1. style and fashion
2. beauty
3. face and body care
4. hygiene and toiletries

i
List of Tables
Table 2.1:Breakup of sample villages based on ethnic domination ..................................................... 19
Table 3.1: Physical Performance .......................................................................................................... 22
Table 3.2: Block specific sanitation penetrationup to March 2014 ..................................................... 22
Table3.4: Block specific Good Performing GP and Poor performing GP based on target versus
achievement ......................................................................................................................................... 26
Table3.5: List of GP-s with over achievement ...................................................................................... 27
Table 4.1:Block specific samples covered ............................................................................................. 28
Table 5.1.: TSC- NBA Toilet Models....................................................................................................... 35
Table 6.1: Correlation between Income & Sanitation usage: ............................................................... 46
Table 6.2.: Correlation between Education and Toilet Usage Always ................................................. 47
Table 7.1: Block specific distribution of Community Sanitary Complexes ............................................ 59
Table 7.2: Block specific suggested actions to control open defecation .............................................. 60
Table 8.1 Toilet availability in Schools and Anganwadis ....................................................................... 61
Table 11.1: Block specific variations in Beneficiary Contribution ......................................................... 80
List of Figures
Figure 3.1: Block specific Percentage household Coverage.................................................................. 23
Figure 3.2: Blockwise baseline target versus achievement( cumulative till Sept 2014) ....................... 24
Figure 3.3: Percentage Achievement .................................................................................................... 25
Figure 5.1: Breakup of toilet ownersbased on year of construction .................................................... 30
Figure 5.2: Motivation for Toilet building ............................................................................................. 31
Figure 5.3: Role of Various Stakeholders .............................................................................................. 31
Figure 5.4: Final Decision Makers to Build the First Toilet ................................................................... 32
Figure 5.5: Type of Present Toilet ......................................................................................................... 32
Figure 5.6: Difference of Current Toilet from the Old Toilet ................................................................ 33
Figure 5.7: Preferred Features of the Toilet ......................................................................................... 34
Figure 5.8: Advantages and disadvantages of Owning a Toilet ............................................................ 35
Figure 5.9: Economics of toilet installation........................................................................................... 36
Figure 5.10: Received Assistance from Type of Organization............................................................... 37
Figure 5.11: Reason for Not Functioning .............................................................................................. 37
Figure 5.12: Distance of Toilet .............................................................................................................. 38
Figure 5.13: Source of Water to Use in Toilet and distance ................................................................. 38
Figure 6.1: Toilet usage among different sections................................................................................ 42
Figure 6.2: User friendliness among children and aged ....................................................................... 43
Figure 6.3: Block specific excusively toilets users among toilet owning households ........................... 44
Figure 6.4: Block specific excusively toilets users among all households ............................................. 44
Figure 6.5: Ethnicity specific toilet usages ............................................................................................ 45
Figure 6.6: Block specific break up respondents based on income category ..................................... 46
Figure 6.7: Education-wise distribution for Each Block ....................................................................... 47
Figure 6.8: Frequency of Use ............................................................................................................... 48
Figure 6.9: Satisfaction with Toilet Usage ............................................................................................. 49
ii
Figure 6.10: Water Usages to Flush the Household Toilet ................................................................... 50
Figure 6.11: Challenges Faced in Toilet Usage ...................................................................................... 50
Figure 6.12: Materials used to wash hands after self- defecation........................................................ 51
Figure 6.13: Change in hand wash practice .......................................................................................... 51
Figure 6.14: Hand Washing Practice and disease prevention ............................................................... 52
Figure 6.15: Occurrence of Water Borne Diseases ............................................................................... 52
Figure 7.1: Open Defection Scenario ..................................................................................................... 53
Figure 7.2: Location of Open Defecation .............................................................................................. 54
Figure 7.3: Places where Babies’ Faeces Usually Disposed ................................................................... 54
Figure 7.4: Location of Defecation in case of Not Usable Toilet ........................................................... 55
Figure 7.5: Percentage response on whether open defecation should be stopped completely.......... 56
Figure 7.6: Percentage response on Approaches to stop open defection ........................................... 57
Figure 7.7: Percentage response on Key Players in Community Initiative ........................................... 58
Figure 7.8: Percentage response on strategy to stop open defecation................................................ 58
Figure 9.1: Sources of Awareness ......................................................................................................... 66
Figure 9.2: Awareness of the Government Program in Support of Total Sanitation ............................ 66
Figure 10.1: Awareness on Sanitary marts ........................................................................................... 73
Figure 10.2 Awareness on functions of Sanitray Mart and Support received from Sanitary Mart ..... 74
Figure 10.3: Awareness on SHGs as Sanitary Mars ............................................................................... 74
Figure 10.4 Awareness on SHGs in Sanitation Activities....................................................................... 75
Figure 10.5 Block specific response on functions of SHGs.................................................................... 75
Figure 11.1 Beneficiary Contribution .................................................................................................... 80
Figure 11.2: Block specific variations in Beneficiary Contribution........................................................ 81
Figure 11.3 Days put in to toilet construction ...................................................................................... 81
Figure 11.4 Wage earned under MGNREGA for toilet construction..................................................... 82
Figure 11.5: Amount of wage earned under MGNREGA for toilet construction .................................. 82
iii
Executive Summary
The global effort to eliminate open defecation achieved
The General Assembly resolution
high level visibility in 2013 with the formal launch of the UN
“Sanitation for All” (A/RES/67/291,
24 July 2013) calls on Member
Deputy Secretary-General’s Call to Action on Sanitation, a
States to take action to reduce the
UN General Assembly resolution calling all Member States
practice, which is “extremely
harmful to public health”. A second
to take action to end open defecation.
2013 resolution, “The Human Right
Government of India in line with global call have accorded
to Safe Drinking Water and
Sanitation”
(A/RES/68/157,
18
high priority to eliminate open defecation nationally and
December 2013), outlines the scale
announced “Swachha Bharat” that invites all stakeholders
of the problem. Open defecation
has been mentioned only one other
to join hands and make India open defecation free (ODF) by
time in GA resolutions.
2019. Government of West Bengal developed ODF policy
and have decided to accelerate the implementation of Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) in convergence
with Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and achieve ODF)
West Bengal by 2017. In this context the Minister, Panchayat and Rural Development (P&RD),
Government of West Bengal led a collective pledge with all the District Magistrates on 19th
November, 2013, “the World Toilet Day” to accord high priority to sanitation and hygiene promotion
in the development agenda and encourage all stakeholders to launch a campaign against open
defecation. The priority agenda of the State has been further reinforced through the Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan (G), the National Campaign aimed at developing a clean and Open Defecation Free India.
While West Bengal state has made significant progress in providing access to improved toilets during
the last decade however as per census 2011, nearly 51% population in rural areas continue to
defecate in open. The recent NSSO report (2013) informs that only 40% of families exclusively use
the toilet out of 60% families having the facility at home in West Bengal. This clearly establishes the
need for public awareness towards stopping open defecation, need for promoting improved
sanitation and hygiene practice among rural population and providing quality sanitary toilets at
home and community level.
Nadia district, among all the districts of West Bengal, is a forerunner and has been able to nearly
achieve the targets set for installation of sanitary toilets at the household and institutional level. The
physical performance of sanitation indicates 70% coverage in Nadia as a whole. However among the
blocks Nabadwip has the highest penetration followed by Karimpur II. The MGNREGA – NBA
convergence programme coined as “ Sabar Souchagar “ programme in Nadia district was initiated on
a pilot scale in July 2013 and at a district scale in a Mission Mode from October 2013.
Government of West Bengal decided to look in to the community perceptions on open defecation
and assess the behaviour change through a rapid assessment in Nadia district that demonstrated a
convergent model of NBA and MGNREGA for acceleration of service delivery and stakeholder’s
mobilization on sanitation and hygiene promotion in the district.
Along with the Governments intentions to gather learning from the ongoing programme regarding
its effectiveness especially on changing the individual and community perception towards use of
toilet and related bottlenecks, the stakeholders in other districts are eager to learn and replicate the
successful models. Therefore it has been important to document the learning and analyse the
factors that enabled achieving the targets set for toilet construction and understand the utilization
1
and maintenance of toilets in the context of behaviour change and practice cutting across all
sections of the population and also to understand the community will in stopping open defecation.
UNICEF in consultation with Government of West Bengal commissioned a study with its
development partner Hijli Inspiration, with the following sub objectives:

To review the status of toilet coverage in the district and identify the enabling factors

To understand the perceptions, practices, motivations and constraints of households with
respect to toilet use vis a vis open defecation in selected villages

To understand the community will and social norm in the context of stopping open
defecation

To understand the convergence approaches for NBA- MGNREGA- NRLM (National Rural
Livelihood mission) and the involvement of Self Help Group (SHG) Clusters

To suggest strategies for replicability in other districts of the State
Methodology and approach
The study has used techniques and procedures, which have been tested in various projects,
collecting data directly from the people in the communities. Two main methods have been
administered for data collection and analysis – the quantitative and qualitative methods.
Sample Design and Characteristics
The sample size was decided though a systematic process of coverage and representation. All 17
Blocks have been covered while within each block 3 GP-s and subsequently 2/3 villages have been
selected to arrive at a number of 51 GPs and 120 villages respectively. Finally within a village 20
households have been selected making the sample size 2400. While GP selection followed random
sampling approach, village selection was based on stratified sampling based on population
cardinality and ethnic compositionfollowed by purposive sampling based on existence or initiation of
toilets. 20 households have been identified in each village based on village specific household listing
and proportionate division of sample between old (constructed under TSC or NBA programme) and
new toilet (Convergent model under NBA and MGNREGA or Sabar Souchagar) owners. Selection of
households has been done randomly from amongst the old and new toilet owners.
The survey was conducted to allow adequate representation to both male and female respondents
with a break up of 54% female and 46% male. More than two-fifth of the respondents was the Chief
Wage Earners themselves and another 42 % were the spouses of the CWE. Around 8% of the sample
constituted female headed households. The SCand minority category each comprised around one
third of the sample. 21% belonged to the Generalcategory. A little over one-third of the Chief Wage
Earners (CWE) wasilliterate whilea similar proportion had studied upto the primary level. Close to
one-fifth was literate but lacked formal education. Majority of household heads worked as daily
labourer (58%) followed by engagement as cultivator (25%). Only a little over one-tenth were
entrepreneurs or self employed in non-agriculture activities. Very few were engaged in the service
2
sector.27% of the respondent households had an annual income of below Rs. 24000 in the last one
year of which 18 %reported an annual income between Rs.18,000 – Rs.24,000 and 9% mentioned of
less than Rs.18,000 annual income. 44% of households possess BPL card. Around 86% possess
MGNREGA job card. Around 16% of households have taken SHG / microfinance loan.
Key Findings
Coverage and Drivers
The NBA implementation in the district particularly after the convergence with MGNREGA has
significantly increased the pace of implementation and service delivery of toilets through network of
sanitary marts. The data informs that over 100,000 toilets were built in nearly six months period
while around 500,000 toilets were built over a period of 15 years since the inception of the TSC
programme in 1999. This indicates an acceleration rate of around 6% which is commendable.
However this was not uniform across the blocks. Only around 5 of the 17blocks have surpassed the
50% achievement mark while 2 blocks just touched 50%.Krishnanagar II has been extremely efficient
in achieving targets and has surpassed the target by 103.05%. Beyond Krishnanagar II, the top 3 wellperforming blocks are – Karimpur – II (69.7% achievement), Chakdaha (59.0%) and Krishnaganj
(57.7%).
The bottom 3 blocks performing poorly in terms of achievement vis a vis target are – Nakashipara
(17.9% achievement), Santipur (24.9%) and Krishnanagar-I (24.9%). Thus, these blocks need greater
attention to address disparity.
As mentioned, on an average 70% of households in Nadia district own a toilet. Among the
respondent households with toilets installed, 43 % mentioned to have constructed the same before
July 2013, but more than half of the households have constructed after October 2013 indicating the
success of the ‘Sabar Souchagar’ program. However purposive sampling with focus on Sabar
Souchagar programme in selection of villages has been responsible for such a break up. Subsidy
acted as the most prominent motivator forthe households to build the toilet with more than 50% of
the households mentioning of this factor. This was followed by influence and motivation by peer and
institutional influence with 27% such responses. Out of peer and institutional influence, Panchayat
members have played the most important role behind motivation to construction followed byfriends
&relatives. The final decision to install a toilet emerges from motivation where more than one-third
of households have mentioned that it was a combined decision of the family members to build the
first toilet. Moreover, some women have been the major driver behind the decision to own a
toilet.58 % mentioned of having twin pit toilet, 36 %have single pit toilet and 6% have septic tank.
The construction of around10% Single –pit and septic tank Toilets indicate a divergence from the
specified guidelines for such toilet constructions under NBA.
A little more than one-third of households mentioned that the cost of installing the toilet is Rs10,000
where the share of cost borne by households is 900. In general, respondents feel that the new toilets
are better than the earlier one in terms of improved model, more facilities although there is scope
for improving it further. On the flip side, beneficiaries feel that the 3” wall of the superstructure is
not durable and they feel that at least a 5” wall structure will make it sustainable. Some have
mentioned that the toilet is also not very user friendly for children while a section has opined that
inadequate ventilation makes the toilet stuffy.
3
Behaviour change towards toilet use
Survey analysis reveals that people in general have started adopting and using toilet and a trend of
collective behaviour change towards ODF environment is visible. A huge 92% of respondents are
unanimous that open defecation should be completely stopped. A significantly large 99% of female
and 97 % male use toilets. There has also been a significant change in the toilet usage behaviour
among women since women prefer toilets for privacy and safety. Women at the household level act
as change agents in bringing an overall behavioural transformation. However, the practice of toilet
usage is still low among children particularlyin the age category of below 5 years. Blocks like
Nakashipara, Karimpur II and Tehatta I lag behind in terms of toilet usage. In some ST dominated
segments toilet usage is relatively low at 85%, possibly due to traditional habits and age-old
practices, indicating the need of necessary steps to enhance awareness. Analysis of ‘exclusive” use
of toilets indicate that out of the toilet owners, 94% use it always which maps to 66% of total
households as coverage is 70% in the district. Study on the impacting factor of toilet usage indicates
that level of education impacts toilet usage to some extent whereas no conclusive influence of
income was noticeable. Satisfaction with toilets is significantly high and respondents in general are
not negatively disposed towards toilet installation and usage. Most of the respondents were aware
of some benefits of toilet use however only about a quarter of them were aware of the health and
environmental aspects of toilet utilization. On a positive note ahigh correlation between hand
washing and installation of toilets was inferred as majority of households admits that there has been
a change in hand-washing behaviour post toilet installation.
Perception on open defecation and Social Norm
In general people are unanimous in agreeing to the principle that open defecation should be
stopped completely. This is also reflected in beneficiary responses where 92% were of the same
opinion – a definite indication of move towards asustainable behavioral change and adoption of
hygienic enviornment. However in some blocks like Haringhata, Kaliganj, Santipur, Tehatta-I,
Nakashipara and Ranaghat-I a substantial section of (10-20%) of people feel that open defecation
cannot be stopped completely and such a practice can happen at times particularly during rush
hours at home, non functional toilet or when they do not have an access to toilets during work
outside home. Community toilets are very sparse in the district – only around 5 blocks; Karimpur-I,
Krishnanagar-II, Chapra, Nabadwip, Hanskhali and Haringhata have on an average 3 Community
Sanitary Complexes.
The public opined (64% people) that community initiative is the main approach to combat open
defecation and the Panchayat is considered the key player in driving the collective initiative.
However, the community was positively inclined towards the role of other players like – SHG (13%),
young generation (11%) and AWW/Asha (7%). Community mobilization was felt to be the main takeoff strategy. Other supportive approaches, as suggested by the community members are intense
motivational drive, joint initiative by Gram Panchayat and Sanitary Mart, involvement of health
workers and students. In community meetings some respondents have also come up harsh
approaches like introducing fine or punishment.
4
Institutional coverage
On the whole - achievement of toilet construction in schools is commendable in the district and
almost all blocks have achieved toilet construction target. Some have over achieved which could be
justified by installation of more than one toilet block in a school. However – in terms of toilets
inAnganwadicentres – overall achievement against target is at 63%. Nawadwip block, Krishnanagar 2 and Tehatta-2 blocks have achieved above 90% in toilet construction in ICDS centres. Ranaghat-2,
Chakdah, Haringhata and Krishnanagar-1 have showed low performance with <50% achievement.
Lack of toilets in Anganwadi centres (AWC) restricts toilet usage among children in that particular
age category. AWCs in rented accommodation face problem of a different nature. While many of the
AWCs have toilets within the premises, owners/landlords often do not allow children to use toilet;
forcing them to resort to open defecation. In Nadia district Anganwari Workers (AWWs)are playing
an important role in generating awareness on the ill effects of open defecation and jointly
campaigning with ANM, ASHA and School teachers to reach out to women, children and villagers
.They are also educating children on toilet usage and proper hand-washing process / hygiene
practices.
Programme Management and Community Mobilisation
The success of the initiative in making Nadia district a forerunner in the State has been largely
possible due to the leadership provided by the District Magistrate and the Sabhadhipati in unison
and in recognising Sanitation as a priority sector. The District Administration of Nadia handled the
programme on a Mission Mode with strict but practical targets and on the 2nd of October 2013 a
district wide oath taking ceremony was observed under the banner of “Sabar Souchagar” by
different administrative hierarchies. Implementation is supported by an efficient monitoring system
under the direct supervision of the District Magistrate to review the quantitative indicators.
However the mechanism for keeping a check on qualitative aspects was not adequate which has had
a reflection in divergence from guidelines in terms of non-compliance with specification related to
pit depth, spacing between pits and fixing of vent pipes.
Rigorous community awareness and mobilisation was done through IEC strategies at all tiers of
administration: District, Blocks, and GPs involving field functionaries. Most Blocks have taken up
similar IEC approaches that includes door to door campaign, patha sabha (Rally), drama, wall writing
and posters, community & mother’s meeting, health awareness camp and cleanliness awareness
camp for children (wash hand before & after use) at school. However the key approach had been
Interpersonal Communication and the major actors in awareness generation have been the
Panchayat representatives, relatives, friends, villagers, toilet owners, service providers (NGO,
Sanitary Marts), ICDS, health functionaries, schools teachers. Unfortunately awareness is somewhat
limited in ST and Minority dominated areas and among caregivers regarding handling of child
excreta and in realising the alarming environmental health consequences of open defecation.
5
Role and performance of Sanitary Marts
Sanitary Marts act as promoters, as production centres and as actors in sustaining the sanitation
drive. The performance of Sanitary Marts both in quantitative and qualitative terms indicate that
performance of some sanitary marts in terms of achievement against targets is commendable for
which construction activities had attained a momentum. However on the qualitative front several
instances of deviation from the design specifications have been observed and it is visible in some
blocks questioning the credibility of such marts and the monitoring procedure.
Nevertheless all Marts have reported problems – e.g.: problem of beneficiary identification due to
multiple surveys and disjoint eligibility lists, delayed payments from GPs against the
MGNREGAallocation, delayed payments from beneficiaries against unskilled labour-all affecting the
pace of installation often resulting in incomplete installation.
Respondent feedback shows that awareness about sanitary marts “by name” is rather low – (31%)
although they are aware of the activity that is going on in their locality. A significant section of
respondents (46%) perceive the primary function of sanitary marts as installation of toilets followed
by awareness generation and motivation. On the other hand, awareness on SHG-s being involved in
sanitation activityis rather low (only 29%) and that too a significant section (43%) recognize the role
of SHGs primarily in awareness generation rather than in construction and installation.
However involvement of more players in the supply activity has strengthened the supply chain.
Particularly involvement of SHG-s has reinforced the link between the supplier and beneficiary
through peer influence and construction support.
Financing and Incentives - MGNREGS convergence
Nadia district has been ahead of others in adopting and implementing the convergence model
coined as Sabar Souchagar. The convergence has been designed to have multiple advantages like
increased funding for toilet construction in the sector strengthening the supply push factor, greater
subsidy for poor families inducing demand push , improved monitoring of the outcomes from
different tiers of administration – e.g. District, Zilla Parishad and Block levels ensuring achievements
against targets. Integrating other players into the system such as SHGs being encouraged to
contribute as service providers like Sanitary Marts. There are a few areas of concern related to
convergence which can be termed as teething problems. Those without job-cards get debarred as an
eligibility clause for MGNREGS support is job card ownership creating an overall confusion. Further
sanitationsstill not a priority for most of the GPs as MGNREGA funds on priority are allotted to
customary infrastructure and asset creating activities leaving inadequate fund for toilet construction.
This subsequently has led to delayed or part payments to Sanitary Marts resulting in dampened pace
and often stalled construction.
6
Key Learning
Nadia district has made a significant effort towards developingan ODF situation, by improving toilet
coverage and also the utilisation of home toilets. There is a growing perception among adults on
open defecation with special focus on women. Nearly 92% respondents have mentioned that open
defecation should be stopped, 100% (barring 2 respondents) are aware on some benefits of toilet
usage and the utilisation of home toilets is found between 85-90% that includes both old and new
models which is very encouraging and informs the revealed preference for toilet use and behaviour
change at family and community level. Stakeholders’ collective initiatives observed in some places
for influencing social norm around open defecation and making Nadia district ODF is encouraging.
The analysis further tried to identify three aspects in the context of the programme



Strategises that worked in favour – the strengths
Limitating factors that hindered progress – the challenges
Suggestive recommendations - way forward
Strategies that worked infavour
A six-point strategy was adopted in Nadia which give sanitation a big push.






Leadership and Political Will : The District Magistrate and Sabhadhipati in unison
spearheaded the programme and mobilised sub-district level administrative and panchayat
functionaries – a convergence of administrative and political will
Adequate Priority to Sanitation Sector : Sanitation considered as a priority sector in the
District and programme conceived in a mission mode with a pledge to deliver – inculcation
of the right spirit
Demand Pull Approach : Programme approach to creating demand and scaling up by
focussed awareness on “ Rs 9100 subsidy for a Rs 10000 Toilet model “ and community
mobilisation - inducing a demand pull
Interpersonal Communication for direct exchange : Promoting interpersonal
communication though grassroots operatives under different government programmes for
sustaining awareness and motivation to install and use – a sustainable approach
Strategies expanding partnership for supply chain strengthening: Roping in more players
(SHGs) as Sanitary Marts and streamlining procedures for implementation of convergence
model for strengthening the supply chain - creating a supply push.
Close and regular monitoring : Regular monitoring of achievement vis a vis targets at Block
and District Level and personally by District Magistrate – an effective management for
geared intervention
7
The strategic approach pointers have been represented through the spider diagram as
follows to assess the strategic accomplishments on a 10 point scale:
Close and
Regular
Monitoring
Leadeship and
Political Will
10
8
6
4
2
0
Interpersonal
communication
Sector Priority
Series1
Demand Pull
Supply Chain
Strengthening
As observed Leadership, Sector Priority and Close Monitoring scored very high while the other
factors have scope for improvement.
Limiting factors that hindered progress ….the challenges
Every intervention associated some challenges which also need strategic interventions in the short
and medium term frame. Some such key challenges are:
Demand is primarily subsidy driven, inadequate understanding &motivation for improving quality
of life: Demand was majorly driven by subsidy while people are yet to connect toilet and
environmentalhealth impacts as a prime motivator.
Convergence with teething problems: The convergence model although very well strategized has
some practical problems. Gram Panchayats (GPs) donot accord high priority to sanitation component
within the MGNREGA programme resulting in delayed payment and hampering work progress.
Lack of awareness on scientific /technical aspects of the new model: Thedesign specifications and
the scientific rationale of the leach pit toilets are not clear to people in general, leading to risk of
deviation from guidelines on insistence by users impacting quality assurance.
Lack of community toilets: Inadequacy of community toilets at public places has restricted toilet use
habit among the section spending significant time outside home. This is particularly relevant for
working members and households who still do not have access to home toilets and in public places.
Capacity of sanitary marts: The capacityand performance of sanitary marts remains acontentious
issue. Lack of technical capacity of some of the newly appointed sanitary marts to deliver quality and
influenced by deviant request from users .Several of them do not have technical personnel to
manage the programme and educate user communities on the design aspects. This is more relevant
where SHGs are engaged as service providers.
8
Inadequate systems for qualitative monitoring: While district have innovatively developed systems
for monitoring the sanitation programme progress however it largely focuses on quantity, there is
room for developing systems for qualitative outcomes of implementation of toilet construction
Suggestiverecommendations….Way forward
A combination of strengths and challenges define the way forward. The key focus areas and
intervention approaches have been indicated as follows:
1. Sustaining the political and administrative will
2. Post saturation monitoring and reporting system at GP at block and district level to be
institutionalised to avoid risk of slip back and sustain the ODF status
3. Developing effective systems for qualitative monitoring of toilet construction
4. Refresher training of Sanitary Mart representatives on technical design of the toilet and
the superstructure for ensuring greater durability. This would also result in greater
dissemination among beneficiaries.
5. Reviewing options for incorporating child friendly features in toilets and safe disposal of
child excreta, use of poitties can be explored
6. Greater focus of environmental health issues related to open defecation targeting
women, the youth and school going children
7. Greater emphasis on Scheduled Tribes (ST) , Minority sections to influence their
behaviour towards toilet use
8. Setting up & strengthening village level institutions for implementation for community
monitoring and social audit for usage
9. Promoting community toilets in strategic locations
Conclusion
Nadia district has demonstrated a promising and emerging model for accelerating sanitation
coverage and promoting improvedpractices has elements and potential for replication. The six point
approach with emphasis administrative and political will, identification of sanitation as a priority
sector and streamlined innovative monitoring system for reviewing targets against achievements
have been the major drivers.
9
Section 1.Introduction
Background
The global effort to eliminate open defecation achieved high level visibility in 2013 with the formal
launch of the UN Deputy Secretary-General’s Call to Action on Sanitation, a UN General Assembly
resolution calling all Member States to take action to end open defecation, the identification of
improved sanitation as a key prerequisite for poverty
The General Assembly resolution
reduction by the President of the World Bank, and many
“Sanitation for All” (A/RES/67/291, 24
July 2013) calls on Member States to
other statements and initiatives.
take action to reduce the practice,
which is “extremely harmful to public
health”. A second 2013resolution,
“The Human Right to Safe Drinking
Water and Sanitation” (A/RES/68/157,
18 December 2013), outlines the
scale of the problem. Open defecation
has been mentioned only one other
time in GAresolutions.
Government of India in line with global call has accorded
high priority to eliminate open defecation nationally and
announced “Swachha Bharat” that invites all stakeholders to
join hands and make India open defecation free (ODF) by
2019. Government of West Bengal developed ODF policy and
have decided to accelerate the implementation of Nirmal
Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) in convergence with MGNREGA and achieve ODF West Bengal by 2017. In this
context the Minister, Panchayat and Rural Development (P&RD), Government of West Bengal led a
collective pledge with all the District Magistrates on 19th November, 2013, “the World Toilet Day” to
accord high priority to sanitation and hygiene promotion in the development agenda and encourage
all stakeholders to launch a campaign against open defecation. The priority agenda of the State has
been further reinforced through the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (G), the National Campaign aimed at
developing a clean and Open Defecation Free India.
Several attempts to change defecation behaviour and promote sanitation programmes in India from
1986 to 2004 had limited success. Behavioural change continues to be negligible despite high levels
of knowledge, for several health behaviours, particularly sanitation related behaviours. Since 2004,
the focus of the rural sanitation programme in India shifted to changing behaviour rather than on
merely creating sanitation facilities under the banner of Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC). Nirmal
Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) initiated on 2012 is an important programme initiated by Government of India
to make India clean and open defecation free.
Virtually TSC has been renamed as the NBA with the objective of accelerating the sanitation coverage in
rural areas so as to comprehensively cover the rural community through renewed strategies and
saturation approach. NBAenvisages covering the entire community for saturated outcomes with a view to
create Nirmal Gram Panchayats (NGP). The vision has shifted from ‘access to toilets to all’ to “attaining
Nirmal status”.
While West Bengal state has made significant progress in providing access to improved toilets during
the last decade however as per census 2011, nearly 51% population in rural areas continue to
defecate in open. The recent NSSO report (2013) informs that only 40% of families exclusively uses
the toilet out of 60% families having the facility at home in West Bengal. This clearly establishes the
need for public awareness towards stopping open defecation, need for promoting improved
10
sanitation and hygiene practice among rural population and providing quality sanitary toilets at
home and community level.
Open defecation free status necessarily follows from Safe sanitation practice which involves
fourissues
 Access to toilets through creation of infrastructure
 Utilization of the toilet followed by safe hand-washing
 Maintenance of the toilet for the infrastructural sustainability
 Collective community actions & behaviour change for elimination open defecation
Nadia district, among all the districts of the state, is a forerunner and has been able to nearly achieve
the targets set for installation of sanitary toilets at the household and institutional level.
However while the achievement against targets satisfy the first issue of creating infrastructure, there
is a need to understand the utilization and maintenance status in terms of behaviour and practice
cutting across all sections of the population and also to understand the community will in preventing
open defecation. Government of West Bengal decided to look in to the community perceptions on
open defecation and assess the behaviour change through a rapid assessment in Nadia district that
demonstrated a convergent model of NBA and MGNREGA for acceleration of service delivery and
stakeholder’s mobilization on sanitation and hygiene promotion in the district.
Objectives
With this in the backdrop the study has been undertaken with the following objectives:





