INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONTROL, AUTOMATION AND SYSTEMS VOL.4 NO.2 ISSN 2165-8277 (Print) ISSN 2165-8285 (Online) http://www.researchpub.org/journal/jac/jac.html APRIL 2015 Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engine Using Bio-Diesel Blends Fuel Al-Osaimy A. S. and Hany A. Mohamed diesel engine was tested using karanja methyl ester (B100) and its blends (B20, B40, B60 and B80) [3]. Many papers [4-14] studied the effect of engine load on various performance characteristics and NOx emissions of different bio-diesel. Although, there are an increasing number of literatures to research engine performances and its emissions when using bio-diesel, some resistances still exist for using it due to a lack of more knowledge about the influence of different bio-diesel fuels on the diesel engines performance. Abstract— Inflation in fuel prices and unprecedented shortage of its supply has promoted the interest in development of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. In the present work, investigations were carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of castor methyl esters. The results were compared with diesel fuel, and the selected castor methyl ester, bio-diesel, fuel blends (10, 30, and 50 % by volume basis). For this experiment a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled diesel engine was used. Tests were carried out over entire range of engine operation at varying conditions of load. The engine performance parameters such as specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency, and exhaust emission (CO, CO2, O2 SO2,and NOx) were recorded. The lower blends of bio-diesel increases the mechanical efficiency and the specific fuel consumption. The NOx emissions are reduced with increase in bio-diesel concentration. The experimental results proved that the use of bio-diesel (produced from castor oil) in compression ignition engine is a viable alternative to diesel. The blends of bio-diesel with small content by volume could replace diesel to help in controlling air pollution. Keywords— Diesel engine, Emission, castor methyl esters. bio-diesel, In this paper, the performance characteristics and combustion emissions of single cylinder water cooled four stroke constant speed diesel engine used castor methyl esters are studied. The performance curves are drawn between the mechanical efficiency, break and indicate thermal efficiency, and break specific fuel consumption (b.s.f.c) against the break power, bP. The tests were conducted for different blends the fuel at different break loads. The effect of engine load on various engine emissions were recorded for each test. Performance, II. EXPERIMENTAL WORK I. INTRODUCTION A water cooled single cylinder four stroke constant speed compression-Ignition diesel engine is used for the present experimental work. The engine is operated by using a light diesel fuel, C12H26 and different blends. Main specification of the diesel engine used for the present work is given in the Table 1. A simple diagram for the experimental apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. A brake dynamo-meter equipped with the engine for measuring the engine brake power. The inlet air temperature was measured through the intake manifold at the edge of the engine cylinder. The mass flow rates of the intake air were determined by using a calibrated orifice-meter mounted beyond the air tank through the intake manifold. Table 2 gives the specific measurements, the type of measuring equipment, equipment locations on the test apparatus, and the equipment accuracy need to perform the experimental tests. All tests measurements were taken under steady state conditions. Through the whole experimental tests, the engine operating speed was adjusted to be constant of 475 rpm with varying the brake load. Many experimental measurements at different diesel fuels were recorded for characterizing the engine performance at constant speed. The measured values of the brake force, mass flow rates of both the fuel Diesel engines used in many large-scale applications in agriculture and transport