7 INSPIRING INDIGENOUS SHORT FILMS DVD available for purchase through Flickerfest http://www.flickerfest.com.au [email protected] A S T U D Y G U I D E b y K at y m a r r i n e r http://www.metromagazine.com.au http://www.theeducationshop.com.au The New Black This study guide to accompany The New Black, has been written for upper primary and secondary students. It provides information and suggestions for learning activities in English, History, Literature, Media and curriculum projects exploring the culture and concerns of Indigenous Australia. The New Black is rated PG. Teachers should preview the films before showing them to students. The subjects and themes of Ralph, The Farm and Aunty Maggie and The Womba Wakgun would appeal to students in Grades 5 and 6. All seven films are suitable for secondary students at all levels. SCREEN EDUCATION The New Black (2009) is a series of seven short films made by Indigenous writers, directors and producers. The series is an initiative of the Indigenous Department of Screen Australia, in association with the ABC, New South Wales Film and Television Office and the Pacific Film and Television Commission. 2 Introducing the films Ralph The Farm The Party Shoes Jacob »» Drama »» Drama »» Drama »» Drama »» 10 minutes »» 11 minutes »» 11 minutes »» 12 minutes »» Writer / director: Deborah Mailman »» Writer / director: Romaine Moreton »» Writer / director: Michelle Blanchard »» Writer / director: Dena Curtis »» Co-Writer: Wayne Blair »» Producer: John Harvey »» Producers: Darren Dale and Rhea Stephenson »» Producers: Darren Dale and Rhea Stephenson »» Olivia longs to know the people who came before her, in a place filled with mystery and wonder. Her mother Lauren, concerned with what her daughter might discover, is forced to come to terms with her own history and truths. »» In an attempt to rid her mother of sadness, tenyear-old Jenny devises a plan that will hopefully make her mother happy. When her mother discovers that the plan involves stealing letters from the neighbours, she is forced to make some changes in their life. »» George and Milly and Max and Gina live on a small station in the middle of the outback. While George and Max are away fencing, Max receives news that Gina has given birth to their son Jacob. Four months later George and Max return home. Max is thrilled at the prospect of father meeting son for the first time but the joyous occasion soon turns to disillusionment as he realises Jacob is not his child. »» Producer: Jessie Mangum »» For ten-year-old Madeline, it takes more than just dreaming to survive school; it takes a friend. Nia’s Melancholy Bourke Boy »» Drama »» Drama »» 11 minutes »» 11 minutes »» Drama »» Writer / director: SF Tusa »» Writer / director: Adrian Wills »» 11 minutes »» Producer: Andrew Arbuthnot »» Producer: Kath Shelper and Anusha Duray »» A young Yalanji girl witnesses her sister’s suicide. This is the tale of her descent into melancholy and her journey of redemption. »» A father and his adopted troubled teenage son take a trip to the son’s birthplace of Bourke, where they try to find the right words to say to each other before it’s too late. Aunty Maggie and The Womba Wakgun »» Director: Leah Purcell »» Writer: Angelina Hurley »» Producers: Bain Stewart and Lisa Duff SCREEN EDUCATION »» Aunty Maggie and Uncle Peter struggle to feed their three nephews. The arrival of some chickens provides a new food source … Eggs! When the new rooster becomes more of a headache and nearly dies, Aunty Maggie’s quick thinking shocks the family and makes her famous. 3 The New Black »» Have you ever heard anyone referring to something as being ‘the new black’? ‘The new black’ is often a reference point in the world of fashion, for example ‘grey is the new black’ or ‘brown is the new black’. Why do you think the series is titled The New Black? »» Did you enjoy watching The New Black? Which film did you enjoy the most? Why? Write a review of The New Black that makes reference to the individual films in the series. Your review should offer information about the series and your evaluation of the series’ worth. Your review should begin with a title. Below the title you should provide the name of the series and a rating that indicates your judgement of the series’ worth. Indicate the form and genre of the series early in your review. You will need to name the films in the series and the directors of the films. You should also provide information about the subjects and themes of the film. Provide your reader with plot summaries for the films. You should comment on how the filmmakers have portrayed their subjects. You should comment on how the filmmakers have used production elements. Offer evaluations of the films and the series. What did you like? Why? What didn’t you like? Why? »» What do the films have in common? In what ways do the films differ? The New Black is a collection of short fiction films. Like short stories, short fiction films offer a condensed