To review the status of toilet coverage in the district and to identify the enabling factors
To understand the perceptions, practices, motivations and constraints of households with
respect to toilet use vis a vis open defecation in selected villages–
To understand the community will and social norm in the context of stopping open
defecation
To understand the approaches and outcomes of convergence of NBA- MGNREGA- NRLM
programmes and the effectiveness of involving SHG Clusters
To suggest strategies for replicability in other districts of the State
11
Section 2. Approach and Methodology
The study has used techniques and procedures, which have been tested in various projects,
collecting data directly from the people in the communities. Two main methods have been
administered for data collection and analysis – the quantitative and qualitative methods. The
qualitative and quantitative methods are two ways to deepen knowledge on the populations and
social systems.
Activities
The study traversed a series of activities, setting off through a Reconnaissance and a District Level
Initiation workshop.
Reconnaissance
Household
level Survey
Community
FGD
Programme
Initiation at the
District Level
Survey
instrument
design
In depth
discussion with
eco systems
Secondary
Research
Sample
selection
Analysis
The activities have been elaborated as follows:
Reconnaissance
A preliminary visit was undertaken by a team from
INSPIRATION on 31 May 2014 to meet stakeholders
that include person in charge of sanitary mart, NBA
team members, health service providers etc, to
collect preliminary information and to discuss the
topic of sanitation with villagers
A discussion-held with eight housewives of
Krishnagunj villagerevealedtheir awareness level,
usage practice etc related to sanitation. The reconnaissance team also observed their toilets, water
accessibility etc.
12
District level Kick-off Workshop
Initiation workshop was held on the 12th of June 2014 for a stakeholder engagement to arrive at a
consensus on the scope of work and to decide on the modus operandi for undertaking the survey.
The workshop was presided over by the District Magistrate, Mr P B Salim who made a
comprehensive presentation on the Sanitation Situation in Nadia focusing on the Sabar Souchagar
programme.Mr S.N. Dave,WASH Specialist, UNICEF West Bengal, India presented the purpose of the
study in order to understand the factors that have led to the commendable success of Nadia District
in achieving sanitation targets. This was followed by a presentation by Dr Chandreyee Das, Secretary
INSPIRATION on the scope of work and the methodology for survey and research. The workshop was
attended by Sabhadhipati Zilla Parishad , other District level Functionaries along with Dr Deblina
Dwivedi from UNICEF, Ms Swagata Bhattacharyay, Debasish Ghosh and UttamDeyfrom
INSPIRATION. The workshop was followed by field visit for a cursory understanding of the field
including functioning of Sanitary Mart.
Snapshots of the workshop
13
Secondary research:
A detailed analysis have been undertaken from the following sites and in depth analysis has been
done for gauging toilet installation
1. Nadia district portal
2. Nadia Census data
3. Nadia MCD Report
4. Local Government Directory Gram Panchayat
5. NBA Website
6. MDWS Website
7. Reports and documents from the State NBA Cell including performance MIS
Sample Design
The sample size was decided through a
systematic process forensuring coverage and
representation. All 17 Blocks have been covered
while within each block 3 GP-s and subsequently
2/3 villages have been selected to arrive at a
number of 51 GPs and 120 villages respectively.
Finally within a village 20 households have been
selected making the sample size 2400.
Coverage of all
four subdivision
17 blocks to
cover
2/3 Villages
from each GP=
120 villages
3 GP per Block
=51 GPs
:
20 HH per
village = 2400
sample
14
As indicated the sample selection traversed the path from GP to village to household selection each
following a different method of selection to make it as representative as far as possible. The
selection strategies have been indicated below:
GP selection
Random sampling has been done following the Local Gram Panchayat Directory. Three GPs have
been selected from each block.
Village Selection
Ethnic composition was the main driver of sampling and selection of villages from each GP. Ethnic
composition includes SC, ST/minority community and general categories. 2011 census has been used
for sampling. Villages less than 100 HH have not been considered for the purpose of the survey. 2-3
villages from each GP have been selected based on ethnic diversity. Thus two aspects have been
considered for village selection namely
1.
2.
Population cardinality of villages
Ethnic composition
Household Selection
20 households have been identified in each village based on village specific household listing and
proportionate division of sample between old and new toilet owners. Old type toilets were those
models which used TSC/ NBA resources and were installed before October 2013 while the new
toilets referred to those installed after 2013 through NBA- MGNREGA convergence.
The sample selection process has been indicated below:
GP Selection
Random selection from the LG directory
providing list of GPs following the "every
4th" GP selection principle
51 ( 3 per block )
Village selection
Stratified sampling, stratification based on
population size and ethnicity (General, SC,
ST, Minority) followed by purposive
sampling based on existence or initiation of
toilets
120 ( 2/3 per GP)
Household selection
Propoortionate distribution of pre-decided
20 samples between old toilet and new
type toilet owners
15
2400 ( 20 in each village)
Survey Instrument Design


Questionnaire based survey on the representative sample of 2400 has-been adopted as the
quantitative approach.
Qualitative methods involved:
o In –depth interviews with various stake holders
o Focus Group Discussions
o Observation
The target group for quantitative survey was the households while qualitative assessment have been
done with the community groups , women groups and other stakeholders like Government and PRI
functionaries , NGO/ CBOs etc .
Indicators that will be assessed through household interviews are the following:
Questionnaire Pointers




Infrastructural attributes of toilet at household level
Knowledge
 Whether family members are aware of toilet usage benefits – the risks involved in case
of open defecation
 Whether family members are aware of the benefits of hand washing after excreta and
toilet usage
 Whether women / mothers of small children are aware of toilet usage benefits – the risk
involved in disposing child feces in open environment.
Practice & Attitude:
 Usage practice of toilet of all members cutting across age and sex
 Disposal of child excreta
 Overall attitude towards toilet usage
 Constraints in toilet use
Institutional Initiatives :
 Panchayat/ NGOs/ sanitary Marts/ SHGs
An Observation checklist has been administered to capture the toilet status based on the following
checklist.
Observation Checklist

Do the toilets lack security (insufficient lighting, inaccessibility to toilet / lack of
functional lock?


Condition of the toilet – intact or broken
What is the type of pan – rural ( needing less water) or urban type ( flush friendly) / ceramic
or mosaic
If tap, does water flow easily?
Does it have a mug in the toilet
Does it have a broom in the toilet



16




Does the washing area or toilet have soap?
Does the wall/ pan/ pantrap have excreta remains?
Does it have a curtain/ door?
Is the door/ curtain in good condition to ensure privacy
The Questionnaire along with the Observation Checklist is provided in Annexure 1
Key discussion points with stakeholders











Overall sanitation scenario
What are the remarkable changes happened in terms of:
Community awareness
Behaviour& practice
Health status
Overall environmental cleanlinessWhat are the IEC initiatives undertaken
Which according to you have worked best
What are the major indicators with reference to the performance of various blocks
What are the roadblocks for the desired progress
What are the roadblocks in convergence between MGNREGA, NRLM with NBA
Key discussion points with villagers


















What has been the change in toilet practice over time?
What has been the motivation behind toilet installation and use?
Does everybody use toilets?
Is there still a practice of open defecation?
What is the usual water source?
What is the practice of excreta disposal for infants/children and sick/elderly people?
What is the hand washing practice?
What are the advantages of toilet use?
What are the advantages of hand washing?
What are the challenges of using toilets?
Can you link toilet usage and hand washing with occurrence of diarrheal diseases?
What is the school toilet habit of your children?
What has been the role of Panchayats, Sanitary Marts and SHGs?
Have you come across IEC material?
What information or message have you got from these?
Do you attend Gram Sabha meetings and have you come across such sanitation related
discussions
Do you feel that there is a community will to stop open defecation?
What could be done to prevent open defecation?
Community FGD and Key Informant Interview Formats have been included in Annexure 2.
17
Household survey
The survey involved a series of steps
Mobilisation of survey Team




A team of 25 surveyors comprising 12 teams of two ( one male and one female ) were
mobilized for the survey
4 Supervisors were engaged for the support of the surveyors in the field to guarantee the
quality of the survey (each supervisor will have 3 teams), validate and cross check data and
to conduct FGD-s and meetings.
1 Survey Coordinator coordinated the whole survey including undertaking stakeholder
interaction, planning and supervising the survey, conducting FGD-s , report writing etc
A Research and Analysis Team provided expert guidance in analysis and report writing
Training of the survey team
Training of survey team was conducted on 18th June 2014 at INSPIRATION Office where the expert
team from UNICEF and INSPIRATION conducted the training on the design, questionnaire and its
applications and survey ethics.
Pre-testing the questionnaires and finalization:
A pre-test with 5 questionnaires was carried out in Chakdah Block The pre-test was sufficient to
adjust the questionnaire adequately to varied locational contexts as initial visit .This led to the
finalization of questionnaire.
Implementation of the Survey
Implementation of survey involved the following steps

Freezing the village list: As mentioned villages have been sampled based on population
cardinality and ethnic breakup. However on sharing the identified set of sample villages with
the GP and Block administration it was revealed that in some villages the Sabar Souchagar
programme had not been initiated while in some construction of toilets scheme were
underway. Since the objective of the study had been to assess the utilization practice with
special reference to the Sabar Souchagar programme , finally three criteria have been
administered in selecting sample villages
18
o
o
o
Population Cardinality
Ethnic composition
Sabar Souchagar Programme initiated
The village break up has been provided below:
Table 2.1:Breakup of sample villages based on ethnic domination
General SC
ST Minority
55%
30% 9%
6%
The total sample villages is provided in Annexure 3

Introduction of the surveyors in the administration and communities in general: Since the
survey involved surveyors who were a mix of some local and some from outside, surveyors
were introduced to the administration and Panchayats representing the community.

Village mapping and listing which involved a participatory mapping of the village indicating
key landmarks. This was followed by geographical segmentation of the village in to segments
with each segment with 50 households. In every village 2/3 segments were selected based
on the population size and a total listing has been done to categorize households based on
owners of old type toilets, owners of new type toilets and household’s not- owning toilets.
Old type were the models using TSC/ NBA resources and installed before October 2013 while
the new toilets referred to those installed after 2013 through NBA- MGNREGA convergence
(Sabar Shouchagar).
Since there was a deliberate focus on review of penetration and usage of toilets under Sabar
Souchagar programme, segments having greater number of new toilets have been
considered for listing. This resulted in the distribution of owners of old and new toilets more
or less balanced.

Application of the questionnaire
o A team of two surveyors could complete 8-10 interviews per day. In a particular
location 12 surveyor teams conducted around 120 interviews per day. Hence it took
around 18 days to complete the survey. Supervisors on their own conducted some
surveys.
o The supervisors undertook a careful review after three or six days to check for its
completion and accurate codification and verify if required
19
Community FGDs and Interviews with Stakeholders
Along with questionnaire based surveys various FGD / Meeting/ Interviews have been conducted
with the following groups and individuals.





BDO/ Jt BDOs
Gram Pradhan and members
ICDS workers or AWW,
School Teachers
Health staff particularly ANM-s

ASHA workers
The discussions revolved around the toilet ownership and utilization. While the administrative
personnel including the BDOs, Gram Pradhans provided feedback on the overall coverage, utilization
practices, convergence issues, ANM, School Teachers reported on institutional facilities and
behavioural patterns within the institutional domain.
Block Functionaries
ANM , AWW, ASHA
20
Sanitary Mart
Community FGD
Analysis
The analysis again involved a series of stages
Data Entry and Data Processing
Database was designed based on the questionnaire entries – their nature and size, Data was entered
into the designed databases. Data processing was done in terms of validity and plausibility checks for
identifying unreasonable and impossible entries and corrected. Data processing was also done for
standardisation and coding exercises. On special occasion repeated field visit was undertaken for
data correction and additional information collection.
Quantitative analysis
Finally output tables have been drawn for each entry in the data base and analysed for assessing
ownership and utilisation.
Qualitative analysis of FGD-s and interviews
Stakeholder specific FGD-s has been analyzed for an in-depth understanding and key inferences have
been drawn on stakeholder practices and perceptions.
Section 3.Situation Analysis
Background of Nadia District
The geographical boundary of Nadia district comprises Bangladesh in the East, Bardhaman and Hugli
district on the West, Murshidabad district on the North and North West and North 24 Parganas
towards South and South East
The total population of the district is 5267600 comprising 2653768 male and 2513832 female. The
literacy rate of the district is 74.97%. The initial provisional data released by census India 2011,
shows that density of Nadia district for 2011 is 1,316 people per sq. km. Nadia district administers
3,927 square kilometers of areas.
21
Under three-tier system of democratic decentralization, Zilla Parishad is the apex body at the district
level followed by Panchayat Samitis at Block level as second-tier and Gram Panchayats, the thirdtier. Nadia Zilla Parishad, in the areas of Rural Development, has definitely made various
contributions by way of extending financial, technical and moral support to the Panchayat Samities
and Gram Panchayats of this district. It has also successfully implemented different development
programmes sponsored by the State Government and the Government of India even at the remotest
villages of this district. In the NBA guideline specifically under convergence with MGNREGA, the ‘GP’
is proposed as the unit of operation as against the district’, the operational unit under TSC.
The district comprises four subdivisions: Krishnanagar Sadar, Kalyani, Ranaghat and Tehatta 17
Blocks and 187 Gram Panchayats.
Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocks which in
turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 29 urban units: 8 municipalities
and 15 census towns and two notified areas.
Sanitation status in Nadia
The physical performance of sanitation indicates a70% coverage in Nadia as a whole.
Table 3.1: Physical Performance
Toilets constructed upto the month of March 2014 since inception of TSC project
Total HH in Nadia
% Coverage
Toilets constructed after Convergence with MGNREGA & NBA upto March 2014
Source: District NBA record till March 2014
628540
895432
70%
107510
The data informs that over 100,000 toilets were built in nearly six months period while around
500,000 toilets were built over a period of 15 years since the inception of the TSC programme in
1999. This indicates an acceleration rate of around 6% which is commendable.
Acceleration Rate of Household Sanitation during Sabar Souchagaris 5.69
The block specific analysis was attempted to understand the situational context. The table below
depicts the block variations.
Table 3.2: Block specific sanitation penetrationup to March 2014
Block
Total HH
Sanitation Coverage since TSC
CHAKDAH
87982
35379
CHAPRA
60949
52366
HANSKHALI
53985
40007
HARINGHATA
42966
22095
KALIGANJ
68779
52313
22
KARIMPUR-1
45266
40752
KARIMPUR-II
46967
43610
KRISHNAGANJ
29331
20135
KRISHNANAGAR-I
66746
31883
KRISHNANAGAR-II 26460
24433
NABADWIP
28792
28265
NAKASHIPARA
81519
56839
RANAGHAT-I
48970
30975
RANAGHAT-II
70947
42393
SANTIPUR
50021
38116
TEHATTA-I
53673
43988
TEHATTA-II
32079
23991
Source –District NBA data (March 2014)
The analysis for the data in the table above indicates the percentage household coverage at the
block level, as presented in the figure below:
Figure 3.1: Block specific Percentage household Coverage
75%
82%
76%
60%
63%
70%
98%
92%
69%
90%
76%
93%
48%
60%
40%
80%
51%
100%
74%
86%
120%
40%
20%
0%
As revealed Nabadwip has the highest penetration followed by Karimpur II
Nadia District and Sabar Souchagar Programme
The MGNREGA – NBA convergence programme coined as “ Sabar Souchagar “ programme in Nadia
district was initiated on a pilot scale in July 2013 and on a all-district scale in a Mission Mode from
October 2013.
23
The performance of the sanitation status under the Sabar Souchagar mission mode has been
analysed below:
Block-wise baseline target versus achievement:
The figure 3.2 provides the cumulative target versus achievement in numbers while Figure 3.3
provides block specific percentage achievement and provides a comparative block analysis.
0
Baseline Survey Target
Total Achievement
Source: District NBA record till September 2014
24
12020
5920
14346
7173
19470
4838
14117
5867
13591
5956
7686
15838
5701
4422
4557
26376
7434
11072
6391
10962
7636
20268
7211
17683
18184
10653
5993
10000
5576
20000
8617
30000
18532
10942
40000
21789
35184
50000
43057
Figure 3.2:Blockwise baseline target versus achievement( cumulative till Sept 2014)
20.00
49.25
50.00
24.85
41.56
43.82
17.85
28.18
69.66
50.26
56.26
35.58
40.00
30.66
60.00
39.55
80.00
59.04
100.00
57.72
120.00
36.00
103.05
Figure 3.3: Percentage Achievement
0.00
Percentage
Chakdaha
Chapra
Hanskhali
Haringhata
Kaliganj
Karimpur-I
Karimpur-II
Krishnaganj
Krishnagar-I
Krishnagar-II
Nabadwip
Nakashipara
Ranaghat-I
Ranaghat-II
Santipur
Tehatta-I
Tehatta-II
Source: District NBA record: September 2014
The key findings are as follows:
1. Considering the block-wise baseline target versus achievement – only around 5of the 17blocks
have surpassed the 50% achievement mark while 2 blocks just touched 50%.
2. Krishnanagar II has been extremely efficient in achieving targets and has surpassed the target by
103.05%. In any case as per March 2014 District NBA records , Krishnanagar II had 92% toilet
coverage which made it a forerunner in the drive .This has been possible because of the
proximity of the block to the ZP coupled with other factors like motivated Block and GP
functionaries ,efficient functioning by Sanitary Marts because of their local presence etc .
Further greater enlistment in baseline against which construction had been done followed by
lower enlistment of eligible beneficiaries possessing MGNREGA job card as target deflated the
target figure and inflated the performance percentage significantly.
3. Beyond Krishnanagar II, the top 3 well-performing blocks are – Karimpur – II (69.7%
achievement), Chakdaha (59.0%) and Krishnaganj (57.7%).
4. The bottom 3 blocks performing poorly in terms of target achievement are – Nakashipara (17.9%
achievement), Santipur (24.9%) and Krishnanagar-I (24.9%). Thus, these blocks need extra
attention from authorities to boost up the target achievement.
Block wise target versus achievement (current year 2014-15)
Considering this year’s target versus achievement by blocks barring KrishnanagarII, four Blocks have
crossed 10% achievement within a span of 4 months as indicated in the Table 3.3 below. However
the pace had dampened to a large extent due to the Parliament Elections in May 2014, restricting
on-going programme performances.
The top 3 well-performing blocks are in terms of target achievement are – Kaliganj (17%),
Krishnaganj (14%) and Ranaghat –I (13.9%)The bottom 3 blocks performing poorly in terms of target
achievement currently are – Chakdaha (0.03%), Chapra (1.1%) and Santipur (2.1% achievement)
only. Thus, these blocks need extra attention from authorities to boost up the target achievement.
25
Table 3.3 Target versus achievement in Current Year (2014-15)
Sl.
Percentage
Name of the Block Target ( 2014-15 ) Achievement ( till 18 August 2014)
No.
Achievement
1
Chakdaha
7592
2
Chapra
12516
3
Hanskhali
14809
4
Haringhata
4966
5
Kaliganj
22740
6
Karimpur-I
14244
7
Karimpur-II
3605
8
Krishnaganj
5390
9
Krishnanagar-I
20537
10 Krishnanagar-II
72
11 Nabadwip
10431
12 Nakashipara
36767
13 Ranaghat-I
8603
14 Ranaghat-II
8645
15 Santipur
15140
16 Tehatta-I
7941
17 Tehatta-II
6572
Source: District NBA record on Martwise Report 18-08- 2014
2
143
1707
306
3873
1169
282
752
1513
207
307
1396
1195
480
320
640
561
0.03
1.14
11.53
6.16
17.03
8.21
7.82
13.95
7.37
287.50
2.94
3.80
13.89
5.55
2.11
8.06
8.54
GP Level Performance
A block specific GP performance analysis was done to identify the poor performing and good
performing GPs. The poor performers and good performers for each block have been presented
below:
Table3.4: Block specific Good Performing GP and Poor performing GP based on target versus
achievement
Block
Good Performing GP
Percentag
e
79.04
88.07
GP
Chakdaha
Chapra
Hanskhali
Haringhata
Kaliganj
Karimpur-I
Karimpur-II
Krishnaganj
Krishnanagar-I
Nabadwip
Poor Performing GP
Saguna
Hatisala-II
Mayurhat-I, R.B.C.-II, Mamjoan,
Badkulla-I
Nagarukhra-II
Barachandghar
Madhugari
Rahamatpur
Joyghata
Asannagar
Mahisura
100.00
99.04
96.93
88.15
97.58
90.69
37.99
51.63
26
GP
Percentage
Chanduria-II
Brittihuda
17.87
12.28
Gazna
Nagarukhra-I
Matiari
Shikarpur
Narayanpur-I
Taldah-Majdia
Dignagar
Majdia-Pansila
6.87
26.52
14.19
18.63
40.19
38.39
19.62
26.63
Block
Good Performing GP
Nakashipara
Patikabari
Ranaghat-I
Nowpara-Masunda
Ranaghat-II
Raghunathpur Hijuli-II
Santipur
Arabandi-I
Tehatta-I
Betai-I
Tehatta-II
Barnia
Source: District NBA Record August 2014
63.23
61.10
88.28
77.57
98.76
89.75
Poor Performing GP
Bikrampur
7.19
Khisma
26.75
Shyamnagar
0.00
Haripur
1.67
Shyamnagar
19.42
Gopinathpur
32.92
Some of the GPs which have performed very well in terms of achieving targets are Mayurhat-I,
R.B.C.-II, Mamjoan , Badkulla-I (all from Hanskhali) having achieved 100%, Nagarukhra-II (99.0%)
from Haringhata, Betai-I (98.8%) from Tehatta and Rahamatpur (97.6%) from Karimpur-II
Some of the poor-performing GPs in terms of achieving targets are Shyamnagar (Ranaghat), Haripur
from Santipur (1.7%), Gazna at 6.9% from Hanskhali and Bikrampur from Nakashipara (7%). These
need special attention.
Data from the District NBA Cell revealed that there has been over achievement in case of some GP-s
as presented below:
Table3.5: List of GP-s with over achievement
Baseline
Total
Percentage
Survey Target Achievement
Chakdaha
Routari
762
803
105.38
Chakdaha
Silinda-II
426
560
131.46
Haringhata
Haraighata-I
713
757
106.17
Kaliganj
Rajarampur Ghoraikshetra
167
362
216.77
Karimpur-II
Murutia
638
759
118.97
Krishnanagar-II
Nowpara-I
706
730
103.40
Krishnanagar-II
Dhubulia-I
585
705
120.51
Krishnanagar-II
Sadhanpara-II
284
718
252.82
Ranaghat-I
Tarapur
622
635
102.09
Ranaghat-II
Raghunathpur Hijuli-I
105
159
151.43
Ranaghat-II
Raghunathpur Hijuli-I
105
349
332.38
Ranaghat-II
Aranghata
500
640
128.00
Santipur
Fulia Township
29
33
113.79
Source: District NBA Record August 2014
Name of the Block
Name of assigned GP
This has been possible since toilets have been constructed beyond the Sabar Souchagar enlisted
beneficiaries. The baseline survey conducted in 2012 provided the list of toilet non owning
households while the list prepared under Sabar Souchagar included the toilet non owning
households who have job cards. This has made the current the list even more restrictive. Hence
work carried out based on the baseline list had some households not enlisted under the Sabar
Souchagar eligible list for whom toilets have been constructed.
27
Section 4. Respondent Profile
The purpose of the study was to assess the sanitation situation in terms of awareness, ownership
and utilisation. While secondary information provided the data on the progress of installations, for
understanding the behavioural aspects, as mentioned, a survey was conducted over a representative
sample. A total of 2400 households were covered a population of more than 10,000 across
120villages drawn from all the blocks of the district.
Table 4.1:Block specific samples covered
Block Name
Sample size Block Name
Sample size
Chakdah
160
Krishnanagar - II
140
Chapra
120
Nabadwip
140
Hanskhali
120
Nakashipara
160
Haringhata
160
Ranaghat - I
140
Kaliganj
140
Ranaghat - II
140
Karimpur - I
160
Santipur
140
Karimpur - II
140
Tehatta - I
140
Krishnaganj
140
Tehatta - II
140
Krishnanagar - I
120
Total 2400
The respondent profile has been presented below:
Respondent Gender and relationship with Chief Wage Earner (CWE)
The break-up between male and female respondents was 54% female respondents and 46%male.
More than 40% of the respondents were the chief wage earner themselves and another 42%were
the spouse of the chief wage earner. Little less than one tenth of the respondents were son or
daughter of the chief wage earner and 6 %were the parents of the chief wage earner. Negligible
proportion of the respondents was brother or cousin of the chief wage earner.
Social features of the respondents
Majority of the respondents (34 %) belong to Schedule caste category while 5 %belong to Schedule
tribe. 33 %are Muslim and 21 %belong to the General category.
Around one-third of the chief wage earners in the sample set are illiterate while the percentage
illiterates as per the 2011 Census are 25% in Nadia District. One-fifth are literate but with no formal
education. Another one third has studied till primary level. Only 9 %have studied till secondary level
and an insignificant percentage are graduate and above. Of the households visited 82 %have school
going children while 18 %reported no school going children in the household. Majority of the
households covered were patriarchal in nature with 92 %having a male as the head of the household
whereas only 8 % of the sample had female headed households.
28
Dwelling and Land Features
Half of the households are living in “Kuchcha” type of dwelling while 22 %live in “Semi-pucca” and 28
%live in “Pucca” houses. 68 %possess land beyond their house in the homestead. Among those
having land beyond house in the homestead, the size of the homestead is less than 5 katha for
majority of the household. Around 11 %reported to possess 5-10 Katha1 of land.
Among the top three sources of income are working as casual labour or daily wage labour with 45
%of the households reporting the same. This is followed by 20 %earning by working as agricultural
labourer and 12 %earning through farming or agriculture.
Socio-Economic Information
Majority of the chief wage earners are engaged as daily labourer (45%) followed by cultivator (20%).
10% are involved in business or are self-employed in non-agriculture activities. Very few are engaged
in service or work as factory worker. A very small percentage are engaged as weavers which makes
the sample truly representative since Nadia has a legacy of cotton saree weaving. Three-fourth of
the family members - other than the CWE- are not into any employment while one fourth are into
some occupation with an overwhelming percentage being associated with SHG- s. Around 3 % of the
family members are engaged as government servant.
27% of the respondent households have an annual income of below Rs. 24000 in the last one year of
which 18%reported an annual income between Rs.18,000 – Rs.24,000 and 9% mentioned of less
than Rs.18,000 annual income. Around 28%of the households reported annual income of Rs.36,000
– Rs. 48,000 and 24 %mention annual income between Rs.24000– Rs.36000. Only 21 %have more
than Rs.48,000 annual income. On the other hand 44%of the households possess BPL card implying
some anomalies in BPL enlistment. Among those with no BPL card, only 10 %have enrolled in the
Panchayat list for availing BPL card. Among those who have not enrolled in the Panchayat list,
around 11%have BPL stamp on ration card. Around 86%possess MGNREGA job card.
Around 16%of the households have taken SHG loan or microfinance loan. However, majority (43%)
of the households whoreceived loan, mentioned to have taken the loan more than a year ago.
Around 26%mentioned to have taken the loan less than six months ago and 31 % had taken it
between 6 months and 1 year. One fourth of the households have member of Self Help Group in the
house. The loan was used mainly for cultivation (28%) followed by dwelling repair (16%), social event
in family (9%), treatment (8%). Around 4%mentioned to have availed the loan for toilet installation.
The analysis indicates that respondents covered diversities in terms of socio-economic
characteristics. Detailed respondent profile has been provided in Annexure 4.
Section 5: Toilet Ownership
In changing the sanitation scenario towards an open defecation free status, the initiatives have
traversed the path from Total Sanitation campaign to Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan to the MGNREGA
1
1 Katha is equivalent to750 Sqft.
29
convergence model introduced in 2013. The convergence model coined as “Sabar Souchagar”
programme in Nadia District has been well adopted at all the blocks. While the extent of completion
of toilet installation varies across the blocks, it is expected to be accomplished by 31st March, 2015.
Toilet Ownership
The district data from secondary sources shows that on an average 70% of households in Nadia own
a toilet while analysis of the data obtained from listing, as a pre-requisite to sampling, indicates that
69% of the households posses a toilet.
Among the respondent households with toilets installed, 43% mentioned to have constructed the
same before July 2013, but more than half of the households have constructed after October 2013.
However purposive sampling with focus on Sabar Souchagar programme in selection of villages has
been responsible for such a break up. The Sabar Souchagar programme initiated from July 2013 (on
a pilot basis) and from October 2013 on a district wide mission mode has resulted in this boost.
Figure 5.1: Breakup of toilet owners based on year of construction
• 43%
• 2%
• 55%
Before July
2013
Between
July and
October
2013
After
October
2013
Majority (85%) reported having toilets for the first time.
Motivation for Toilet Building
As revealed, subsidy acted as the most prominent motivator forth households to build the toilet with
more than 50% of the households mentioning of this factor. This was followed by influence and
motivation by peer and institutional influence with 27% such responses. Other factors like
accumulating money for construction, catering to sick and old relatives also came up as motivating
factors. The chart below depicts the different motivating factors.
30
Figure 5.2: Motivation for Toilet building
Program was offering subsidy
52%
Peer/ Institutional Influence
27%
Mobilised funds
20%
Had sick /old relative at home
Construction of new house
10%
7%
Event (wedding /funeral /new year)
2%
Had visitors from outside village coming
3%
Old one was not functional
1%
Others
1%
Composition of Peer and Institutions
Out of peer and institutional influence, Panchayat members have played the most important role
behind motivation to construction followed boyfriends& relatives. Sanitary Marts, SHG-s and Health
Workers all have been instrumental in motivating the beneficiaries although to a limited extent.
Influence of the peer and community members in changing behaviour is indeed a very positive sign
as it indicates a change in social norm.
Figure 5.3: Role of Various Stakeholders
70%
53%
12%
Panchayat
member
Friend , relative ,
neighbour
Sanitary Marts
7%
6%
SHG Member
Health Worker
/ASHA
Decision Making
Motivation leads to decision making. The final decision maker to build the first toilet has been the
head of the household in40 % of the cases. More than one-third of the households mentioned of the
decision to be joint - made by the family members together.
31
Figure 5.4: Final Decision Makers to Build the First Toilet
Head of Household
40%
Spouse
7%
17%
Self
36%
Family together
Out of the 17% decision makers in the“Self” category 70% are male and 30% comprise female
Type of Present Toilet
The current toilet type is “Pour flush” for all the respondent households. . Amongst those with pour
flush type of toilet, 58% mentioned of having twin pit toilet,36%have single pit toilet and 6% have
septic tank.
Figure 5.5: Type of Present Toilet
Type of Present Toilet
Type of Present Toilet
58%
6%
100%
36%
Twin Pit Toilet
Septic tank
Pour flush
Single Pit Toilet
A further un wrapping of data was done to understand the contexts of constructing one-pit toilets
and septic tanks since in general TSC or NBA guidelines do not support such toilet constructions .It
was observed that out of 856 ( 36%) one pit toilets , 238 such toilets were constructed during the
Sabar Souchagar programme regime. Blocks like Nakashipara, Karimpur I and II, Tehatta I which are
distant from the Distract Headquarters have more than 50% such toilets. On the other hand 16 out
of total 149 (6%) Septic tank toilets were constructed under SabarSouchagar programme with
around 50% such installations in Chakdah.
32
Difference of Current Toilet from the Old Toilet
Out of the total toilet owners, in 14% of the cases, the existing toilet was the second installation.
This had happened since the original toilet was in the father’s name and the second toilet was
acquired by the son as the beneficiary as families got disintegrated into more than one household.
Hence the son or his household members could make a comparative analysis between the earlier
and the new model. As perceived by them, the most prominent improvement in the current toilet
model over the old toiletis a better super structure and 88% have mentioned of it. 74% mentioned
that new toilets have more facilities followed by 44% who mentioned greater user friendliness. 35%
mentioned of greater privacy which is directly linked to existence of super structure followed by
21%, who mentioned that current toilets are easier to maintain.
Latrine models
Figure 5.6: Difference of Current Toilet from the Old Toilet
88%
Better structure
74%
More facilities
More user friendly
44%
Easy to maintain
21%
35%
Ensures greater privacy
Preferred Features of the Toilet
While the comparative analysis of the present toilet model with the old toilet was done by second
toilet users, general beneficiary feedback was gauged for the toilet model constructed under Sabar
Souchagar. As evident 66% mentioned about the appearance while 68% mentioned of “no odour” as
a preferred feature. Other preferred features as mentioned by respondents are “faces not visible”,
“easy to clean” and “no insect infestation”.15% also mentioned the present toilet model to be less
expensive. This is a natural response since subsidy is of the order of Rs 9100 making toilets
affordable.
33
Figure 5.7: Preferred Features of the Toilet
66%
68%
52%
40%
31%
15%
2%
Looks Good
No odour
No insect
infestation
Faeces not
visible
Easy to clean
Requires less
water for
flushing
Less expensive
In general beneficiaries have accepted the Sabar Souchagar model but at the same time have
mentioned of few difficulties associated with the design. Some such have been mentioned below
1. Height is less, ventilation is poor
2. The toilet block structure with pillars and 3’’ wall may not be durable and in some cases the
wall is cracking after completion .Plinth to roof 5” brick work toilets are accepted by
beneficiaries as they are more robust
3. Beneficiaries prefer urban type Pans instead of rural type deeper pans stating that it is not
child friendly
4. They have mentioned the need for more space and height of the toilet super structure along
with cast or concrete ceiling instead of asbestos or tin.
Advantages vis a vis disadvantages of toilet use
Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of toilet usage indicatesthat on the whole respondents
are not negatively disposedtowardshaving toilets. Nearly 100% of the respondents are aware of
some benefits of toilet use but unfortunately only about a quarter are aware of the health and
environmental aspects of toilet utilisation. A similar percentage have mentioned of convenience as a
definite advantage of using toilets. For this very understanding women have been the primary users
but men and children still defecate in the open (however small the percentage may be) and infants
excreta is not considered to be harmful. On the other hand respondents have mentioned of
improved safety (17%), more privacy (13%), improved status and useful for guests (indicated by 9%
of people). Comfort is also a driver as mentioned by 7% of people.
34
Positively – a huge majority (almost 80% of respondents) have indicated that owning toilets has no
disadvantages at all. A few minor irritants have come up – e.g. bad smell (8%), attracts flies (5%),
costly to maintain (2%), etc which has been the cause of dissatisfaction among 20% of respondents.
Figure 5.8: Advantages and disadvantages of Owning a Toilet
Advantages of Owning a Toilet
Disadvantages of Owning a Toilet
Improved hygiene /health
/cleanliness
68%
34%
Convenience /Save time
52%
Improved safety
65%
More privacy
Improved status /prestige
29%
Guests can use it
28%
39%
More comfortable
No advantages
1.0%
Other
0.1%
Bad smell
9%
Attracts flies
6%
Cost to maintain it
2%
Work to maintain it
1%
Other people come to use
it
Affects groundwater
quality
1%
Overflows
3%
1%
No disadvantages
Other
86%
1%
Only around 6% of the respondents use toilets for bathing. Many people, specially women have
expressed their inconvenience about bathing somewhere else due to problems of security and
privacy
Financial Support
Both TSC and subsequently NBA programmes have been subsidy driven where the quantum of
subsidy has been modfied from time to time to motivate beneficiaries and boost the demand
situation . The transition has been depicted in the tablebelow :
Table 5.1.: TSC- NBA Toilet Models
Year
Model Cost in Rs Beneficiary Contribution in Rs
2014 April
10900
900
2013 April
10000
900
2012 end of the year
3500
300
2012 starting of the year
2500
300
2010
640
320
2010
500
250
2008
440
220
In the survey 78% and 87% of the respondents could recall the cost of toilet and the amount of
contribution respectively. Majority of the households mentioned that the cost of installing the toilet
is Rs. 10000 and a similar percentage mentioned that cost borne by households is Rs. 900.
35
Figure 5.9: Economics of toilet installation
Cost of Toilet
Rs. 900 - Rs. 9000
Amount Paid for Toilet
Less than Rs. 900
6%
14%
Rs 900
Rs. 10000
36%
Rs. 901 - Rs. 9000
Rs. 10000
Rs. >10000
40%
28%
Rs. >10000
18%
3%
20%
680 households have toilets costing more than Rs 10,000 out of which 260 are suppported by
scheme and the rest have made their own constructions. Around 20% of the respondents have
mentioned that they have spend more than Rs. 10,000/- for construction of single sanitary block of
which 12% have spent of the order of Rs 20,000 or more . This 6% comprise affluent persons of the
village who have constructed their -toiletsof their own and constructed Septic Tanks increasing the
expenses drastically, even upto Rs 60,000. And around 16% have spent an additional amount as
add –ons to the basic model like inserting more number of rings to make the sanitary toilet
sustainable in long run, painting of the superstructure wall to make it resistant to wear and tear,
installing coloured pans, using better reinforcement material. Some have made the toilet block
bigger than the prescribed norms and have added a bathing space.
From the funding perspective, the opinion of the Block and GP members is that the success of the
“Sobar Souchagar” programme for eradication of open defecation “depends on the convergence of
NBA and MGNREGA to a great extent because modern type of toilet is costly. The project needs huge
fund which can be easily managed from two programmes instead of one”. They agree to the fact
that, “the progress of the convergence has made the project successful…qualities of the toilets have
been improved due to the convergence programme”.
Assistance Received While Making First Toilet
On the issue of support and assistance , 57% mentioned to have received some assistance in
constructing the first toilet.88 % mentioned to have received assistance from Panchayat while
constructing the first toilet .90% of the households mentioned of monetary support while some
mentioned on awareness, motivation and technical advice.Some (8%) have also mentioned of NGOs
/ Sanitary Marts. Some have provided multiple responses indicating both Panchayat and NGO or
Panchayat and BDO in providing assistance.
36
Figure 5.10: Received Assistance from Type of Organization
Yes
57%
Panchayat
NGO
•94%
•8%
No
B.D.O.
Office
•5%
43%
Functional status of toilets
Almost everyone who has installed toilets has it in functioning status and family members are using
it. Only 1% has reported that the toilet they have is not functioning. Of the 1% around 50% have
mentioned it to be non-usable because of non -cleanliness and foul smell and about a quarter
mentioned that since they have not been cleared up for long and the pits are full. However they fail
to realize that improper maintenance is the cause of such status and they themselves can handle it.
6% have mentioned that the superstructure is broken which has made the toilets unusable from
privacy and security issues.
Figure 5.11: Reason for Not Functioning
Dirty
44%
Full with faecal matter
25%
Superstructure broken /missing
6%
Building not completed
13%
Bad odour
6%
Other reasons like use as storage
6%
Location of the Toilet
As per the convenience of the family members, in 89% cases toilets are inside the premises. This is
another motivating factor for women as it helps them maintain privacy and also ensures security.
Within the premise majority of the toilets (60%) are located within 40 ft from the dwelling helping
children, elderly and sick to avail of the facilities conveniently.
37
Figure 5.12: Distance of Toilet
21%
Within house
• 5%
Within
Premise/
homestead
•89%
38%
Outside
premise
41%
•7%
<20 ft
20- 40 ft
More than 40ft
Source of Water to Use in Toilet and distance
Majority have reported of ownership of a tube well which is the main source of water for their
latrine. The water source is easily accessible and within 20ft of toilet.
Figure 5.13: Source of Water to Use in Toilet and distance
Source of Water to Use in Toilet
Own Tube well
Community Tube well
Distance of Water Source
82%
61%
14%
Own Well
1%
Piped water
1%
Pond Water
1%
6%
33%
20 ft
20- 40 ft
More than 40ft
Water Logging Problem in the Rainy Season
As reported by beneficiaries, in general they do not face any problem regarding water logging during
rainy season; a little more than one-fifth of respondents have reported of occasional problems.
Yes
•22%
No
•78%
Associated features of and accessories in the toilet
During field study, observation of Toilets was done for all 2400 sample households through
astructured checklist. Salient features observed were as follows:
1. Condition of the toilets was observed to be good, satisfactory, bad and broken in 61%, 29%,
8% and 2% cases respectively. Most of the toilets (83%) were found to be clean without any
excreta remains in the pan.
2. All the toilets were sanitary toilets.58% toilets were two pit followed by 36% one- pit toilet
type and 6% Septic Tank.
3. 30% had rural pans. 67% used ceramic urban type models while Mosaic pans were found in
3% of the respondent households.
38
4. 82% households had buckets / drums for storing water and 73% toilets had a mug in the
toilet to be used for flushing and cleaning. 16% did not have any standard arrangementfor
water storage. 2% had piped water connection (pump set in tube well/well).
5. Only 36% had soap inside the toilet.
6. In 86% cases no lighting arrangement was found in the toilets. They use lamps during night.
7. 80% toilets had proper ventilation
8. 92% toilets had a door.
9. Proactive disclosure was written/painted in the wall of toilet block in only 27% cases while
73% toilets did not have any proactive disclosure. 623 (48%) toilets constructed under Sabar
Souchagar have proactive disclosure.
Stakeholder Feedback on Installation and Coverage
At each block level stakeholders and beneficiaries were met to understand the status of installation
of toilets. The snap shot at block level has been provided below:
SNAPSHOP AT BLOCK LEVEL
Chakdah


