1. sports
2. hockey

Ever thought of building an ice rink?
Ice Rink Manual of the International Ice Hockey Federation
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
IIHF
Ice Rink Manual
Publisher:
International Ice Hockey Federation
Chairman of the Project Group:
Philippe Lacarrière
Editors:
Robert van Rijswijk, Secretary of the Project Group
Patrick Kelleher
Layout:
Szymon Szemberg
Robert van Rijswijk
Digital Type AG
Contributing Writers:
Kimmo Leinonen
Szymon Szemberg
Robert van Rijswijk
International Ice Hockey Federation
Mika Kallio
Lemminkkäinen Construction Ldt.
Ari Laitinen
VTT Building and Transport
Prof. F. Roskam
IAKS
Patrick Kelleher
Serving The American Rinks
Photographs:
IIHF Archives, City Press Berlin
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INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
2
In the early years ice hockey was played outdoors. Nothing could be more beautiful than when the temperature
was some degrees below zero and the scenery was like on this picture from 1910. But only in a couple of hours
all could change. Snowstorm or heavy rain or a temperature above zero would pretty soon call for a postponement or cancellation of a game or of an entire tournament. In order for the game to develop, hockey rinks were
needed.
Photo: National Archives of Canada
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Table
of Contents
Message from the President .................................................................................... 4
Foreword ................................................................................................................ 5
Chapter 1: You can build an ice rink everywhere
1.1 Introduction of the Manual/IIHF Prototype....................................................... 6
1.2 Introduction to ice hockey................................................................................ 6
Chapter 2: Social interest of an ice rink
2.1 Interest of the community ............................................................................... 9
2.2 Activity programs and services ......................................................................... 9
2.3 Ice rinks throughout the world ....................................................................... 13
Chapter 3: Technical guidelines of an ice rink
3.1 General introduction ....................................................................................... 15
3.2 Sizing the ice rinks .......................................................................................... 18
3.3 IIHF prototype definition ................................................................................ 18
3.4 Materials and structural systems for an ice rink............................................. 19
3.5 Mechanical and electrical plant ..................................................................... 25
3.6 Energy consumption optimisation .................................................................. 32
3.7 Environmental effects ..................................................................................... 36
Chapter 4: Economic profile of the IIHF ice rink prototype
4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 38
4.2 Construction costs.......................................................................................... 38
4.3 Operational budget ........................................................................................ 40
Chapter 5: Financing
5.1 Construction costs / Investment costs ............................................................ 43
5.2 Operational costs .......................................................................................... 43
IIHF Rules for Ice Rinks........................................................................................... 44
Equipment............................................................................................................. 51
IIHF Member Associations ..................................................................................... 54
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INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Ever thought
of building an ice rink?
The rink is the key to all hockey
development
4
In the beginning, ice hockey had its definite limits. It could only be played in places where
you had natural ice from December until at the
latest March. And those were the long seasons!
This is why North America, Scandinavia, the former
Soviet Union and a handful of other countries had
an early jump in this game.
Today, the International Ice Hockey Federation has 63 national member federations. Some
of the countries with hockey programs and leagues
include the United Arab Emirates, Israel, South
Africa, Australia and Singapore. In the United
States, there is high level ice hockey played in
cities like Los Angeles, Tampa and Dallas.
The reason, of course, is rinks with artificial
ice. Only some ten years ago, ice hockey in some
of the places mentioned above was a good
joke. Not anymore. Rinks with artificial ice can be
built anywhere, even in the desert or south of the
equator.
The problems associated with building
artificial ice rinks could be summarized in these
two questions:
1. How do we start?
2. Isn’t it far too expensive?
In order to show communities all over the
planet that an ice rink is not one of the seventh
wonders of the world, the IIHF decided to put a
group of experts together to create a rink manual.
The goal of the manual is to help communities
and hockey enthusiasts to build ice rinks in their
neighbourhoods, at reasonable costs.
This manual targets ice hockey clubs with
an ambition to build a community rink, the decision makers within communities or municipalities,
and construction entrepreneurs.
As the President of the International
Ice Hockey Federation I am proud to present this
manual: ”Ever thought of building an ice rink?“
This is the first manual of its kind in regards to ice
rinks.
René Fasel
IIHF President
The rink – where skill is acquired.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
IIHF
New Arena Project
An ice rink brings joy to the entire
community
The excitement of gliding on a naturally
frozen surface has fascinated mankind since
pre-historical times and through the centuries. In
recent times, different ice sports, and particularly
ice hockey, were developed and enjoyed by more
and more men and women.
The development of refrigeration technologies at the end of the 19th century has offered
many people the opportunity to skate on artificial
ice surfaces, even in the very centre of some cities!
