2nd International Conference on Humanities, Geography and Economics (ICHGE'2012) Singapore April 28-29, 2012
Assessing social elements influencing to social
security feeling among 16-30 year old women in
Iran (case study in Tehran 2012)
Maryam Yarmohammad Touski 1, Hannaneh Hajabolhasani 2, Payam Rahimizadeh 3, Noushin Jafari 4
P1F
P
P2F
P
P3F
P
P4F
In this research the whereabouts of women’s feeling of
social security in different terms of inflation increase such as:
high costs of living, lodging high prices and the lack of
supervisor and incredibility of those who lack supervisor in a
major city like Tehran. On the other side studies are shown,
women’s contribution to economic and social activism seems
injustice.
Abstract— The present study is descriptor and analytical and
studies the feeling of social security among 16-30 year old women in
Tehran and social elements influencing this feeling. In this research
384 women of 16-30 years of age have been chosen simple random
and multiple phase sampling and interviewed and statistical results
show that variables residence place, economic and social status and
feeling of social order have positive effects and religious severance
has negative reverse effect. Multi variables regression research shows
that variables are influential residence feeling of security, social and
economic status, the feeling of social order and religious severance
have roles (in the order of prominence) on the feeling of social
security by women.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
1B
Social order is one of the basic notions of sociology and no
society may be schematized without order. Auguste Comte the
first prominent contemporary sociologist speaks of social
order and the reasons of old order disintegration and new
order establishment. He has done researches in statics and
dynamics so that these two may be thought of as two main
notions of his sociology. He believes society is a live
organism in which studying every part will just be possible
and done in relation to and in placement within the whole .[1]
Emile Durkheim hated a feared social disorder just as did
Comte believed one can decrease social disorder with social
reform. Durkheim believes in primary societies in which there
is mechanical solidarity and common morality, firm social
order prevails and any disturbance is severely punished. But
as complexities grow, collective conscience decreases,
common moral system is disintegrated and disorder prevails.
Durkheim believes many problems is provoked by this moral
system power loss. [9] The main point in parson’s action
analytical theory is the social order. He inserted the notion of
norm in his social action and defined social norms on that
basis. Parsons calls the fundamental phenomenon in the action
theory the nit of action determined by four constituting
elements: the existence of actor, the existence of an aim or
status to which the actor orients itself, the situation in which
action takes place (including the situation, resources,
accessories) and the existence of norms and values. All of
these playing their role in determining the means of achieving
aim. [7] In this order Robert Morton defines social order in the
level of wisdom; he believes in making relations between the
social element and the social element. Morton believes if these
two elements coordinate in a society (meaning if there is
coordination between ends and means of getting to the ends)
order prevail in the society but otherwise if there is no
functional coordination between the society and the culture,
there will be deviation in the society. Morton believes social
Keywords—social security feeling, socio-economic status,
urban violence, social order.
I. INTRODUCTION
S
ECURITY is one of the most important needs of mankind
so that its violation dissolves serenity and disturbance,
anxiety and tension replace it. Urban development depends on
two indices. One of them is physical density. This density is
the primary human needs in city that includes are:
physiological needs and physical security against natural
events. The Second is moral density that include are: social
security, suitable Confidence and life spiritual aspects. [10]
Security is a multi faceted phenomenon and its measure could
be assessed in different politic, economic and social terms.
Personal data assessment has shown that seven out of every
ten women have been subject to long term sexual abuse in the
UK [4]). Women will not feel secure; as long as they don’t
feel calm in schools, universities, workplace, public place and
streets etc. According to “Domestic violence against women
in Iran, women who have been victims of domestic violence
do not tend to complain. The only solution to this problem is:
trying to control it, strengthen and support the legal field for
women who have suffered domestic violence.”[11]
1
- Maryam Yarmohammad Touski, Assistant professor in sociology- Islamic
Azad university of Iran (Arak branch). [email protected]
2
- Hannaneh Hajabolhasani, Master science in sociology- Islamic Azad
university of Iran (Ashtian branch). [email protected]
3
- Payam Rahimizadeh, Master science in sociology- Islamic Azad university
of Iran (Ashtian branch). [email protected]
4
- Noushin Jafari, Architecture student in master degree of Ecole National
Superior d’architecture Paris Lavillete. [email protected]
1
2nd International Conference on Humanities, Geography and Economics (ICHGE'2012) Singapore April 28-29, 2012
problem derives from fundamental disturbance between social
and cultural elements. So he believes insecurity in a society
equals social disorder and emergence of deviation behaviors
and believes this to be a consequence of a gap happening
between cultural and social structural capacities to meet ends
.[2] Hirschil believes dysfunctionality is due to weakness or
detachment of the individual from the society .[8]
Delinquency happens when individual’s attachment to the
society weakens or dies and that individuals attach to each
other through the following four elements: interest of
dependence, commitment or adherence, involvement and
believing in social and moral conventions.[6] In his book
titled people, governments and terror, Barry Buzan believes
since society are made up of different people with different
interests and relations, so these people could be considered as
sources of insecurity in their society so that every individual is
following his own aims. But little by little gin insight about
their commitments and sources of threat, and get ready, to
keep their life and wealth, to deliver their freedom to an
independent institution called government. This situation turns
gradually into a mechanism through which people get to
sufficient levels of security against threats f the society. In this
perspective, the more powerful the political structure and
government, people’s security will be provided better and
with fewer expenses.[3] About reasons and genetics of the
government Hobbes says the ultimate aim is demand and
interest of man (who naturally love freedom and dominating
others) in limiting himself .[5] According to Durkheim the
religious individual binds himself to heeding to religious
advices and orders on and practice to integration and
solidarity with society.