Chapra

Haringhata
Haskhali





Target of toilet installation of Block is 18532 within 31st March 2015.
Approximately 50% of toilet installation has been completed (8188 out of
18532) according to Block information.
“Sabar Souchagar” programme has been adopted by the block and the
expected results are very good
15% of the houses target has been achieved
Installation target is 6000
Done 3000 which means 50% of target
Dakshinpara GP expects that within 31st March 2015 the target of 100%
sanitation can be reached.
Out of 2126, 214 toilets have been installed, construction of 30 toilets are
running.
39
SNAPSHOP AT BLOCK LEVEL

According to information given by Ramnagar GP there is some inconsistency in
beneficiary list. Number of beneficiary is 1359 in base line survey report, but
Block has given permission to 103. Out of 103 they have completed 35 and
work is running for 15. Within 2 months total work will be finished.
Karimpur I

Karimpur II

This Block will reach the target of 100% sanitation status within 2015.
Following the census Village Report of 2012 out of 47000 HH, 13000 HH have
no toilet (Approx) It is sure that the number of no toilet HH has been
decreased in the mean time
Almost 25% target has been achieved and work is going on in a satisfactory
pace.
Those households that do not have toilets many of them are using other’s
toilet.
Survey list needs to be updated properly in many villages
Percentage of household having old toilet in the villages 90% to 95%
(approximate)
Percentage of household having new toilet in the villages 10%
Percentage of household having no toilet in the villages 5% (approximate)
‘Sabar Souchagar’ programme has been started every where few days ago and
work is going on
70% to 80% utilisation of household toilets can be generated
According to ASHA 30% people of Gobarkuli village have no toilet; all of them
go to open air.
In the opinion of GP members 20% to 40% installation of beneficiary list have
been covered. NS, Belpukur, GP have told out of 600,479 installation is still
due.
Impressive performance has been observed in the ‘Sabar Souchagar”
programme.
Almost 60% of households have installed toilet.
Survey list needs to be updated in many villages

Krishnagunj


Krishnanagar I



Krishnanagar II



Nakashipara



Tehatta I





Tehatta II

Ranaghat I

Break up of old and new toilets are of the order of 65% and 35% respectively.
Almost 80% of households are having toilets in their own household.
Almost are using old toilets and 14%-15% are using new toilets.
10% households are using other’s toilet
According to Block and Panchayat, toilets exists in 80% household majority of
which is old and owners are using the toilets always
“Sabar Souchagar” programme has been adopted by the block and the
expected results are very good
60% of the houses have constructed toilets
40
Conclusion
Nadia district has impressive sanitation coverage. In general stakeholders including the beneficiaries
are geared up to boost up coverage. The Sabar Souchagar programme initiated from July 2013 (on a
pilot basis) and from October 2013 on a district wide mission mode has resulted in this boost






Subsidy of Rs 9100 under the convergence model has been the primer driver
Panchayat followed by peer and community members have been the prime motivators
behind constructing household level toilets
Decision making was primarily by Head of Household
In the self- decision making category 30% were women.
56% own two pit toilets. Construction of single pit and septic tank toilets during Sabar
Souchagar regime, however small in number indicate deviations from guidelines.
Preferred feature of the new model vis a vis the old model
o Improved superstructure ensuring privacy
o Looks neat and clean
o Less water needed for flushing
41
Section 6: Current Practices & Utilization of Toilet
Since 2004, the focus of the rural sanitation programme in India shifted to changing behaviour
rather than on merely creating sanitation facilities. On a small scale some of these initiatives have
shown a promise of sustainable behaviour change. However, for scaling up these initiatives it is
imperative to understand the pathways that lead to a change in sanitation behaviours.
Understanding variations in behavioural pathways can assist in planning locally relevant, culturally
specific, and socially compatible behaviour change programmes.
In Nadia survey reveals that people in general have adopted the pathway of change towards an open
defecation free environment.
Current Usage Behaviour
The survey intended to track the pattern of intra-household defecation practice. As revealed, adult
males and women have reported to display almost equal usage of toilets (around 97-99%). However
insignificant, males are more likely to defecate in the open than females. Children are way behindin
terms of usage of toilets, at just 66%.
Figure 6.1: Toilet usage among different sections
•97.38%
•99.38%
•66.29%
Adult
Men
Adult
women
Children
Community meetings in majority of the villages mentioned of the need of toilet use among women
to preserve their privacy and dignity and to safeguard against insecure circumstances.
42
Among the children, the usage is relatively lowparticularly among children aged less than 5 years
due to two major reasons as expressed by the respondents. Firstly toilets are not child friendly as
expressed by 25% of the respondents and secondly, child excreta is not unhygienic or harmful and
thus can be disposed indiscriminately. 5% aged persons mentioned of the toilets not being user
friendly.
Figure 6.2: User friendliness among children and aged
For children aged (<5 years)
Aged Person
User
•75%
Friendly
User
•95%
Friendly
Non
User •25%
Friendly
Non
•5%
friendly
The usage pattern was further traced to understand the consistency of the practice in terms of toilet
use “always”, since this will provide the strong basis for converting community norm against open
defecation.
Out of the toilet owners 94% use it always which maps to 66% of total households in the district as
toilet coverage is around 70%. This is way above the 40% mark in West Bengal.
The block specific scenario in terms of households who use toilet exclusively has been gauged and
presented below
43
Figure 6.3: Block specific exclusively toilets users among toilet owning households
100%
99% 99% 98%
98% 98% 98%
97% 97%
96%
96%
94%
95%
93%
93%
91%
89%
90%
88%
85%
81%
80%
As evident in Haringhata and Krishnanagar Blocks 99% of the toilet owners use toilets always while
Karimpur II and Tehatta I Blocks lag behind in terms of use always.
However considering the household level coverage at Block level (Ref Table 3.2), the above figures
map to the following, considering all households. As evident, Nabadwip and Krishnanagar are the
forerunners among the blocks of the district and Chakdah is a poor performer.
Figure 6.4: Block specific exclusively toilets users among all households
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-
Chakdah
Chapra
Hanskhali
Haringhata
Kaliganj
Karimpur - I
Karimpur - II
Krishnaganj
Krishnagar - I
Krishnagar - II
Nabadwip
Nakashipara
Ranaghat - I
Ranaghat - II
Santipur
Tehatta - I
Tehatta - II
% Households using toilets
exclusively
44
Ethnicity specific toilet usage
An analysis was done to assess ethnicity linked toilet utilization based on quantitative survey. As
revealed in the chart respondents using toilet “always” is impressive across all ethnic categories.
However among ST, OBC and Muslims the practice is somewhat lower, as revealed in the figure
below.
Figure6.5: Ethnicity specific toilet usages
94.00
92.66
92.42
92.00
90.00
89.70
89.78
OBC
Muslim
88.00
86.00
84.52
84.00
82.00
80.00
SC
ST
General
The overall progress has been substantiated by community responses through FGD-s in few villages
as indicated below:


In Muslim Para of Khisma GP in Ranaghat-1 block remarkable changes have been observed.
Many of them got new toilets under the “SABAR SOUCHAGAR” programme. Open
defecation is nearly decimated from the village. Toilet using behaviour is very good in the
village.
In Barnia GP Tehatta -2 block which is tribal dominated, community have mentioned that 7080 %people are using own toilet.
On the flip side community feedback also revealed lack of awareness and clinging to tradition
practices of open defecation among the ST and minority sections.