due to high thermal efficiency and durability. Diesel engines are typically characterized by low fuel consumption and very low CO emissions [1], however the NOx emissions from diesel engines still remain high. Hence, in order to meet the environmental legislation, it is highly desirable to reduce the amount of NOx in the exhaust gas. Due to unstable oil price situation in the world market as well as rapid depletion of petroleum fuels, many countries have been looking for alternative energy to substitute petroleum products. Vegetable oil is one of the alternatives which can be used as fuel in engines [2]. Bio-diesel, as an alternative fuel of diesel, is known as fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters from vegetable oils or animal fats. Bio-diesel fuels represents a more sustainable source of energy. Therefore, more researches are focused on the bio-diesel engine performances and its emissions in the past 10 years. A single-cylinder, 4-stroke, DI, WC Mechanical Engineering Dept., College of Engineering, Taif University, Taif, 888, Saudi Arabia 22 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONTROL, AUTOMATION AND SYSTEMS VOL.4 NO.2 ISSN 2165-8277 (Print) ISSN 2165-8285 (Online) http://www.researchpub.org/journal/jac/jac.html consumption and intake air were recorded. The brake power, the brake thermal efficiency and the brake specific fuel consumption are calculated for each test point. The exhaust emissions of the carbon dioxide, CO2, carbon monoxide, CO, oxygen, O2, sulfur oxide, SO2, and Nitrogen oxide, NOx are recorded for each test point. APRIL 2015 Fuel mass flow Scale & s. watch Fuel tank ± 5 gram/s Exhaust temp. K thermocouple Exh. manifold ± 0.6 °C Air mass flow Air flow meter Air outlet ± 2% Cool water flow Flow meter Water line ± 1.5% III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Bio-diesel Fuel Production Based on the uncertainty values located in Table 2 and from the uncertainty analyses, the measurements of the power out, coolant, and exhaust met the desired level of accuracy. For this reason, no changes need to be made to the equipment for measuring the engine torque or speed that is used to calculate power output. The source of the alternative biofuels used in the present work is extracted of from Castor oil by transesterification process. The trans-esterification process were carried out using castor oil and methanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) test was conducted to ensure that the reaction gives good results of glycerol and methyl ester (biofuel). The bio-diesel fuel was produced by mixing biofuel with different amounts of diesel. Improvement of bio-diesel was done by using variable blending ratios: (B10, B30, and B50). Thermophysical and chemical characteristics such as flash point, firing point, and calorific value for the bio-diesel fuel used in the present work were presented in [15 ]. Variation of Thermal and Mechanical efficiencies with Brake Horsepower Figure 2 shows the variation of the brake thermal efficiency with the dimensionless brake power, bP, for different diesel fuels. It is shown that the brake thermal efficiency variation with the brake power for different diesel fuels represents a parabolic curves. The peak values of the brake thermal efficiency for all fuels almost correspond to 1.25 bP value. It is also shown that the commercial petrol diesel fuel generates the higher values of the brake thermal efficiency. While, the brake thermal efficiency are reduced with increasing the blend ratio of the bio-diesel fuel. The maximum reduction in the brake thermal efficiency due to using the blends of bio-diesel fuel of B10 and B30 of about 2 % along the bP range. Table1: Diesel engine specifications. Engine type Diesel- crossly I.H.D.4 Cycle Four strokes Speed 475 rpm Normal rating(brake power) 10.3 kw (14 bHP) Cylinder bore , D 146.05 mm (5.75in) Piston stroke, L 279.40 mm (11 in) Compression ratio, rv 14.185 Ratio of connecting rod length to 4.196 crank radius, L/R Connecting rod length 586 mm (23.07 in ) Figure 3 shows the variation of the indicate thermal efficiency with the