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PM World Journal
Vol. IV, Issue V – May 2015
www.pmworldjournal.net
Implementation of 3-Dimensional Work Breakdown
Structure in Engineering Design
Featured Paper
Yosep Asro Wain
Implementation of 3-Dimensional Work Breakdown Structure
in Engineering Design
By Yosep Asro Wain, CCP
Abstract
Work breakdown structure (WBS) is a hierarchical decomposition of the scope of work,
with the lowest element is a word package, which can be scheduled, estimated,
monitored and controlled. WBS is important matter in planning a project.
There are many work breakdown structures i.e. product based work breakdown
structure (PBS), activity based work breakdown structure (ABS), zone based work
breakdown structure (ZBS), functional based work breakdown structure (FBS), etc. To
mix these structures, it is developed 3-dimension of work breakdown structure (3DWBS), which could be represented by one cube, with three sides.
In a project, engineering design is activities to produce deliverables in the form of
engineering documents, which will be used as the basis for project implementation.
Engineering design activities are carried out throughout phase of the project. So that,
engineering design has product dimension that contains deliverables, and activity
dimension which is phase of the project.
This paper describes implementation of 3-D WBS in engineering design. The 3D-WBS
of engineering design using deliverables as PBS side, project phase as ABS side and
project area as ZBS side.
Keywords: Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), 3-Dimension Work Breakdown
Structure (3-D WBS), Engineering Design, Project Phase.
1.
Introduction
Project objectives and the scope of work form a basis of a project. Project objectives,
that address technical, schedule and cost aspects of the project, are the key
parameters that must be achieved for the project to be considered successful. While
scope of work is the written definition of the project’s technical parameter, that can be
included technical specification, statement of work, project plan, and combinations of
document.
An effective project management system uses project objectives and scope of work as
the foundation of the planning process. Conversion of the project objectives and scope
of work into logical and manageable units of work constitutes the work definition
process. The work definition process consists of 3 steps, namely: 1) creation of
technical statement of work; 2) developing of work breakdown structure (WBS); and 3)
preparation of WBS dictionary.
© 2015 Yosep Asro Wain
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PM World Journal
Implementation of 3-Dimensional Work Breakdown
Structure in Engineering Design
Vol. IV, Issue V – May 2015
www.pmworldjournal.net
Featured Paper
Yosep Asro Wain
Technical statement of work includes technical objectives of the project, specification
and major work product. WBS logically displays subdivisions of the complete project
into smaller, more manageable, pieces of work. WBS dictionary serves as statement of
the project scope for each WBS element (Humphreys, G.C., 2011).
Project
Objectives &
Scope of
Works
Technical
Statement of
Works
Work
Breakdown
Structure
(WBS)
WBS
Dictionary
Figure 1: Work Definition Process
WBS is important matter in the planning, hence development of WBS for an activity is
necessity.
An important activity in a project, especially project in the process industries is the
engineering design. In engineering design, alternative plant configurations are defined
and screened. Further, selected configuration is designed in process and non-process
aspects as the basis for implementation or construction. Engineering design will
produce engineering document as its deliverables.
This paper will address WBS of engineering design for the process industries project.
Besides deliverables, engineering design also has other dimensions, that are phase
and area of the project, therefore three-dimensions of WBS will be applied.
2.
Work Breakdown Structure
Work breakdown structure (WBS) is a hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of
work to be carried out by the project team to accomplish the project objectives and
create the required deliverables (PMI, 2013).
The scope of work should decompose progressively until manageable units of work,
that are work packages are defined. A work package consists of group of activities
which will be scheduled, estimated, monitored and controlled.
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PM World Journal
Vol. IV, Issue V – May 2015
www.pmworldjournal.net
Implementation of 3-Dimensional Work Breakdown
Structure in Engineering Design
Featured Paper
Yosep Asro Wain
Figure 2: Product Oriented WBS
Use product-oriented WBS as best practice, where WBS elements are decomposed
from scope of work based on products or deliverables. Figure 2 shows example of
product-oriented WBS (US GAO, 2009).
As shown in Figure 2, WBS could be presented in tree structure, matrix or hierarchical
structure.
Sometimes, WBS is formed based on phase of the project (PMI, 2013), as shown in
Figure 3.