In Harekrishnapur GP of Karimpur -1 block which is minority dominated open defecation
although restricted, is still in practice. According to community “There is need for more
awareness on toilet usage. Hand-washing practice also needs to improve”.
In Kanainagar GP of Tehatta-1 and in Kalaberia village of Karimpur-1 it was found that a
section of the tribal population are reluctant to use toilet. So, awareness campaigning
against open defecation among them is not so easy.
Anganwadi workers of Kanainagar GP of Tehatta 1 (tribal dominated) mentioned that “tribal
children are not easily adaptive to change since it is an age old practice”. “Meetings with
mothers also do not generate positive responses”.
Similarly Anganwadi workers of Phatikbari GP of Nakashipara Block (Minority dominated)
mentioned that hygiene habits among children are not satisfactory. Repeated awareness
and education has brought in a change but is not upto the mark.
45
Income linked usage pattern
Income is often a major driver in bringing in a behaviour change through creating access to
infrastructure and hierarchy induced exposure. Hence the analysis attmepted to assess the block
specific income linked usage pattern. The chart below provides block specific income status of
respondents
Figure 6.6: Block specific break up respondents based on income category
< Rs. 18,000
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0%
51%
Rs. 18,000-24,000
0%
0%
0%
39% 38% 36%
0%
Rs. 24,001-36,000
0%
0%
0%
0%
Rs. 36,001-48,000
0%
3%
11%
15%
12% 7%
5%
7% 5%
46%
1%
0%
0%
0%
11%
29% 23% 41% 38%
20% 44%
1%
DK/ CS
14% 14% 14% 14% 14% 13% 11% 11% 11%
25% 25% 21% 21%
30% 27% 24%
34%
1%
Ø Rs. 48,000
16% 22%
19% 28% 26%
14% 19%
17%
26%
19% 20% 19%
31% 26%
25%
27%
16% 31%
36%
29%
29% 42% 47%
21%
18%
27%
27% 18% 15%
25%
8% 14% 14%
17%
14% 13%
16%
12%
8% 11%
4%
5% 1%
4%
3% 6% 8%
1% 3%
The percentage of high income and lowest income category respondent households were correlated
with percentage using toilets always and as evident income level really does not have very direct
correlation. This is primarily because of the provision of subsidy provided.
Hanskhali
Krishnanagar - II
Krishnanagar - I
Krishnaganj
Ranaghat - II
Santipur
Kaliganj
Nabadwip
Chakdah
Chapra
Haringhata
Karimpur - II
Nakashipara
Table 6.1: Correlation between Income & Sanitation usage:
Percentage HHs in
Percentage HHs in highest
Percentage using toilet
lowest income
monthly income category
always)
category
7%
51%
98%
5%
39%
99%
5%
38%
98%
2%
36%
97%
14%
25%
96%
3%
25%
94%
6%
21%
96%
8%
21%
97%
12%
14%
93%
4%
14%
98%
17%
14%
99%
8%
14%
88%
11%
14%
89%
46
Percentage HHs in
lowest income
category
16%
25%
14%
13%
Percentage HHs in highest
monthly income category
Karimpur - I
Ranaghat - I
Tehatta - I
Tehatta - II
13%
11%
11%
11%
Percentage using toilet
always)
93%
98%
81%
91%
Education linked usage pattern
Education is expected to have an impact on the sanitation behaviour. The block specific education
status considering different levels of education attainment has been indicated below :
Figure 6.7: Education-wise distribution for Each Block
% Of Illiterate
% Of 2 (Literate but no formal education)
% Of 3 Upto Primary level
% Of 4 Upto Secondary level
% Of 5 Upto Higher Secondary
% Of 6 Under-graduate
% Of 7 Graduate & above
100%
1%
1% 0%
2%
0%
0%
0% 1%
0% 0% 0%
3%
3%
3%
4%
2% 1%
4%
1% 1%
1% 1%
1% 1%
6% 4%
0%
4% 1%
1%
1%
0%
4% 9% 3%
0%
3%
3%
2%
2%
3%
3%
5%
9% 4%
4%
4%
2%
9%
4%
2% 1%
3% 9%
13%
6% 9%
8%
21%
24%
80%
28%
29%
32%
28%
30%
31%
21% 33%
36%
35%
29%
46% 38%
47%
26%
10%
60% 45%
16% 16%
20%
15%
16%
29%
16% 44%
30%
23%
40%
29% 57%
21%
16%
19%
49% 48% 44%
44%
42% 20% 39%
15%
36%
30%
30%
29%
28%
13%
25%
20% 23% 26%
The toilet usage behaviour has been correlated with the different education levels to gauge the
extent of dependency.
Table 6.2.: Correlation between Education and Toilet Usage Always
Block Name
Correlation
Coefft
Illiterate
-0.35
Upto
Primary
level
0.41
Upto
Higher
Secondary
0.35
As observed toilet practice certainly has a definite correlation pattern with education level. Illiteracy
has a negative correlation while the educated have a positive correlation.
47
Frequency and seasonality of Use
Frequency of toilet use shows a very impressive scenario. Almost all children between the age group
of 5-12 years are using toilet always, majority (98%) women also use toilets regularly. The usage
pattern of men is marginally lower as compared to women and children primarily because they go
out to work in the field early in the morning and as a practice defecates in the open. However this is
reducing significantly as mentioned by respondents of Ranaghat I Block “now we seldom come
across or step on human excreta in the fields which used to be a common happening earlier and we
would have to come and take bath for cleansing”.
Figure 6.8: Frequency of Use
0.04%
3.0%
97.0%
0.04%
3.0%
97.0%
Adult men : Dry Adult men:
Season
Rainy season
0.04%
1.9%
98.1%
Adult women:
Dry Season
0.04%
1.9%
0.3%
0.4%
99.2%
98.1%
0.3%
0.4%
Always
99.2%
Adult women: Children of 5-12 Children of 5-12
Rainy season
years :Dry
years : Rainy
Season
season
Sometimes
Never
10.8%
10.8%
2.8%
2.8%
86.4%
86.4%
Children <
5years :Dry
Season
Children <
5years :Rainy
season
Supriya Biswas, wife of Shankar Biswas of Tarpur Gram Panchayat -
Jhaumahal Village of Ranaghat I Block hails from a very poor
family. They are working as daily labour for their livelihood. She has
two sons one being handicapped. After lot of economic struggle they
were able a buy couple of cows. They had nourished those two cows
for long and had developed affection for them. But, at last they had to
give it away and sell them as they needed money to construct a toilet.
They considered it shameful to go for open defecation.
Satisfaction with Toilet Usage
Satisfation level with toilets is quite high – only around 10% of peole are dissatified. Almost one –
third of people are very satisfied and almost 60% are satisfied.
48
Figure 6.9: Satisfaction with Toilet Usage
32%
10%
58%
Very satisfied
Satisfied
Unsatisfied
Satisfied Beneficiaries
Water Usage to Flush the Household Toilet
A majority – almost two-thirds of people have mentioned to need around 6-15 litres of water to
flush household toilets; around 12% are significantly greater users of water – they use more than 16
llitres.However – a substantial percentage of people are relatively lesser users of water; they use
even less than 5 litres of water to flush the household toilets.
49
Figure 6.10: Water Usages to Flush the Household Toilet
4%
8%
More than 26 litres
22%
16 to 25 litres
Less than 5 litres
66%
6 to 15 litres
Challenges Faced in Toilet Usage
The two most overwhelming problems in toilet usage are regarding emptying pits (as indicated by
19% of respondents) and non-user friendly toilets (mentioned by a similar proportion of people;
18%). Problems of maintenance (15%) and lack of ventilation (13%) are also some mentionable
challenges; as perceived by end-users. 17% of the respondents mentioned of no challenge.
It is evident that if the government and other bodies work towards alleviating these challenges or
pain points of end-users; this can lead to a significant increase in the usage of toilets.
Figure 6.11: Challenges Faced in Toilet Usage
19%
Emptying pit problematic
3%
7%
8%
Needs Land
13%
Expensive
15%
Lack of ventilation
18%
Insect Problem
Problem of maintenance
Not user friendly
17%
No problem
Hygiene Practices & Hand Wash
There is high correlation between proper hygiene practice in terms of hand washing and installation
of toilets.
65 % of the households admit there has been a change in hand-washing behaviour post toilet
installation.
50
Through the awareness programmes, people are generally aware of the ill-effects of opendefecation and good effects of hand-washing and that are resulting in change in their practices.
Now, more and more people are aware of the fact that – “to control disease, proper hand washing
with soap is a must”.
Materials used to wash hands after self- defecation
Majority of sample households reported using soap (71%) to wash hand after self-defecation.
However, 25% still wash using soil. There has been significant effort given in Schools, AWC and local
panchayatsto promote enhanced practice of hand-washing across the blocks. In case of material to
wash hand after child defecation, 66% reported use of soap & 31% continue using soil.
Figure 6.12: Materials used to wash hands after self- defecation
Materials used to wash hands
Materials used to wash hands after handling
babies faeses
2%1%
Soap
Plain water
31%
71.0%
1%2%
25%
0%
Plain
water
Ash
Ash
Soil
66%
Soil
Others
Soap
An associated behaviourchange with toilet use is hand- washing and specifically use of soap in handwashing. 64 % of the households mentioned that there has been a change in practice related to
hand washing with soap after defecation, 38 %mentioned of wash hand before eating and around
17% mentioned on change in practice before cooking. Unfortunately only 12% mentioned to wash
hands with soap after handling child faeces.
Figure 6.13: Change in hand wash practice
64%
12%
38%
26%
17%
Wash hand after defecation
Wash hand after cleaning children’s faeces
Wash hand before eating
Wash hand after eating
Wash hand before cooking
Change in sanitation behaviour and disease prevention
Half of the respondents admit that disease prevention is a benefit of washing hands after toilet use
or handling excreta. Another 47 % feel it is necessary for cleanliness purpose.
51
Figure 6.14: Hand Washing Practice and disease prevention
Cleanliness
47%
Disease
prevention
Don't know
50%
3%
Noticed Change in Occurrence of Diarrhoea Typhoid Other Water Borne Diseases
79 % of the respondents report that they have noticed decrease in occurrence of Diarrhoea, Typhoid
and other water borne diseases after the change in hand wash practice. However, 8 % of the
respondents believe there has been no change even after change in toilet practice.
Figure 6.15: Occurrence of Water Borne Diseases
1%
12%
79%
8%
Increased
Decreased
No change
Can’t say
Community FGD-s however have substantiated this feature. In majority of the FGDs control of
disease particularly diarrhea was mentioned as a positive consequence of toilet use . Some have
mentioned of control of jaundice.However secondary source information was not available to
substantiate it.
Awareness about Toilet Usage of Children in School
63 % of the respondents report awareness about toilet usage of children at school, however, around
one-fourth were ignorant and reported ‘cannot say or do not know’. 15 %mentioned that they are
unaware about the same.
However, across the block various awareness generation activities and initiatives have been taken in
schools to change the hygiene practice among children and high percentages of school children are
aware of toilet use.
Conclusion
Toilet utilisation has improved impressively to a 85% - 90% figure although in some pockets it is
below the expected level. Toilet utilisation among women has become a norm based on issues
related to privacy, security and preservation of dignity. Usage among children , in the age group of
below 5 , is relatively low. Infant excreta is still disposed indiscriminately and handling infant excreta
is not considered unhygeinic for which a small percentage use soap post cleansing.In general
practice of handwashing has improved with over 41% using soap for hand washing after self
defecation . More or less people are satisfied with toilet usage and majority have not mentioned of
any specific challenges.
52
Section 7: Practices associated with Open Defecation and
Social Norm
Open defecation in rural areas is a human development emergency that is causing infant deaths,
child stunting, and widespread infectious diseases. A set of socio- cultural factors encourage open
defecation and discourage the use of affordable latrines. Unless there is a change in social norm, it
would be extremely difficult to abolish open defecation and make it free from such a human
nuisance.
Practices associated with Open Defection in Nadia
In Nadia
a huge 92% of respondents are unanimous in agreeing to the principle that open
defacation should be completely stopped and have expressed a revealed preference towards toiet
use.
In general open defecation is still in practice among 8% of the respondents or their family members,
of which 49% mentioned that they resort to open defecation during rush hours. Unfortunately 25%
mentioned of practicing open defecation regularly. Among the open defecators children comprise
40% followed by male members (25%). Several reasons could be attributed to this behaviour among
children and male. Since barring open defecation has still not been established as a strict social
norm, defecating in the open is a very easy option to tackle any exigencies at home. The positive
aspect of it is women have become conscious of privacy and dignity and do not prefer open
defecation. Further children attend Anganwadi centres and Schools which are not equipped with
such facilities for which children are forced to defecate in the open. Men on the other hand because
of their outdoor nature of work take the advantage of relieving themselves elsewhere. Farmers or
other job workers go to the fields as convenient Lack of community toilets, as expressed by
participants in community FGDs, is a major factor behind continuance of such practice.
Figure 7.1: Open Defection Scenario
Occassions when OD is practiced
Open Defection
Rush hours during the day
Yes
94%
6%
No
49%
Toilet not functioning
properly
25%
Regularly
25%
Guests at home
Other
14%
3%
Disgracefully 33% have mentioned to be using their homestead for defecation without being
conscious of the environmental health issues. 55% mentioned of defecating in bamboo groves,
railway tracks, in open fields etc besides 12% using river sides for defecation.
53
Figure7.2: Location of Open Defecation
33%
12%
Homestead
55%
Riverside
Elsewhere
Places where Babies’ Faeces Usually Disposed
Child faeces which are not considered unhygienic to that extent are indiscriminately disposed. About
38% dispose of baby’s faeces in open spaces like Open drain/ditch or simply throw it in garbage.
Interaction with Amina Bibi of Krishnagunj indicated that “it has been an age old practice since
infants cannot use toilets …. But they have not considered the pros and cons of such disposal.”
However out of those who do not use toilet (41%) dispose of their faeces by putting it in the drain /
ditch. A little over one-fifth put it into the latrine. A majority 80% people feel that they dispose
outdoor since it is easy and convenient for them . Around around 13% feel that there is enough land
for disposal of faeces; hence there is no need for using toilets.
Figure 7.3: Places where Babies’ Faeces Usually Disposed
Disposal of Baby Faeces
Reason for Disposing
Outdoor
21%
41%
13%
80%
7%
38%
Put into toilet
Put into drain /ditch
Throwin garbage
Easy and convenient
Can save on water use
Have enough land for disposal
On the other hand elderly and sick people in general defecate in toilets. Almost all (95%) agreed that
they use toilets for the sick and the elderly. This is obvious since this method is much more
convenient, user-friendly and the sick and elderly feel much more at ease to use toilets.
54
Location for Defecation in case of Not Usable Toilet
In case the toilet is non-usable; the primary location for defacation is neighbor’s latrine (mentioned
by more than half of repondents). Unfortunately around one-third resort to the nearby bushes or
field. The need for community toilets was once again expressed in this regard by community
members.
Figure 7.4: Location of Defecation in case of Not Usable Toilet
Neighbour’s latrine
54%
Field /forest
Relative’s latrine
37%
7%
Public latrine
2%
Other
2%
Social Norm
Social influence is a collective phenomenon that exerts conscious and unconscious pressure on
individuals, families and communities to conform to norms and practices.
At the society or collective level, norms serve as prevailing codes of conduct that either induces or
restricts individual behaviours. Individual interpretation of these norms is referred to as perceived
norms. Perceived norms, on the other hand, exist at the individual, psychological level. They
represent each individual’s interpretation of the prevailing collective norms.
Social norm has been assessed from individual responses to understand the perceived norm as well
as from group responses to gauge collective behaviour.
Individual response to social order
Response on whether open defecation should be stopped completely
As indicated in the earlier section, beneficiary responses in survey reveals that in general people
think that open defecation should be stopped completely. However considering the real situation
where toilet installation has not had significant coverage like in Haringhata, Kaligunj and Shantipur
blocks around 10% of respondents mentioned that open defecation cannot be stopped completely
and such a practice can happen at times.
55
94%
89%
81%
92%
91%
91%
94%
94%
93%
96%
96%
92%
85%
86%
97%
100%
98%
120%
99%
Figure 7.5: Percentage response on whether open defecation should be stopped completely
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Women responses have been very positive and nearly 100% women said that whatever may be the
constraints, open defecation cannot be a practice, particularly among women.
Women have changed their
practices significantly. Social
norm toward open defecation
among women has taken a
positive turn. The aspect of
women privacy and dignity has
been recognized by community
and perceived by women
themselves. The issue of
security has also gained
importance. Women at the
household level will act as
change agents in bringing in an
overall
behavioural
transformation
Approaches to stop open defection
Open field defecation, disposal of household solid and liquid waste are some practices that happen
in the public domain affecting others in the community. On the response to the ill effects of open
defecation 53% mentioned of polluting the environment which affects the community at large.
Hence these behaviours have a detrimental impact on the lives of others and on the other hand
community has to devise norms which will serve as prevailing codes of conduct that either prescribe
or proscribe such individual behaviours. This has been expressed by a large percentage of
respondents who feel that it can be stopped though community initiative followed by a section who
consider that such behaviour can be promoted through a mix of community and individual
initiatives.
56
Figure 7.6: Percentage response on Approaches to stop open defection
11%
67%
Individual initiative
23%
Community Initiative
Both
There have been some remarkable instances of individual initiative to stop open defecation cases of
which have been cited below:
Case of Sarjina Bibi of Khisma Gram Panchayat Maniktala - Muslimpara
Village of Ranaghat I Block- SarjinaBibi is a marginal worker had worked
under MGNREGA scheme to earn a livelihood. Her income level was very
low as she did not have regular work.
In this situation she arranged for her daughter’s marriage in Nandighat
village of Anulia Gram Panchayat with DilwarMondol. They asked for
dowry. But for Sarjina bibi, being a marginal worker, it was very hard to
mobilise the money for marriage. But, she was slowly arranging that. One
day the groom’s family said that they are not interested in the marriage
proposal as the girl’s family does not have a toilet at home indicating a low status. The negativity
charged up SarjinaBibi and she became desperate in collecting money for toilet after managing the
dowry and other related expenditure. Knowing this fact the groom came forward and said he would
not take any dowry instead the bride’s family should construct a toilet at their own residence. The
subsidy helped her to construct the toilet.
Key Players in Community Initiative
Panchayats have been considered the key players since community norms involve defining of codes
of conduct at the society level. SHG-s also have emerged as important players in Harighata, Kaligunj
and Krishnanagar I.
57
Figure 7.7: Percentage response on Key Players in Community Initiative
Panchayat
80%
SHG
16%
Young generation
14%
AWW/ ASHA
8%
NGO-s/ Sanitary Marts
6%
Children
1%
Strategy to stop open defecation
Community mobilization is the key to stopping open defecation – this has been mentioned by 60% of
respondents. Around one-third (32%) feel that greater awareness needs to be built up against open
defecation. People are not much in favour of enforcement / penalties for the same although 8%
mentioned of this. There were multiple reponses to the strategy to open defecation and several
mentioned of more than one approach.
Figure 7.8: Percentage response on strategy to stop open defecation
Community
mobilisation
73%
Enforcement/ penalty
Greater awareness
9%
Children mobilisation
39%
1%
Community responses on norms
Community in general are averse to the concept of open defecation since they strongly believe that
toilets can fight against land and water pollution which cause diseases. They help preserve the
dignity and security of women in specific and direct people towards leading a civilised and decent
life in general. Community even considers it as a punishable crime since the doings of one can
impact the inhabitants of the area through transmission of diseases. For them it is not minimising
open defecation but eradication of the same. Most of them are eager to get toilet but for some
unavoidable circumstances there lies a gap between demand and supply. The aware section are
motivating the unaware section to control open defecation. For the younger generation open
defecation is an uncivilised activity and according to them “all round effort should be made to
control defecating in the open”. Community feels that in general
cleanliness and health
58
consciousness has increased. They suggest, community toilet should be constructed for those who
have no toilet in the household even today and who spend a long time outside home to stop open
defecation. Community toilets in market places are an option.
Community toilets are very sparse in the block. The district data indicates that all over the district
there are only 31 toilet blocks with some blocks having no community toilets, as presented below
Table 7.1: Block specific distribution of Community Sanitary Complexes
Sl.
Name of the
Upto the month since inception
No.
Block
of TSC project
1 Karimpur-I
3
2 Karimpur-II
0
3 Tehatta-I
2
4 Tehatta-II
0
5 Kaliganj
0
6 Nakashipara
0
7 Krishnanagar-I
2
8 Krishnanagar-II
3
9 Krishnaganj
0
10 Chapra
3
11 Nabadwip
4
12 Hanskhali
3
13 Santipur
1
14 Ranaghat-I
2
15 Ranaghat-II
2
16 Chakdaha
1
17 Haringhata
5
Total
31
Source: Physical Performance report July 2014, District NBA
Community responses on action to stop open defecation
In Nadia district the Community Led Total Sanitation Approach as an approach has not been tried
and implemented.
The CLTS approach is a “subsidy free” approach relying on generating demand and subsequent
action at the community level with no direct financial aid. It focuses on empowering the local
community and mobilising it into action. Success in this latter approach is defined by whether the
area becomes Open Defecation Free (ODF).
However in community meetings respondents have come up with suggestions to control defecation
ranging from soft approaches like awareness generation to harsh approaches like introducing fine or
punishment. Some block specific community Reponses have been provided below:
59
Table 7.2: Block specific suggested actions to control open defecation
Block
Suggested Actions
Shantipur
100% awareness with 100% control of open defecation is possible
Ranaghat 2 , Krishnagunj
Open defecation can be eradicated if fought unitedly
Krishnanagar 2
100% control is possible if govt. gives more financial help to the
poor
Chakdah, Tehatta I
Issue of sanitation to be harped in Gram Sansad meetings
Haringhata, Hanskhali
Fine or some punishment can be introduced to stop open
defecation
Hanskhali , Chapra
Intense motivational drive
Ranaghat 1
Community initiative to open defecation
Karimpur I
Joint venture by Gram Panchayat and Mart
Kaligunj
Health workers , students are key agents for communication the
right message and mobilising the community
Tehatta I , Kaligunj
Creation of community toilets
Conclusion
Community in general are geared up to stop open defecation this is also reflected in beneficiary
responses where 92% were of the same opinion – an definite indication of appreciation for
sustainable behavioral change and adoption of hygienic enviornment. Although individuals need to
change, the public opined (64% people) community initiative as the main approach to combat open
defecation and the Panchayat is considered the key player in driving the community initiative.
However, the community was positively inclined towards the role of other players like – SHG (13%),
young generation (11%) and AWW/Asha (7%).Norms are social phenomena which are propagated
among group members through communication for deciding on the codes of conduct. The “walk of
shame” concept needs to be widespread touching all sections of the society.
60
Section 8: Institutional Coverage and Utilization
Children are considered change agents as they learn and adopt new behaviour and practices faster.
They can be involved to promote toilet use at home and stop open defecation.Community
consultations have revealed that in some cases children have been inducers in bringing change
within the family. Hence any sanitation programme needs to assess the sanitation behaviour of
children beyond home. Schools and Anganwadi centres house children was a significant stretch of
time and help children develop their sanitation habits. So, schools and Anganwadis centres are very
important institutional stakeholder to move towards an open defecation free society. Under the TSC
programme School and Anganwadi Toilet units have been constructed. Under the convergence
model if the School and Aanganwadi toilet unit has not yet been constructed under TSC programme,
then School and Aanganwadi toilet can be constructed under the MGNREGA. Fund available for
construction of toilets through MGNREGA:
The unit cost for school toilet is Rs.35,000, and the labour : material ratio is 10:90.
The unit cost for Anganwadi toilet is Rs.8000. The unskilled labour: material ratio is 17:83
Toilet availability in Schools and Anganwadis
The table below depicts the existing situation of the toilet availability in the schools and anganwadi
centres of Nadia district. In the district in schools toilet availability is impressive. But, in the context
of the Anganwadis only 63 % of the target has been achieved.
Table 8.1 Toilet availability in Schools and Anganwadis
Sl.
No.
Name of the Block
Approved
Achieved
%
Coverage
In %
School Toilets (units)
Latrines for Balwadies/
ICDS Toilets (units)
Approved
Achieved
%
Coverage
In %
1
Karimpur-I
342
412
120
300
206
69
2
Karimpur-II
393
393
100
325
271
83
3
Tehatta-I
413
413
100
351
266
76
4
Tehatta-II
277
313
113
186
179
96
5
Kaliganj
491
491
100
403
332
82
6
Nakashipara
519
526
101
491
410
84
7
Krishnanagar-I
554
554
100
556
153
28
8
Krishnanagar-II
253
294
116
175
175
100
9
Krishnaganj
344
344
100
266
183
69
10
Chapra
437
440
101
405
337
83
11
Nabadwip
312
311
100
248
244
98
12
Hanskhali
499
499
100
434
241
56
13
Santipur
372
367
99
441
279
63
14
Ranaghat-I
348
369
106
397
233
59
15
Ranaghat-II
446
508
114
564
192
34
16
Chakdaha
611
623
102
661
273
41
17
Haringhata
363
351
97
417
170
41
TOTAL
6974
7208
103
6620
4144
63
61
The block variations depict the following:
1) In Ranaghat-2, Chakdah, Haringhata, Krishnanagar-1 achievement of construction of toilets
in ICDS centresis below average i.e. below 50%.
2) On the other hand, Nawadwip block, Krishnanagar -2 and Tehatta-2 block has achieved
above 90% in toilet construction in the ICDS centres.
3) At least 63% of the target to construct toilet in ICDS centres has been achieved.
4) However, achievements of toilet preparation in the schools are very good in the district
surpassing the target number of schools. Almost all of the blocks have achieved the target of
toilet construction. In many blocks toilet construction achievement in schools are more than
targets as they prepare separate toilets for boys and girls and thus have more than one
toilet.
Utilization Pattern in ICDS Centres and Schools
The condition of toilets and the utilization pattern has been gauged through Focus Group
Discussions with the school teachers, ANM workers, ASHA workers ( Refer to Annexure 4) for a
representative FGD).Some key points have been discussed below:

Anganwadi centres are housed either in own premises or within School Premise or in rented
accommodation against a meagre rent of Rs 200 or in Clubs Anganwadis which are in rented
accommodation are facing problem regarding usage of toilets. As the owners/landlords are only
getting Rs.200 rent/month, they are not allowing children to use toilet. For that, children are
either using neighbouring club or household toilet. If there is no such option, they are going for
open defecation.
In Dogachi Gram Panchayat, Block- Krishnanagar-1) out of 44 Anganwadis centres 14 centres are in
rented accommodation. It has been revealed from the discussion that students cannot use their
toilet due to landlord’s objection. They have expressed the serious need for community toilet as well
as tube-well beside the AWC. Although they are educating children on toilet usage toilet and hygiene
behaviour but lack of infrastructure is restricting the desiredbehaviour.

Most of the schools (both primary and secondary) have toilets but many primary schools do not
have separate toilet for boys and girl. It has been observed that many toilets are dirty but
children are compelled to use that. In some cases school toilets are kept under lock and key to
ensure cleanliness, striking at the basic objective of inculcating toilet behaviour and maintaining
environmental health.
62
Public disclosure in a Haringhata
School






School Toilet Block
Broken Toilet in the school
In Hanskhali and Nawadwip GP the condition of most of the AWC toilets are good.
But in other GPs especially Haringhata, Chapra, Nakasipara the situation of the Anganwadis need
to improve.
However AWWs are carrying out an important role in eradicating open defecation. They are
jointly campaigning with ANM, ASHA and School teachers among children and villagers regarding
the ill-effects of the open defecation. They are educating children on toilet using behaviour and
proper hand-washing process as well as related hygiene practices.
Health workers and anganwadi workers are also training mothers on better toilet using
behaviour and hand-washing practice.
In many schools rallies and door to door campaigning have been organized.
However feedbacks revealed that there is need to spread more awareness among SC/ST
students regarding the adverse effect of open defecation
Block-specific feedback of AWW, ANM and ASHA has been presented in Annexure 5.
Conclusion
In general schools are equipped with toilets, in some cases with more than one toilet per school,
making percentage coverage more than 100. On the other hand some schools have inadequatetoilet
facilities in numbers and especially separate toilets for girls and boys.
A significant number of
toilets are not in a hygienic condition. Anganwadi centres mostly do not have their own building and
hence many of the centres do not have the toilet facilities restricting toilet usage by children.
63
Section 9: Programme Management and CommunityMobilisation
Programme Management
The success of the initiative in making Nadia district a forerunner in the State has been largely
possible due to the leadership provided by the District Magistrate and the Sabhadhipati in unison
and in recognising Sanitation as a priority sector. The combined approach induced a spirited drive
among the different ladders of government and panchayat structure in making Nadia open
defecation free.
The District Administration of Nadia handled the programme on a Mission Mode with strict but
practical targets and on the 2nd of October 2014 a district wide oath taking ceremony was observed
under the banner of Sabar Souchagar by different administrative hierarchies. This was followed by
mass campaigns and localized awareness.
The Secretary, Zilla Parishad was in charge of overseeing the programme in totality while Jt. BDO-s
handled the programme at the block level. The District Sanitation Cell facilitated the over
implementation. Implementation is supported by an efficient monitoring system was in place under
the direct supervision of the District Magistrate to review the quantitative indicators. Thisensured
that the results of monitoring are used to improve programme implementation. Monitoring was
done by the level above the one being monitored but information for monitoring was collected from
all levels, starting with the lowest. However the mechanism for keeping a check on qualitative
aspects was not adequate which has had a reflection in divergence from guidelines. The construction
of around 10% Single –pit and septic tank toilets indicate a divergence from the specified guidelines
for such toilet constructions under NBA. Further divergence from design guidelines was observed in
terms of non-compliance with specification related to pit depth, spacing between pits and fixing of
vent pipes.
64
Community mobilisation through awareness generation and effective IEC strategies implementation
Nadia district has been proactive in developing innovative IEC approaches and awareness generation
for sanitation and hygiene promotion and have successfully demonstrated convergence with
MGNREGA despite challenges.
Consultations with different Block, GP level stakeholders and Sanitary Mart representatives
indicated the nature of awareness drives undertaken in the different Blocks.
As observed, majority of the Blocks have taken up more or less similar IEC strategies which include
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Door to door campaign
Patha Sabha(Rally)
Rally, drama
Wall writing and posters
Community meeting
Mother’s meeting
Health Awareness camp
Cleanliness awareness camp for children (wash hand before & after use) at school, Wall
writing, leafleting, posters
9. Self-dependent organization like SGSY / AWW/ ASHA are also helping to create more
awareness
(Table on Awareness generation instruments is included in Annexure6)
Some blocks like Hanskhali, Krishnanagar I have adopted the maximum combination of awareness
strategies. Several blocks like Chakdah, Hanslhali, Karimpur, Krishnanagar I & II, Nakashipara,
Nawadwip, Kaligunj, Shnatipur, Ranaghat II, Tehatta I have adopted door to door campaign by
engaging ANM, ICDS workers and SHG members. Road shows, miking, wall painting has been done in
majority of the Blocks. Awareness in schools was organized in different forms. In Nakashipara quiz
programme was organized among school children for raising awareness. Teachers generated
awareness among children in prayer time to monitor their behaviour in Hanshali Block. Street shows
and rally by children were organized in Blocks like Haringhata, Karimpur II blocks.
Haringhata block observed “World Sanitation Day”.
Community Awareness
Survey respondents’ feedback indicates that majority of the households have learnt about toilet
options and installation procedures from the Panchayat representatives as 33 percent mentioned
the same. This is followed by relative, friends or fellow villagers as the source of information about
the installation and procedures. Community meetings also are an important source of information
for the households. Community consultations have indicated that door to door campaign is found to
be the most effective mode of communication for awareness generation among the households. In
most of the GPs village level meetings are a common phenomenon and they are very instrumental in
building awareness among the community people. Regular meetings with mothers by ASHA or AWW
or other health functionaries are also found to be quite common across GPs.
In schools, teachers undertake awareness among students and change in practice has been achieved
to a large extent among school going children in terms of toilet etiquettes and sanitation habits.
65
Figure 9.1: Sources of Awareness
33%
From Panchayat Representative
26%
From Relative /friends/ Villagers
13%
From Community meeting
From toilet owner
11%
From construction agents
6%
From NGO /agency/ Sanitary Mart
4%
From ICDS/ Health Functionaries…
4%
From Poster /advertisement
1%
Other sources
1%
Radio
1%
Swachhtadoots as key players in community initiative was not familiar except in few Blocks like
Haringhata, Shantipur, Nabadwip, and Chadah. As understood, the concept of Swachchhatadoot was
introduced during initiation stage but later on this was not promoted.
Only around a quarter (25%) of people are aware of government programme by the name of Nirmal
Bharat Abhiyan that have been initiated in support of total sanitation . However people are familiar
with the term Sabar Souchagar as revealed in community meetings . In general people are not only
aware of the motivating catchline “ Toilet worth 10,000 against contribution of Rs 900 “but are also
aware of the time when it was initiated in October 2013
Figure 9.2: Awareness of the Government Program in Support of Total Sanitation
25%
Yes
53%
No
22%
Can’t say/ Don’t know
Stakeholder feedback on Community awareness
Stakeholders comprising Block, GP functionaries, ICDS, Health operatives and Beneficiaries indicated
the following:
 After announcement of “World Sanitation Day” people have become aware of installation and
use of toilet
 Sabar Souchagar’ programme has created a big push.
 Awareness on hand-washing has been increased and practice of open defecation has decreased.
66






New generation is aware and eager for stopping open defecation as they are willing to lead a
scientific and civilized life.
There is a remarkable change in toilet using behaviour in the village.
Increased rate of installation and utilization is the result of awareness
People keen to construct new toilets.
Communities have changed the practice of going to open space for defecation.
The convergence programme is on the track and expecting best results in the future.
The Block specific key responses have been compiled and presented in Annex 7.
Conclusion
The success of the Sabar Shouchagar initiative in Nadia district, is largely due to the proactive
leadership by the District Magistrate and the Sabhadhipati in unison and recognising Sanitation as a
priority programme within the development sector. Community awareness and mobilisation has
been done extensively utilising different grassroots operatives and using varied IEC strategies. The
interpersonal communication through door to door campaign has been the most effective approach
as mentioned by majority of the beneficiaries.
67
Section 10. Role and Performance of Sanitary Marts
Started in 1991 in West Bengal, the establishment of Rural Sanitary Marts (RSM) cum Production
Centres (PS) for low cost sanitary products production and promotion was an innovative strategy
that demonstrated & enabled remarkably in improving the household toilet coverage through
decentralised, community-based system. The sustenance of the RSM/PC depends on its quality
performance and economic viability. They are to “demonstrate success as an enterprise and
function in accordance with the objectives of the programme.” The profitability of RSM/PC depends
on demand for its material and services in the area, the sale price fixed by the government and the
cost involved. Demands for the sanitary materials depend on the social marketing done during the
awareness programme. RSMs are generally managed by NGO-s while induction of Self Help Groups
has recently been initiated in Nadia District.
Sanitary Marts in Nadia
With Midnapore District as the pioneer, RSM-s were established first in the state, in each and every
district. Nadia district has also traversed this path. The list of Sanitary Marts operating in Nadia
district, serving different GP-s has been provided in Annexure 8. However the survey covered around
38 Sanitary Marts which are a combination of NGO-s and SHGs and hence analysis pertain to these –
list provided in Annexure 9.
Role of Sanitary Marts
Sanitary Marts are supposed to act as promoters, as production centres and as actors in sustaining
the sanitation drive.
In general members of the sanitary Mart keep contact and liaison with concerned Gram Panchayat
members and Block level stakeholders. They conduct home visit and create awareness among the
people on need of sanitary toilets and benefits of having sanitary toilet at home. They also organise
programmes like rally / street shows/ wall paintings on sanitation for awareness generation.
In Hanskhali Block, the Block and GP Administration have mentioned that Marts are instrumental in
building awareness, motivating people in building toilets. In karimpur rally was organised jointly by
Sanitary Marts, ANM, AWW-s etc. Door to door campaigning was done by SHG group Asar Alo jointly
with the Mart .In Tehatta Ramkrishna Mission is campaigning against open defecation.
As production Centremost of the Sanitary Marts have their centralised production centre while some
of them have more than one production centre. Tehatta Lotus Club of Tehatta I Block has four
production centres in different Gram Panchayat areas. All the Sanitary Marts are expected to
manufacture all the components including the Mosaic pans but with introduction of Ceramic Pans
they are not producing Mosaic Pans. In general all the Sanitary Marts have their skilled Masons.
Many Marts has also started production at local level which reduces the material carrying cost. SHGs
operating as Sanitary Marts have also established their production centres in several cases. SHGs
often work in unison with the NGO led sanitary mart and are involved in awareness generation
through their peer presence.SHG Clusters also engage their member SHGs to operate at local level
as Sanitary Mart.
68
Dhubhali Unnani Databya Chikitsalay of Krishnanagar II Block mentioned that they
beneficiary contribution in instalments.
collect
After completion of the toilet construction, they also make follow up visits to ensure utilisation of
the same and check the quality of the construction. But there is no reporting system and thusRSMs
do not submit any report on ongoing installation programme except routine MIS and completion
report to the concerned authority. During Sabar Souchagar construction they were asked to take
photographs of each sanitary block with proactive disclosure painted in the sanitary block. However
proactive disclosures were not standardised and were either painted or pasted on the wall.
Disclosures on Toilet Blocks
Some Marts particularly SHG run marts are also engaged in other social development activities i.e.
Kuchaidanga Simanta Gram Unnayan Samity of Karimpur I Block is a SHG formed under SGSY
programme which is involved in Sericulture and allied activities. They involve local villagers in income
generating activities. They also provide supplementary nutrition to children. Bholanath Group
Sanitary Mart of Karimpur I, also a SHG, is involved in thrift and credit activities, tree plantation,
Nursery raising as well as awareness generation under CHCMI programme. Few other Sanitary Marts
are organising blood donation, health awareness camps and are also promoting sanitation through
forums like Indian Red Cross Society at Dhubulia of Karimpur I Block
Sanitary Mart
Meeting with Sanitary Marts
Construction in progress in
Sanitary Mart
Performance of Marts
Performance of sanitary marts has been gauged from two angles –construction performance
(quantitative) and compliance to design specifications (qualitative).
69
Construction performance
The performance of Sanitary Marts both in quantitative and qualitative terms indicate that some
performance of some sanitary marts in terms of achievement against targets is commendable and
construction activities had attained a momentum. At the initial stage the Sanitary Marts were able to
meet the target of 6-8 toilets per day. However due to fund crunch construction got delayed and
many toilet blocks have remained half-finished. Further the Parliament Election in May 2014 caused
a slump in the attained pace of construction.
Ajlaampur Notun Para Gramin Bikash Kendra a Sanitary Mart engaged in Tehatta 2, Sakdah Youth
and Cultural Forum, Krishnagunj, Sarada Sanitary Mart at Tehatta 2, Society for Rural Development
and Youth Welfare at Haringhata Shantipur and Nawadwip, Sikharpur Vivekanda Welfare Society at
Chakdaha, Institute for empowering Urban and Rural people at Ranaghat 2, Suktara Cluster
Committee at Ranaghat 2, Nadia Zilla Gantantric Mahila samity at Krishnanagar I are the few
Sanitary Marts which are performing well in terms of awareness generation and construction.
Among SHG turned sanitary Mart, Bholanath Group Sanitary Mart working at Karimpur 1 are
performing well in terms of awareness generation and toilet construction. The Marts have engaged
skill labourers in adequate number but majority of them are contractual. Only a few skilled labourers
are on the pay roll of the Sanitary Mart. The Sanitary Marts are providing quality material which they
procure from local hardware shop including Pans. Very seldom they procure pans from other State.
Pans used are mostly of urban type.
Compliance to design specifications
On the qualitative front, however, several instances the deviation from the design specifications
have been observed and it is visible in some blocks that questions the credibility of such marts and
the monitoring procedure. As per guidelines a twin pit four flash latrine must have five basic features
i.e.