There is relationship between Social control of police and
women's sense of social security.
There is relationship between personality characteristics
and women's sense of social security.
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T7
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
Choronbach alpha
Indices
0/73
Social control feeling
0/65
Social order feeling
0/73
Location Security
0/91
Domestic violence
Patriarchy
3T
0/85
Religious commitment
0/85
Social security feeling
4B
- Religious commitment percentile shows that 60.9 percent
were highly committed to religion and just 0.3% were little
committed.
- Most of the respondents (48.2 %) feel the social control in
the society is average and no respondent believes the security
provided by the police in the society is high. This means the
police have failed to engender the feeling of security in people
of the society.
- 58.4% of the respondents feel little social order in the
society and just 0.3% of the society feels the highest level of
3T
3T7
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T7
V. FINDINGS
3T
3T
3T7
TABLE I
RELIABILITY MEASUREMENT (CHRONBACH ALPHA TEST)
3T
3T
3T
0/81
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T
3T7
3T
Decline of religious commitment is associated with a
reduced sense of security.
There is relationship between social order and women's
sense of social security.
There is relationship between women's feel safe location
and their sense of social security.
There is relationship between women's socio-economic
status and their sense of social security.
3T
3T
3T7
3T
3T
3T
2B
3T
3T
3T
This research is a survey with multi phase cluster sampling
and simple random sampling. In this research data were
collected based on questionnaires. Statistic population
includes 16-30 year old women in Tehran which were
estimated using the 1385 housing and head count data (the
number of women in this age range was 1303564 people) and
sample size Cochran formula equal to 384 people. Sampling
has been 3 areas in Tehran that including of: low, medium and
high (3, 11 and 16 areas). Therefore 128 questionnaires were
completed in every region.
III. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
3T
3T
3B
Family elements
• Residence security
• Domestic violence
3T
3T
3T
IV. METHODOLOGY AND MODELS
Fig. 1 Conceptual model of women’s feeling of security
3T
3T
3T
Individual elements
• Religious commitment
• Economic and social
position
• Age & sex
• Marital status
3T
3T
3T
Social elements
• Social security
• Social order
Feeling of
security
3T
3T
3T
2
3T
3T
2nd International Conference on Humanities, Geography and Economics (ICHGE'2012) Singapore April 28-29, 2012
social order. This means many of the people under study
believe there is no coordination between parts of the society.
- Most of the respondents (53.3%) feel little security in the
place where they live and no respondent believes there is high
level of security in their residence. This means many of our
neighborhoods are insecure and since residence security has a
large effect on feeling of social security, lack of residence
security has a negative effect on the overall feeling of
security.
- Most respondents (74%) are of low social and economic
positions and just 0.2% had high social and economic
positions. As expressed in the research the social and
economic positions gives people a better feeling of security
but this statistics shows to us that people who they are in low
social and economic positions ,their overall feeling of security
are negative effected.
- 50.3% of the respondents have moderate social security
feeling and just 2.55% of the people have the highest level of
feeling of security. In other words they feel a partial security
reigns in the society. So dramatically the number of people
who feel appropriate secure is low.
security. For example there is no difference between aging
and youth women to afraid or security feeling.