Figure 3: Phase-Based WBS
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PM World Journal
Vol. IV, Issue V – May 2015
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3.
Implementation of 3-Dimensional Work Breakdown
Structure in Engineering Design
Featured Paper
Yosep Asro Wain
3-Dimensional Work Breakdown Structure
Beside product and phase based work breakdown structure as mentioned above, there
are many breakdown structures have been used. These structures include:
• GBS (geographical based work breakdown structure),
•
SBS (systems based work breakdown structure),
•
FBS (functional based work breakdown structure),
•
RBS (resources or risk based work breakdown structure),
•
CWBS (contract based work breakdown structure),
To mix these structures, it was developed 3-dimensional of work breakdown structure
(3D-WBS). 3D-WBS has three dimensions, so that it could be represented by one cube,
with PBS, ABS and ZBS as its sides, as shown below (Moine J-Y, 2013).
Figure 4: 3D-WBS
The PBS is constructed by systems, sub systems, product and sub product. The PBS
answers the question “What?”
The ABS, answers the question “How?” is constructed by phases, macro-activities,
activities and sub activities.
The ZBS is physic-functional, that divided by area or section. The ZBS can be a
topographic view of the construction site of a project, or can be also viewed as
functional zones, like for design phase and commissioning phase. The ZBS answers
the question “Where?”
The “3D little cubes” inside the WBS cube is the task or work package of the project.
So that, a work package in 3D-WBS has product, activity and zone dimensions.
The following is WBS matrix for 3D-WBS, in simple form (Moine J-Y, 2013).
© 2015 Yosep Asro Wain
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PM World Journal
Implementation of 3-Dimensional Work Breakdown
Structure in Engineering Design
Vol. IV, Issue V – May 2015
www.pmworldjournal.net
Featured Paper
Yosep Asro Wain
Figure 5: 3-D WBS Matrix
Engineering Design
4.
Engineering is the application of science to problem solving, while design is the creative
expression of knowledge. Hence, engineering design is creative process which applies
science to solve a problem.
Design, in general point of view, is composed of the following steps (Mody D and
Strong DS):
•
Determine the problem and its constraints.
•
Generate potential solutions.
•
Develop sufficient detail that solutions can be compared and eliminated.
•
Implement the preferred solution.
In chemical and process industry, design includes product and process design. In many
ways, both are similar, one thing different is process design more emphasis on
manufacture of known product, while product design more about invention of new
products.
This paper will touch process design, instead of product design.
In “text book”, process design is commonly broken down into the following stages:
•
Problem Definition
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PM World Journal
Implementation of 3-Dimensional Work Breakdown
Structure in Engineering Design
Vol. IV, Issue V – May 2015
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Featured Paper
Yosep Asro Wain
•
Process Synthesis, where multiple solutions are generated and discarded to
produce a small number of favorable solutions that are taken to more detail.
•
Process Design, where one or two most favored solutions are developed in
enough detail that reasonable financial analysis can be performed, safety and
environmental issues can be identified and their risk understood.
•
Process Analysis, where optimization of the conditions or equipment will be performed.
However, in practice, steps of process design are intrinsically linked to the phases of
projects as follow:
•
Conceptual Study
•
Feasibility Study
•
Basic Engineering Design
•
Front End Engineering Design
•
Detailed Engineering Design (DED)
Since in the process design, science and technology of the process are applied, so that
process design is also referred as process engineering design or just engineering
design.
Figure 6 shows engineering design phase.
Conceptual
Study (CS)
Feasibility
Study (FS)
Basic
Engineering
Design
(BED)
Front End
Engineering
Design
(FEED)
Detail
Engineering
Design
(DED)
Figure 6: Engineering Design Phase
Conceptual Study (CS): A study to define the potential of a project, and determine if
there is sufficient opportunity to justify the investment required for further study. In the
process industries case, conceptual study is to develop alternative configurations of the
plant by screening them from possible configurations. The result of conceptual study is
shortlisted option of plant configuration that presented in form of block flow diagram.
Feasibility Study (FS): A study to select the preferred configuration of the plant from
the shortlisted defined from conceptual design. Further, the selected configuration will
be defined more detail in process, utility, HSE, cost and economical aspect. The
objective of this study is to provide information for decision on whether the project is
feasible or not.