dimensionless brake power, bP, for different diesel fuels. It is shown that the indicate thermal efficiency decreasing with the brake power for different diesel fuels with a parabolic curve. It is also shown that the commercial petrol diesel fuel generates higher values of the indicate thermal efficiency. While, the indicate thermal efficiency is reduced with increasing the blend ratios of the bio-diesel fuel. Figure 4 shows the variation of the mechanical efficiency with the dimensionless brake power, bP, for different diesel fuels. It is shown that the mechanical efficiency has a linearly increasing with the brake power for different diesel fuels. It is also shown that using the blends of biodiesel fuel approximately generate higher mechanical efficiency values compared with the using commercial petrol diesel fuel. This result is attributed due to higher viscosity of the bio-diesel fuel. Fig.1: Schematically drawing for the experimental apparatus. Table 2 : Measurements, Equipment, Locations and Accuracies. Measurement Equipment Location Accuracy Brake torque Dynamometer Driveshaft ± 0.5 Nm Engine speed Dynamometer Driveshaft ± 0.5 rpm Brake power Dynamometer Driveshaft ± 0.08 kW Intake air temp. K thermocouple Intake manifold ± 0.6 °C Fuel in temp. K thermocouple Supply line ± 0.6 °C Fuel out temp. K thermocouple Return line ± 0.6 °C Coolant in temp. K thermocouple Inlet water line ± 0.6 °C Cool. out temp. K thermocouple Exit water line ± 0.6 °C Assessment Engine power will decrease with the increase of content of bio-diesel which is commonly agreed with the other authors work [3, 4, 7,16–26]. The lower heating value of bio-diesel is attributed to the decrease in engine power. While, the mechanical efficiency values increase with increase of content of bio-diesel due to higher viscosity of the bio-diesel fuel. 23 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONTROL, AUTOMATION AND SYSTEMS VOL.4 NO.2 ISSN 2165-8277 (Print) ISSN 2165-8285 (Online) http://www.researchpub.org/journal/jac/jac.html APRIL 2015 0.6 0.25 I.thermal eff. b.thermal eff. 0.5 0.2 0.15 0.4 0.3 0.2 Diesel B10 B30 B50 0.1 0.1 Diesel B10 B30 B50 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 bP Fig.2: Dimensionless brake thermal efficiency against the brake power, bP, for various fuels. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 bP Fig.3: Dimensionless brake thermal efficiency against the brake power, bP, for various fuels. 1 Mechanical eff. 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Diesel B30 B10 B50 0 0 0.5 1 bP 1.5 2 Fig.4: Mechanical efficiency against the brake power, bP, for various fuels. observed that the petrol diesel fuel achieves the lowest values of the b.s.f.c. while the bio-diesel fuels give higher values increased with the grade of the blends. It is also shown that the i.s.f.c. values parabolically increase with increase the bP. It is observed lower values of the i.s.f.c. is achieved with reducing the grade of the bio-diesel fuel blends and the lowest values were recorded for petrol diesel fuel. Variation of Specific Fuel Consumption with Break Power Figures 5 and 6 show the variation of dimensionless brake, b.s.f.c. and indicate specific fuel consumption against the brake power. It is shown that the variation of the b.s.f.c. represents a parabolic curves with optimum value at brake power of about 1.25 for all fuels. It can be 0.055 0.05 Diesel B10 B30 B50 Diesel B10 B30 B50 0.04 i.s.f.c. b.s.f.c. 0.045 0.03 0.035 0.02 0.025 0.01 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 1 1.5 bP Fig.6: Brake specific fuel consumption against the brake power, bP, for various fuels. bP Fig.5: Brake specific fuel consumption against the brake power, bP, for various fuels. 