Nowadays, through more advanced techniques and better insulation materials, which
results in more efficient energy use, it is possible
for any country in the world to develop ice sports.
Our working group, appointed by the
International Ice Hockey Federation Council, was
composed of experts from six different countries
and involved in various aspects of the development
of ice sports. Contractors, engineers, sports facilities experts, administrators, operators, sportsmen
and media, all participated in the working group.
This manual has been prepared in order to
help the different Federations affiliated with the
IIHF, or ready to be affiliated, to achieve simple
and cheap projects to build ice rinks. This will allow
them to develop a wider program to promote the
world’s fastest team sport: ice hockey.
The goal is to provide the information and
explanations, which should be utilized by the
various groups who are involved or interested in
the different aspects of ice rink planning, construction, maintenance and operations.
An ice rink is a special building that has to
be studied with particular care. The project should
involve advice from experienced construction companies and engineering firms.
The philosophy behind this project was to
inform how, and maybe inspire a community or
group to build an ice rink. This manual should also
help rink projects to avoid some common mistakes.
Through the description of an ice rink
prototype, which combines a good economic
figure with a standard architectural design and a
complete installation for social enjoyment, the
purpose of this manual is to show:
• That an ice rink will create a great social interest
for ice hockey and others ice sports within a
community.
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• That building an ice rink is simply possible anywhere in the world.
• How to successfully construct, manage, and
operate an ice rink.
• That building, maintaining and operating an ice
rink is financially feasible, provided that the
technical concept has been carefully studied.
We sincerely hope that this manual will
give the reader some of the information necessary
to help understand the technical and financial
aspects of an ice rink. This will also show how the
interest of building a rink could be to the benefit
of a wide range of users. Men and women of any
age will be able to enjoy the fun of ice hockey and
other ice sports.
Philippe Lacarrière
IIHF Arena Project Leader
IIHF Council Member
The rink is for everyone.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
You can build
an ice rink everywhere
Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction of the Manual /
IIHF Prototype
6
A covered ice rink is not an impossible
dream. How can it be? After all, there are over
2700 rinks in Canada alone! There are rinks in
countries and cities, which never have had snow
or ice.
This manual from the International Ice
Hockey Federation intends to show that building
an ice rink is possible anywhere in the world. The
basic element is enthusiasm and some entrepreneurship.
We want to target ice hockey clubs and
leisure organisations that have the ambition to
take their program to another level and show
them how to successfully construct, manage and
operate an ice rink. This manual also targets the
decision makers, politicians in the communities and
You can have an ice sheet in the desert in the
United Arab Emirates or, as on this picture, in sunny
California.
municipalities and presents them with ideas how
to make building an ice rink financially feasible.
The local rink is far from only being a place
where you practise and play ice hockey. Special
social patterns can develop within the confines of
an ice rink, and there are many ”rink rats“ who
have spent long hours at the rink without ever
lacing a pair of skates. Parents who assist their
children, volunteers who sell hot dogs during a
weekend junior tournament or take a shift driving
the ice resurfacer.
By building an ice rink, more than just the
game of ice hockey prospers. In many communities, the ice rink has become the centre of social life
where many other activities can be performed. An
ice rink can also be used for figure skating, fairs, exhibitions, minor conventions and coaching clinics. By
covering the ice sheet during off-season the arena
can be utilized for other indoor sports such as basketball, indoor soccer, handball and inline hockey.
There are several examples where an ice
rink has served as a boost for a whole community.
This manual wants to be the inspiration to start
looking and finding ways and solutions in order to
build a community rink.
In this manual we will introduce a prototype
that is not the cheapest possible solution to build
a small ice rink. The prototype is a product of a
marketing approach. It is a concept that offers
modern comfort to visitors, both active and passive, through modern ice rink construction techniques. The rink should be an appealing place to
all potential visitors. It should be safe, comfortable
and give visitors the opportunity to enjoy their
stay, whether it’s on the ice, in the small but comfortable restaurant, in the stands or in the dressing
room. The rink should also be easy to maintain,
with low overhead and investment costs.
The writers of this manual feel that the
prototype reflects all these wishes. The aesthetic
design is the icing on the cake. We hope that you
will be as fascinated as we are about the concept.
1.2 Introduction to ice hockey
Prototype of an IIHF rink
Ice hockey is a product of evolution stemming from existing sports, coupled with geographical and cultural parameters. Further, it is a
team sport enjoyed by millions of players worldwide and viewed by millions more. It has been
proclaimed the ”fastest team sport in the world“
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
and the object of the game, simply stated, is to
score more goals than your opponent does. The
fact that each team uses six players, including the
goaltender showcases individual skill within a team
concept, which ultimately provides a dynamic sport
experience that is unique from game to game.
