Rome's Beginnings: Romulus and Remus
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Mythical version:
Trojan prince Aeneas
Romulus and Remus,
. Romulus and Remus
· Romulus kills Remus;
Historical version:
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discovers Latins while looking for promised land
sons of Latin princess and god Mars, abandoned
cared for by she-wolf, discovered by shepherd and wife
becomes first king of Rome
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Latins settled on Palatine, a fertile area with pleasant climate, around 1200 B.C.
. Etruscans ("people of the sea") of Etruria ruled Rome (Latins) for 200 years
Romans overthrew Etruscan leaders and set up a Republic in 509 B.C.
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The Expansion of the Roman Republic:
The Battle of Zama
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Romans conquered and controlled all of Italy by 275 B.C.
City-state Carthage ruled much of North Africa, Spain, and Sicily
. Roman conflict with Carthage started the Punic Wars
Romans fought Carthaginians for control of Mediterranean Sea
Hannibal defeated at Zama; Carthage lost all its territories to Rome
By 146 B.C. Rome was the leading power of the Mediterranean
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Transparency 1.1C
The Final Years of the Roman Republic: Julius Caesar
Rome's conquests caused changes in economy and govemment
large estates replaced small farms; cities became crowded
gap grew between rich and poor
Attempts were made to improve conditions in Rome
Gracchi brothers gave land and wheat to poor
. General Mariusa gave power to the army
General Sulla gave more power to the Seante
Julius Caesar built up army and took power
conquered Britain, Libya, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Numidia, Syria, Asia Minor
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. Caesar assassinated by those who opposed his dictatorship
Transparency 1.1D The Roman Empire: Cleo~atra's Death
.. Civil war broke out between Antony and Cleopatra and Octavian
.Octavian won naval victory at Actium in 31 B.C.
After Caesar's death, power shared by Marc Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian ,
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When Antony was defeated and Egypt was made a Roman province, he and
Cleopatra committed suicide to avoid being paraded through Rome as captives
Octavian became absolute ruler of Rome; he was given the title "Augustus" (honored)
. As Rome's "First Citizen" Augustus ended the expansion of the Empire at its
defensible boundaries: English Channel, Rhine, Danube, and Euphrates rivers; and
Sahara desert
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Augustus introduced the "Pax Romana," a time of peace and unity for the Empire
Transparency 1.1E The Roman Empire: Gladiatorial Games
. Augustus' successors accepted his defensive foreign policies
. Trajan, Rome's last great conqueror, established new provinces in Dacia, Armenia,
Assyria, and Mesopotamia
. Empire reached its greatest height under Trajan in A.D. 117
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. Rome's size was difficult to manage; Diocletian divided it in two
.Barbarians attacked the Empire from many sides
Five Good Emperors ruled Rome between A.D. 96 and A.D. 186
After A.D. 186, civil wars broke out in the Empire and emperors lost control
. Internally,
gladiatorial
gameswereonesignof Rome'sdecline