricultural University. The Stroud
Twin Sails bridge; Lush, the cosmetics company, and & Swindon Building Society and Ecotricity are in Stroud.
the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) are head- Dairy Crest makes Frijj milkshake at its large dairy at
quartered nearby. Parvalux, on the A3049 on the West Severnside at Stonehouse next to the M5; nearby ReedHowe Ind Estate in Wallisdown, makes geared DC elec- Hycalog (owned by National Oilwell Varco) make industric motors and gearboxes. Ryvita is made in Parkstone trial drill bits oﬀ the A419. GSK makes Lucozade and
on the B3061. Hamworthy Combustion is an interna- Ribena at Coleford in the Forest of Dean. Mabey Group
tional engineering consultancy based at the A349/A3049 make steel girder bridges in Lydney. The Fire Service
junction in Fleetsbridge. Fitness First, the largest pri- College is in Moreton-in-Marsh.
vately owned health club group in the world, originated
in Bournemouth and is now globally headquartered south
of Fleet’s Corner. Siemens Traﬃc Controls make most
of the UK’s traﬃc lights west near Fleet’s Corner, and
Sunseeker International is a main motor yacht manufacturer.
5.4
Gloucestershire
The Army Air Corps has 67 Yeovil-built, Rolls-Royce RTM322powered AgustaWestland Apache AH1 helicopters
5.5 Somerset
Main article: Economy of Somerset
The Royal Marines have a large base for 40 Commando
An aerial view of GCHQ’s headquarters, 2004
The biggest employer in Gloucestershire is the intelligence agency GCHQ, who are based at 'The Doughnut', their headquarters in Cheltenham.[142] Other major business headquarters located in Cheltenham are
Endsleigh Insurance in Shurdington, UCAS, Kohler Mira
Ltd (showers), Spirax-Sarco Engineering Plc, Chelsea
Building Society, GE Aviation Systems UK (former
Smiths Group). Computer security ﬁrm Symantec have
a site in Gloucester, the base of Ecclesiastical Insurance.
Dowty Rotol (who make propellors), Messier-Dowty UK Mendip Vale the nearest station to the city of Wells which is cut
(historically Britain’s main aircraft undercarriage manu- oﬀ from the rest of the UK by the Beeching Axe.
facturer, now owned by Safran) and Bond Aviation Group
(helicopter leasing) are next to Gloucestershire Airport west of Taunton, with their training centre at Lympstone
5.6
Wiltshire
in Devon, on the A376 and River Exe. Screwﬁx is in
Yeovil and Clarks shoes is in Street, although most of its
shoes are made in the Far East. Shepton Mallet is home of
Blackthorn Cider and the Gaymer Cider Company. Uniq
Desserts make premium chilled desserts, such as tiramisu
for M & S, at their site (former St Ivel) oﬀ the B3081
at Evercreech. Dairy Crest packs Cathedral City cheese
in Frome. The Glastonbury Festival at Pilton (nearer
to Shepton Mallet than Glastonbury), oﬀ the A361, is
the UK’s biggest music festival. Westland Helicopters
(now AgustaWestland, owned by Italy’s Finmeccanica)
is in Yeovil and Weston-super-Mare. To the east of
Yeovil, in Houndstone, Garador make garage doors (part
of Hörmann Group of Amshausen, Europe’s largest mechanical door manufacturer). Yeo Valley Organic is in
Blagdon. Numatic International Limited makes vacuum
cleaners in Chard, and Brecknell Willis, a railway engineering company on the A30, makes pantographs. Dairy
Crest makes brandy butter south of the town in Tatworth
and Forton, near the meeting point of Dorset, Somerset and Devon. DS Smith's Wansbrough Paper Mill at
Watchet on the coast is the UK’s largest manufacturer of
coreboard. Ministry of Cake, owned by Greencore since
December 2007 on the A3065 in Staplegrove in the west
of Taunton, is the leading provider of frozen desserts to
the UK foodservice industry. The United Kingdom Hydrographic Oﬃce is in Taunton. Pilgrims Choice cheddar
is made at Wincanton.
15
Poland.