Squatting Place/Platform,
WC Pan suitable in rural areas requiring less quantity of water for flushing,
Junction Chamber with proper sealing at the joints,
Drain Pipe (Y Junction),
2 Leach Pits (circular in shape) with pit covers.
However during field visit the following were observed which indicated deviation from the
specification in several cases:




As specified, the squatting plate should be at a height of 1 ft to 1.5 ft from the ground level
which has been maintained on an average in all Blocks. The floor of toilet has a smooth finish
and proper slope towards pan from all directions has been maintained in all Blocks.
Use of urban pan with lesser slope is preferred by the beneficiaries instead of rural type pans
and such urban pans are procured from local market based on availability which lack
standardisation
Junction chambers are installed properly. But proper Y junction is not in place in some of the
blocks.
Constructions of pits are faulty in many Blocks. The RSMs are constructing two pits of
different depths while they were supposed to construct two pits of similar depth. Further
70



they keep both the pits functional rather than blocking the 2nd pit. The depth difference is
made by laying one extra ring in the 1stpit.
The pipe is fitted in such a way so that Pipe from the junction chamber goes to the 1stpit.
Another pipe is connected from the 1stpit to the 2ndpit. The pipes between the pits are
connected in such a way so that the overflow of 1st pit automatically fills the other. This
feature was especially observed in sampled toilets in Chakdah, Haringhata, Krishnanagar I
and Nabadwip Blocks.
Cleaning of pit by hiring cess pool from Municipality is in practice for which the pitsare
covered but not properly sealed.
Toilets and bathrooms are constructed on top of the pits keeping a provision for cess pool
cleaning. Two pit toilets, concrete from all sides including the bottom are considered as
septic tank. All these features are predominant in villages of Chakdah Block area.
Two pits at two levels




Sealed pit with a vent pipe
The spacing between the 2 constructed pits as per specification is at least 1 meter (3 ft). In a
large percentage less than 1 ft gap is maintained which is often beneficiary driven due to
lack of space.
As per specification, no vent pipe should be erected but use of vent pipe is in practice. In
many cases beneficiaries insisted the RSM to install vent pipe. This particular feature was
observed in several Blocks especially in Haringhata, Chakdah and Hanskhali Blocks .In
Hanskhali Block, the Pradhan himself was not aware of this.
Two ventilators of appropriate size for light and for cross aeration have been more or less
created but the size and positioning of ventilators are often not as per specification.
In Haringhata few latrines had been handed over without proper roof and door, as was
specified.
The detailed analysis against an Observation Checklist is provided in Annexure 10
71
Problems of Sanitary Mart operation
Although performance of some Sanitary Marts are commendable yet majority have reported of
some problems for which they have been unable to match targets. Some such have been indicated
below:
Problem of beneficiary identification due to multiple surveys and disjoint eligibility lists.
Most of the sanitary marts are facing problem in identification of beneficiaries under SabarSouchagr.
They had received a beneficiary list from concerned GP which was done by Anganwari Workers in
the year 2012. The list had some anomalies in terms of inclusion of toilet owners in the non-owner
list or the otherwise. The former could have been possible since some households could have
constructed their sanitary toilets in the intervening period. However the latter was a gross lapse.
Further with the Sabar Souchagar programme in place households without job cards get
automatically excluded from the list. However there are instances where toilets have been
constructed by the Marts for many non-job card holding household with approval from Panchayat
based on the earlier list but the Marts are not getting payments against such cases.
Delayed payments from GP
Payments under NBA fund from Block against applications are usually timely. But payments from
GPs for MGNREGS component are delayed due to the following reasons:


GPs accord lower priority to sanitation works and hence after disbursing all other payments
against work completion under MGNREGS the left over amount is paid to the Marts.
Delay in acquiring job card debars an eligible beneficiary from getting a toilet.
Delayed payments from beneficiaries against unskilled labour
In many cases the job card holding households are not offering labour and the Sanitary Mart is
recruiting their skilled and unskilled labour to construct the toilets. In many cases the beneficiary
withdraws the money against his/ her job card and pays for the unskilled labour engaged by the
sanitary mart. Since the unskilled wage component is directly debited to the job card holder’s
account, in several cases job card holder is not paying back the amount to the Sanitary Marts for
covering the unskilled labour payments.
To avoid this incidence, Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum Sanitary Mart of Krishnagunj Block is
collecting the wage component (Rs 1359) along with beneficiary component (Rs 900) while collecting
beneficiary contribution.
SHGs in sanitation activity
The Nadia District administration has initiated the process of converging NRLM with MGNRES and
NBA. However Nadia being a non-focus district under NRLM, the SHGs already formed and clusters
already working are facing a problem of not getting programme support. The District Administration
is in the process of lining up the deliverable of the NRLM programme, particularly in the domain of
capacity building of SHGs, along the lines of sanitary mart requirements since most of the SHGs have
technical deficiencies as they don’t have trained Masons and requisite experience in this sector.
72
The delayed payments have impacted the SHGs also. For instance the SHG, namely Bholanath Group
Sanitary Mart has a pending payment of more than 15 Lakhs from GP.
However involvement of more players in the supply activity has strengthened the supply chain.
Particularly involvement of SHG-s has reinforced the link between the supplier and beneficiary
through peer influence and construction support.
Beneficiary feedback on Sanitary Marts
Awareness
Respondent feedback shows that awareness about sanitary marts is rather low. Only 31 % know
them as Sanitary Mart. While probed further it was evident that they are not familiar with the term
“Mart” either they know the outlet by the name of person or by some other name – in some cases
they also refer it as a GP set up.
• 31%
Aware
Unaware • 69%
Block analysis indicates a diverse picture with respondents of Nawadwip, Kaligunj, Chakdah, and
Karimpur Blocks being more aware. This could be due to better visibility of sanitary marts or better
performance. The block wise variation is presented in the chart below:
71%
Figure 10.1: Awareness on Sanitary marts
80%
5%
16%
29%
34%
28%
20%
27%
29%
41%
18%
20%
25%
30%
29%
40%
23%
50%
41%
60%
32%
52%
70%
10%
0%
On the functions of Sanitary Marts (in whichever name they refer to) respondents perceived the
primary functions of sanitary marts as installation (46%) followed by awareness and motivation
(25%) and use monitoring (12%). Similarly on support that they have received 37% mentioned of
toilet installation followed by toilet procurement which was of the orer of 27%. The charts below
depict these features.
73
Figure 10.2 Awareness on functions of Sanitray Mart and Support received from Sanitary Mart
0%
3%
6%
12%
25%
10%
17%
6%
11%
27%
46%
37%
Awareness
Support in toilet installation
Toilet procurement
Support in repair works
Linkage with government
No support
Awareness and Motivation
Linkage with Government
Installation
Use Monitoring
Support in repairing
Don’t know
Awareness of SHGs as from Sanitary Mart
Awareness of SHG-s as Sanitary Marts is very limited.
Figure 10.3: Awareness on SHGs as Sanitary Mars
Aware
• 29%
Unaware
• 71%
However block analysis on awareness on SHG involvement in sanitation activiites show that
Nawadwip Block is way ahead with respect to other blocks.the chart below depicts this phenomenon
74
54%
Figure 10.4 Awareness on SHGs in Sanitation Activities
60%
50%
1%
14%
14%
10%
2%
4%
13%
6%
6%
9%
11%
9%
8%
10%
14%
20%
21%
30%
10%
40%
0%
According to respondents the most vital function of SHGs have been in the area of awareness and
motivation. (43%). 24% of people said –SHGs have helped in installation of toilets. 15% indicated
their utilization in Use Monitoring. The block variations are presented in the chart below:
Figure 10.5 Block specific response on functions of SHGs
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Awareness and Motivation
Installation
Use Monitoring
In line with the response on functions of SHGs , the greatest support from SHGs has been in the area
of awareness building (39%) and toilet installation (29%). They have also helped in toileprocurement
– as mentioned by 13% respondents.
Sustainability of Sanitary Marts
Sustainability of RSMs depends to a large extent on the technical capacity of the agencies to
construct improved toilet blocks and capacity of marts to invest own fund beyond revolving funds to
wade through fund crunch situation arising from delayed and irregular payments. In Nadia district
though the Sabar Souchagar initiative could achieve success while implemented through Sanitary
Marts, there have been some lapses in terms of faulty designs and not adhering to technical
specifications which indicates a possible risk and concern.
75
Skilled manpower availability with Sanitary Marts
As indicated, the Marts have engaged skill labourers in adequate number but majority of them are
contractual. Zilla Parishad has organised training on detailed design of the model at Nawadwip
Block. It was organised for 3 days. Though the marts have received training on convergence model
.However technical capacity of Sanitary Marts is still a challenge as none of the SHG sanitary marts
have skilled manpower at their disposal and thus needs to be enhanced.
Fund solvency of Sanitary Marts
It has been observed and reported by the SGSY programme linked SHG groups turned Sanitary Mart,
that they are investing their corpus in the Sanitation activities. While the cooperatives working as
Krishi Unnayan Samabay Samities, engaged in thrift and credit activities are also investing their
Corpus in the sanitation programme. The NGOs who are working as Sanitary Mart are facing fund
crisis .The review of their Accounts though shows that due to non-payment and delayed payments
all the Sanitary Marts are facing problem and aregetting into a debt trap or are leaving the work
unfinished. During field visit most the sanitary mart members shared that they have a daily target to
construct eight toilets but due to fund crunch they are constructing 2 to 3 toilets.
Conclusion
In general the RSM is an age old proven production cum marketing outlet for boosting the Sanitation
programme. With engagement of SHGs as Sanitary Mart, the programme has received momentum.
The SHGs are well organised having active members with local reputation and peer connect within
the community and thus are better able to mobilise people. Integration with NRLM will help build
their technical capability in the area of sanitation.
Faulty design and deviation in many ways while constructing the toilets can impose a threat to the
sustainability of toilets in long run. Routine monitoring for checking qualitative aspects has not yet
evolved as a process and hence development of such mechanisms is an urgent need.
However involvement of more players in the supply activity has strengthened the supply chain.
Particularly involvement of SHG-s has reinforced the link between the supplier and beneficiary
through peer influence and construction support
76
Section 11. Financing and Incentives - MGNREGS convergence
Convergence of NBA with MNREGA has been strategically done following NBA Guidelines and MoRD
Notification Number S.O.1022(E) dated 04.05.2012 regarding convergence of TSC with MGNREGA,
to facilitate the rural households with fund availability for creating their own sanitation facilities.
Beneficiary can access Rs.4500/- (material + labour cost) for construction of household latrine. Also,
following changes has been made in MGNREGA programme to facilitate ‘rural sanitation’:




MGNREGA has included the work of ‘rural sanitation related works, such as individual
household latrines, school toilets, solid liquid waste management’ in their scheme
All the activities related to rural sanitation shall be allowed on land or homestead owned by
households belonging to the beneficiaries listed by NBA.
For works to be taken up on private land and homestead, the individual land owner shall be
a job card holder and also work in the project.
Application of work, if relating to sanitation facilities, must be for at least six days of
continuous work. In other cases it is 14 days of continuous work
Based on the information given in NBA Guidelines mentioning convergence with MGNREGA
stipulates the following:
Programme
From NBA
Sources of Contribution
Amount
Central Government contribution
State Government contribution
Beneficiary contribution
Subtotal
Rs. 3200/- (3700 for hilly and difficult areas)
Rs.1400/Rs.900/Rs. 5500/-
Unskilled labour contribution
Material cost
Rs.2700/Rs.1800/- (includes skilled labour and
material cost)
Rs.4500/- (maximum limit)
Rs.10,000/-
From MGNREGA
Subtotal
Total unit cost of IHHL (1.d.+2.c.)
Nadia district has been a forerunner in adopting and implementing the convergence model. The
programme named as Sabar Souchagar was ticked off in October 2013 through an all-district oath
taking programme where each and every block participated and percolated the mission at the GP
level. This created immense demand for which work on installation/ construction was taken up on a
war footing which improved coverage significantly.
77
Among the survey respondents 57% had toilets constructed between October 2013 to May 2014 and
a sizeable number are being constructed although with a dampened pace since March 2014 for the
Parliament Election.
Advantages of the convergence model
The convergence in general has come with a bunch of advantages, the primary one being that it has
addressed one of the major issues of availability of fund during the construction of toilet. Novelty of
the approach lies in strategy of using “MGNREGA fund for household asset creation- Sabar
Souchagar” which was originally mandated for community asset creation. With increasing amount
of subsidy people now have an access to an improved scientific sanitation model worth Rs 10,000
against Rs 900 own contribution . Demand has increased manifolds due to the significant increase in
78
subsidy of the order of Rs 9100 causing a leap towards decreasing open defecation. In general
people are satisfied with the model for which usage is being ensured, yet another major step
towards decreased OD. Further a job card holder is eligible to earn the mandatory beneficiary
contribution of Rs900 by putting in own labour in constructing the toilet. Rather provision for
unskilled labour under MGNREGA is Rs 1359 so the beneficiary has a scope for an additional earning
of Rs 450 against an assured 9 days of work. Under the convergence strategy all “deserving are
entitled to the facility- without APL BPL differentiation”. Further the beneficiary can have the
satisfaction of “creating an own latrine with own labour “and in the process ensure quality in
construction through participation.
Beyond the beneficiary level, the convergence has stepped up MGNREGS activities at the GP level
creating mandays and approaching the 100 manday mark, as opined by the GPand Block
functionaries. Demand for job cards have increased since it is linked to toilet entitlement. In Nadia
Sabar Souchagr being a priority programme has improved the monitoring of the outcomes from
different tiers of administration like the District /Zilla Parishad and Block levels ensuring
achievements against targets. The overall step up in the sanitation milieu has pulled in other players
actively into the system. On a gender perspective SHG-s are being encouraged to participate as
sanitary marts and undertake the activities of awareness creation, mobilisation, construction and
installation of toilets. SHG-s have established themselves as credible players as a sizeable percentage
(11%) of respondents mentioned that SHG-s can work actively towards eradication of open
defecation. SHG-s have also expanded their domain of work which has led to enhanced
empowerment. An added gender dimension to the newly developed model is that women are
demanding bathing space associated with the toilet block to further preserve the dignity and privacy
beyond the defecation practice.
Concerns related to convergence
However any programme comes with a flip side and that too in this case convergence of MGNREGS
and NBA being a recent strategy associates teething problems. Primarily sanitation is still not in the
priority of the GPs for which MGNREGA funds are initially diverted to the traditional asset creating
activities leading to fund crunch. So although NBA funds are realised by Sanitary Marts in time the
matching amount from MGNREGA comes late. GP capacity in rational utilisation of MGNREGA fund
in converging with NBA is not adequate.
Since a mandatory clause for support under MGNREGS is ownership of job cards, a section
automatically gets debarred from availing of the facility. Survey data reveals that 14% of the
respondents in general do not have job cards while 86% are entitled to the facility.
The point to be mentioned here that 14 % non- coverage does not imply non access to toilets. Often
families are disintegrated into households where one job card is held by the family head and the
others are in the process of acquiring it. All family members usually access the toilet held in the
name of one household head. Yet with time lag in acquiring a job card the process of securing a
toilet automatically gets delayed.
79
Convergence and beneficiary feedback
Beneficiary Contribution
Job card holding beneficiaries are often not interested to put in labour either because of some age
old taboo or because they consider the unskilled component to include some technical skill which
they are incapable of undertaking and they do not want to spoil their own toilet construction in the
process. This is reflected in the data on beneficiary contribution in terms of cash or material or
labour.
Figure 11.1 Beneficiary Contribution
16
4
80
Money
Material
Labour
Block specific variations have been presented below
Table 11.1: Block specific variations in Beneficiary Contribution
1.
2.
3.
1.
Block Name
Block Name
Money
Material
Labour
Money
Krishnanagar Chakdah
96%
2%
1%
0%
II
Chapra
45%
34%
21%
Nabadwip
93%
Hanskhali
0%
0%
100%
Nakashipara
53%
Haringhata
99%
0%
1%
Ranaghat - I
83%
Kaliganj
94%
1%
4%
Ranaghat - II
100%
Karimpur - I
71%
7%
22%
Santipur
95%
Karimpur - II
45%
12%
43%
Tehatta - I
30%
Krishnaganj
0%
0%
100%
Tehatta - II
46%
Krishnanagar - I 0%
0%
100%
80
2.
Material
3.
Labour
0%
100%
2%
11%
0%
0%
2%
17%
10%
5%
37%
17%
0%
3%
52%
44%
Figure 11.2: Block specific variations in Beneficiary Contribution
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Money
Material
Labour
The graphical representation below provides a clear understanding. While in several blocks like
Haringhata , Kaliganj, Karimpur and several others have contributed money , indicated by the blue
line , labour contributions are visible in Blocks like Hanskhali, Krishnaganj, Krishnanagar I and others
as indicated by the green line. The brown line similarly indicates material contribution which is not
significant.
Days put in to toilet construction
As observed over 75 % have put in 1-3 days while 15% have devoted 9 days as a whole as beneficiary
labour input to construction. Block analysis revealed that Kaligunj and Nabadwip blocks, 33% and
17% of the respondents have put in 9 mandays in construction of toilets.
Figure 11.3 Days put in to toilet construction
60%
50%
40%
20%
20%
5%
5%
0%
1 day
2 days
3 days
4 days
5%
Series1
5 days
33%
Kaligunj
17%
Nabadwip
81
15%
9 days
Wage earned under MGNREGA for toilet construction
Limited contribution to labour has led to limited wage earnings under MGNREGS. 85% have
mentioned of not earning wages from the activity under MGNREGA.
Figure 11.4 Wage earned under MGNREGA for toilet construction
85%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
10%
1%
3%
Partly
Can’t say
0%
Yes
No
Out of the respondents who have earned wages under MGNREGA for toilet construction majority
have earned around Rs 150 tallying with 1 day of labour. 15% have earned around Rs 1300
associated with 9 days of labour which although not significant in terms of percentage involvement,
yet shows promise considering the short span of convergence.
Figure 11.5: Amount of wage earned under MGNREGA for toilet construction
50%
50%
40%
30%
20%
20%
10%
5%
0%
Rs. 151 Rs. 302
Rs. 453
5%
Rs. 604
15%
5%
Series1
Rs. 755
Rs. 1359
As obvious Kaliginj and Nabadwip are leaders in this.
Conclusion
To sum up convergence is definitely a win-win strategy as on one hand it boosts the sanitation
coverage by making scientific durable and improved variety of toilets with superstructure accessible
to people by heavily enhancing the subsidy level. On the other hand it has created a supply push by
making more resources available and pulling in more players into the system. The demand pull and
supply push factors have led tolifting the performance status of sanitation in the district.
82
Section 12: Conclusion
Nadia district has made a significant effort towards developing an ODF model, byincreasing and
accelerating toilet coverage and also the utilisation of home toilets. There is a growing perception
among adults on open defecation with special focus on women. Nearly 92% respondents have
mentioned that open defecation should be stopped, 100% (barring 2 respondents) are aware on
some benefits of toilet usage and the utilisation of home toilets is found between 85-90% that
includes both old and new models which is very encouraging and informs the revealed preference
for toilet use and behaviour change at family and community level. Stakeholders’ collective
initiatives observed in some places for influencing social norm around open defecation and making
Nadia district ODF is encouraging.
The analysis further tried to identify three aspects in the context of the programme



Strategises that worked in favour – the strengths
Limitating factors that hindered progress – the challenges
Suggestive recommendations - way forward
Strategies that worked in favour….the strength
A six-point strategy was adopted in Nadia which give sanitation a big push.