As seen in the table variables as follows according to their
rank have a positive relation with the feeling of social
security: residence security, social and economic position,
feeling of social order, religious commitment has a
meaningful relation with the feeling of social security. One of
the elements that can affect women’s feeling of social security
is their feeling of security where they live. In some regions
women complained since police station is far from their
houses or that none not exists nearby, villains find an
opportunity to disturb the peace of the neighborhood. For the
serenity of the people especially young women and girls, it is
thus suggested that the police take appropriate measures to
both increase the number of the police stations in the city, and
also make streets more secure with their presence at the time
when schools finish work every day. As seen in the analytical
results and deductive statistics the feeling of social security
had no meaningful relation with the feeling of social security.
This means feeling of social control cannot bring about the
feeling of social security in women; it even decreases their
feeling of social security.
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
First Hypothesis: There is relationship between Social
control of police and women's sense of social security. This
was rejected with 95% certainly level, 0.001 correlation
coefficient and 0.491 meaningfulness level. There is no
meaningful relation between the feeling of social control and
the feeling of social security.
Second Hypothesis: There is relationship between social
order and women's sense of social security .This was
confirmed with 99% certainly level, 0.130 correlation
coefficient and 0.017 meaningfulness level. There is a
meaningful relation between the feeling of social order and
the feeling of social security.
Third Hypothesis: There is relationship between women's
feel safe location and their sense of social security. This was
confirmed with 99% certainly level, 0.536 correlation
coefficient and 0.000 meaningfulness level. There is a
meaningful relation between the feeling of residence security
and the feeling of social security.
Fourth Hypothesis: There is relationship between women's
socio-economic status and their sense of social security. This
was confirmed with 99% certainly level, 0.114 correlation
coefficient and 0.020 meaningfulness level. There is a
meaningful relation between the feeling of social and
economic position and the feeling of social security.
Fifth Hypothesis: Decline of religious commitment is
associated with a reduced sense of security. This was
confirmed with 99% certainly level, -0.189 correlation
coefficient and 0.000 meaningfulness level. This holds there
is a meaningful relation between the feeling of religious
commitment and the feeling of social security.
Sixth Hypothesis: There is no relationship between
personality characteristics and women's sense of social
TABLE II
MULTI VARIABLE REGRESSION TO IDENTIFY ELEMENTS AFFECTING SOCIAL
SECURITY
#
Variable
B
X1
The feeling
of residence
security
Economic
and social
status
Feeling of
social order
Religious
commitment
Constant
X2
X3
X4
Y
Beta
T
Sig
1.330
Standard
deviation
0.134
0.539
9.949
0.00
0
0.275
0.110
0.135
2.508
0.01
3
1.151
0.482
0.129
2.386
-0.077
0.035
-0.119
-2.207
17.175
3.035
0.01
8
0.02
8
0.00
0
5.658
The presence of social control agents in the city not only
does not increase women’s feeling of social security but also
drastically decreases it. The police force agents’ performance
needs to be rethought so that people feel them as one of their
own and so trust them. The more women’s life place gets
secure, and people’s performance is better and broader,
women will feel more secure
REFERENCES
[1] Aron, Raymon (2003) “fundamental steps of the current of thought in
sociology”, translated by Bagher Parham, Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi
publication, 6th edition; 115-116
[2] Boudon, Raymon and Burico Francaois (2006) crtical culture of
sociology, translated by Abdolhossein Nikgohar, Tehran, farhnag Moaser
publication, first edition, H.;661
3
2nd International Conference on Humanities, Geography and Economics (ICHGE'2012) Singapore April 28-29, 2012
[3] Buzane, Barry (1999) people, governments and terror, translated by
approach studies scientific institute, Tehran, approach studies scientific
institute publication, first edition;86-87
[4 ]Giddens, Anthony (2006) sociology, translated by Hasan Chavoshian,
Tehran, Ney publication; 219
[5] Hobbes, Thomas (1998) Leviathan translated by Hosein Bahirieh, Tehran,
Nay publication, fifth edition;189
[6] Mohseni Tabrizi ,Alireza (2004) Vandalism, Tehran university
publication;138
[7] Ritzer, George (2004) sociological theories in the current era. Tehran
scientific publication; 190
[8] Sotudeh ,Hedayatollah (2007) social pathogenic, Tehran, Avaye Noor
publican, tenth edition;138
[9] Versely, Peter (1999) social order in sociological theories”, translated by
Said Moidfar, Tehran, Tebyan cultural and publication institute, first
edition;23
[10] Yarmohammad Touski,Maryam(2012),”Urban development and social
solidarity”, Culture and social solidarity in Urban development
conference ,Arak.
[11] Yarmohammad Touski,Maryam(2011),”Domestic violence against
women in Iran”, ISEM-Planetary Scientific Research Centre Conferences
2011. Bangkok, Thailand.
4