5.6 Wiltshire
Salisbury Cathedral at 123 m (404 ft) which is the tallest in the
UK
The Early Learning Centre is in South Marston. Nearby,
Castrol, the Nationwide Building Society, Research
Councils UK and ﬁve research councils, Intel Europe, the
British Computer Society, a main oﬃce of English Heritage, and the National Trust (responsible for the area of
the UK except Scotland) are in Swindon. In Stratton St
Margaret, BMW press metal for the MINI at Swindon
Pressings Ltd, there is a major Honda manufacturing
plant (also in South Marston), and the headquarters of
W H Smith. Near junction 16 of the M4, close to
Freshbrook, are Synergy Health and RWE npower, near
the A3102/B4534 roundabout. Triumph International
UK is in Blunsdon St Andrew. On the A361 in Highworth
north-east of Swindon, TS Tech make seating systems for
Honda. Kembrey Wiring Systems make wiring systems
for aircraft oﬀ the B4006/A4312 roundabout in Stratton
St Margaret. Sauer-Danfoss UK provide hydraulics oﬀ
the A419 in Dorcan, in east Swindon.
Dyson is in Malmesbury, north of the M4. Cotswold Outdoor (recommended supplier to the DofE Award and the
Scout Association), is based at the former RAF Kemble
Next to the Royal Portbury Dock, oﬀ junction 19 of (now Cotswold Airport) in Crudwell, oﬀ the A429 near
the M5 on the A369 is Lafarge Plasterboard. Thatchers the Gloucestershire boundary south of Cirencester.
Cider is in Sandford, North Somerset on the A368, Apetito UK, with Wiltshire Farm Foods, is based in
two miles east of the M5. Towards Bristol Airport, Trowbridge oﬀ the B3106 next to the railway. Virgin
Claverham make actuation equipment for the aerospace Mobile is in Trowbridge, as is Danone UK (owner
sector in Yatton in North Somerset, oﬀ the A370, and is of Actimel) and their Cow & Gate subsidiary (run
part of Hamilton Sundstrand, derived from the electrical by Numico). In Devizes is the Wadworth Brewsystems part of Fairey Aviation.
ery.
Cereal Partners make Shredded Wheat and
Brandy butter plant at Chard Junction next to the River Axe
Wessex Water, Future plc, Buro Happold and Rotork
are in Bath. Cadbury used to make Curly Wurly,
Double Decker and Crunchie at the Somerdale Factory,
Keynsham until Kraft closed the plant in March 2011 and
moved production to Skarbimierz, Opole Voivodeship in
Shreddies at Staverton on the B3106 next to the railway.
Salisbury Cathedral in Salisbury attracts many tourists.
Rockhopper Exploration is in the town and Naim Audio make hi-ﬁ equipment oﬀ the A36 in the east of the
town. Nearby, Dstl is at Porton Down. Lyons Seafoods
16
8 POLITICS
6.1 Local government
The oﬃcial region consists of the following geographic
counties and local government areas:
UA = unitary authority CC = county council
6.2 Eurostat NUTS
In the Eurostat Nomenclature of Territorial Units for
Statistics (NUTS), South West England is a level-1 NUTS
region, coded “UKK”, which is subdivided as follows:
7 South West Regional Assembly
Shredded Wheat factory at Staverton north of Trowbridge
in Warminster are the UK’s leading producer of frozen
prawns. Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems UK (former Westinghouse) make railway air brakes in Bowerhill just south
of Melksham and nearby is the headquarters of Avon
Rubber. Cooper Tire & Rubber Company also make
Avon Tyres in the same town. Chippenham has the HQ of
Wincanton plc, the large logistics company, and Invensys
Rail Group (former Westinghouse Rail Systems) who
make rail signalling equipment, and the software company SciSys. Herman Miller UK, a maker of oﬃce furniture, has its international headquarters at the A4/A350
roundabout south of Chippenham, towards Corsham.
Avon Protection are on the A350 south of Melksham in
Melksham Without, and are world-leading manufacturers
of respirators, including for the MoD.
In the centre of the county are many military establishments, notably MoD Boscombe Down, the training base
on Salisbury Plain, and the army bases around Tidworth,
Larkhill (home of the Royal School of Artillery) and
Warminster (home of the Infantry).
6
Subdivisions
Durdle Door in Dorset is part of the Jurassic Coast, England’s
only natural World Heritage Site.
Although referendums had been planned on whether
elected assemblies should be set up in some of the regions, none was planned in the South West. The South
West Regional Assembly (SWRA) was the regional assembly for the South West region, established in 1999.