narrative and may or may not be part of a collection. A short story usually explores one incident, has a single setting, a small number of characters and covers a short period of time. Working as a class and drawing on The New Black make a list of the features of a short fiction film. »» What contribution does The New Black make to Australian culture? »» Have you heard of the Message Sticks Indigenous Film Festival? The Message Sticks Indigenous Film Festival showcases the best new Indigenous films from Australia and the world. It is an annual event. The seven films in the series The New Black were shown at the Message Sticks Indigenous Festival in 2009. You can find information about the 2010 Message Sticks Indigenous Film Festival at <http://www.sydneyopera house.com/About/Program_Message_ Sticks.aspx>. Post a comment about The New Black or one of the films from the collection on the Message Sticks Indigenous Film Festival Facebook page at <http://www.facebook.com/group. php?gid=73960184141&v=wall>. »» Do you know what a message stick is? Message sticks were once used by indigenous people as a means of communicating. Messages were painted and inscribed on a stick, which was then transported by hand. The person who carried the message stick was traditionally granted safe and protected entry to another Aboriginal nation’s territory. Those who found the messenger on their land had an obligation to safely deliver the messenger to the elders of their people. The messenger would then convey the message to the elders. Messages included announcements of events, ceremonies, meetings, happenings and disputes, as well as invitations and warnings. »» A selection of The New Black films screened at Flickerfest 2010. Flickerfest is Australia’s only Academy®-accredited short film festival screening the best short films from Australia and the world annually, over a ten-day festival at Bondi Beach and throughout a national tour across Australia. Apart from Flickerfest’s International, Australian, Documentary and Environmental competitions, they also host a competition for films by school students from across Australia. Find out more about Flickerfest at <http://www.flickerfest.com.au>. Spend some time reading reviews of feature films before you begin. SCREEN EDUCATION 4 Using The New Black in the classroom Teachers may select from the following activities to support students’ viewing and close analysis of the films that are part of The New Black. Ralph The heart of Ralph is friendship and belonging. As my first film, it was important to begin with a story that was accessible to me. Ralph is a personal diary, made up of fragmented memories of someone being on the outside, about a young Aboriginal girl madly in love with an American teen heartthrob, surviving a world barbed with racism. – Deborah Mailman »» What happens? Share your thoughts about the plot of Ralph with your peers. »» What is the most important message of Ralph? »» What does Ralph tell us about life in Redfern, Sydney in 1984? »» Dear Ralph, Hi, it’s me again. It’s been a few days since my last letter and I still haven’t heard from you. My school dance is coming up. I would love you to come. Your number one fan, Madeline. Ten-year-old Madeline has a crush on the karate kid, Ralph Macchio. By her standards he is the hottest teen actor on the planet. That’s why she writes him a letter, asking him to be her date at the school dance. Can you remember who you were infatuated with when you were ten years old? »» What word best describes each of the following characters: Madeline, »» ‘Get a life … Have a bath.’ – Dean Madeline must endure the unkindness of her classmates. Dean the school bully is intent on making life a living hell for Madeline and her teacher doesn’t seem to be all that interested in protecting Madeline. Why is Madeline bullied? Were you surprised by the teacher’s indifference? »» Garth teases Madeline when he draws on her exercise book and chopsticks the cockroach but then comes to her defence when she is bullied in the schoolyard. What does Deborah Mailman want us to think about Garth’s attitude to Madeline? What else do we learn about Garth? What do Madeline and Garth have in common? »» What does Ralph teach us about intolerance? What does Ralph teach us about acceptance? »» Deborah Mailman, the director of Ralph, has claimed that Ralph is about the giddiness of first love. What moments in the story reveal this claim to be true? »» What does Madeline learn about life? »» Explain the significance of the following symbols: Madeline’s letters to Ralph Macchio, the posters on Madeline’s bedroom wall, Madeline’s bandanna and the pink dress in the boutique window. »» Discuss the use of different settings to tell the story of Ralph. Why is each setting significant? »» The final scene of Ralph is like a dream come true. Garth arrives in the nick of time. Why shouldn’t we question the end of the film? »» In what sense is Ralph a film about race? »» Learn more about Ralph at <http://goalpostpictures.com/ pictures/film/ralph/>. »» Learn more about Deborah Mailman at <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Deborah_Mailman> and <http://www. imdb.com/name/nm0537648/>. SCREEN EDUCATION Write a personal narrative about a childhood crush. Try to write 350–500 words. Garth, Madeline’s mum, Dean, Madeline’s teacher and Garth’s dad? Share your choices with a peer and then with the class. 