Leadership and Political Will : The District Magistrate and Sabhadhipati in unison
spearheaded the programme and mobilised sub-district level administrative and panchayat
functionaries – a convergence of administrative and political will
Adequate Priority to Sanitation Sector : Sanitation considered as a priority sector in the
District and programme conceived in a mission mode with a pledge to deliver – inculcation
of the right spirit
Demand Pull Approach : Programme approach to creating demand and scaling up by
focussed awareness on “ Rs 9100 subsidy for a Rs 10000 Toilet model “ and community
mobilisation - inducing a demand pull
Interpersonal Communication for direct exchange : Promoting interpersonal
communication though grassroots operatives under different government programmes for
sustaining awareness and motivation to install and use – a sustainable approach
Strategies expanding partnership for supply chain strengthening: Roping in more players
(SHGs) as Sanitary Marts and streamlining procedures for implementation of convergence
model for strengthening the supply chain - creating a supply push.
Close and regular monitoring : Regular monitoring of achievement vis a vis targets at Block
and District Level and personally by District Magistrate – an effective management for
geared intervention
83
The strategic approach pointers have been represented through the spider diagram as follows to
assess the strategic accomplishments on a 10 point scale:
Close and
Regular
Monitoring
Leadeship and
Political Will
10
8
6
4
2
0
Interpersonal
communication
Sector Priority
Series1
Demand Pull
Supply Chain
Strengthening
As observed Leadership, Sector Priority and Close Monitoring scored very high while the other
factors have scope for improvement.
Limiting factors that hindered progress ….the challenges
Every intervention associated some challenges which also need strategic interventions in the short
and medium term frame. Some such key challenges are:
Demand is primarily subsidy driven, inadequate understanding &motivation for improving quality
of life: Demand was majorly driven by subsidy while many people are yet to connect toilet and
environmental health impacts as a prime motivator.
Convergence with teething problems: The convergence model although very well strategized has
some practical problems. GPs do not accord high priority to sanitation component within the
MGNREGA programme resulting in delays in payment and hampering work progress.
Lack of awareness on scientific /technical aspects of the new model: The design specifications and
the scientific rationale of the toilets are not clear to many people that results in deviation from
guidelines on insistence by users impacting quality assurance.
Lack of community toilets: Inadequacy of community toilets at public places have restricted toilet
use habit among the section spending significant time outside home. This is particularly relevant for
working members and households who still do not have access to home toilets and in public places.
Capacity of sanitary marts: The capacityand performance of sanitary marts remains a contentious
issue. Lack of technical capacity of some of the newly appointed sanitary marts to deliver quality and
address deviant proposals from user. Several of them do not have technical personnel to manage
84
the programme and to educate beneficiaries on the design aspects. This is more relevant where
SHGs are engaged as service providers.
Inadequate systems for qualitative monitoring: While district have innovatively developed systems
for monitoring the sanitation programme progress however it largely focuses on quantity, there is
room for developing systems for qualitative outcomes of implementation of toilet construction
Suggestiverecommendations …. Way forward
A combination of strengths and challenges define the way forward. The key focus areas and
intervention approaches have been indicated as follows:
10. Sustaining political and administrative will
11. Post saturation monitoring and reporting system at GP at block and district level to be
institutionalised to avoid risk of slip back and sustain the ODF status
12. Developing effective systems for qualitative monitoring of toilet construction
13. Refresher training of Sanitary Mart representatives on technical design of the toilet and
the superstructure for ensuring greater durability. This would also result in greater
awareness and dissemination among user communities.
14. Reviewing options for incorporating child friendly features in toilets and safe disposal of
child excreta, use of poitties can be explored
15. Greater focus of environmental health issues related to open defecation targeting
women, the youth and school going children
16. Greater emphasis on ST , Minority sections who are relatively more resistant to change
17. Setting up & strengthening village level institutions for community monitoring and social
audit for usage
18. Promoting community toilets in strategic locations
Conclusion
Nadia district has demonstrated a promising and emerging model for accelerating sanitation
coverage and promoting improved practices has elements and potential for replication. The six point
approach with emphasis administrative and political will, identification of sanitation as a priority
sector and streamlined innovative monitoring system for reviewing targets against achievements
have been the major drivers
85
Annexure 1: Questionnaire
Household Level Hygiene Behaviour and Practice in Nadia District
A. Interview Identification Code : Block / GP/ Village /Household No from Listing
No
1
2
3
4
5
Question
Answers
6
Questionnaire number
Block name
GP name
Village name
Name of the NGO/ Sanitary Mart responsible for
sanitation in the village
Date of interview
7
8
9
Interviewer name
Supervisor
Checked by
(dd/mm/yyyy)
Start time
End time
B. Household Information
No
10
11
12
13
14
Question
What is the
respondents
‘s name
Name of the
Head of
Household
Address of
the House
What is your
relationship
to the chief
wage earner
( CWE)
What is the
respondent’s
gender
(answer this
question by
observation
only)
Coding Choice
1.Self
3.Son/daughter
5. Father/Mother
2.Spouse
4.Brother / Cousin
6.Other, Specify
1.Male
2.Female
86
15
16
17
18
19
What is the
gender of the
household
head (Enter
sex even if
the
respondent
is the head of
household)
What is the
occupation
of the head
of the
household
Does any
member of
the family
fall in the
following
categories?
How many
people
usually live in
this house
What is the
level of
education of
CWE
20
Are there
school going
children in
your family?
21
Type of
dwelling
where
household is
living.
(Determine
by direct
observation
if possible)
(Check roof
1.Male
2.Female
1.Cultivator
2.Factory worker
3.Daily labourer
4.Service
5.Business / Self-employed in
non- agriculture
6.Other, specify
1.Govt servant
2. Panchayat representative
4. School Teacher or
staff
5. Anganwadi Worker
7. SHG member
1.Male
…………….persons
8. None of the above
2.Female………….persons
4. Child ( 5-12 yrs
5. Child ( 12-18 yrs
age)………persons
age)………persons
1.Illiterate
2. Literate but no formal
education
5.Upto Higher
Secondary
1. Yes
1.Kuchcha
3. Health
worker ( ANM/
ASHA)
6. Sanitary
Mart staff
3. Child Total
………persons
3.Upto
Primary
level
7.Graduate
and above
6.Undergraduate
2. No
2.Semi Pucca
87
3.Pucca
4.Upto
Secondary
level
8. Other,
Specify
type whether
concrete,
asbestos or
thatched )
22 Does your
1.SC
family belong
to any of the
following
categories
(code all that
applies)
23 Does your
1. Yes
family have a
BPL card?
23a If no, are
1. Yes
you
enrolled in
the
panchayat
list for
availing a
BLP card
23b If no, does
your ration
card have a
BPL stamp?
2.ST
3.OBC
2. No
1. Yes
4.Other
3. Don’t know
2. No
3. Don’t know
2. No
3. Don’t know
C. Socio-economic Information
No
Question
24 Do you have a NREGA job
card
25 Are you /female member
of family member of a
SHG Group?
26 Do you have land beyond
your house in the
homestead?
If yes, size of homestead?
27
Coding Choice
1. Yes
2. No
1
2 No
Yes
1.Yes
2.No
1. < 5 Katha
2. 5-10 katha
4. > 1 Bigha –
5. > 5 Bigha
88
3. 11 katha
–1
Bigha
28
What were the main
sources of your income of
all your family members in
the last 12 months (Read
all options check only one)
5 Bigha
1.Farming/Agriculture
2. Agricultural
labour
4.Skilled labour/Artisan
7. Pensioner/Remittance
recipients, etc.
29
30
31
32
How much was the
household’s total income
(in Rs.) for the last 12
months
1. Less than 18,000
Have you ever taken a
SHG/ microfinance loan
If yes, when was your
most recent loan taken
What is /was the loan
used for
1.Yes
5.More than 48,000
3.Casual
labour/Daily
wage labour
6. Self employed
in nonagriculture
5. Regular
salaried/ Wage
employee
8. Other
(Specify)__
2.
18,00024,000
6.Can’t
say
/don’t
know
3.24,001
to 36,000
4.36,001 to
48,000
2.No
1.Less than 6 months
ago
1. Dwelling Repair
2.6 month – 1 year
ago
2.Toilet installation
4. Treatment
5. Education
3.More than 1 year
ago
3. Social Event in
family
6. Others
D. Toilet Information
N
o
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Question
Do you own a toilet
When was this
constructed
Is the toilet you are using
now your first toilet
If ‘no’ when was the 1st
toilet constructed (best
estimate)?
If had toilet earlier, in
what ways is your current
toilet different from your
old toilet (check all that
apply)
What kind of toilet do you
have at present
If 1., specify type
Coding Choice
1.Yes
1.Before July
2013
1.Yes
2.No
2. Between July and October 2013
3. After October 2013
2.No
3.Don’t know
1.
1. Better
structure
2. Can’t remember
2. Has
more
facilities
3. More
user
friendly
1.Pour flush
1. Single Pit Toilet
4. Easy to maintain
5.
E
nsures
greater
privacy
6.
Ot
her ,
specify
2.Dry Toilet
2. Twin Pit Toilet.
89
3. Septic tank
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
What was the cost of the
toilet
How much did you pay for
your toilet
What was the motivation
for building this toilet?
(Do not read, check all
that apply)
If, 1, what was the
amount of subsidy?
If 2, who had told you?
What was the mode of
construction
Did you / your family
member contribute to the
construction of the toilet
If yes, what did you
contribute ( Multiple
response)
If 3, did you receive wage
payments under 100 day’s
programme ( MGNREGA)
If yes, how many days did
you put in and what
amount of wage payment
did you get?
Is the toilet functioning
now
If no, why not (Do not
read options, check all
1.__________Rupees
2.Don’t know
3.Don’t remember
1. ………………. Rupees
2.Don’t know
3. Don’t remember
1.Program was
offering subsidy
2.Someone told me I had to
5.Construction of
new house
6.Neighbour got one
9. The old one
was not function
9.Don’t know
3.Had
enough
money
to buy
7.Event
(weddin
g
/funeral
/new
year)
10.Othe
r,
specify
4.Sick /old relative
8.Had visitors from
outside village
coming
1. Rs __________
2. Panchayat member
1. Friend or relative
4. Sanitary Mart / SHG
Member
1.Built yourself ( totally with own
fund)
1. Yes
5. Neighbour
3. Health
Worker
/ASHA
6. Others
2. Built under welfare scheme
2.No
1. Money
2. Material
3. Labour
4. Other
s
1. Yes
2. No
3. Partly
4. Can’t
say
1. ______days
2. Rs _____
3.No water to
flush
4.Slab
broken
1.Yes
2.No
1.Dirty
2.Full
90
that apply)
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
Where is your new toilet
situated
If 3 , how far
What is the source of
water to use in toilet
If not piped water, how
far is the source situated
from the toilet
Do you have water logging
problems in the toilet in
the rainy season?
Who made the final
decision to build your first
toilet (check only one)
Did you receive assistance
from any organization to
build your first toilet (e.g.
free /subsidized materials
or labour, technical
advice, loan, etc.)
If yes from which
organisation
What assistance did you
receive from the
organization (read options
and check all
that apply)
In the future, do you plan
to make changes /
improvements to your
toilet
If yes, what changes
/improvements do you
plan to make (read
options, check all the
apply)
Has your toilet pit ever
5.Superstructure broken
/missing
9.Prefer the field /forest
6. Building not completed
7.Used as
storage
8.Smell
s bad
10.Other, specify
1.Within house
2.Within Premise/homestead
3.Outside premise
1. <20 ft
1.Own Tube well
4. Piped water
1. 20 ft
2. 20- 40 ft
2. Community Tube well
5. Other source
2. 20- 40 ft
3. More than 40ft
3.Own Well
1.Yes
2.No
1.Head of household
4.Family together
2.Self
5.Other,specify
3.Spouse
1.Yes
2.No
3.Don’t know
1.Panchayat
3.Other
1. Monetary
Subsidy
5.Design provided
1.Yes
2.NGO
4.Don’t know
2.Free
3.Loan
/subsidized
labour
6.Encouragement 7.Other, specify
2.No
3. More than 40ft
4.Technical advice
3.Don’t know
1.Line the pit
2.Improve the walls
5.Get pan
6.Get pour flush pan
9.Build bathing area
10.Build hand
washing area
13. Other, specify
1.Yes
2.No
3.Improve the
roof
7.Add
ventilation pipe
to pit
11.Build door
4.Improve the slab
8.Build water storage
tank(s)
12.Move to inside the
house
3.Don’t know
91
64
65
66
67
been emptied
If yes, what do you do
with the contents (read
options, check all that
apply)
When the pit fills up, how
long do you wait before
emptying it (check only
one options)
What particular features
do you like the most
about your preferred
toilet (Do not read
options, check all that
apply)
What are the challenges
of the particular toilet in
use (Do not read options,
check all that apply)
1.Spread on field as fertilizer
2.Dumped in the forest
4.Empty pit contents into new
hole
1.Emptied right away)
5.Other, specify
3.Dum
ped in
the
river
/pond
/canal
2.Less than one month
3.1-6
months
6.Don’t
know
4. User
friendly
4.7-12 months
5.More than 12 months
1.Looks good
/comfortable
2. Don’t need much water to
flush
3. Easy to clean
5.Has
ventilation
6. Less expensive
7. Ensures greater privacy
8.Other
,
specify
1.Not user
friendly
2.Lack of ventilation
3.Insect Problem
5.Expensive
6.Needs Land
7.Problem of maintenance
4.Empt
ying pit
proble
matic
8.Other
,
specify
E. Awareness, Practice and Perception
68
How did
you
learn
about
toilet
options
and the
installat
ion
procedu
1.From
Community
meeting
2.From Relative
/friends/ Villagers
3.From toilet owner
5. From
construction
agents
6.From NGO
/agency/ Sanitary
Mart
7. From SHG members
92
4. From
Panchayat
Represent
ative
8.From
ICDS/
Health
Functionar
ies/ School
Teachers
69
70
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
71
72
73
74
75
res
9. From Poster
10. Radio
(don’t
/advertisement
read
options,
check
all that
apply)
Who all are using 1.A1. Adults Men
your toilet ( Single or 3.Children
multiple ticks)
Frequency of use
Adult men : DRY
1.Always
SEASON
Adult men: Rainy
1.A ways
season
Adult women: DRY
1.Always
SEASON
Adult women: Rainy 1.Always
season
Children of 5-12
1.Always
years :DRY SEASON
Children of 5-12
1.A ways
years : Rainy season
Children < 5years
1.Always
:DRY SEASON
Children < 5years
1.Always
:Rainy season
Is the toilet use
1. Yes
friendly for children
aged ( <5 years )
Is the toilet use
3. Yes
friendly for aged
persons?
Is open defecation
1. Yes
also in practice
under any
circumstance?
If yes, when
1. Rush hours
during the day
Under such
circumstance who
defecate in open
11. From other IEC
material
2.Adut Women
4. No one
2.Sometimes
3.Never
2.Sometimes
3.Never
2.Sometimes
3.Never
2.Sometimes
3.Never
2.Sometimes
3.Never
2.Sometimes
3.Never
2.Sometimes
3.Never
2.Sometimes
3.Never
12. Other
sources
,specify
5. All
4.Do not
know
4.Do not
know
4.Do not
know
4.Do not
know
4.Do not
know
4.Do not
know
4.Do not
know
4.Do not
know
2. No
4. No
2. No
2. Guests at 3. Toilet not 4. Othe 5. Regularl
home
functioning r
y
properly
occasio
ns
1. Male Members 2. Elderly
3. Children
4. Anyone
members
93
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
Where do they
usually go?
In your household,
how are babies’
faeces usually
disposed of (Check
only one which is
very often)
If not 1, why do you
do so
If you have a sick or
elderly, do they use
toilets
If no, how are their
faeces disposed of
If not 1, why do you
say so
1. Homestead
2. Riverside
3. Elsewhere
1.Put into toilet
2.Put into drain /ditch
4.Buried
5. Others
1. Easy and convenient
2. Usual Practice
4. Have enough land for
disposal
1.Yes
5. Children cannot use toilet
1.Put into toilet
2.Put into drain /ditch
4.Buried
1.Easy and convenient
5. Others
2.To avoid water use
4.Others
1.Yes
3.Thrown
in garbage
3. To
avoid
water use
6. Others
2.No
3.Thrown
in garbage
3. Have
enough
land for
disposal
Does anybody from
2.No
neighbouring
household use your
toilet
If your toilet is not
1.Public toilet
2.Neighbour’s toilet
3.Relative’
usable , where
s toilet
would you go to
4.Field /forest
5.Other,specify
defecate (Don’t read
options, check all
that apply)
Do you use
1.Yes
2.No
multiple toilets
simultaneously
If yes, why do
1.Family members are used to it
2.Family is big so we need it at times
you use the old
3.Good to keep it functional
4.Others
one
How satisfied are
1.Very satisfied
2.Satisfied
3.Unsatisfi
you with the use of
ed
toilet
Do you use your
1.Yes
2.No
94
88
89
90
91
92
93
toilet for bathing
How much water per
day does your
household usually
need to flush the
toilet
1. Less than 5 litres
3. 16 to 25 litres
2. 6 to 15 litres
4.More than 26 litres
What are
the
disadvanta
ges of
owning a
toilet (Do
not read
options,
check all
that apply)
1.Bad smell
2.Attracts flies
3.Cost to
maintain it
7.Overflows
4.Work to
maintain it
8.No
disadvanta
ges
5.Other people
come to use it
6.Affects groundwater
quality
9.Don’t know
10.Other, specify
What are
the
advantages
of owning a
toilet (Do
not read
options,
check all
that apply)
With what
do you
wash your
hands after
selfdefecation
With what
do you
wash your
hands after
child’s
defecation/
cleaning of
excreta
Has there
been a
change in
1.Improved
hygiene /health
/cleanliness
5.Improved safety
2.More privacy
3.More
comfortable
6.Improved status
/prestige
7. Guests can use
it
4.Convenie
nce /Save
time
8.No
advantage
s
9.Don’t know
10.Other, specify
1.Soap
2.Soil
4.Plain water
5.Others
1.Soap
2.Soil
4.Plain Water
5.Other
1. Yes
2. No
95
3.Ash
3.Ash
94
95
96
97
98
hand
washing
practice
after
installation
of Toilet
If yes, what
What are
the
benefits of
hand
washing
after toilet
use or
handling
excreta
Have you
noticed
change in
occurrence
of
Diarrhoea,
Typhoid or
other water
borne
diseases in
your house
Are you
aware
whether
your
children
use toilet in
school?
Are you
aware of
the
governmen
t
programme
1.Wash hand after
defecation
4. Wash hand before
eating
1. Cleanliness
2. Wash hand after cleaning
children’s faeces
5. Wash hand after eating
3. Wash hand
before cooking
6. Other,
specify
2. Disease prevention
3. Other, specify
4.Don’t know
1.Increased
2.Decreased
3. No change
4. Can’t say
1. Yes
2. No
3. Can’t say/
Don’t know
1. Yes
2. No
3. Don’t know
or Can’t say
96
99
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
in support
of total
sanitation
If yes,
name the
programme
Are you
aware of
Sanitary
Marts
What are
their
functions
What
support did
you get
from
Sanitary
Marts
Are you
aware of
SHGs
involved in
the
sanitation
activity
What are
their
functions
What
support did
you get
from SHGs
What has
been your
motivation
to use a
toilet (
Multiple
1.Yes
2.No
1.Awareness and
Motivation
2. Linkage with
Government
3. Installation
5.Support in
repairing
1. Awareness
6.Other, specify
7.Don’t know
4. Support in repair
works
7. No support
2. Support in toilet installation
5. Linkage with government
1.Yes
4. Use
Monitorin
g
3. Toilet
procurement
6. Other,
specify.
2.No
1.Awareness and
Motivation
2. Linkage with
Government
3. Installation
5.Support in
repairing
1. Awareness
6.Other, specify
7.Don’t know
2. Support in toilet installation
4. Use
Monitorin
g
3. Toilet
procurement
6. Other,
specify.
4. Support in repair
5. Linkage with government
works
7. No support
1.General
2.Better quality of
3.Panchayat
4.Facilitati
Awareness life
insistence
on by
Sanitary
Mart/
NGO/ SHG
6.Privacy
7.Convenience
8.Female
9.Health
97
5.Young
generation
preference
10.Securty
10
7
10
8
10
9
11
0
11
1
11
2
responses
are
possible )
Please rank
the 1st
three
motivation
factors
What are
the ill
effects of
open
defecation
Do you
think open
defecation
should be
stopped
completely
?
Do you
think open
defecation
can be
stopped
through
individual
initiative or
a
community
approach is
needed
If through
community
initiative,
who could
be the key
players?
How can
open
defecation
be
stopped?
and dignity
of women
preference
1. Pollutes
the
environme
nt
2. Unhealthy and
unhygienic
3. Others, specify
1. Yes
2. No
3. Can practice at
times
1. Individu
al initiative
2. Community
Initiative
1. Pancha
yat
2. SHG
6. Childre
n
7. Others
1. Greater
awareness
2. Community
mobilisation
improvem
ent
4. Can
practice
during
disaster
5. Others
3. AWW/ ASHA
4. NGO-s/
Sanitary
Marts
5. Young
generation
3. Enforcement/
penalty
4. Penalty
5. Childre
n
mobilisatio
n?
3. Both
98
Observation Checklist for Household Toilet
1
Where is the toilet situated?
2
4
Is the name of the beneficiary and
details of the toilet written on the wall
of the toilet? If yes, in whose name?
Does the toilet have lighting facility on
the way to the toilet or n the toilet for
use at night
Condition of the toilet
5
6
7
What is the type of toilet
If pour flush
What is the type of pan
8
What is the facility of water in the
toilet
3
9
10
11
12
If tap ,does water flow easily
Does it have a mug in the toilet
Does it have a broom in the toilet
Is there soap in thehand washing area
or in the toilet
13 Does the wall/ pan/ pantrap have
excreta remains?
14 Is the door/ curtain in good condition
to ensure privacy
1. Inside
house
1. Yes
2. Within premises
2. No
1. Yes
1. Good
3.
Outside
2. No
2. Moderate
1. Pour flush
1.One-pit
2.Two Pit
1. Rural
2.Urban type
type (deep
)
1.Tap
2.Bucket of
water
3. Bad
4.
Broken
2.Dry disposal
3.Septic tank
3. Ceramic 4.
Mosaic
1. Yes
1. Yes
3. Drum of 4. No
water
sourc
e
2. No
2. No
1. Yes
2. No
1. Yes
2. No
1. Yes
2. No
99
Annexure 2: FGD Pointers
FGD guide with community




























What has been the change in toilet practice over time?
What has been the motivation behind toilet installation and use?
Does everybody use toilets?
What is the usual water source for toilet?
What is the practice of excreta disposal for infants and sick/elderly people?
What is the hand washing practice?
What are the advantages of toilet use?
What are the advantages of hand washing?
What are the challenges of using toilets?
Can you link toilet usage and hand washing with occurrence of diarrheal diseases?
What is the school toilet habit of your children?
What has been the role of Panchayats, Sanitary Marts and SHGs?
Have you come across IEC material?
What information or message have you got from these?
Do you attend Gram Sabha meetings and have you come across such sanitation related
discussions
Is there still a practice of open defecation?
Do you feel that there is a community will to stop open defecation?
What could be done to prevent open defecation?
Can the community act as a monitor in stopping open defecation?
Are there community toilets in the locality?
Are these functional?
Who manages these toilets?
Who pays for the repair and maintenance? And how much?
What measures has been initiated to handle solid waste at community level as well as
Household level
Do you practice composting using your garbage at your homestead
Does anybody has Gobar Gas plant at household level
Do you have community toilet facility? Where?
Is there is need for construction of community toilet in your area? If yes, please specify
where.
Key Informant Interviews
BDO/Panchayat Member



What is the overall sanitation scenario in the area in terms of installation and usage?
What percentage of households have installed and what is the rate of utilization?
What are the changes that happened in terms of:
o Community awareness
o Behaviour& practice
o Health status
o Overall cleanliness
o Community will/ Social norm
100
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
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





What IEC initiatives have been taken to make people aware and motivated?
Did you have “Oath taking” to stop open defecation and to build toilets in your area?
Where do you rate the performance of your block/ Panchayat Samity within the District
Which according to you have worked best in achieving the success in your block/ PS?
What are the roadblocks in the desired progress?
How do you rate the performance of SHG-s in your block/ PS?
How do you rate the performance of Sanitary Marts in your area?
Why do you think convergence between MGNREGA, NRLM with NBA has worked?
What are the roadblocks in convergence between MGNREGA, NRLM with NBA?
What do you think can be adopted as a strategy to stop open defecation?
AWW/Primary school teachers



















Does the school/ Anganwadi Centre have a toilet?
If no where do children go for urination and defecation?
If yes, is it separate for boys and girls in school?
Do all children use toilets?
Is there still a habit of open defecation among children?
What has been the change in toilet practice over time?
What has been the motivation behind toilet installation and use?
What proactive steps have you taken to train children in toilet habits and stop open
defecation?
What is the hand washing practice?
Are there any problems of using toilets by children?
What has been the role of Panchayats, Sanitary Marts and SHGs?
Have you come across awareness/ IEC material?
What information or message have you got from these?
Do you attend Gram Sabha meetings and have you come across such sanitation related
discussions
Are SHGs active in your area in the domain of sanitation?
Is open defecation still in practice in the community?
Do you feel that there is a community will to stop open defecation?
What could be done to prevent open defecation?
Can the community act as a monitor in stopping open defecation?
TSC members/ SHG members/










How many villages do you serve? And what is the household size /
What percentage has been covered?
What is the average daily installation?
By when do you think you can cover 100% by installation of toilets in your service area?
Are you involved in community motivation?
What methods and means do you undertake to motivate people?
What according to you restrict people from using toilets?
Do you have post installation monitoring? How do you do it?
Do you feel all toilets that have been installed by you are being used?
If no, what do you do to further motivate them after installation?
101
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
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
















How many people are engaged in the organisation?
Do you have technical manpower in your organisation to look into technical issues?
Do you take care of the repair of toilets post installation?
In case of SHG run Sanitary Mart, please asko How long you are engaged in SHG programme
o What are your main group activities apart from this?
o What was your groups’ closing Balance during September 30, 2013
o What is your closing balance till May 2014
Do you face any problem in delivering your service?
Do you face any problem in getting payments from the govt. or panchayat or the
beneficiary?
From October 2013 to May 2014 How many HH toilets constructed by you
o What claim did you have submitted to Gram Panchayat
o What amount is due and how long?
o What amount is claimed at Block level
o What amount is due and how long?
Has the convergence between NBA and MGNREGA worked in your favour? If yes, how? If no
why?
Do you have anything to say on the design or specification of the present sanitary toilets?
Are these user friendly?
Are these child friendly?
Do you think there is need for some improvement in design to make it more user friendly?
What has been the change in toilet practice over time?
What has been the motivation behind toilet installation and use?
Is there still a practice of open defecation?
What according to you are the challenges of using toilets by community?
What is the school toilet habit of your children?
Do you feel that there is a community will to stop open defecation?
What could be done to prevent open defecation?
Can the community act as a monitor in stopping open defecation?
Are there community toilets in the locality?
Are these functional?
Who manages these toilets?
Who pays for the repair and maintenance? And how much?
Are there community toilet facility? Where?
Is there is need for construction of community toilet in your area? If yes, please specify
where.
Institution level observation