It was based in Exeter and Taunton. The SWRA was a
partnership of councillors from all local authorities in the
region and representatives of various sectors with a role
in the region’s economic, social and environmental wellbeing. There was much opposition to the formation of
the SWRA with critics saying it was an unelected unrepresentative and unaccountable “quango”. The Regional
Assembly was wound up in May 2009, and its functions
taken on by the Strategic Leaders’ Board (SLB) of South
West Councils.[143]
The region covers much of the historical area of Wessex
(omitting only Hampshire and Berkshire), and all of
the Celtic Kingdom of Dumnonia which comprised
Cornwall, Devon, and parts of Somerset and Dorset. In
terms of local government, it was divided after 1974
into Avon, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Gloucestershire, 8 Politics
Somerset, and Wiltshire. Avon has since been abolished,
and several mainly urban areas have become unitary In the 2010 general election the South West contained 55
authorities.
seats in the House of Commons. The Conservatives hold
36 seats, the Liberal Democrats 15 and Labour 4.
9.3
Further education
South West England is one of the constituencies used for
elections to the European Parliament. From the 2004
election onwards, Gibraltar has been included within the
constituency for the purpose of elections to the European
parliament only. Since the 2009 European Parliament
election, it has been represented by three Conservative,
two UKIP and one Liberal Democrat Members of European Parliament (MEP).[144]
8.1
Elections
In the 2010 general election, there was a 1% swing from
Liberal Democrat to Conservative in the region. [145]
For the region’s electorate, 43% voted Conservative, 35%
voted Liberal Democrat, and Labour came third with
15%. The distribution of seats is weighted in favour of the
Conservatives with 36 Conservative, 15 Liberal Democrat and 4 Labour (Plymouth Moor View, Exeter, Bristol
South and Bristol East). The Conservatives gained 11
seats, with the others (mostly Labour – 8) losing seats.
Somerset and Cornwall are the strongest areas for the Liberal Democrats, with Gloucestershire, Devon, Dorset and
Wiltshire being more Conservative.
17
The South West has a below average rate of attainment
in GCSE (and equivalent) examinations, with the lowest
regional performance in England from 2009-2012.[147] In
2012, South Hams had the highest percentage of pupils
achieving 5 or more GCSEs at grade A*-C at 86%, whilst
Purbeck had the lowest at 70%.[148]
The region has an above average rate of attainment in
A-Level (and equivalent) examinations, having outperformed the West Midlands, East Midlands, North East
and London in 2012.[147]
9.3 Further education
There are around 29 further education colleges in the
region.[149]
9.4 Higher education
In the 2014 European Election, the South West England
constituency voted 32.29% for UKIP, 28.9% Conservative, 13.75% Labour, 11.1% Green, and 10.7% Liberal
Democrat. UKIP and the Conservatives have two MEPs
each, while Labour and the Greens have one each.[146]
9
Education
University of Bath
9.1
Schools
There are twelve universities in the region:
See also: List of schools in the South West of England
• The Arts University Bournemouth
• Bournemouth University
9.2
Secondary education
• Bath Spa University
• University of Bath
• University of Bristol
• University of Exeter
• Falmouth University
• University of Gloucestershire
• The University of Law
• University of Plymouth
• Royal Agricultural University
• University of St Mark & St John
Sir Thomas Rich’s School in Gloucester
• University of the West of England (UWE)
18
11
There are also four higher education colleges. The region
has the lowest number of people registered on higher education courses at FE colleges.
The University of Bristol receives the most total funding, according to Higher Education Funding Council for
England ﬁgures for the 2006/2007 academic year, and
the largest research grant—twice as big as any other in
the region.[150] Bath has the next largest research grant,
closely followed by Exeter. UWE and Plymouth get small
research grants, but no other universities in the region receive much of a research grant. The University of Plymouth has the largest teaching grant.
REFERENCES
• BBC South West, based in Plymouth with the
Spotlight regional programme.
• BBC West, based in Clifton in Bristol with the Points
West regional programme.
• ITV West Country, based in Bristol (following the
merger of ITV West and ITV Westcountry), with
the ITV News West Country regional programme.
• N.B. Parts of Dorset, including Bournemouth and
Poole, also receive BBC South and ITV Meridian from Southampton. Digital switchover from
Mendip (for Points West) took place in April 2010,
and for the Spotlight area it took place in mid-2009.