24 0.5 2 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONTROL, AUTOMATION AND SYSTEMS VOL.4 NO.2 ISSN 2165-8277 (Print) ISSN 2165-8285 (Online) http://www.researchpub.org/journal/jac/jac.html APRIL 2015 achieved by using the bio-diesel fuels with increasing the bP. Assessment Figures 8, 9 and 10 show an increase in the carbon dioxide, CO2, sulfur dioxide, SO2, and carbon monoxide, CO, emissions with increase the bP for all fuels. It is shown that the lower values of these emissions are recorded by using the petrol diesel fuel and retarding growth with increase the grade of the blends. Figure 11 shows a parabolic variation in the nitrogen oxides, NOx, emission with the bP for all fuels. Peak values for all fuels are observed at bP of about 1.25. This figure shows a reduction in the nitrogen oxides, NOx, emission with increasing the grade of the blends of the bio-diesel fuel. Lower nitrogen oxides, NOx, emission is clearly observed by using the bio-diesel fuel compared with that obtained by using the petrol diesel fuel. Most of researches [3-5, 9-12, 16, 18-20, 22, 25-28] agreed that the fuel consumption of an engine fueled with bio-diesel becomes higher because it is needed to compensate the loss of heating value of bio-diesel. Variation of Brake Power the Product gases Emission with the Figure 7 shows a reduction in the Oxygen, O2, emission with increased the bP for all fuels. Small deviations of the oxygen emissions between all fuels are recorded at low brake load of bP less than one. From the other hand, it is clearly shown lower in the oxygen emissions for petrol diesel fuel compared with bio-diesel fuels for bP more than 0.7. This means no complete combustion was Fig.8: CO2 emission versus dimensionless brake power for varies fuels. Fig.7: O2 emission versus dimensionless brake power for varies fuels. Fig. 9: SO2 emission versus dimensionless brake power for varies fuels. Fig.10: CO emission versus dimensionless brake power for varies fuels. 25 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONTROL, AUTOMATION AND SYSTEMS VOL.4 NO.2 ISSN 2165-8277 (Print) ISSN 2165-8285 (Online) http://www.researchpub.org/journal/jac/jac.html APRIL 2015 Fig. 11: NOX emission versus dimensionless brake power for varies fuels. Assessment Increased CO2 emission in the case of bio-diesel agrees with some authors reported [29, 30]. The significant increase in CO emissions for bio-diesel agrees with some authors reported [30-32]. The primary reasons given by some authors include the higher viscosity and the poor spray characteristic for bio-diesel, which lead to poor mixing and poor combustion. NOx formation increases as load is increased agrees with other authors work [4-14], which is as the results of higher combustion temperature due to higher engine load. On the other hand, the increasing content of bio-diesel in the blends resulted in the reduced NOx emissions, agree with observation of other authors [3,11,14,16, 25, 27] . 6. REFERENCES [1] [3] Raheman H, Phadatare AG., “Diesel engine emissions and performance from blends of karanja methyl ester and diesel”, Biomass Bioenergy, 27, 2004, pp 393–397. Based on analysis above, the following conclusions can be drawn: 2. 3. 4. 5. M. C. Navindgi, Maheswar Dutta and B. Sudheer Prem Kumar, "Performance evaluation, emission characteristics and economic analysis of four non-edible straight vegetable oils on single cylinder CI engine", ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp 173-179, 2012. [2] D. Vashist and M. Ahmad, "Comparative study of performance and emission characteristics of a Diesel engine fueled by castor and jatropha methyl ester with the help of T test", International journal of Automotive Engineering, India, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp 61-67, 2012. V. CONCLUSION 1. can be recommended as an alternative fuel for diesel engines with no or minor modifications to engine. For environmental and economic reasons, more researches and development in bio-diesel resources and engine design are needed. [4] Murillo S, Mıguez JL, Porteiro J, Granada E, Moran JC., “Performance and exhaust emissions in the use of biodiesel in outboard diesel engines”, Fuel, 86, 2007, pp 1765–1771. [5] Buyukkaya E., “Effects of biodiesel on a DI diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics”, Fuel, 89, 2010, pp 3099–3105. The use of bio-diesel will lead to loss in engine power mainly due to the reduction in heating value of bio-diesel compared to diesel. While, the mechanical efficiency values