Toilet use in school
Toilets in Anganwadi centre
Toilet Blocks and their usage
Water resources – both for drinking water as well as for other use including use in toilet
Signs of open defecation
102
Annexure 3: Selected Blocks and Villages
Block
GP Name
Changed GP
Village Name
Changed village
Manasapota
Noada Durgapur
New Kautukpur
Priya Nagar
Sri Krishnapur
Rautari
Telipukur
Rameswarpur
Gangoria
Subarnapur
Laopalla
Johirapara
Uttar Duttapara
Nischintapur
Pauchkahania
Bihadia
Chota
Chandghar
Molamdi
Hijuli
Baroitna
Juaupur
Shantipur
Ararbegia
Charmejdia
Gangadhar
Char
Bramhanagat
(Khelar Math)
Kanainagar
Chakdah
Chakdah
Chakdah
Chakdah
Chakdah
Chakdah
Chakdah
Chakdah
Haringhata
Haringhata
Haringhata
Haringhata
Haringhata
Haringhata
Haringhata
Haringhata
Kaliganj
CHANDURIA-I
CHANDURIA-I
MADANPUR-I
MADANPUR-I
MADANPUR-I
RAUTARI
SIMURALI
SIMURALI
BIROHI-I
BIROHI-I
BIROHI-I
KASTODANGA-I
KASTODANGA-I
KASTODANGA-I
KASTODANGA-II
KASTODANGA-II
BARACHANDGHAR
CHANDURIA-I
CHANDURIA-I
MADANPUR-I
MADANPUR-I
MADANPUR-I
RAUTARI
SIMURALI
SIMURALI
HARINGHATA - I
HARINGHATA - I
HARINGHATA - I
MOLLABELIA
MOLLABELIA
MOLLABELIA
FATEPUR
FATEPUR
BARACHANDGHAR
Manasapota
Noada Durgapur
Jangal (CT)
Kautukpur
Kaliganj
Kaliganj
Kaliganj
Kaliganj
Kaliganj
Kaliganj
Nabadwip
BARACHANDGHAR
MATIARI
MATIARI
RAJARMPUR
RAJARMPUR
RAJARMPUR
CHARMAJDIA
BARACHANDGHAR
JURAUPUR
JURAUPUR
JURAUPUR
PALITBAGIA
PALITBAGIA
CHARMAJDIA
Molamdi
Bara Atagi
Mohanpur
Ghola
SitaChandrapur
Daluipura
Brahman Para
Nabadwip
CHARMAJDIA
CHARMAJDIA
Brahmanagar
Nabadwip
CHARMAJDIA
CHARMAJDIA
Nabadwip
MAJDIA PANSILA
MAHISURA
Char
Brindabanpur
Majdia (CT)
Nabadwip
Nabadwip
MAJDIA PANSILA
SWARUPGANJ
MAHISURA
MBI
SimulGachi
Gadigachha (CT)
Nabadwip
SWARUPGANJ
MBI
Maheshganj
Santipur
Santipur
Santipur
Santipur
ARBANDI-I
ARBANDI-I
BELGORIA-I
BELGORIA-I
ARBANDI-I
ARBANDI-I
BELGORIA-I
BELGORIA-I
Denui
Khalsi
Malipota
Pumlia
103
Ektarpur
Narapati Para
Rameswarpur
Sonakhali
Baksha
Panchpukuria
JalkarBhomra
Sekandarpur
Kathdanga
HazraPota
Khalsi
ChakGobindapur
Mahisura
Ghoshpur
Mahisura
Baman Pukur
Natun Gram
(Najrul Palli)
Arrandi
Boalia
Baira
Pumlia
Rationale for
changing
GP/Village
No Changes
No Changes
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
No Changes
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Name Problem
Name Problem
Name Problem
Not yet started
Not yet started
Very little work
done
Very little work
done
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
Block
GP Name
Changed GP
Village Name
Changed village
Santipur
Santipur
Santipur
Chapra
Chapra
Chapra
Chapra
Chapra
NABLA
NABLA
NABLA
ALFA
ALFA
CHAPRA-I
CHAPRA-I
HATKHOLA
NABLA
NABLA
NABLA
ALFA
ALFA
CHAPRA-I
CHAPRA-I
HATKHOLA
Simulia
Goalpur
Nabla
Bania Khari
Dompukur
Chapra
Dwipchandrapur
Dukria
Joynagar (Palta)
Goalpur
Sabujnagar
Bania Khari
Dompukur
Chapra
Dwipchandrapur
Rajibpur
Chapra
HATKHOLA
HATKHOLA
Hatkhola
Shikra
Karimpur - I
HAREKRISHNAPUR
HAREKRISHNAPUR
Dhanerpara
Karimpur - I
HAREKRISHNAPUR
HAREKRISHNAPUR
Gopalpur
Uttar
Krishanapur
Sreerampur
Karimpur - I
Karimpur - I
Karimpur - I
Karimpur - I
Karimpur - I
HAREKRISHNAPUR
KARIMPUR-II
KARIMPUR-II
KARIMPUR-II
SHIKARPUR
HAREKRISHNAPUR
KARIMPUR-II
KARIMPUR-II
KARIMPUR-II
SHIKARPUR
Durlabhpur
Kalabaria
Majlispur
Natna
Gandina
Durlabhpur
Kalabaria
Majlispur
Natna
Baruipara
Karimpur - I
SHIKARPUR
SHIKARPUR
Fulbari
Karimpur - II
DHORADAHA-I
DHORADAHA-I
Dhoradaha
Jotdarpur
narayan
Sahebpara
Karimpur - II
DHORADAHA-I
DHORADAHA-I
Monoharpur
Karimpur - II
NANDANPUR
NANDANPUR
Jaynabad
Monoharpur
/Sirsha
Garaimari
Karimpur - II
NANDANPUR
NANDANPUR
Ratanpur
Nandanpur
Karimpur - II
NANDANPUR
NANDANPUR
Raynagar
Gopalpur
Karimpur - II
Karimpur - II
Tehatta - I
Tehatta - I
RAHAMATPUR
RAHAMATPUR
KANAINAGAR
KANAINAGAR
RAHAMATPUR
RAHAMATPUR
KANAINAGAR
KANAINAGAR
MahishBathan
Rahamatpur
Sardanga
Bahadurpur
MahishBathan
Rahamatpur
Sardanga
Srirampur
Tehatta - I
KANAINAGAR
KANAINAGAR
Tehatta - I
Tehatta - I
RAGHUNATHPUR
RAGHUNATHPUR
RAGHUNATHPUR
RAGHUNATHPUR
Uttar Char
Chandpur
Jitpur
Raghunathpur
Uttar Char
Chandpur
Jitpur
Nischintapur
Tehatta - I
TEHATTA
TEHATTA
Kulgachhi
Nowdapara
104
Rationale for
changing
GP/Village
Not yet started
Not yet started
Not yet started
No Changes
No Changes
No Changes
No Changes
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
No Changes
No Changes
No Changes
No Changes
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
No Changes
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
No Changes
No Changes
No Changes
Work not fully
operational
No Changes
No Changes
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
Block
GP Name
Changed GP
Village Name
Changed village
Tehatta - I
TEHATTA
TEHATTA
Khaspu
Khariapara
Nakashipara
Nakashipara
Nakashipara
BETHUADAHARI-II
BETHUADAHARI-II
DHANANJAYPUR
BETHUADAHARI-II
BETHUADAHARI-II
DHANANJAYPUR
Bade Tehatta
Bagunda
Sibpur
Bade Tehatta
Bagunda
Dhananjoypur
Nakashipara
Nakashipara
DHANANJAYPUR
DHANANJAYPUR
DHANANJAYPUR
DHANANJAYPUR
Dhaparia
Radhanagar
Dhaparia
Machpota
Nakashipara
PATIKABARI
PATIKABARI
Bekoail
Changa
Nakashipara
PATIKABARI
PATIKABARI
Belpukuria
Taibechara
Nakashipara
Tehatta - II
Tehatta - II
Tehatta - II
PATIKABARI
BARNIA
BARNIA
BARNIA
PATIKABARI
BARNIA
BARNIA
BARNIA
Patikabari
Komthana
Charakpota
Uzirpur
Patikabari
Komthana
Charakpota
Haritola
Tehatta - II
Tehatta - II
Tehatta - II
Tehatta - II
Hanskhali
PALASIPARA
PALASIPARA
SAHEBNAGAR
SAHEBNAGAR
BAGULA-I
PALASIPARA
PALASIPARA
SAHEBNAGAR
SAHEBNAGAR
BAGULA-I
Baor
Rudrapara (P)
ChhotaNaldaha
Kulgachhi
Bhabanipur
Baor
Rudrapara (P)
ChhotaNaldaha
Kulgachhi
Purba Bhayna
Hanskhali
BAGULA-I
BAGULA-I
Kaikhali
Uttar Bhayna
Hanskhali
Hanskhali
DAKSHINPARA-II
DAKSHINPARA-II
DAKSHINPARA-II
DAKSHINPARA-II
Dhakuria
Gopalpur
Dhakuria
Itaberia
Hanskhali
Hanskhali
Krishnaganj
RAMNAGAR
RAMNAGAR
BHAJANGHAT TUNGI
RAMNAGAR
RAMNAGAR
BHAJANGHAT TUNGI
Malsadaha
Nagarpota
Nalupur
Malsadaha
Nagarpota
Dongahata
Krishnaganj
Krishnaganj
BHAJANGHAT TUNGI
BHAJANGHAT TUNGI
BHAJANGHAT TUNGI
BHAJANGHAT TUNGI
Dharmmapur
Radhakantapur
Dharmmapur
Tungi
Krishnaganj
Krishnaganj
Krishnaganj
Krishnaganj
KRISHNAGANJ
KRISHNAGANJ
TALDAH MAJDIA
TALDAH MAJDIA
KRISHNAGANJ
KRISHNAGANJ
TALDAH MAJDIA
TALDAH MAJDIA
Krishna Ganj
KomarPur
Goari
Gopipur
Krishna Ganj
KomarPur
Goari
Mothurapur
Krishnanagar - I
ASSANNAGAR
Joania
Dafarpota
Bhabanipur
Krishnanagar - I
ASSANNAGAR
Joania
Nidhirpota
Raotora
105
Rationale for
changing
GP/Village
Work not fully
operational
No Changes
No Changes
Work not fully
operational
No Changes
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
No Changes
No Changes
No Changes
Work not fully
operational
No Changes
No Changes
No Changes
No Changes
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
No Changes
Work not fully
operational
No Changes
No Changes
Work not fully
operational
No Changes
Work not fully
operational
No Changes
No Changes
No Changes
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
Krishnanagar - I
Krishnanagar - I
DEYPARA
DEYPARA
DEYPARA
DEYPARA
Satgachhi
SimulTala
Satgachhi
Subarna Bihar
Krishnanagar - I
RUIPUKUR.
Dogachi
Sibchandrpur
Jatrapur
Krishnanagar - I
RUIPUKUR.
Dogachi
Usidpur
Jalalkhali
Krishnanagar II
Krishnanagar II
Krishnanagar II
Krishnanagar II
Krishnanagar II
Krishnanagar II
Krishnanagar II
Ranaghat - I
Ranaghat - I
BELPUKUR
BELPUKUR
Dalai Molla
Belpukur
BELPUKUR
BELPUKUR
Polta
Polta
Rationale for
changing
GP/Village
No Changes
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
Work not fully
operational
No Changes
NOAPARA-I
NOAPARA-I
Chhagharia
Chhagharia
No Changes
NOAPARA-I
NOAPARA-I
Singhati
Singhati
No Changes
NOAPARA-I
NOAPARA-I
Noapara
Noapara
No Changes
SADHANPARA-II
SADHANPARA-II
Gabarkuli
Gabarkuli
No Changes
SADHANPARA-II
SADHANPARA-II
Tatla
Tatla
No Changes
ANULIA
ANULIA
ANULIA
ANULIA
GhoraGachha
Nandighat
Ranaghat - I
ANULIA
ANULIA
Anulia
Ranaghat - I
KHISMA
KHISMA
Khisma
No Changes
No Convergence
Work
No Convergence
Work
No Convergence
Work
Ranaghat - I
KHISMA
KHISMA
Radhanagar
GhoraGachha
Anulia Ghosh
Colony
Anulia - Pulin
Nagar
Khisma
Maniktala
Khisma
Muslimpara
Taksali
Ranaghat - I
Ranaghat - I
Ranaghat - II
Ranaghat - II
Ranaghat - II
Ranaghat - II
Ranaghat - II
Ranaghat - II
Ranaghat - II
TARAPUR
TARAPUR
ANISHMALI
ANISHMALI
ANISHMALI
DUTTAFULIA
DUTTAFULIA
RAGHUNATHPUR
RAGHUNATHPUR
TARAPUR
TARAPUR
ANISHMALI
ANISHMALI
DUTTAFULIA
DUTTAFULIA
HIJULI - I
HIJULI - I
HIJULI - I
Gazipur
JhauMahal
Purbanagar
BaliaDanga
Chaksaarisadanga
Kalupur
Nathkura
Jafar Nagar
Rajapur
Gazipur
JhauMahal
Chinapukuria
Enuli Bazar
Srirampur
Kalupur
Roypara
Uttarpara
Natungram
Block
GP Name
Changed GP
Village Name
106
Changed village
No Convergence
Work
No Changes
No Changes
Work is ongoing
Work is ongoing
Work is ongoing
No Changes
Work is ongoing
Work is ongoing
Work is ongoing
Annexure 4. Respondent Profile
The purpose of the study was to assess the sanitation situation in terms of awareness, ownership
and utilisation. While secondary information provided the data on the progress of installations, for
understanding the behavioural aspects, as mentioned, a survey was conducted over a representative
sample. A total of 2400 households were covered from 120 villages across all Blocks of the district.
Table A4.1: Block specific samples covered
Block Name
Chakdah
Chapra
Hanskhali
Haringhata
Kaliganj
Karimpur - I
Karimpur - II
Krishnaganj
Krishnanagar - I
Sample size
160
120
120
160
140
160
140
140
120
Block Name
Krishnanagar - II
Nabadwip
Nakashipara
Ranaghat - I
Ranaghat - II
Santipur
Tehatta - I
Tehatta - II
Sample size
140
140
160
140
140
140
140
140
The respondent profile has been presented below:
Respondent Gender and relationship with Chief Wage Earner
The break-up between male and female respondents was 54% female respondents and 46 %male.
Figure A4.1: Respondent’s Gender
46%
54%
Male
Female
More than two-fifth of the respondents were the chief wage earner themselves and another
42%were the spouse of the chief wage earner.
107
Figure A4.2: Relationship with Chief Wage Earner (CWE)
41% 42%
7%
6%
1%
Little less than one tenth of the respondents were son or daughter of the chief wage earner and 6
%were the parents of the chief wage earner. Negligible proportion of the respondents was brother
or cousin of the chief wage earner.
Household Information
Majority of the households covered were patriarchal in nature with 92 %having a male head of the
household whereas only 8 %had female household head.
Figure A4.3: Gender of the Household Head
8%
92%
Male
Female
Majority of the household heads are engaged as daily labourer (58%) followed by occupation as
cultivator (25%).Only little more than one-tenth are involved in business or are self-employed in
non-agriculture activities. Very few are engaged in service or work as factory worker or weaver.
108
Figure A4.4: Occupation of the Household Head
Daily labourer
53%
Cultivator
23%
Business / Self-employed
in non- agriculture
Factory
worker/Weaver/others
Service
12%
9%
2%
While three-fourth of the other family members do not fall in any category, but 28%are engaged in
some pursuit with SHG membership topping the list.
Figure A4.5: Occupation of Other Family Members
Occupation of Other Family Members
Engagement of Other Members of Family
SHG member
Govt servant
27.7%
72.3%
Occupied
89.4%
5.8%
Panchayat representative
1.5%
School Teacher or staff
1.2%
Anganwadi Worker
1.2%
Health worker
0.6%
Not Occupied
Majority of those engaged as Self Help Group member with nearly 90 %reporting the same, followed
by around 6 %engaged as government servant.
Half of the households are living in “Kuchcha” type of dwelling. 22% living in “Semi-pucca” and
28%living in “Pucca” houses.
Figure A4.6: Type of Dwelling
28%
51%
22%
Kuchcha
Semi Pucca
109
Pucca
34 %of the households belong to Schedule caste category and 5 %belong to Schedule tribe. 33 %are
Muslim and 21 %belong to the General category.
Figure A4.7: Type of Caste Category of the Household
34%
33%
21%
SC
5%
7%
ST
OBC
Muslim
General
Household Education
Around one-third of the chief wage earners are illiterate. One-fifth are literate but with no formal
education. Another one third has studied till primary level. Only 9 %have studied till secondary level
and negligible are graduate and above.
Figure A4.8: Education Level of Chief Wage Earner
34%
19%
Illiterate
Upto Primary level
Upto Higher Secondary
Graduate and above
1%
2% 2%
9%
34%
Literate but no formal education
Upto Secondary level
Undergraduate
Currently School going children: 82%
Currently no school going children: 18%
Of the households visited 82 %have school going children while 18 %reported no school going
children in the household
Socio-Economic Information
Figure A4.9: BPL Card Status
BPL Card Ownership
Enrolled in the Panchayat
List for availing a BPL card
90%
Ration Card with BPL Stamp
89%
56%
44%
10%
Yes
No
Yes
11%
No
110
Yes
No
44 %of the households possess BPL card. Among those with no BPL card, only 10 %have enrolled in
the Panchayat list for availing BPL card.
Among those who have not enrolled in the Panchayat list, around 11 %have BPL stamp on ration
card.
Around 86 %possess MGNREGA job card. One fourth of the households have member of Self Help
Group in the house.
Figure A4.10: Program Entitlements
Self /female member of family
NREGA job card ownership
member of a SHG Group
Yes
•86%
Yes
•25%
No
•14%
No
•75%
Around 11 %reported to possess 5-10 katha of land. 68 %possess land beyond house in the
homestead. Among those having land beyond house in the homestead, the size of the homestead is
less than 5 katha for majority of the household with 85% reporting the same.
Figure A4.11: Size of Homestead
< 5 Katha
5-10 Katha
• 85%
• 11%
11 katha – 1
Bigha
> 1 Bigha – 5
Bigha
• 2%
• 1.7%
> 5 Bigha
• 0.3%
Among the top three sources of income are working as casual labour or daily wage labour with 45
%of the households reporting the same. Followed by 20%earning by working as agricultural labourer
and 12%earning through farming or agriculture.
Figure A4.12: Main Sources of Income of all Family Members in the last 12 months
8%
10%
3%
2%
Pensioner/Remittance recipients, etc.
Self employed in non-agriculture
Regular salaried/ Wage employee
Skilled labour/Artisan
Casual labour/Daily wage labour
Agricultural labour
Farming/Agriculture
45%
20%
12%
111
Around 28%of the households reported annual income of Rs.36,000 – Rs. 48,000 and 24%mention
annual income between Rs.18,000 – Rs.24,000. Only 21%have more than Rs.48,000 annual income.
18%reported between Rs.18,000 – Rs.24,000 annual income and 9% with less than Rs.18,000 annual
income.
Figure A4.13: Household Income in Last 12 Months
28%
24%
21%
18%
9%
Less than 18,000
18,000-24,000
24,001 to 36,000
36,001 to 48,000
More than 48,000
Around 16 %of the households have taken SHG loan or microfinance loan. However, majority of the
households mentioned to have taken the loan more than a year ago with 43 %mentioning the same.
Around 26 %mentioned to have taken less than six months ago and 31 %between 6 months and 1
year.
Figure A4.14: SHG/Microfinance Loan Status
SHG Microfinance Loan Taking
Most recent Loan Taking
16%
26%
43%
31%
84%
Less than 6 months ago
Yes
No
6 month – 1 year ago
More than 1 year ago
The loan was used mainly for cultivation (28%) followed by dwelling repair (16%), social event in
family (9%), treatment (8%). Around 4 %mentioned to have availed the loan for toilet installation.
Others includes purchase of land or for income generating activities.
Figure A4.15: SHG/Microfinance Loan Used For
Cultivation
Dwelling Repair
Social Event in family
Treatment
Toilet installation
Education
Others
28%
16%
9%
8%
4%
3%
32%
The analysis indicates that respondents covered diversities in terms of socio-economic
characteristics
112
Annexure 5: Qualitative Response on Toilet Availability and
Usage in ICDS Centres and Schools
Nawadwip
Toilet Availability
Toilet Using
School
AWC/ICDS
School
AWC/ICDS
Available in three
In Charmajdia only few Students are using and
All are using but
GP s primary and
anganwadi/ICDS
have open defecation is
in Charmajdia in
high school.
toilets.
In
Mahisura, decimated
few
AWC
Separate toilets for Mayapur panchayat toilet
children
are
boys and girls in
is very good
using
the
primary and
neighbouring
secondary school.
club’s
/school’s/house’s
toilet.
Ranaghat-1
Available in three
GP s primary and
high school
Haringhata
Available in three
GP s primary and
high school.
Separate toilets for
boys and girls in
primary and
secondary school.
Available in all GP
Nakasipara
In Ghazipur village most of
the
anganwadi/ICDS
centres have toilet but not
separated for boys and
girls.
In Ghoragacha village
anganwadi does not have
toilet and children are
using neighbouring club’s
toilet.
In Mollaberia most of the
centre has toilet.
But, in Fatehpur GP
children are going for
open defecation as lack of
toilet availability in AWC.
Students are using and
open defecation is very
limited
Open defecation
is limited in
villages among
children.
Students
and
children
are
using toilet and
not facing any
big problem
Separate toilets in the
schools and students are
using that
Among SC/ST
children due to
their tradition
open defecation
has been
observed.
In Dhananjoypur and Separate toilets in the
Phatikpur most of the schools and students are
centres do not have using that
toilets.
113
Children became
very much aware
regarding the illeffects of open
defecation and
totally against of
it and there is an
important
campaigning
going on among
children
and
mother
in
Toilet Availability
School
AWC/ICDS
Tehatta- 2
Chapra
Tehatta- 1
Karimpur 2
Chakdaha
Toilet Using
School
Available in all GP
high school but
Primary school has
only one common
toilet.
Available in all
Primary and High
School
In Baruia gram panchayat
the situation of toilet in
ICDS is very bad.
Students are using that
but need separate toilet
Not availability in ICDS
Students are using that
but need separate toilet
In Tehatta GP most
of the schools do
not have toilet. In
Kanainagar 4 school
toilets are there.
In Nandanpur few
schools did not give
land for toilet. But
in
Nandanpur
Adarsh
Vidyapith
separate toilets are
therein Rahamatpur
toilets are there in
the school.
In kanaipur few AWC has
Students are using that
toilet but in Tehatta most
but water is not there in
of them do not have toilet. Kanaipur. Also need
separate toilet.
In Madanpur GP
school toilet is
available. In
Chanduria-1 only in
high school
separate toilets.
In Rahamatpur GP all
anganwadis have toilet.
But, in other GPs most of
the anganwadis do not
have toilet. In Nandanpur
there is only one toilet in
the anganwadi which
people are using.
AWC/ICDS
Dhannanjoypur
GP
Open defecation
decreased but
not eradicated.
Most of the ICDS
centres are in
rented
accommodation
where toilet uses
is restricted.
However the
ICDS workers
manage to use
the toilet, but
children defecate
outside.
In AWC children
are using toilet
but in Tehatta GP
there is no toilet
in the AWC.
Available toilet is
not clean so they
cannot use and
most of
anganwadis do
not have toilets
so they need to
go for open
defecation.
All of the school students
are
using
toilet.
Awareness chart in school
regarding
toilet
behaviour. SC/ST students
need to be involved more
in the toilet using
behaviour. In Rahamatpur
toilets are there in the
school and they are using
that.
In Rautari, Chauduria, Most of the students are
In few ICDS
Simurali GP most of the using toilet in Madanpur.
centre do not
anganwadis do not have
have toilet so
toilet so up to 5 years
any
option
children are going for
without
open
open defecation.
defecation. But,
if
toilet
is
114
Toilet Availability
School
AWC/ICDS
Toilet Using
School
Santipur
Toilet is very dirty in
Arbandi-1,
belghoria-1, Nabla
GP high school.
In Arbandi-1, Belghoria-1,
Nabla gram panchayat no
ICDS centre has toilet.
In Arbandi-1 the school
toilet is very dirty and
students are compelled
use that.
Ranaghat -2
In Anishmali,
Duttaphulia
panchayat schools
have separate
toilet.
School children are using
that toilet
Kaligunj
In the primary and
high school toilets
are available.
In Duttaphulia most of the
ICDS centres have toilet. In
Hijuli-1 most of the
centres do not have toilet.
In Hijuli-1 model latrine
proposal
have
been
proposed under “Sabar
Souchagar”but yet to be
implemented.
In Bara Chandghar, Palit
Baria gram panchayat
most of the ICDS centre
has toilet. While, In
Juranpur most of the
centres do not have toilet.
Hanskhali
Most of the schools
in all GPs are having
toilets.
In Dhakuria Gram
panchayat separate toilet
for boys and girls are
there but the situation is
not good.
In Nagarpota panchayat
there is no toilet available
in the ICDS centres.
In school most of the
students are using toilets.
Few ICDS centres in
Bagula do not have toilets
115
In schools students are
using toilet.
AWC/ICDS
available
then
most of them are
using that.
Open Defecation
practice has
been restricted
but need more
awareness
among tribal
students and
children. But,
children are
using toilets.
But, In Anishmali,
Hijuli-1 gram
panchayat there
is a trend of open
defecation
among children.
Most of the
children
are
using toilet in
ICDS centres.
But, In Juranpur
open defecation
among children
have
been
observed.
Open defecation
is prominent in
Nagarpota, Uttar
Bhayana
GP
among children
but
slowly
change is coming
in their toilet
using
behaviour.But,
children in AWC
Toilet Availability
School
AWC/ICDS
so they are using nearby
club’s toilet
In Uttar Bayana few AWC
do not have toilets.
No separate toilets. Most
of them do not have
toilets.
Karimpur I
In schools also toilet
situation is not up
to the mark
Krishnagunj
Primary and
secondary schools
have toilets but few
schools do not have
separate toilet
Primary and high
schools have toilet
but condition need
to be improve
Most of the anganwadis
have toilet and children
are regarding that
In most of the
schools most of the
schools have toilets
Anganwadis have toilet
and awareness meetings
have been organized
Krishnanagar I
Krishnanagar II
Toilet Using
School
Students are using but
facing difficulties
Students are using toilets
not facing big difficulties
In AWCs in the block Students are using but it
availability of toilet is inconvenience is there
average. When more than
one children need to use
toilet then difficulties have
been observed.
116
Students are using toilets
AWC/ICDS
are using toilets.
Children
are
using
where
toilet available
but where there
is no toilet open
defecation
is
there.
Children
are
using toilets and
sanitation
behaviour
has
been changed
In AWC children
are aware and
using toilet but in
few anganwadis
they
are
compelled to go
for
open
defecation due
to lack of toilet
availability.
Children
are
using and aware
regarding toilet
using behaviour
Annexure 6: Block specific Awareness Generation
Instruments
Awareness
building
Chakdah
Door-todoor
campaign
Door To door
campaigning
by MNREGA
supervisor
and ASHA
Meetings with
villagers
Mothers
meetings
by
ASHA/ICDS
Member and
supervisor
meeting ,GP
meeting and
samsad
meeting
Chapra
Haringhata
Haskhali
Door to door
by ASHA
workers
Karimpur I
Karimpur II
Krishnagunj
In block every
Friday
meeting with
Pradhan,UP,N
S,secretary
Camp and
mothers
meeting in
ICDS
Discussion in
gram-Shaba
meeting
Mothers’
meeting,
Saturday
meeting
done by
Asha and
AWW
Panchayat
members 4th
Saturday
meeting
Door to Door
campaigning
by ASHA and
AWW
IEC
Hoardings and
flex by GP, use
if IEC materials
at meetings
Road shows by
GP, Mike
announcements
and awareness
camp in fairs.
Banner, tableau
has been used
for awareness
generation.
Drama, cycle
rally, block fair,
songs.
GP pradhan is
taking initiative
in that.
ASHA/AWW.
Tableau and
video show on
sanitation,
Observance of
“World
Sanitation Day”
Wall writing and
mike
announcement
by panchayat,
Students rally
Hording ,
Posters, Flex,
Hand bill and
booklet, In
Mollaberia
videography by
block and GP
Hoarding,poste
rs,flex
Mothers
meeting on
Awareness
in Schools
among
students
Campaigning
by AWW
workers.
Teachers
generate
awareness
among
children in
prayer time,
monitor their
behaviour
Rally for
cleanliness,2ns
and 4th Saturday
rally
Rally by
students and
oath talking
performance
In
Rahamatpur
Rally
organized by
students
Wall
painting,rally,le
Mike
announcements,
wall painting,
VHND
programme,
rallies
Mike
announcements
117
Sanitary
mart/SHG
Group
In Mollaberia
street drama
show by
students,
Display of
posters, wall
painting,
festoons
Community
mobilization
meetings
Gram
sabha,meeting
Community
activities
Street corner
through
Marts are
instrument
al in
building
awareness,
motivating
people in
building
toilets,
Rally in
Nandanpu
r by
mart,SHG,
ANM/
Anganwadi
Awareness
building
Door-todoor
campaign
Meetings with
villagers
s
Krishnanagar I
Door to Door
campaigning
by ASHA and
AWW
Village
meetings by
GP
Krishnanagar II
Door to door
discussion
Meeting with
villagers
Nakashipara
Door to door
personal
communicati
on
Ranaghat I
Nawadwip
Mothers
meetings
by
ASHA/ICDS
regular
basis
Mothers
meeting
done by
Teachers,
ASHA,
AWW
Monthly
mothers'
meetings
In Anulia
every
month
meeting
with
mothers
have been
organized
Door to door
personal
communicati
on in the
block with
panchayat
pradhan,uppradhan
Regular
meeting with
Samsad,Gram
sabha
IEC
aflets
distribution
Posters
Community
activities
Awareness
in Schools
among
students
students and
parents
Mike publicity
and slogan
writing on the
wall by GP
Poster ,leaflets
Camp, rally, mike
campaign,
slogan writing on
the wall
Rally by
students and
children
Wall painting in
the
villages,VHND
through
anganwadis
Mike
announcement,
wall painting,
rallies
In
Dhananjoypu
r from school
rally have
been
organized
In Anulia wall
painting has
been used for
awareness
Social Camp
through block
miking,hoardin
g,flex
118
In Mahisura
rally, road show
Camp through
students and
teacher
Sanitary
mart/SHG
Group
Self Help
Groups are
working
for
awareness
generation
only
The selfhelp group
‘Ashar Alo’
serves this
area, SHG
members
are \trying
to aware
people
unitedly
with Marts
In Tarapur,
few Selfhelp Group
are also
generating
awareness
among
villagers
on better
toilet using
In
Mayapur
every
second
Saturday
SHG camp.
One Club is
working
very good
Awareness
building
Kaligunj
Door-todoor
campaign
Meetings with
villagers
Mothers
meetings
by
ASHA/ICDS
IEC
Community
activities
ICDS workers
door to door
campaigning
ICDS workers
door to door
campaigning
Meeting with
Samsad,Gram
sabha
GP ,sansad
wise meeting
Hoarding,Flex,b
anner,leaflet
Ranaghat II
ICDS workers
door to door
campaigning
GP ,sansad
wise meeting
Hoarding,Flex,b
anner,leaflet,bo
oklets
Campaigning by
pradhan,uppradhan
Tehatta I
• Door to
door
campaign by
Mart and
SHG
Every month
by 20th
mother’s
meeting at
ICDS centre

• Marts and
Panchayet
organized ‘Oath
taking’
programme
• Slogan writing
on the wall, mike
campaigning
• Indian Red
Cross Society
organized a rally
to aware people
against open
defecation
Drama
programme,
cycle rally, block
fair, songs etc.
Shantipur
Tehatta II
Hoarding,Flex,b
anner,leaflet,bo
oklets,tableau

Gram
sabha,meeting
has been
organized
119
Flex,
hoarding
etc.
VHND
every
Wednesda
y
Awareness
in Schools
among
students
Sanitary
mart/SHG
Group
in
Mahisuira
in this
context.
Rally with
school,stu
dents
“Swacchat
a
Dut”camp
aigning on
2nd OCT
Milking, Drama,
street corner for
campaigning
Milking, wall
painting
Campaigning
and rally by
students and
teachers
• SHG
members
are trying
to aware
and
motivate
communit
y unitedly
with
Panchayat
and Mart
Awareness
campaigni
ng by
ASHA,
ANM. Also
Ramakrish
na mission
is
campaigni
ng to
eradicate
open
defecation
.
Annexure 7: Stakeholder response on Community Awareness
Block
Chakdah
Stakeholder
Response
GP, Block functionaries 
and beneficiaries



Chapra
Block response







Haringhata
Block
and
functionaries

GP 



Haskhali
GP functionaries and 
beneficiaries


Karimpur – I
Block,
Panchayat, 
Sanitary Mart, ICDS and
Health functionaries

Karimpur- 2
Block
GPfunctionaries
and 


100% people who have toilet are using it. They are more willing
to use toilet than before.
No doubt that increased rate of installation and utilization and
high amount of subsidy is the result of awareness
Only sick and infants cannot use toilet and after defecation their
faeces are thrown in the toilet pits.
According to guardians children are aware of good and healthy
practices and use toilet in school and at home.
Remarkable changes have been observed regarding the toilet
using behaviour.
Better performance by the sanitary marts and the SHG groups has
been observed.
The convergence programme is on the track and expecting best
results in the future.
Open defecation almost eradicated from the village.
There is increased motivation for toilet installation.
Awareness has been increased.
People are very eager to participate in the awareness generation
programme.
Dumping of garbage is done in a particular place.
90% to 95% people are using toilet.
People are willing to use toilet so demand of toilet is increasing.
All ICDS centres, Primary school have toilets and children are
100% aware of toilet use.
After announcement of “World Sanitation Day” people have
become aware of installation and use of toilet.
However there are 9 tribal sansads were people do not agree to
install toilet due to their superstition and poverty.
All the groups admit that all who have toilets, old or new, are
using it
People are conscious about the necessity of toilet but due to
poverty they cannot give Rs. 900/- for installation. GP is trying to
help them.
All groups have pointed out majority people have changed their
practice of open defecation.
Excluding a few exceptions all those who have toilets in the
houses, use it regularly. Communities have changed the practice
of going to open space for defecation.
Only old, sick and too young children cannot use the toilet
Remarkable performance has been observed in the ‘Sabar
Souchagar” programme.
Almost 80% of households have installed toilet.
The Programme “Sabar Souchagar” is going to be a big success
120
Block
Stakeholder
Response



Krishnaganj
Block , GP Functionaries




Krishnanagar I
Krishnanagar
II
Block
and
functionaries
GP 



Block, GP functionaries 
and beneficiaries







Nakashipara
Block, GP functionaries 
and other stakeholders



Ranaghat-1
Block, GP functionaries




Ranaghat -2

Block, GP and other 
stakeholder

in the block.
Even, people are investing their own money to upgrade their
toilet.
Awareness among villagers are increasing regarding the project.
Those who do not have toilets many of them are using other’s
toilet.
Percentage of household having old toilet in the villages 90% to
95% (approximate)
All who have toilets in the house, are using it.
Faeces of Sick old and too young who cannot attend toilet, are
thrown either in toilet pit or in a hole in the backside of the
house
Drastic change in habit of open defecation is observed --- all are
willing to use toilet except a few
‘Sabar Souchagar’ programme has created a big push
People are aware and do not defecate in the open place
Surely the remarkable change in practice of open defecation is the
cause of disease downfall.
Community toilet can improve the situation further
People who have toilets in the house do not go to open air
defecation, except in the time of field work
But people who have no toilet go for open defecation.
The old sick and too young children are unable to use toilet.
Majority people have changed their practice of open defecation.
The result is control of environment pollution, mosquito and flies.
Women have expressed their liking for use of toilet.
People are willing to stop open defecation and have faith on their
own ability of being successful to stop it.
They believe that 100% control is possible if govt. gives more
financial help
Impressive performance has been observed in the ‘Sabar
Souchagar” programme.
The Programme “Sabar Souchagar” is going to be a big success
in the block.
Awareness among villagers are increasing regarding the project.
Awareness on hand-washing has been increased and practice of
open defecation has been decreased.
People keen to construct new toilets.
People are more conscious regarding toilet using and they are
aware on ill-effects of open-defecation.
There is a remarkable change in toilet using behaviour in the
village.
There is lack of hand-wash practice although it has improved
manifolds.
There is limited knowledge on handling child excreta.
New generation is aware and eager for stopping open defecation
as they are willing to lead a scientific and civilized life.
People know that stopping open defecation is necessary for
pollution control, disease control and for preserving security and
dignity of life
121
Block
Stakeholder
Response