Of the region’s students (postgraduate and undergraduate), 50% are from the region, and around 40% from
other regions. For full-time ﬁrst degree students, 35%
come from the region, around 22% are from South East Radio
England, and 8% are from London. Including the East of
• BBC Radios Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Solent
England, around 70% are from Southern England. 10%
(Dorset), Bristol, Wiltshire, and Gloucestershire.
are from the Midlands, and 5% from Northern England.
National radio is from North Hessary Tor and
The main access for students from the north is the Cross
Wenvoe (west of Cardiﬀ).
Country Route. Around 33% of native South West students stay in the region, with 18% going to the South East
• Commercial radio stations are Kiss 101 (Bristol),
(around 60% stay in the south of England). Around 14%
Star 107.2 (Bristol), Heart West Country, Pirate FM
go to Wales, but very few go to the East of England. Ac(Cornwall), Atlantic FM (St Agnes), Heart Devon,
cess by road or rail to the East of England region is not
Heart Gloucestershire (Gloucester), Heart Wiltstraightforward, with around the same amount of travel
shire (Swindon), Palm 105.5 (Torquay), Total Star
as to Scotland. Many more native South West students
Somerset (former QuayWest 107.4FM in Bridgare prepared to go to the north of England, than northern
water),
Total Star Swindon (former Brunel FM),
students are prepared to study in the South West. Once
Total
Star
Warminster (former 3TR FM), Total
graduated, around 50% stay in the region, with 15% each
Star
Bath
(former
Bath FM), Nova Radio (Westongoing to London or the South East (around 80% ﬁnd work
super-Mare),
Spire
FM (Salisbury), Wessex FM
in the south of England). Very few go elsewhere (espe(Dorchester),
Fire
Radio
(Bournemouth), and Heart
cially the north of England); around 4% go to the West
Solent
(Bournemouth).
Midlands or Wales.
Newspapers
10
Local media
• Regional newspapers include the Bristol Evening
Post, Western Daily Press, the Dorset Echo, the
Exeter Express and Echo, Western Morning News,
the North Devon Journal, Cornish Guardian, The
West Briton (Truro), The Cornishman, Wiltshire
Times (Trowbridge), Gloucestershire Echo,
Gloucester Citizen, Plymouth Evening Herald,
Torquay Herald Express, Swindon Advertiser and
the Salisbury Journal (Salisbury).
11 References
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[2] “South West Regional Assembly, Draft Regional Spatial
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24 May 2012.
TV
[3] ONS: Regions (Former GORs). Accessed 8 August 2011
19
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[53] Morris, John (1973). The Age of Arthur.
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[63] Shipley Duckett, Eleanor (1956). Alfred the Great: The
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22
12
EXTERNAL LINKS
[123] “Deprivation indices 2007” (PDF). Retrieved 24 May [145] Political Party Seats Change Conservative. “Election
2012.
2010 BBC”. BBC News. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
[124] “Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2007”. Data.gov. [146] “South West” at BBC News. (retrieved 23 June 2014)
Retrieved 9 February 2013.
[147] Education and Skills In Your Area - England DfE
[125] “Changing Regional Economies — South West” (PDF).
[148] Education and Skills In Your Area - South West Region
Oﬃce for National Statistics. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
DfE
[126] Jackson, Kenneth (1953). Language and History in Early
[149] http://findfe.com/searches.php?country=12
Britain. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
[127] Payton, Philip Cornwall. Fowey: Alexander Associates [150] “South West Region” (PDF). Regional proﬁles of higher
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(1996).
[128] “The Cornish Language”. Kernowek. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
[129] Gover, J.; Mawer, A. and Stenton, F. M. Place-Names of
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[130] “Portrait of South West England: Economy”. Eurostat &
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2006.
12 External links
• Visit South West England – Oﬃcial Regional
Tourist Board
• Invest in South West England – Oﬃcial Inward Investment Website
[131] “Economy Module”. Economy.swo.org.uk. Retrieved 24
May 2012.
• South West England Brand Centre – Information on
the South West England promotional brand
[132] “Tourism contribution ﬁgures”. South West Regional Development Agency. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
• Government Oﬃce for the South West
[133] Oﬃce of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2004. "Competitive
European Cities: Where do the Core Cities stand? Urban
Research Summary 13.” Page 12 (PDF).