increase with increase of content of bio-diesel due to higher viscosity of the bio-diesel fuel. The fuel consumption increase when using biodiesel, but this trend will be weakened as the proportion of bio-diesel reduces in the blend fuel with diesel. The increase in bio-diesel fuel consumption is mainly due to its low heating value, as well as its high density and high viscosity. CO2, SO2, and CO emissions increases when using bio-diesel. The NOx emissions will decrease when using biodiesel. The blends of bio-diesel with small content by volume could replace diesel to help in controlling air pollution. Overall, bio-diesel with a small blends [6] Lapuerta M, Herreros JM, Lyons LL, García-Contreras R, Brice Y., “Effect of the alcohol type used in the production of waste cooking oil biodiesel on diesel performance and emissions”, Fuel, 87, 2008, pp 3161–3169. [7] Usta N., “Use of tobacco seed oil methyl ester in a turbocharged indirect injection diesel engine”, Biomass Bioenerg, 28, 2005, pp 77–86. [8] Gumus M, Kasifoglu S., “Performance and emission evaluation of a compression ignition engine using a biodiesel (apricot seed kernel oil methyl ester) and its blends with diesel fuel”, Biomass Bioenerg, 34, 2010, pp 134–139. [9] Zhu L, Zhang W, Liu W, Huang Z., “Experimental study on particulate and NOx emissions of a diesel engine fueled with ultra low sulfur diesel, RME-diesel blends and PME-diesel blends”, Sci Total Environ, 408, 2010, pp 1050–1058. [10] Godiganur S, Murthy CHS, Reddy RP., “Performance and emission characteristics of a Kirloskar HA394 diesel engine operated on fish oil methyl esters”, Renew Energ, 35, 2010, pp 355–359. 26 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONTROL, AUTOMATION AND SYSTEMS VOL.4 NO.2 ISSN 2165-8277 (Print) ISSN 2165-8285 (Online) http://www.researchpub.org/journal/jac/jac.html [11] Cheung CS, Zhu L, Huang Z., “Regulated and unregulated emissions from a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and biodiesel blended with methanol”, Atmos Environ, 43, 2009, pp 4865–4872. APRIL 2015 characteristics of jatropha, karanja and polanga based biodiesel as fuel in a tractor engine”, Fuel, 88, 2009, pp 1698–1707. Appendix [12] Deshmukh SJ, Bhuyar LB., “Transesterified Hingan (Balanites) oil as a fuel for compression ignition engines”, Biomass Bioenerg, 33, 2009, pp 108–112. Nomenclature Symbol Quantity CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide Cp Specific heat at constant pressure D Bore of the engine cylinder FA Fuel air ratio HV Fuel heating value L Stroke length L/R Connecting rod length over crank radius ma Air mass flow rate mf Fuel mass flow rate N Engine speed NOX Nitrogen oxide O2 Oxygen rv Compression ratio SO2 Sulfur oxide Ta Inlet air temperature [13] Sahoo PK, Das LM, Babu MKG, Naik SN., “Biodiesel development from high acid value polanga seed oil and performance evaluation in a CI engine” Fuel, 86, 2007, pp 448– 454. [14] Baiju B, Naik MK, Das LM., “A comparative evaluation of compression ignition engine characteristics using methyl and ethyl esters of Karanja oil”, Renew Energ, 34, 2009, pp 1616–21. [15] M-Emad S. Soliman, Hany A. Mohamed, O. A. Abdelhafez, and A. M. Nassibe, “Production and characterization of bio-diesel fuels from castor oil utilizing methanol”, International Research Journal of Engineering Science, Technology and Innovation (IRJESTI), Vol. 3(2), April, 2014, pp. 17-23. [16] Aydin H, Bayindir H., “Performance and emission analysis of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine”, Renew Energ, 35, 2010, pp 588–92. [17] Hazar H., “Effects of biodiesel on a low heat loss diesel engine”, Renew Energ, 34, 2009, pp 1533–1537. Abbreviations Symbol bP b.thermal eff. b.s.f.c. [18] Ozsezen AN, Canakci M, Turkcan A, Sayin C., “Performance and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with waste palm oil and canola oil methyl esters”, Fuel, 88, 2009, pp 629–636. [19] Karabektas M., “The effects of turbocharger on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel”, Renew Energ, 34, 2009, pp 989–993. iP i. thermal eff. i.s.f.c. [20] Hansen AC, Gratton MR, Yuan W., “Diesel