5 The Farm The Farm is a film I have wanted to make for a very long time, but it wasn’t until a friend mentioned that there were no contemporary representations of the Indigenous agricultural labour experience on the far south coast of NSW that I recognised its significance in a filmic context. The Farm pays homage to an Indigenous workforce essential to the agricultural wealth of NSW and Victoria dating back to the 1930s, and is told through the eyes of a young girl who is a part of this labour force. The film is based on my childhood experience of being a part of this labour force, and I wanted to revisit that experience cinematically. – Romaine Moreton »» What happens? Share your thoughts about the plot of The Farm with your peers. »» What is the most important message of The Farm? »» What word best describes each of the following: Olivia, Lauren, Gus, Tom and the spirits? Share your choices with a peer and then with the class. »» What do we learn about Olivia’s life on the farm? »» How do Olivia’s experiences on the farm shape her perspective of the past and its place in her life? »» How does the filmmaker position us to see Olivia’s mother, at first, and also at the end of The Farm? »» What role does Olivia’s cousin play in the story of The Farm? »» Why do you think Olivia can see the people who once worked on the farm and have since passed on? Is Olivia scared by her ability to see ghosts? »» Olivia ‘Mum, what happened to all the Aboriginal people who were here before us?’ Why does Olivia’s mother refuse »» Why do you think Olivia etches her name into the timber of the pickers’ shack? »» ‘Nana always said people only live as long as we remember them. And they die because we forget.’– Olivia’s mum Why does Olivia’s mother give Olivia the amber necklace that belonged to Olivia’s grandmother? »» ‘But this principle of spirituality being inexplicably salient is strong in Indigenous cultures, and through this film I wanted to declare an ongoing belief in the wisdom of our Ancestors, past and present, and in the heartbeat of our country.’ – Romaine Moreton Would you call The Farm a ghost story? »» Explain the significance of the following symbols: the names carved into the wood of the pickers’ shack, the old money box and the amber stone necklace. »» The drama is set on and around a farm in southern NSW. Moreton’s intention was to illuminate the circumstances of itinerant Indigenous workers who travelled from South Australia to New South Wales and Queensland as bean pickers. What part does this context play in the telling of the story? Discuss the use of different settings to tell the story of The Farm. Why is each setting significant? »» On the way to the local show, Olivia can see the spirits of the dead walking on the side of the road. Why does the film end this way? »» Tally Ho Farm is a real place once occupied by myself and my family, as well as many generations of seasonal labourers before me. Although no one lives in the huts we grew up in now, the farm is still alive in our stories, our hearts and our memories. The farm is spoken about as a time of great joy and happiness, its simplicity etched into my being. My family and I always recount stories of living on the farm as some of the best times of our lives. – Romaine Moreton Write a personal narrative about a place that matters to you and your family. Aim to write 350–500 words. »» Learn more about Brown Cab Productions at <http:// www.browncabs.com>. SCREEN EDUCATION Lauren ‘I’ll tell you when you’re older.’ to tell her what happened to the others? Does she understand? 6 The Party Shoes The reason why I wanted to make this film is because I wanted to explore the complex relationship between a mother and a daughter drawing partially from my own lived experience. I wanted the film to celebrate the resilience of people. Of two very different characters, young and old whose common bond is love and yet other circumstances tangle, knot and threaten this bond. – Michelle Blanchard »» What happens? Share your thoughts about the plot of The Party Shoes with your peers. ordinary things, she rummages through the council pick up, or in the gutter for treasures and trinkets. »» What is the most important message of The Party Shoes? What does Jenny’s collection of found objects tell us about her and her situation? »» What word best describes Jenny, Patsy, the postman and the neighbour? Share your choices with a peer and then with the class. »» Is Jenny a typical ten-year-old? »» Is Patsy a good mother? Why do you