[134] “Manufacturing Advisory Service”. Mas.bis.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
[135] Business Link
[136] “UKTI”. UKTI. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
[137] “Regional, sub-regional and local Gross Value Added
2010” (PDF). Statistical Bulletin. Oﬃce for national
Statistics. 14 December 2011. p. 10. Retrieved 9 June
2012.
[138] “The changing state of the south west 2012”. South West
Observatory. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
[139] “Objective One in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly”. The
Partnership Oﬃce for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly.
Retrieved 9 June 2012.
[140] “Local Authority & County Analysis 2006-2010”. GBTS
England LA & County & Towns 2006-2010. VisitEngland. September 2011. p. 5. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
[141] Objective 1 Partnership, 2009
[142] Richard Norton-Taylor (10 June 2003). “The Doughnut,
the less secretive weapon in the ﬁght against international
terrorism”. The Guardian. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
[143] SW Councils (17 May 2012). “Strategic Leaders’ Board”.
Swcouncils.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
[144] “European Election 2009: South West”. BBC News. 8
June 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
• Government’s list of councils in the South West
• South West England at DMOZ
Coordinates: 50°58′N 3°13′W / 50.96°N 3.22°W
23
13
13.1
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
Text
• South West England Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20West%20England?oldid=653187749 Contributors: Andre Engels,
Rbrwr, Mic, Arpingstone, Ahoerstemeier, Andres, Charles Matthews, Timwi, Steinsky, Morwen, Warofdreams, Modulatum, Henrygb,
Marnanel, Axeman, Keith Edkins, Phe, Domino theory, MRSC, Squash, Grstain, Mike Rosoft, Duja, Cnyborg, YUL89YYZ, Gerry Lynch,
QuartierLatin1968, Smalljim, Dpaajones, Rje, Halsteadk, CR7, Rodw, Goldom, Tommycw1, Jackhynes, Woohookitty, Cruccone, SqueakBox, Cuchullain, BD2412, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Tim!, Cyr~enwiki, Afterwriting, The wub, FlaBot, MacRusgail, Mark83,
Gurch, Mark J, Vilcxjo, Gareth E Kegg, YurikBot, Al Silonov, Hairy Dude, RussBot, Hede2000, BillMasen, Stephenb, CambridgeBayWeather, TheUnforgiven, Welsh, Mkill, Orioane, Zzuuzz, KGasso, Little Savage, Tevildo, Thelb4, Hayden120, Willtron, Mais oui!, SmackBot, JimmyGuano, Rrius, Typhoonchaser, Cheesy mike, Hmains, Choalbaton, Bluebot, TimBentley, MartinPoulter, JaT~enwiki, Hibernian, Firetrap9254, Luketh, MJCdetroit, Rrburke, Interfector, Krich, DinosaursLoveExistence, Meiktila, Ohconfucius, BrownHairedGirl,
Fabant, JzG, Calum MacÙisdean, Green Giant, Dr Greg, Stevebritgimp, AxG, Giss~enwiki, Joseph Solis in Australia, Namiba, CmdrObot,
Ric36, Page Up, Paulw99, Cydebot, Trident13, Yellowhammer, Viridae, Walgamanus, Richc80, Maziotis, PamD, ‫הסרפד‬, Joowwww, Processr, Thijs!bot, Heliotic, MichaelMaggs, Vibracobra23, Jezzerk, Ghmyrtle, Mikenorton, DuncanHill, Adresia, Sophie means wisdom, Magioladitis, Jmorrison230582, Leftblank, The Anomebot2, CS46, Sammalin, Sarumio, Gasheadsteve, Mermaid from the Baltic Sea, Keith
D, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Johnluisocasio, Nev1, DrKiernan, Acalamari, Seopinoywiki, Tanaats, Idioma-bot, Craitman17, WOSlinker,
TXiKiBoT, Mawkernewek, Una Smith, LeaveSleaves, Bleaney, Jeremy Bolwell, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, BotMultichill, This is Drew, Mr
Taz, Behind The Wall Of Sleep, Lightmouse, Ealdgyth, Asdfasdf1231234, Martarius, ClueBot, Matdrodes, Artowalos, Alexbot, Mbowkett,
PixelBot, Dn9ahx, SchreiberBike, Quetzapretzel, Qwfp, TimTay, Felix Folio Secundus, Addbot, GyroMagician, Download, LaaknorBot, 5 albert square, Ehrenkater, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Christopedia, Amirobot, House1630, Maxí, Kotla Mohsin Khan, Meven,
AnomieBOT, 1exec1, Jeni, Sz-iwbot, Kalamkaar, Xqbot, League Octopus, HelioSmith, Jolly Janner, Just4djh, Jezhotwells, RibotBOT,
Mattis, FrescoBot, Alarics, Loulou121, BenzolBot, Cm1989, Simple Bob, LittleWink, Moonraker, Skol ﬁr, Cnwilliams, Routlee, Iwillremembermypassthistime, Jurryaany, Southwesttim, Phil Whiston, Orphan Wiki, Surlyduﬀ50, Dewritech, Manofdevon, Laurel Lodged,
Flexjt, Imlikeaboss, Ykraps, Bezza84, S0ch1, Mendip Spelunker, H3llBot, Lexusuns, JeﬀSmith79, Robertpeel1, ClueBot NG, Kasirbot,
CaroleHenson, Helpful Pixie Bot, RichardPhillipsb38, Govynn, PhnomPencil, Beegneekolai, Pdiddyjr, Pkkao2, CitationCleanerBot, Bob
Re-born, BattyBot, Mdann52, IkbenFrank, Khazar2, Wywin, Rob984, ADangerousMind, Eyesnore, WPGA2345, Bobbylatimore, Captain
Cornwall, Monkbot, Lmallett22, Benasar, Atavanola, Railway56, Alakzi and Anonymous: 144
13.2
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Watkins
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• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
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• File:First_Great_Western_HST_-_Yatton_-_2006-06-15_01.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/
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• File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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• File:GCHQ-aerial.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/GCHQ-aerial.jpg License: OGL Contributors:
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• File:Higher_Stockham_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241476.jpg Source:
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• File:James_Scott,_Duke_of_Monmouth_and_Buccleuch_by_William_Wissing.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
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National Portrait Gallery: NPG 151
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24
13
TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
• File:Ludgvan_field_penwith_cornwall.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Ludgvan_field_penwith_
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• File:Maes_Knoll_Tump.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Maes_Knoll_Tump.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rodw
• File:NUTS_3_regions_of_South_West_England_map.svg
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• File:Perkin_Warbeck.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Perkin_Warbeck.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Unknown
• File:Plymouth_Drake.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Plymouth_Drake.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Poole_,_The_Lifeboat_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1771006.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/
3d/Poole_%2C_The_Lifeboat_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1771006.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: From geograph.org.uk
Original artist: Lewis Clarke
• File:PorlockVale.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/PorlockVale.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Sean_the_Spook (talk) (Uploads) Original artist: Sean_the_Spook (talk) (Uploads)
• File:Porthcurno_Aerial_photo_TomCorser2005.jpg Source:
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Aerial_photo_TomCorser2005.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 uk Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tom Corser
• File:Portiishead_power_station.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Portiishead_power_station.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/89492733@N00/301083786/sizes/o/ Original artist: Rick Weston from
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• File:Pulteney_Bridge,_Bath_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Pulteney_Bridge%2C_Bath_2.jpg
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• File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
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• File:Roman_Baths_c1900_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Roman_Baths_c1900_2.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Original image: Photochrom print (color photo lithograph)
Reproduction number: LC-DIG-ppmsc-07998 from Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Photochrom Prints Collection
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• File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source:
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• File:STRS_June_2013.jpeg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/STRS_June_2013.jpeg License: CC BY-SA
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• File:Salisbury_Cathedral.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Salisbury_Cathedral.jpg License: CC BYSA 2.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Andrew Dunn (Website: http://www.andrewdunnphoto.com/)
• File:Shunting_the_engine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_107049.jpg Source:
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Patrick Mackie
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Original
artist:
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in_England.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator. Original artist:
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13.3
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25
• File:Stonehenge-Green.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg License: Attribution
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mactographer
• File:Sweyn_Forkbeard.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Sweyn_Forkbeard.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Ee.3.59/bytext Original artist: Anonymous
• File:The_Staverton_Chimney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_613951.jpg Source:
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• File:Ukmo-exeter-panorama.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Ukmo-exeter-panorama.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Common Good using
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• File:Uni.of.bath.campus.arp.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Uni.of.bath.campus.arp.jpg License:
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• File:Westland_apache_wah-64d_longbow_zj206_arp.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Westland_
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13.3
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