Math 441 Spring 2015 Second Midterm (Practice) Problem 1. Describe the Black-Scholes formula: explain to what type of financial derivative(s) it applies, and what it says about their initial value. Solution. The Black-Scholes formula determines the price of a European put or call, assuming the underlying stock is given by the log-normal model. For a European call, the price is cE = S0 (d1 ) In the above formula i.e. Ke rT (d2 ) (z) denotes the cumulative distribution function for the standard normal, (z) = Z z 1 1 p e 2⇡ x2 /2 dx and d1 = ln(S0 /K) + (r + p T 1 2 )T 2 , d2 = ln(S0 /K) + (r p T 1 2 )T 2 and S0 = current price of the stock, = volatility, r = zero risk rate, T = time to maturity of the option and K = strike price. The corresponding formula for a European put is pE = K ( d2 )e rT S0 ( d1 ). Problem 2. The price of a stock today is $45. Assume that every 6 months the stock goes up by 10% or down by 10%. Assume the zero risk rate is 5% (continuous compounding). Compute the price of the following derivative: 8 American put T = 1 year , K = $48 < 1 (long) 5 (long) Stock : 1 (long) European put T = 1 year , K = $45 Solution. First, let us compute the values of the stock at all nodes. Su = 45(1.1) = 49.5 Sd = 45(0.9) = 40.5 Suu = 45(1.1)2 = 54.45 Sud = 45(1.1)(0.9) = 44.55 Sdd = 45(0.9)2 = 36.45 Moreover, p= er T d e0.025 0.9 = = 0.6265756 u d 1.1 0.9 Use this compute the pay o↵ functions at maturity. Let h denote the European put and H the American put. Then, for the American put, Huu = max{48 54.45, 0} = 0 Hud = max{48 44.55, 0} = 3.45 Hdd = max{48 36.45, 0} = 11.55, huu = max{45 54.45, 0} = 0 hud = max{45 44.55, 0} = 0.45 hdd = max{45 36.45, 0} = 8.55. and the European put Then, using the binomial formula for the European put, h0 = e (0.05) (0.6265756)2 (0) + 2(0.6265756)(1 =e (0.05) 2(0.6265756)(0.3734244)(0.45) + (0.3734244)2 (8.55) 0.6265756)(0.45) + (1 0.6265756)2 (8.55) ⇡ (0.9512)(1.4028) ⇡ 1.3343 Now, we go node by node for the values of the American option, noting that the time step is 1/2 when using the 1-step formula Hu = max{e (0.05)/2 (pHuu + (1 p)Hud ), 48 Su } = max{(0.9753)((0.6265756)(0) + (0.3734244)(3.45)), 1.5} = max{1.4028, 1.5} = 1.4028 Hd = max{e (0.05)/2 (pHud + (1 p)Hdd ), 48 Sd } = max{(0.9753)((0.6265756)(3.45) + (0.3734244)(11.55)), 7.5} = max{6.4747, 7.5} = 7.5. H0 = max{e (0.05)/2 (pHu + (1 p)Hd ), 48 45} = max{(0.9753)((0.6265756)(1.4028) + (0.3734244)(7.5)), 3} = max{3.6578, 3} = 3.6578. Then, the prizes are H0 = 3.6578$, h0 = 1.3343$, and the price of the original portfolio is 3.6578 + 5S0 + 0.6407 = 3.6578 + 5(45) + 1.3343 = 3.6578 + 225 + 1.3343 = 229.99$. Problem 3. Consider a stock which goes up by 5% and down by 5% every 4 months. Assuming the zero risk rate is 6%, determine the current price of a butterfly spread comprised of European options expering in 1 year, where K1 = 10$ , K2 = 15$ , K3 = 20$. Problem 4. A stock is trading today at $30. Suppose that in two months, the stock will be either $36 or $24. Using a one-step binomial tree, value the following options which expire in two months: (a) A European call option with K = 25, with a risk-free rate of r = 4%. (b) A European call option with K = 20, with a risk-free rat of r = 4%. (d) Repeat the above but now with European puts with the same K and same risk-free rates. Problem 5. Determine the current price of a portfolio comprised of one (long) straddle with K = 20$ and one (short) straddle with K = 40$, both with expiration T = 9 months. Assume that the zero risk rate is 8% and that the underlying stock for both straddles is modelled by a log-normal with annual volatility of 20% and S0 = 30$. Solution. Let h denote the straddle at K = 20 and h0 denote the straddle at K = 40. h00 ⇧ = h0 So all we need to do is to find the value of each of the straddles. Since a straddle is just a long position on a put and a long position on a call, the price of a straddle is given by adding up the Black-Scholes formula for a put and a call, so h0 = cE + pE = S0 (d1 ) Ke rT (d2 ) + K ( d2 )e rT S0 ( d 1 ) Simplifying (will save us time later when substituting) h0 = S0 ( (d1 ) ( d1 )) Ke rT ( (d2 ) ( d2 )) Substituting the parameters for the first straddle, we get d1 = d2 = ln(30/20) + (0.08 + 12 (0.2)2 )(9/12) p ⇡ 4.8046 (0.2) 9/12 ln(30/20) + (0.08 12 (0.2)2 )(9/12) p ⇡ 4.5046 (0.2) 9/12 Substituting further (and using a calculator/Z-table to estimate h0 = 30 [ (d1 ) ⇡ 30(0.9999 ⇡ 10.3969 ( d1 )] 0) 20e (0.08)(9/12) 20(0.9801)(0.9999 [ (d2 ) (·)), ( d2 )] 0) Now we do the same for h0 , adding up again the Black-Scholes formulas for a call and a put h00 = S0 ( (d1 ) ( d1 )) Ke rT ( (d2 ) ( d2 )) where this time K = 40, so d1 = d2 = and, just as before ln(30/40) + (0.08 + 12 (0.2)2 )(9/12) p ⇡ (0.2) 9/12 ln(30/40) + (0.08 12 (0.2)2 )(9/12) p ⇡ (0.2) 9/12 h00 = 30 [ (d1 ) In conclusion, 2.1268 ( d1 )] 40e (0.08)(9/12) [ (d2 ) ⇡ 30(0.0167 0.9832) 40(0.9801)(0.007 ⇡ 28.99 + 38.62 = 9.63 ⇧ = 10.3969 2.4268 9.63 = 0.7669$. ( d2 )] 0.9923)
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