Tehatta -1
Block
and
functionaries
GP 




Tehatta-2
Block
and
functionaries
GP 



Some people are aware and are eager to get toilet and are
enlisting their names willingly.
Many people are aware of advantages of sanitation but still are
using open space as they have no option like community toilet.
Toilets exist in 80% of household
People, who have no toilet are using toilets of neighbours or
relatives but nobody goes to defecate in open air.
People are now habituated to go to toilet. But they cannot use
toilet in rainy season, especially who have soil toilets.
Old, sick and too young child cannot use toilet. They defecate in
a particular place and faeces are thrown into the pit.
There is no community toilet. But all agree that they want such
toilet.
“Sabar Souchagar” programme has been adopted by the block
and the expected results are very good.
At least 80% of the houses are using toilets.
Open defecation has been decreased remarkably.
There is little confusion among villagers regarding the utilisation
of job cards but this is not affecting the work progress and toilet
using behaviour.
Annexure8: List of Sanitary Marts functioning in Nadia
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1
2
Name of the
Block
Name of the Mart
Sarvik Vivakananda Sanastha
Society for Socio Economic Development
Udaynagar Shishunatyam Sanastha
Chakdaha
Shimurali Indira Gandhi Smriti Raksha Samity
Sikarpur Vivakananda Walfare Society
Uttarpara Samajdarparn
Baro Andulia Mahila Samity
Chapra
122
Name of assigned GP
Sarati
Ghetugachhi
Silinda-I
Hingnara
Kanchrapara
Chanduria-II
Routari
Silinda-II
Talta-I
Shimurali
Chanduria-I
Dewli
Madanpur-I
Madanpur-II
Saguna
Dubra
Talta-II
Alfa
Chapra-I
Sl.
No.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
Name of the
Block
Name of the Mart
Siprasangha
Biswabhaati
Monalisha
R.N.W.S.
Sakdaha Cultural Forum
Matangini Swanirvar Mahila Gosthi
Hanskhali Bazarpara Welfare Society
Mamjoan Janakalyan Samaj
Hanskhali
Sakdaha Cultural Forum
Dakshinpara-II No. Panchayat Cluster Committee
Haringhata Hard Society
Haringhata
Haringhata -I Cluster Group
Tarama Swanirbhar Gosthi
Gobar danga Vivekanda Rural Welfare
Foundation
Dishari Cluster
Sealkhala Integrated Social Development Society
Debagram Gram Unnayan Kendra
123
Kaliganj
Name of assigned GP
Hatisala-I
Hatkhola
Hridaypur
Pipragachhi
Bagberia
Brittihuda
Hatisala-II
Chapra-II
Kalinga
Mahatpur
Maheshpur
Bagula-I
Bagula-II
Betna-Gobindapur
Mayurhat-I
R.B.C.-II
Gazna
R.B.C.-I
Mamjoan
Badkulla-I
Badkulla-II
Gazna
Mayurhat-II
Dakshinpara-I
Dakshinpara-II
Fatepur
Kastadanga-I
Haringhata-II
Mollabelia
Birohi-I
Haraighata-I
Kastadanga-II
Birohi-II
Nagarukhra-I
Nagarukhra-II
Barachandghar
Palitbegia
Barachandghar
Panighata
Debagram
Faridpur
Sl.
No.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Name of the
Block
Name of the Mart
Gobra
Hatgachha
Juranpur
Matiari
Rajarampur
Ghoraikshetra
Hatgachha
Kaliganj
Palitbegia
Debagram
Plassey-II
Faridpur
Gobra
Kaliganj
Plassey-I
Kaliganj
Matiari
Mira-I
Mira-II
Mira-I
Vivekananda Group
Hatgachha Cluster Committee
Plassey -2 Cluster
Chandghar Rural Development Society
Rahima SHG
Nabin Cluster
Kaliganj Cluster
Purbasa SHG
Ananya Cluster
Chhoto Chandghar Naldapara Janakalyan Society
Kaliganj Block Gramin Kendra & Shilpo Janakalyan
Society
Chakbegia Sadananda Seva Pratisthan
Plassey Bhagat Sing Youth Forum
Simantha Gram Unnayan Sanastha
Bhonalath Group Sanitary Mart
Karimpur Nabarun Rural Sanitary Mart
Muktadaha Naba Diganta Gram Sanitary Mart
Kuchaidanga Matka utpadak Samity Sanitary Mart
Mira-II
Karimpur-I
Kuchaidanga Simantha Gram Unnayan Society
Hagnagari Women & Child Welfare Society
Karimpur-II
Binay Badal Dinesh Club
124
Name of assigned GP
Palitbegia
Plassey-I
Karimpur-I
Karimpur-II
Shikarpur
Pipulbaria
Jamsherpur
Harekrishnapur
Madhugari
Hogolbaria
Dhoradaha-I
Dhoradaha-II
Natidanga-I
Natidanga-II
Dighalkandi
Murutia
Nandanpur
Narayanpur-I
Narayanpur-II
Sl.
No.
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
Name of the
Block
Name of the Mart
Sakdaha Cultural Forum
Krishnaganj
Nadia Zilla Ganatantrick Mahila Samity
Bhimpur Health Awarness Sporting Association
Sakdaha Cultural Forum
Sonadaha Taposhili - O - Samaj Kalyan Samity
Madhumita Swanirbhar Dal (SHG Group) (New)
Krishnanagar-I
Suksagar Road Palpara
Amghata Vivekananda Seva Kalyan Samity
Gopalpur Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Kishore Seva Sangha
(Nabard)
Krishnanagar-II
Chapra Jana Seva Samity
Society for Rural Development & Youth Welfare
Nabadwip
Nasratpur Rupasi Bangla Welfare Society
Haritala Mahila Unnyan Samity
Sona SHG
Haranagar SKUS, RSM
Nakashipara
125
Rahamatpur
Gobindapur
Joyghata
Krishnaganj
Shibnibash
Taldah-Majdia
Bhajanghat-Tungi
Matiari-Banpur
Joania
Bhatjungla
Dogachhi
Asannagar
Poragachha
Bhimpur
Deypara
Ruipukur
Chakdignagar
Dignagar
Bhaluka
Bhanderkhola
Dhubulia Unani Databya Chikitsalaya
Erake? Club
Name of assigned GP
Dhubulia-II
Nowpara-II
Sadhanpara-I
Belpukur
Nowpara-I
Dhubulia-I
Sadhanpara-II
Swarupganj
CMCB
Majdia-Pansila
M.B.-I
M.B.-II
Fakirdanga-Gholapara
Bablari
Mahisura
Mahisura
Bikrampur
Haranagar
Bilkumari
Dhananjoypur
Sl.
No.
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1
Name of the
Block
Name of the Mart
Dhubulia Unani Databya Chikitsalaya
Bethuadahari Bhorer Alo RSM
Chapra Jana Seva Samity
Society for Prakritjan and Rural Development
2
Society for Rural Development & Youth Welfare
3
Ranaghat Jogpur Road Dr. B.R. Ambedkar SC/ST
Development Society
4
Suryaday Swanivar Dal
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1
Ranaghat-I
Ranaghat Nawpara Social Welfare Society
Godhuli Swanirvar Ghosti
Institute of Empowering for Rural Development
Sema Mahila Samity
Srijani Farmers Society for livehood development
Ranaghat-II
Suktara Cluster Committee
Samaj Kalyan Sw. Dall
Uttaran Sangha
Tarama SGSY Dall
Agamoni Mahila Sanqha
Matangini Cluster Committee
Santipur
126
Name of assigned GP
Dharmada
Muragachha
Dogachhia
Billagram
Bethuadahari-I
Bethuadahari-II
Majhergram
Nakashipara
Birpur-I
Birpur-II
Patikabari
Khisma
Habibpur
Ramnagar-II
Payradanga
Anulia
KalinarayanpurPaharpur
Nowpara-Masunda
Tarapur
Ramnagar-I
Barasat
Kamalpur
Anishmali
Majhergram
Aranghata
Raghunathpur Hijuli-I
Bidyapur-I
Duttapulia
Bahirgachhi
Jugalkishore
Bidyapur-II
Raghunathpur Hijuli-I
Debagram
Raghunathpur Hijuli-II
Shyamnagar
Nokari
Debagram
Aranghata
Debagram
Arabandi-I
Sl.
No.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of the
Block
Name of the Mart
Pubali Mahila Samity
Haripur GP Cluster Committee
Society for Rural Development & Youth Welfare
Baro Andulia Mahila Samity
Bhagini Nibeduata S.G.S.Y Dall
Bandhan Cluster Committee
Tehatta-I
Indian Red Cross Society
Putimari Mallicka Mahila Samity
Tehatta Lotus Club
Sarada Sanitary Mart
Tehatta-II
Aglampur Nutan para gramin vikash kendra
127
Name of assigned GP
Arabandi-II
Baganchra
Haripur
Babla
Gayeshpur
Nabla
Belghoria-I
Belghoria-II
Baganchra
Arabandi-I
Arabandi-II
Fulia Township
Haripur
Babla
Betai-II
Chhitka
Kanainagar
Betai-I
Shyamnagar
Tehatta
Chanderghat
Patharghata-I
Patharghata-II
Natna
Raghunathpur
Barnia
Palsunda-I
Palsunda-II
Sahebnagar
Palashipara
Gopinathpur
Hanspukuria
Annexure 9: List of Sanitary Marts covered under survey
Block
Chakdah
Chakdah
Chakdah
Chakdah
Chakdah
Chakdah
Chakdah
Chakdah
Haringhata
Haringhata
Haringhata
Haringhata
Haringhata
Haringhata
Haringhata
GP
CHANDURIA-I
CHANDURIA-I
MADANPUR-I
MADANPUR-I
MADANPUR-I
RAUTARI
SIMURALI
SIMURALI
HARINGHATA - I
HARINGHATA - I
HARINGHATA - I
MOLLABELIA
MOLLABELIA
MOLLABELIA
FATEPUR
Village
Manasapota
Noada Durgapur
New Kautukpur
Priya Nagar
Sri Krishnapur
Rautari
Telipukur
Rameswarpur
Gangoria
Subarnapur
Laopalla
Johirapara
Uttar Duttapara
Nischintapur
Pauchkahania
Haringhata
FATEPUR
Bihadia
Kaliganj
BARACHANDGHAR
Chota Chandghar
Kaliganj
Kaliganj
Kaliganj
Kaliganj
Kaliganj
Kaliganj
Nabadwip
BARACHANDGHAR
JURAUPUR
JURAUPUR
JURAUPUR
PALITBAGIA
PALITBAGIA
CHARMAJDIA
Molamdi
Hijuli
Baroitna
Juaupur
Shantipur
Ararbegia
Charmejdia Gangadhar
Nabadwip
CHARMAJDIA
Nabadwip
CHARMAJDIA
Char Bramhanagat
(Khelar Math)
Kanainagar
Nabadwip
Nabadwip
Nabadwip
MAHISURA
MAHISURA
MBI
Mahisura Ghoshpur
Mahisura
Baman Pukur
Nabadwip
MBI
Santipur
ARBANDI-I
Natun Gram
(Najrul Palli)
Arrandi
Santipur
ARBANDI-I
Boalia
Santipur
BELGORIA-I
Baira
128
Name of Sanitary Mart
Indira Gandji Sriti Rakha Committee
Indira Gandji Sriti Rakha Committee
Shikarpur Vivekananda Welfare Society
Shikarpur Vivekananda Welfare Society
Shikarpur Vivekananda Welfare Society
Shikarpur Vivekananda Welfare Society
Shikarpur Vivekananda Welfare Society
Shikarpur Vivekananda Welfare Society
Haringhata 1 Cluster
Haringhata 1 Cluster
Haringhata 1 Cluster
Haringhata Hard Society
Haringhata Hard Society
Haringhata Hard Society
Society for Rural Development & Youth
Welfare
Society for Rural Development & Youth
Welfare
Sealkhala Integrated Social Development
Society
Hutegacha Cluster Committee
Hutegacha Cluster Committee
Debagram Gram Unnayan Kedra
Debagram Gram Unnayan Kendra
Dishri Cluster committee
Dishri Cluster committee
Society for Rural Development & Youth
Welfare
Society for Rural Development & Youth
Welfare
Society for Rural Development & Youth
Welfare
Erake Club
Erake Club
Nabadwip Block Haritala Mahila Unnayan
Samitte
Mahisura Panchayet Sona Swanirbhar
Gosthi
Society for Rural Development & Youth
Welfare
Society for Rural Development & Youth
Welfare
Society for Rural Development & Youth
Welfare
Block
Santipur
GP
BELGORIA-I
Village
Pumlia
Santipur
NABLA
Joynagar (Palta)
Santipur
NABLA
Goalpur
Santipur
NABLA
Sabujnagar
Chapra
Chapra
Chapra
Chapra
Chapra
Chapra
ALFA
ALFA
CHAPRA-I
CHAPRA-I
HATKHOLA
HATKHOLA
Bania Khari
Dompukur
Chapra
Dwipchandrapur
Rajibpur
Shikra
Karimpur - I
HAREKRISHNAPUR
Uttar Krishanapur
Karimpur - I
HAREKRISHNAPUR
Sreerampur
Karimpur - I
Karimpur - I
Karimpur - I
Karimpur - I
Karimpur - I
Karimpur - I
Karimpur - II
Karimpur - II
Karimpur - II
Karimpur - II
Karimpur - II
Karimpur - II
Karimpur - II
Tehatta - I
Tehatta - I
Tehatta - I
Tehatta - I
Tehatta - I
Tehatta - I
Tehatta - I
Nakashipara
HAREKRISHNAPUR
KARIMPUR-II
KARIMPUR-II
KARIMPUR-II
SHIKARPUR
SHIKARPUR
DHORADAHA-I
DHORADAHA-I
NANDANPUR
NANDANPUR
NANDANPUR
RAHAMATPUR
RAHAMATPUR
KANAINAGAR
KANAINAGAR
KANAINAGAR
RAGHUNATHPUR
RAGHUNATHPUR
TEHATTA
TEHATTA
BETHUADAHARI-II
Durlabhpur
Kalabaria
Majlispur
Natna
Baruipara
Jotdarpur narayan
Sahebpara
Monoharpur /Sirsha
Garaimari
Nandanpur
Gopalpur
MahishBathan
Rahamatpur
Sardanga
Srirampur
Uttar Char Chandpur
Jitpur
Nischintapur
Nowdapara
Khariapara
Bade Tehatta
Nakashipara
BETHUADAHARI-II
Bagunda
Nakashipara
DHANANJAYPUR
Dhananjoypur
Nakashipara
DHANANJAYPUR
Dhaparia
129
Name of Sanitary Mart
Society for Rural Development & Youth
Welfare
Society for Rural Development & Youth
Welfare
Society for Rural Development & Youth
Welfare
Society for Rural Development & Youth
Welfare
Baro Andulia Mahila Samity
Baro Andulia Mahila Samity
Baro Andulia Mahila Samity
Baro Andulia Mahila Samity
Baro Andulia Mahila Samity
Baro Andulia Mahila Samity
Kuchaidanga Simanta gram unnayan
samity
Kuchaidanga Simanta gram unnayan
samity
Kuchaidanga Simanta gram unnayan
samity
Bholanath Group Sanitary mart
Bholanath Group Sanitary mart
Bholanath Group Sanitary mart
Simanta Gram Unnayan Samity
Simanta Gram Unnayan Samity
Hagnabari Women Child Welfare society
Hagnabari Women Child Welfare society
Binay Badal dinesh Sanitary Mart
Binay Badal dinesh Sanitary Mart
Binay Badal dinesh Sanitary Mart
Binay Badal dinesh Sanitary Mart
Binay Badal dinesh Sanitary Mart
Baro Andulia Mahila Samity
Baro Andulia Mahila Samity
Baro Andulia Mahila Samity
Tehatta lotus Club
Tehatta lotus Club
Red Cross society
Red Cross society
Haranagar Samabay Krishi Unnayan Samity
Ltd.
Haranagar Samabay Krishi Unnayan Samity
Ltd.
Haranagar Samabay Krishi Unnayan Samity
Ltd.
Haranagar Samabay Krishi Unnayan Samity
Ltd.
Block
Nakashipara
GP
DHANANJAYPUR
Village
Machpota
Nakashipara
Nakashipara
Nakashipara
Tehatta - II
Tehatta - II
Tehatta - II
PATIKABARI
PATIKABARI
PATIKABARI
BARNIA
BARNIA
BARNIA
Changa
Taibechara
Patikabari
Komthana
Charakpota
Haritola
Tehatta - II
PALASIPARA
Baor
Tehatta - II
Tehatta - II
Tehatta - II
Hanskhali
Hanskhali
Hanskhali
PALASIPARA
SAHEBNAGAR
SAHEBNAGAR
BAGULA-I
BAGULA-I
DAKSHINPARA-II
Rudrapara (P)
ChhotaNaldaha
Kulgachhi
Purba Bhayna
Uttar Bhayna
Dhakuria
Hanskhali
DAKSHINPARA-II
Itaberia
Hanskhali
Hanskhali
Krishnaganj
Krishnaganj
Krishnaganj
Krishnaganj
Krishnaganj
Krishnaganj
Krishnaganj
Krishnanagar - I
RAMNAGAR
RAMNAGAR
BHAJANGHAT TUNGI
BHAJANGHAT TUNGI
BHAJANGHAT TUNGI
KRISHNAGANJ
KRISHNAGANJ
TALDAH MAJDIA
TALDAH MAJDIA
Joania
Malsadaha
Nagarpota
Dongahata
Dharmmapur
Tungi
Krishna Ganj
KomarPur
Goari
Mothurapur
Bhabanipur
Krishnanagar - I
Joania
Raotora
Krishnanagar - I
DEYPARA
Satgachhi
Krishnanagar - I
DEYPARA
Subarna Bihar
Krishnanagar - I
Dogachi
Jatrapur
Krishnanagar - I
Dogachi
Jalalkhali
Krishnanagar - II
Krishnanagar - II
Krishnanagar - II
Krishnanagar - II
Krishnanagar - II
Krishnanagar - II
BELPUKUR
BELPUKUR
NOAPARA-I
NOAPARA-I
NOAPARA-I
SADHANPARA-II
Belpukur
Polta
Chhagharia
Singhati
Noapara
Gabarkuli
130
Name of Sanitary Mart
Haranagar Samabay Krishi Unnayan Samity
Ltd.
Chapra Janoseba Samity
Chapra Janoseba Samity
Chapra Janoseba Samity
Sarada Sanitary Marity
Sarada Sanitary Marity
Sarada Sanitary Marity
Aglampur Natun Para gramin Vikash
Kendra
Aglampur Natun Para gramin Vikash
Kendra
Sarada Sanitary Marity
Sarada Sanitary Marity
Matangini Swanirbhar Mahila Gosthi
Matangini Swanirbhar Mahila Gosthi
Dakhhinpara 2 No. Panchayet Calture
Committee
Dakhhinpara 2 No. Panchayet Culture
Committee
Manjan Kalyan Samity
Manjan Kalyan Samity
Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum
Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum
Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum
Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum
Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum
Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum
Sakdha Youth and Culture Forum
Nadia jila Ganatantrik Samabay Rindan
Samity Ltd.
Nadia jila Ganatantrik Samabay Rindan
Samity Ltd.
Sonadaha Tapashili and Adibashi
Samajkalyan Samity
Nadia jila Ganatantrik Samabay Rindan
Samity Ltd.
Nadia jila Ganatantrik Samabay Rindan
Samity Ltd.
Nadia jila Ganatantrik Samabay Rindan
Samity Ltd.
Dhubhali Unnani Databya Chikitsalay
Dhubhali Unnani Databya Chikitsalay
Chapra Janoseba Samity
Chapra Janoseba Samity
Chapra Janoseba Samity
Chapra Janoseba Samity
Block
Krishnanagar - II
Ranaghat - I
GP
SADHANPARA-II
ANULIA
Village
Tatla
GhoraGachha
Ranaghat - I
ANULIA
Anulia Ghosh Colony
Ranaghat - I
ANULIA
Anulia - Pulin Nagar
Ranaghat - I
KHISMA
Ranaghat - I
KHISMA
Khisma Maniktala
Khisma Muslimpara
Taksali
Ranaghat - I
Ranaghat - I
Ranaghat - II
TARAPUR
TARAPUR
ANISHMALI
Gazipur
JhauMahal
Chinapukuria
Ranaghat - II
ANISHMALI
Enuli Bazar
Ranaghat - II
Ranaghat - II
Ranaghat - II
Ranaghat - II
Ranaghat - II
DUTTAFULIA
DUTTAFULIA
HIJULI - I
HIJULI - I
HIJULI - I
Srirampur
Kalupur
Roypara
Uttarpara
Natungram
131
Name of Sanitary Mart
Chapra Janoseba Samity
Society for Rural Development and Social
Welfare (Bamanpukur, Nawadwip)
Society for Rural Development and Social
Welfare (Bamanpukur, Nawadwip)
1. Society for Rural Development and
Social Welfare (Bamanpukur, Nawadwip)
2. Ranaghat Jogpur Road Dr. B. R.
Ambedkar SC/ST Development
Society(Ranaghat)
Society for Rural Development and Social
Welfare (Bamanpukur, Nawadwip)
Society for Rural Development and Social
Welfare (Bamanpukur, Nawadwip)
Noapara Social Welfare Society (Ranaghat)
Noapara Social Welfare Society (Ranaghat)
Institute for Empowering Urban & Rural
People
Institute for Empowering Urban & Rural
People
Sreemaa Mhila Samity, Duttafulia, Nadia
Sreemaa Mhila Samity, Duttafulia, Nadia
Suktara Clusster Committee
Suktara Clusster Committee
Suktara Clusster Committee
Annexure 10: Observation checklist for
constructionassessment of Two Pit Toilets based on technical
specification
Sl.
No
1
a
b
c
d
Components
A Twin Pit toilet must
have the 5 basic
structures:
Squatting Place/Platform
WC Pan (Rural Pan)
If no, check the type of
pan and mention in
remark column
Junction Chamber with
proper sealing at the
joints.
Drain pipes (Y junction)
Observation
Yes / No
Specificati
on
Yes
Minimum
3’X3’
No
Pan with
greater
slope 30
degree
(70% urban
pan and
remaining
rural pan)
Yes
No
Remarks
Blocks
Instead of pre-cast
Squatting plate, onsite
construction is in
practice.
Use of urban pan is
preferred
by
the
beneficiaries
All the surveyed
blocks
Lesser slope as pans
procured from market.
Sealed properly
4” pipe
Pipe diameters are as per
specification.
Proper Y junction is not
in place in few blocks.
All the surveyed
blocks
All the surveyed
blocks
Chakdah and
Haringhata
Nakashipara,
Karimpur I,
Karimpur II,
Chapra etc.
Pipe from the junction
chamber goes to one pit.
Another pipe from the
first pit is connected to
the second pit.
e
2 Leach Pits (circular in
shape) with pit covers.
Yes
Minimum
3’
diameter
internal
The pipes between the
pits are connected so
that the overflow of one
will automatically fill the
other.
Design error in all the
blocks.
Two pits - concrete from
all sides including bottom
– considered as septic
tank.
Latrine and bathroom
constructed on top of the
pits and kept a provision
for cess pool cleaning.
Cleaning of latrine by
hiring cess pool from
132
Single pit in
maximum in
number at
Blocks i.e.
Haringhata,
Nakshipra,
Karimpur I & II
and Tehatta I
Common in
Chakdah and
Haringhata
Sl.
No
Components
Observation
Yes / No
Specificati
on
Remarks
Blocks
Municipality is in
practice.
Pit covered but not
properly sealed
Observed in
Chakdah
Observed in
Chakdah
2
a
A toilet with 2
symmetrical leach pits at
the back of the squatting
place with a space of
about approx. 12 ft x 12
ft.
If no, specify the layout of
the pits
No
Deviations found. At the
most 1Ft to 3 ft distance
maintained
A height difference of 1 ft
has been observed
between the two pits.
It is done by laying one
extra ring in the 1st pit.
In all the
surveyed blocks
Deviations
found in all
Blocks
Specially
observed in
Chakdah,
Haringhata,
Krishnanagar I
and Nabadwip
Blocks.
The concept is as the1st
pit gets filled up; the
over flow will
automatically go into the
2nd pit through the pipe
laid.
b
The connecting pipes
should be straight
yes
Maintained
In all the
surveyed blocks
3
The spacing between the
2 constructed pits should
be at least 1 meter (3 ft)
The distance between the
2 outgoing pipes should
be 4 inches.
The distance between the
pan and the rear wall
should be about 8 inches.
The floor has a smooth
finish and proper slope
towards pan from all
directions.
The squatting place
should be at a height of 1
ft to 1.5 ft from the
ground level.
No vent pipe.
No
Less than1 ft gap
In all the
surveyed blocks
Yes
Maintained
In all the
surveyed blocks
yes
4-8’’ distance maintained
4
5
6
7
8
Yes
Yes
Maintained
Plinth
level
No
133
In all the
surveyed blocks
In all the
surveyed blocks
15’’ height maintained
on an average
In all the
surveyed blocks
Use of vent pipe is in
practice.
In all the
surveyed blocks
Sl.
No
9
10
a
b
c
d
Components
Proper pit covers with
complete sealing from
top.
Super structure must
have the following
characteristics:
The super structure is
properly closed from all
sides to ensure privacy
and safety.
The structure must have
two ventilator of
appropriate size for light
and for cross aeration.
Must have a proper roof
The fixtures of doors
should operate properly
and should have lock
arrangements.
Observation
Yes / No
Specificati
on
No
Remarks
Blocks
Beneficiaries put the vent
pipe on their own.
Specially at
Haringhata and
Hanskhali use of
vent pipe was
rampant
In all the
surveyed blocks.
No proper sealing.
Concrete
sealing
1st Pit cover somehow
sealed while 2nd pit cover
remained open
Observed in
Chakdah
Yes
Maintained
In all the
surveyed blocks
Yes but
without
appropriate
size
In few cases, ventilators
are erected on opposite
sides of the wall.
Specially
observed in
Chakdah,
Haringhata,
Krishnanagar I
and Nabadwip
Blocks.
Yes
Wood and tin roofs are
common.
In all the
surveyed blocks
In few cases, toilets have
been handed over to the
beneficiaries without
roof.
Observed in
Haringhata
yes
Maintained
134
In all the
surveyed blocks
Checklist at the time of construction of Twin pit toilet
Points to remember while surveying a twin pit toilet
S.No
11
12
13
Components
The excavation should be extended by 6 inches
from all sides than the actual measurements of
construction.
Channel for pipes to be dug up to 9 in to 12 in as
per requirement.
The bottom of the leach pit should not be
concrete.
Observation
Yes / No
Yes
Yes
Remarks
Maintained in all Blocks as pointed out by
beneficiary/RSM representatives during
survey
In all the surveyed blocks
No
Mentioned in 1e
14
Check the type of leach pit – concrete rings or
brick layer
Precast concrete rings used in all the
surveyed blocks.
15
N.A.
a
If concrete rings, check the type of concrete
rings
Precast rings made of cement concrete
Yes
b
Precast rings made of ferro cement
No
Use of Portland cement is common in all
the blocks.
N.A.
c
Height of concrete rings : 1 ft
Yes
Maintained in all the surveyed blocks
d
8 to 10 holes of 1.5 inch dia
No
Between each rings, 4 – 5 brick chips are
laid for maintaining the gap.
16
If brick layer, the lining of the pit is done in
honey comb fashion upto the invert level of the
incoming pipe.
Not observed
17
The entire leach pit is lined with 4 inch thick
brick wall.
The very first brick layer should be 9 inch thick to
ensure better stability.
The inner diameter of the entire leach pit should
be 32 inches.
Not observed
20
The height of the incoming pipe must be 3 fit
from the pit bottom
Yes
21
The holes should be present in alternate brick
layers.
NA
22
The number of holes per layer should be 6 to 8
of 2 inches wide.
The pipes should have a minimum gradient of
1:10
The pipe should project 4 inches inside the pit
wall.
18
19
23
24
Not observed
Yes
Inner diameter maintained on an average
30’’ and pit covers are 32’’ so that pit
covers has some extra space.
In all the surveyed blocks
Mentioned in 15 d.
Not observed
Yes
-O135
2- 4’’ projected in all Blocks.