think she keeps her treasures in the meter box? »» Why does Jenny hide everybody’s letters? »» What happens when Patsy finds the letters in the meter box? »» How do we know that Jenny’s mother Patsy is suffering from depression? How is this moment a turning point in the story of mother and daughter? »» What moments made you aware of Jenny’s resilience? What moments beyond this point in The Party Shoes confirm that mother and daughter will be all right? »» How does Jenny cope with her mother’s sadness? »» Do you think Jenny’s situation is an uncommon one? What part does this context play in the telling of Jenny’s and Patsy’s story? Discuss the use of different settings to tell the story of The Party Shoes. Why is each setting significant? »» Do you think the resolution at the film’s end is too easily achieved? »» In what sense is The Party Shoes a film about race? »» Write an imaginative narrative called The Party Shoes. Try to write 350–500 words. When you have finished share your story with others in the class. Discuss your differing interpretations of the title and the differing representations of the party shoes. »» Learn more about Blackfella Films at <http://www.blackfellafilms.com.au>. »» What does The Party Shoes tell us about love? »» Explain the significance of the following symbols: the meter box, Patsy’s party shoes, the family photograph, Patsy’s letter, the letters that the postman brings and the broken lipstick. SCREEN EDUCATION »» To counteract and deny the situation caused by her father’s absence and her mother’s sadness, Jenny creates her own world mostly outside of the home where things seem brighter and not so full of despair. Jenny finds simple pleasures in »» Who does the filmmaker want us to feel sympathy for? »» The drama is set in workingclass urban Sydney in 1974. 7 Jacob It’s hard to know where to begin in explaining why I wanted to make a film like Jacob. Even though elements of this film reflect part of my family history, this story affects many Indigenous men, women and their families in Central Australia. This is a reality that is very rarely explored and even less so from the perspective of Indigenous men. – Dena Curtis »» What happens? Share your thoughts about the plot of Jacob with your peers. »» What is the most important message of Jacob? »» What does Jacob tell us about life in Central Australia in 1940? »» Dena Curtis, the director of Jacob, decided to draw her audience’s attention to what was once a widespread practice: white farmers abusing their Indigenous employees. »» Were you shocked to discover that Jacob was fairer skinned than the other Indigenous characters in the film? »» Who earned your sympathy? Why? »» What moments show Max to be humiliated by the fact that Jacob is not his son? How does the filmmaker convey his disappointment? How does the filmmaker convey his anger? Does Max let pride get in the way of what is right? Does Max try to accept the situation? Were you aware of this aspect of Australia’s history? »» How do Max’s reactions affect Gina? What comment does Curtis make about this practice? »» What moments establish Jacob as innocent and as vulnerable? »» ‘She’s not to blame, you know. The boy is who he is and he’s here now.’ – George »» Who do you think is the most compassionate character? »» Why does Gina make the choice to abandon Jacob? Did you Why does George decide to appeal to Max’s better nature? »» George and Milly are Gina’s parents. Why don’t they interfere sooner? »» Discuss the use of different settings to tell the story of Jacob. Why is each setting significant? »» Is Jacob’s story resolved? »» What statement does Jacob make about survival? »» ‘Jacob is a discomfiting film’ Do you agree? »» In what sense is Jacob a film about race? »» The end credits state that Jacob was filmed on Adnyamathanha land. Why do you think the filmmaker included this information? »» Learn more about Blackfella Films at <http://www.blackfellafilms.com.au>. SCREEN EDUCATION »» What word best describes each of the following characters: George, Milly, Max, Gina, Bob and Jacob? Share your choices with a peer and then with the class. understand Gina’s desperation? Did Gina have any other choice? 8 Nia’s Melancholy In Indigenous communities, the rates of suicide, and especially of teenage suicide, are some of the highest in the world. It’s an issue we must bring to light more often and discuss in broader communities, Indigenous and non-Indigenous. – SF Tusa »» What happens? Share your thoughts about the plot of Nia’s Melancholy with your peers. »» What is the most important message of Nia’s Melancholy? »» What does it mean to be melancholy? What does the filmmaker want us to realise about melancholy? »» What word best describes each of the following characters: Nia, Lania, Nana, Nia’s mother and Nia’s younger sister? Share your choices with a peer and then with the class. »» Why do you think the film begins with a younger Lania and Nia in the rainforest with their grandmother? »» After her sister’s suicide, Nia finds solace in her memories of childhood. Why do these memories comfort Nia? »» Why is Nia drawn to the rainforest? »» ‘I was tired, so tired, not strong like nana, not like you.’ – Lania What are Nia’s strengths? »» Nia dreams of becoming a nurse in the ‘big smoke’. Why is Nia’s dream significant to the story told by the film? What moments highlight that Nia is confused about her future? »» How does Nia’s mother respond »» ‘You’ll forget all about us.’ – Nia’s mother What moments in Nia’s Melancholy prove that Nia’s mother has nothing to fear? »» What statement does Nia’s Melancholy make about community? »» ‘Nia’s journey is about coming to terms with the grief that comes with losing someone you love.’ Do you think this is an apt summary of Nia’s Melancholy? »» What moments in Nia’s Melancholy convey hope? »» Make a list of the challenges of making a film like Nia’s Melancholy. »» Eventually Nia finds the courage to leave her family and take the bus to Cairns. Why is it significant that Nia sees her grandmother’s spirit walking behind the bus, waving her farewell? »» What does Nia’s Melancholy teach us about loss? »» Explain the significance of the following symbols: the posters on Lania’s bedroom wall, Lania’s pink rubber thong, the out of control garden hose, the cigarette on the window sill and the noose that is left hanging in the schoolyard. »» Nia’s Melancholy is set in an Aboriginal community in Far North Queensland. Discuss the use of different settings to tell the story of Nia’s Melancholy. Why is each setting significant? »» In what sense is Nia’s Melancholy a film about race? »» ‘I hope this film makes a difference.’ Nia’s Melancholy explores the issue of teenage suicide. The issue of youth suicide in Aboriginal communities is of particular significance given rates of suicide in these communities have been increasing since the 1970s. The majority of Aboriginal people who suicide are under the age of twenty-nine. Why is important that we speak openly about teenage suicide? What type of difference can Nia’s Melancholy make? Teachers should approach any discussion of teenage suicide with care and an awareness of the personal situations of students in their class. Teachers may choose to begin their own research on the issue of teenage suicide at <http://www. livingisforeveryone.com.au/FactSheets.html> or <http://www.rch.org. au/cah/research.cfm?doc_id=11036>. »» Learn more about La La Pictures at <http://www.lalapictures.com>. SCREEN EDUCATION How does she resolve her confusion? to the loss of her eldest daughter? Why is she so angry with Nia? 9 Bourke Boy When I started the development of Bourke Boy it was about me telling a story of an actual event, almost exactly as it had occurred. The feelings I had, the things that we did together as father and son, and how it made me feel. I thought it was going to be a simple story about adoption, about love and about finding a place of contentment within myself during that time in my life. However, what really emerged during the development process, and the making of the film was something far more intimate and truthful. – Adrian Wills »» What happens? Share your thoughts about the plot of Bourke Boy with your peers. »» What is the most important message of Bourke Boy? »» What word best describes each of the following: Russell, John, the motel owner? Share your choices with a peer and then with the class. »» Who earned your sympathy? Why? »» ‘Dad, why’d we come here to Bourke?’ – Russell Why have father and son travelled to Bourke? »» ‘Look, let’s just try to get through these next couple of days, OK? Do what we’ve come here to do. And then hopefully when we get back home things will be different. This’ll be behind us.’ – John What do you think Russell’s father wants to achieve? »» What does Russell see as he travels around the town? »» What moments establish Russell’s confusion? »» Why does Russell pocket a handful of Bourke dirt? »» ‘I’m sure she loved you very much.’ – John »» Discuss the use of different settings to tell the story of Bourke Boy. Why is each setting significant? Why does Russell want to know his birth mother’s name? »» How does the filmmaker position us to see Bourke and the people who live there? »» When do we see things from Russell’s perspective? What is the filmmaker’s intention? »» When do we see things from John’s perspective? What is the filmmaker’s intention? »» Russell How come you shook her hand? John It’s what you do. The motel owner is a racist. Russell challenges his father’s decision to shake her hand. »» Bourke Boy ends with father and son driving away from the Aboriginal Reserve. What are we meant to feel at the end of Bourke Boy? What are we meant to think? Was this the right way to bring Bourke Boy to conclusion? »» In what sense is Bourke Boy a film about race? »» ‘Suggestive of a bigger story, Bourke Boy is a quiet and intense film – a portrayal of inadequate communication and a sadly incomplete rite of passage.’ Do you agree with this assessment of Bourke Boy? »» Learn more about Scarlett Pictures at <http://scarlettpictures.com.au>. Why is this moment significant? SCREEN EDUCATION 10 Aunty Maggie and the Womba Wakgun I actually think I heard this yarn when I was a little girl in the late seventies. – Leah Purcell Womba Wakgun in Aboriginal Murri language means Mad Rooster. »» What happens? Share your thoughts about the plot of Aunty Maggie and the Womba Wakgun with your peers. »» What is the most important message of Aunty Maggie and the Womba Wakgun? »» What moments did you find funny? »» What is a fable and why could Aunty Maggie and the Womba Wakgun be called a fable? »» What word best describes each of the following: Aunty Maggie, Uncle Peter, Ralph, Ronnie, Rex, Mr Johnson, Mrs Johnson, the street vendor, the cashier and the photographer? Share your choices with a peer and then with the class. »» How do we know that the family is poor? »» What moments highlight that Aunty Maggie would rather go without than see Ronnie, Ralph and Rex miss out? »» Why does Aunty Maggie buy the rooster »» The boys chant ‘We want eggs’ each morning but what do they get instead? How does the filmmaker convey excitement, suspense and disappointment in these scenes? »» ‘He’s driving me Womba!’ – Aunty Maggie Use this exclamation to initiate a discussion of Aunty Maggie’s rather complex relationship with the rooster. »» Did the rooster drown or was it an act of neighbourly sabotage? »» Why does Aunt Maggie save the rooster? After all, he has been causing her, the family and the neighbours a great deal of stress. »» The rooster is saved and moves out of the hen house and into the house, where he lives a very pampered existence. »» How does he repay Aunty Maggie’s kindness? »» Explain the significance of the following symbols: Uncle Peter’s pain powder, Aunty Maggie’s tin of Winner’s Red, the porridge, the Book Up Board of Shame and the eggs. »» Discuss the use of different settings to tell the story of Aunty Maggie and the Womba Wakgun. Why is each setting significant? »» Did you like the way the film looks? What elements of the production did you find appealing? »» In what sense is Aunty Maggie and the Womba Wakgun a film about race? »» Leah Purcell is the director of Aunty Maggie and the Womba Wakgun. Find out more about Leah Purcell by visiting <http://www.leahpurcell.com>. »» Why do you think the filmmaker decided to use a narrative voiceover to tell some of the story of Aunty Maggie and the Womba Wakgun? »» Have you ever heard the word ‘yarn’? Do you know what it means? Who tells the yarns in your family? Aunty Maggie and the Womba Wakgun is based on an actual event that happened in 1954. Drawing on the yarns that are told in your family, write a story in the style of Aunty Maggie and the Womba Wakgun. Aim to write 500–750 words. »» Learn more about Bungabura Productions at <http://www.freewebs. com/bungabura/bungabura/>. SCREEN EDUCATION »» How does the filmmaker position us to regard the Aboriginal community portrayed in Aunty Maggie and the Womba Wakgun? and the hens? Is her decision sensible? 11 Your turn Make your own short fiction film. All elements of the production should be undertaken collaboratively. Submit a production design plan that indicates your: Before you begin, spend time as a class discussing the challenges of making a short film. »» Intention »» Audience »» Style and/or genre »» Storyline and/or outline of content »» Techniques of engagement »» Location and/or setting »» Dialogue, narration and/ or interview questions »» Camera: framing, position and movement »» Edit details and transitions »» Lighting »» Music and/or sound effects You should also visit Flickerfest at <http://www.flickerfestfilmmakers resource.com> to learn more about what it takes to make a short film. Your film should be five to ten minutes in duration including titles and/or credits sequences. When the films are finished, organise a short film festival. Before you begin, spend time as a class discussing the challenges of running a film festival. Make a list of the tasks involved in running a successful film festival. Give your film festival a name. Appoint two students to act as directors of the film festival. Every student in the class will need to take on a role and be responsible for an aspect of the film festival. SCREEN EDUCATION 12 This study guide was produced by ATOM. (©ATOM 2010) [email protected] For more information on Screen Education magazine, or to download other study guides for assessment, visit <http://www.metromagazine.com.au>. Join ATOM’s email broadcast list for invitations to free screenings, conferences, seminars, etc. Sign up now at <http://www.atom.asn.au/lists/>. SCREEN EDUCATION For hundreds of articles on Film as Text, Screen Literacy, Multiliteracy and Media Studies, visit <http://www.theeducationshop.com.au>. 13
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