Efficacy of Disinfectants Against Fungal,
Bacterial, Virus and Viroid Pathogens of
Tomatoes on Greenhouse Tools
Sally Miller (OSU), F. Baysal-Gurel (OSU), K.-S Ling (USDA ARS) R. Li
(USDA ARS), C. Kurowski (Monsanto Vegetable Seeds)
Presented by Karin Tifft, Greenhouse Vegetable Consultants, LLC
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Mechanically Transmitted Pathogens
• High risk to crop health
• Most may also be seedborne
• Most risky pathogens:
• Clavibacter michiganensis
subsp. michiganensis
• Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV)
Bacterial canker
• Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)
• Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
PepMV
• Viroids
• Botrytis
Viroid
Botrytis
Photo Kai-Shu Ling, USDA-ARS
ToMV
Photo Fulya Baysal-Gurel,
2
Grafting
BumbleOHIO
bees
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Intercropping
De-leafing
3
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Managing by Sanitation
SANITATION
•
An established
cultural practice
• Reduce or eliminate
inoculum
•
How effective are
common
disinfectants in killing
mechanically
transmitted
pathogens during
grafting and crop
work?
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Requirements for Sanitizers
• Very short contact time (seconds)
• Broadly effective against viruses, viroids, bacteria
and fungi
• Not harmful to workers
• Not corrosive to infrastructure or phytotoxic to
plants
• Economical
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Testing Sanitizers for Efficacy Against
Mechanically Transmitted Tomato Pathogens
• Targets
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bacterial canker (Clavibacter – Cmm)
Botrytis grey mold
Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV)
Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)
• Common Disinfectants
•
•
•
•
Alcohols (e. g. ethanol, isopropanol)
Halogens (e.g. chlorine bleach)
Peroxides (e.g. Virkon)
Quaternary ammonium (e.g. KleenGrow)
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Automated Delivery of Disinfectants
Menno Knife
Royal Brinkman, The Netherlands
[email protected]
Felco 19 Shears with
spray device
Felco SA Switzerland
Metallo-Germo Knife
http://www.felcostore.com/pruners
http://www.metallotools.nl/
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Disease Prevention
A foot bath is created by putting a
large piece of carpet across the
walk way and soaking it with
disinfectant.
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Product
Active Ingredient
Rate
Clorox
5.25% Sodium hypochlorite
KleenGrow
Didecyl dimethyl anmmonium chloride 7.5%
4 ml/L
Virkon S
20.4% potassium peroxymonosulfate and 1.5% sodium chloride
0.5, 1.0, 2.0%
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10%
Greenhouse Guardian Trichloromelamine
8 oz/55 gal
Green-Shield
1 tsp/qt
10% n-Alkyldimethyl benyl ammonium chloride and 10% n-Alkyl
dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride
Non-fat Dry Milk
20% wt:vol
Vortexx
Hydrogen peroxide 6.9%; Peroxyacetic acid 0.94%; Octanoic Acid
3.3%
1 oz/4 gal
Octave
Hydrogen peroxide 7.52%; Peroxyoctanoic acid .94%; Octanoic acid
2.72%
1-2 oz/2 gal
BioSide
Peroxyacetic acid 15%; hydrogen peroxide 22%
1 oz/10 gal
SaniDate
Hydrogen peroxide 23%; peroxyacetic acid 5.3%
0.5 oz/gal
StorOx
27% hydrogen dioxide
1.25 oz/gal
LYSOL
.1% alkyl dimethyl ammonium saccharinate
undiluted
DES-O-Germ
Poly hexamethylenebuguanideand benzalkonium chloride
100-200ml/100 L
Menno Florades
9% benzoic acid
3%
Menno Ter-forte
Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
1%
Trisodium phosphate
(Virus/Viroid only)
10% saturation
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Most Effective Disinfectants for ToMV/TMV
10% Bleach
20% Non50% Lysol
Disinfectants used on
Fat Dry plants on Lt. Inoculum
only on Rt.  100%
Milk
mortality
10
Disinfectant
Cmm
Botrytis
PepMV
ToMV
TMV
PSTVd
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1 sec
1 min
1 sec
1 min
KleenGrow
✔
✔
✔
✔
-
-
-
-
Green-Shield
✔
✔
✔
✔
-
-
-
-
BioSide
✔
✔
✔
✔
-
-
-
-
Des-O-Germ
✔
✔
✔
✔
-
-
-
-
Menno
Florades (3%)
✔
✔
✔
✔
-
(✔)
(✔)
-
Menno Ter-forte
(1%)
✔
✔
✔
✔
(✔)
✔
✔
-
Clorox (10%)
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
Vortexx
✔
✔
-
✔
-
-
-
-
Lysol (50%)
✔
✔
-
✔
✔
✔
✔
(✔)
Storox
-
✔
-
✔
-
-
-
-
Octave
-
✔
-
✔
✔
-
-
-
Virkon-S (2%)
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
-
-
-
-
✔
✔
✔
✔11
TSP
Non-fat Dry Milk
-
-
-
-
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Summary
•
Some fungi, bacteria, viruses and viroids can be
transmitted mechanically during greenhouse operations
and severely damage the crop
•
Disinfectants vary in efficacy against groups of plant
pathogens
•
10% Clorox bleach and Virkon were the only
disinfectants tested that inactivates all target pathogens
with a short (seconds) contact time
•
Disinfectants can be delivered automatically by tools
available on the market
12
Disinfectant
Cmm
Botrytis
PepMV
ToMV
TMV
PSTVd
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1 sec
1 min
1 sec
1 min
KleenGrow
✔
✔
✔
✔
-
-
-
-
Green-Shield
✔
✔
✔
✔
-
-
-
-
BioSide
✔
✔
✔
✔
-
-
-
-
Des-O-Germ
✔
✔
✔
✔
-
-
-
-
Menno
Florades (3%)
✔
✔
✔
✔
-
(✔)
(✔)
-
Menno Ter-forte
(1%)
✔
✔
✔
✔
(✔)
✔
✔
-
Clorox (10%)
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
Vortexx
✔
✔
-
✔
-
-
-
-
Lysol (50%)
✔
✔
-
✔
✔
✔
✔
(✔)
Storox
-
✔
-
✔
-
-
-
-
Octave
-
✔
-
✔
✔
-
-
-
Virkon-S (2%)
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
-
-
-
-
✔
✔
✔
✔13
TSP
Non-fat Dry Milk
-
-
-
-
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