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PM World Journal
Vol. IV, Issue V – May 2015
www.pmworldjournal.net
Implementation of 3-Dimensional Work Breakdown
Structure in Engineering Design
Featured Paper
Yosep Asro Wain
Basic Engineering Design (BED): In this phase, engineering design activities for
selected feasible configuration will be started, including process and non-process
design. It will be established the specific set of process operating conditions and
equipment necessary to achieve the level of reliability, efficiency, and safety required.
Front End Engineering Design (FEED): A continuation of BED, where some of
engineering documents to be completed, i.e. equipment data sheets and engineering
drawing. All engineering documents needed by EPC contractor to conduct detailed
engineering design should be established.
Detail Engineering Design (DED): For the purpose of procurement and construction
of the project, EPC Contractor will conduct detail engineering design. This activity
includes completing of the equipment data sheet for procurement and engineering
drawing for construction.
It should be noted that in practice, among the phaces may overlap, so that the number
of phase may be less than five. For instance, conceptual study and feasibility study
sometimes are combined into conceptual study or just feasibility study. Likewise, BED
and FEED are merged into BED or FEED.
In general, engineering documents produced during engineering design are block flow
diagram, process flow diagram (PFD), piping & instrumentation diagrams (P&ID), plot
plant, engineering calculation and drawing. These documents are developed in the
early phases and progressively refined in subsequent phases. The following table
contains deliverables of engineering design by phase of the projects (AACE
International).
Table 1: Deliverables of Engineering Design by Project Phase
Deliverables
General Project Data:
• Project Scope Description
• Plant Production/Facility Capacity
• Plant Location
• Soil and Hydrology
• Integrated Project Plan
• Project Master Schedule
• Escalation Strategy
• Work Breakdown Structure
• Project Code of Accounts
• Contracting Strategy
Engineering Deliverables:
• Block Flow Diagrams
• Plot Plans
• Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs)
• Utility Flow Diagrams (UDFs)
• Piping & Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs)
• Heat & Material Balances
• Hydraulic Calculation
• Process Equipment List
• Utility Equipment List
• Electrical One-Line Diagrams
• Engineering Specifications
• Equipment Data Sheet
• Gen. Equipment Arrangement Drawings
• Spare Parts Listings
© 2015 Yosep Asro Wain
Conceptual
Study
(CS)
Feasibility
Study
(FS)
Basic
Engineering
Design
(BED)
Front End
Engineering
Design
(FEED)
Detail
Engineering
Design
(DED)
General
Assumed
General
None
None
None
None
None
None
Assumed
Preliminary
Preliminary
Approximate
Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
Assumed
Defined
Defined
Specific
Defined
Defined
Defined
Defined
Defined
Defined
Preliminary
Defined
Defined
Specific
Defined
Defined
Defined
Defined
Defined
Defined
Defined
Defined
Defined
Specific
Defined
Defined
Defined
Defined
Defined
Defined
Defined
S/P
P/C
S/P
P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S
S
S
C
C
C
C
C
C
P/C
C
C
C
P/C
P/C
C
P
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
P
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
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PM World Journal
Implementation of 3-Dimensional Work Breakdown
Structure in Engineering Design
Vol. IV, Issue V – May 2015
www.pmworldjournal.net
Featured Paper
Deliverables
•
•
•
•
Conceptual
Study
(CS)
Feasibility
Study
(FS)
Basic
Engineering
Design
(BED)
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
Front End
Engineering
Design
(FEED)
P/C
P/C
P/C
P/C
Detail
Engineering
Design
(DED)
C
C
C
C
CLASS 5
CLASS 4
CLASS 3
CLASS 2
CLASS 1
Mechanical Discipline Drawings
Electrical Discipline Drawings
Instrument/Control Discipline Drawings
Civil/Structural/Site Discipline Drawings
Cost Estimation
Yosep Asro Wain
Note: S: Start; P: Preliminary; C: Completed
Even though most of engineering deliverables have been completed in BED phase,
however in the further phase, if necessary these documents may be updated.
3D-WBS in Engineering Design
5.
As mentioned above, besides product in form of deliverable, engineering design
activities also has another dimension, namely phase. Hence, it is prefer to combine the
deliverable and the phase in a single form, instead of let them in separate form.