engine performance and NOx emissions from oxygenated biofuels and blends with diesel fuel”, Trans ASABE, 49, 2006, pp 589–595. SCDI [21] Reyes JF, Sepulveda MA., “PM-10 emissions and power of a diesel engine fueled with crude and refined biodiesel from salmon oil”, Fuel, 85, 2006, pp 1714–1719. [22] Carraretto C, Macor A, Mirandola A, Stoppato A, Tonon S., “Biodiesel as alternative fuel: experimental analysis and energetic evaluations”, Energy, 29, 2004, pp 2195–2211. Unit % % kJ/kg K mm mf/ma kJ/kg mm kg/s kg/s rpm PPM % PPM K Quantity Dimensionless brake power , bP/maCpTa Brake thermal efficiency, bP/mf.Cp.HV Dimensionless brake specific fuel consumption, FA/bP Dimensionless indicate power, iP/maCpTa Indicate thermal efficiency, iP/mf.Cp.HV Dimensionless indicate specific fuel consumption, FA/iP Single cylinder diesel engine Authors' profile: [23] Kim H, Choi B., “The effect of biodiesel and bioethanol blended diesel fuel on nanoparticles and exhaust emissions from CRDI diesel engine”, Renew Energ, 35, 2010, pp 157–163. Associate Professor Dr. Eng. Ali S. Al-osaimy: Associate Professor Dr. Al-Osaimy A. S. is the dean of faculty of Engineering, Taif University. He was graduated from University of Pittsburgh 2000. His field of interest is Fluid Mechanics and heat transfer. for more information please visit web page: http://www.tu.edu.sa/ [24] Meng X, Chen G, Wang Y., “Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil via alkali catalyst and its engine test”, Fuel Process Technol, 89, 2008, pp 851–857. [25] Huir A, Golubkov I, Kronbergand B, van Stam J., “Alternative fuel for a standard diesel engine”, Int J Engine Res, 7, 2006, pp 51–63. [26] Usta N., “An experimental study on performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with tobacco seed oil methyl ester”, Energ Convers Manage, 46, 2005, pp 2373–2386. [27] Utlu Z, Koc¸ ak MS., “The effect of biodiesel fuel obtained from waste frying oil on direct injection diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions”, Renew Energ, 33, 2008, pp 1936–1941. Prof. Dr. Hany A. Mohamed: Borne on 1956 Assiut, Egypt, B.Sc. on 1979. Assiut University, M.Sc. on 1985, Assiut University. Ph.D on 1991, Prague Technical University, Czech Republic. Thermodynamics Professor on 2006 at Assiut University. Scientific Distinction Prize for the best Engineering research, Assiut University on 2005. Encouragement State Prize in the Engineering sciences from the Egypt Ministry of the Higher Education and Scientific Research on 2004. Fifty five research papers in the fields of Thermal Engineering, Turbomachinery, Fluid Mechanics, and Conventional and Nonconventional Energy. Member of the Standing Scientific Committee to upgrade the professors and associate professors of power engineering, automotive and aerospace, at Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education. Member of the Standing Scientific Committee for scientific engineering to upgrade the professors and associate professors, at Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority. E-mail: [email protected] [28] Lin B-F, Huang J-H, Huang D-Y., “Experimental study of the effects of vegetable oil methyl ester on DI diesel engine performance characteristics and pollutant emissions”, Fuel, 88, 2009, pp 1779–1785. [29] Ramadhas AS, Muraleedharan C, Jayaraj S., “Performance and emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl esters of rubber seed oil”, Renew Energ, 30, 2005, pp 1789–1800. [30] Fontaras G, Karavalakis G, Kousoulidou M, Tzamkiozis T, Ntziachristos L, Bakeas E, et al. “Effects of biodiesel on passenger car fuel consumption, regulated and non-regulated pollutant emissions over legislated and real-world driving cycles”, Fuel, 88, 2009, pp 1608–1617. [31] Lujan JM, Bermudez V, Tormos B, Pla B., “Comparative analysis of a DI diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blends during the European MVEG-A cycle: Performance and emissions (II)”, Biomass Bioenerg, 33, 2009, pp 948–956. [32] Sahoo PK, Das LM, Babu MKG, Arora P, Singh VP, Kumar NR, et al., “Comparative evaluation of performance and emission 27
© Copyright 2024