Combining of the deliverable and phase of the engineering design works in one
structure has advantages, including:
•
The whole activities are seen as a continuous process, starting from initial or
conceptual phase until detail design phase.
•
Using a single format of document, including reporting.
•
More efficient and effective.
Figure 7: 3D-WBS of Engineering Design
For implementing of 3D-WBS in engineering design, one more dimension should be
added, in this case is zone or location of the project. As each location has uniqueness,
use the project location as one of the 3D-WBS side is the right thing.
So that 3D-WBS of engineering works has deliverables as the PBS side, engineering
phase as the ABS side and project location as ZBS side, as shown in figure 7.
© 2015 Yosep Asro Wain
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PM World Journal
Vol. IV, Issue V – May 2015
www.pmworldjournal.net
Implementation of 3-Dimensional Work Breakdown
Structure in Engineering Design
Featured Paper
Yosep Asro Wain
As shown in Figure 8, ZBS has one level that is Project Area, PBS has two levels that
are engineering deliverables, and ABS has one level that is Engineering Phase. Please
noted that the level of each side may be extended if necessary.
With reference to Table 1, PBS side consist of 3 groups of deliverables as level 1, that
are General Project Data, Engineering Deliverables and Cost Estimation. While the
level 2 of PBS containts detail deliverables of each group.
Figure 8: 3D-WBS of Engineering Design in Matrix View
6.
WBS Dictionary
WBS Dictionary is a complement of the WBS. It provides the definition for each
component contained in the WBS.
Typical Content of WBS Dictionary is:
- Description.
- WBS Sructure.
- Key Deliverables.
- Key Activities.
- Resources Composite.
- Schedule.
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7.
Implementation of 3-Dimensional Work Breakdown
Structure in Engineering Design
Featured Paper
Yosep Asro Wain
Summary
WBS is a hierarchical decomposition of the scope of work, with the lowest element a
work package, which can be scheduled, estimated, monitored and controlled.
There are many breakdown structures i.e. product based work breakdown structure
(PBS), activity based work breakdown structure (ABS), zone based work breakdown
structure (ZBS), functional based work breakdown structure (FBS), etc. To mix these
structures, it is developed 3-dimension of work breakdown structure (3D-WBS), which
could be represented by one cube, with three sides.
Using 3D-WBS for engineering design, which has product, phase and zone dimensions,
has advantages, i.e.:
8.
The whole activities are seen as a continuous process, starting from initial or
conceptual phase until detail design phase.
Using a single format of document, including reporting.
More efficient and effective.
References
Humphreys, G.C. 2011. Project Management Using Earned Value, Chapter 2, page 45 to 58.
Humphreys & Associates, Management Consultants. Second Edition.
PMI. 2013. A Guide to The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), Fifth
Edition, Chapter 5.4, page 125 to 132. PMI (Project Management Institute).
US GAO. 2009. GAO-09-3SP, GAO Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide, Chapter 8, Page
65 to 78. US GAO (United States Government Accountability Office).
Moine J-Y. 2013. 3D Work Breakdown Structure Method, PM Word Journal Vol. II, Issue IV –
April 2013.
Mody D and Strong DS. An Overview of Chemical Process Design Engineering, Queen’s
University. Retrieved from
http://library.queensu.ca/ojs/index.php/PCEEA/article/viewFile/3824/3876
AACE International. Recommended Practice No. 18R-97. (2011), Cost Estimate Classification
System – As Applied in Engineering Procurement and Construction.
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PM World Journal
Vol. IV, Issue V – May 2015
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Implementation of 3-Dimensional Work Breakdown
Structure in Engineering Design
Featured Paper
Yosep Asro Wain
About the Author
Yosep Asro Wain
Jakarta, Indonesia
Yosep Asro Wain is a professional in oil and gas, especially in
refinery fields with 20 years experiences. The most of his job are in the project
management field, namely project engineering design, project budgeting, project cost
estimating, project cost control, project scheduling and contract engineering. He is
currently a cost engineering specialist at Engineering Center, Refinery Directorate of
Pertamina. Yosep holds a bachelor degree in Electrical Engineering (in Control
Engineering field) from Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), and is a Certified Cost
Professional (CCP-AACEI). He is also a senior process control and instrumentation
engineer. He lives in Jakarta, Indonesia and can be contacted at
[email protected].
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