While the exact origins of the game can be
debated, it is generally accepted that ice hockey
as is played today, took shape on Canada’s East
Coast between the mid to late 1800’s. A form of
bandy or ”Hurley on ice“ became logical for the
settlers to this new land when confronted with
the harsh winter conditions. Over time, local rules
were implemented and equipment, particularly
skates and the stick, were manufactured specifically for ice hockey. As popularity for the game
increased over time, the sport began to be exported to other countries, especially as travel itself
became easier. Many refinements regarding rules
and equipment were instituted around the turn of
the century but modifications still continue today
as ongoing efforts to improve the game both on
and off the ice persist.
The first recorded indoor ice hockey game
took place at Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal
way back in 1875. From those modest beginnings,
the game has transformed into a major modern
indoor sport. The impact of enclosed arenas to
the game is hard to overestimate. Technology has
recently afforded the sport of ice hockey substantial opportunities to expand globally. No longer a
function of climate, current facility construction
allows ice hockey and skating in general to now
be accommodated virtually anywhere in the world.
It might be significant to note that it has
been historically documented that a contained
covered rink contributed to a common community
spirit. This social type of gathering still plays an
important part of today’s society, enabling people
with similar interests to get together and cheer on
their local ice hockey teams for the purposes of
entertainment and civic pride. From an industry
perspective, an indoor arena provides a greater
potential to generate revenue because games can
be played year round, regardless of the weather.
Further, top class events can be planned with certainty, providing a guarantee of sorts to sponsors,
spectators and even media, including television.
With this in mind, it is not surprising that
the appeal of the game goes far beyond just the
participants. Ice hockey is an extremely popular
spectator sport, whether it is viewed in person
or via a television broadcast. Either way both men
and women of all ages enjoy the fast paced action
that is witnessed during a typical ice hockey match.
Aside from the general traits required to excel at
this sport, such as endurance, strength, balance
and good hand-eye coordination, players show-
The Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal, Canada. The site of the first ever hockey game, March 3, 1875.
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INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Chapter 1
8
case a variety of skills specific to the game itself.
This includes not only the ability to skate within
the context of the contact sport that hockey is,
but also to be able to stickhandle and shoot the
puck while in motion.
Because of the mass appeal, the game
lends itself to be marketable from a number of
perspectives. Corporations frequently benefit from
their association with this dynamic sport and
can brand its product or service via the game. The
demographics of ice hockey, despite variations
from country to country, reveal that most arena
patrons are aware of advertising within the building, and typically have a higher than average
income. When mixed with an exciting product on
the ice, all parties stand to benefit.
Today, corporations go beyond the traditional static advertising as has been evident within
the rink and on the equipment of the players
themselves. In a sense they exhibit a form of
vertical integration, actually taking ownership of
the building and/or sport franchise in efforts to
generate a greater awareness of the company
and ultimately additional revenues. Similarly, in
North America, a trend has started with professional ice hockey teams building skating facilities
locally as a way to develop and nurture a grassroots core of players who become spectators and
purchasers of team merchandise. By entering the
rink ownership and operation business, the team
and any associated partners strive for long-term
growth in their local market.
Therefore, where traditionally a skating
facility was viewed primarily as part of the community’s infrastructure, not unlike a park or a library,
today’s arena projects are examined in economic
terms with revenue and expense implications.
Naming rights, private boxes, concession, along
with innovative advertising opportunities are just
a few examples.
Modern professional ice hockey is played in 10 000 plus arenas. The action is fast-paced and the competition fierce.
Here, Canada plays Russia in the IIHF World Championship.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Social interest
of an ice rink
Chapter 2
2.1 Interest of the community
Ice sports come particularly close to the
ideal of “Sports for All”, a concept envisaging the
promotion of health, communication and quality
of life through sports. These sports stand for health
and enjoyment while being socially and recreationally relevant to both sexes within a wide
age bracket. An arena gives opportunities for the
community to enjoy a great diversity of ice sports.
From skating to figure skating, to ice hockey,
standard and short-distance speed skating, the
range extends to curling and broomball, while
providing opportunities for everyone. An ice rink
always attracts crowds, whether it’s individuals,
schools or clubs, single athletes or teams. As long
as it is supported by diverse, well-organized utilization programs and opening hours, an ice rink
encourages many people to identify with skating.
Schools and clubs are the entry-level motivators
generating an interest in skating beyond the level
of basic skills. From here, one development will
lead to recreational sports as a lifelong athletic
pastime, while another may take the enthusiast to
competitive sports in an ice hockey or skating club.
Ice rinks are attractive sports and recreational facilities promoting health and social
activity as a key element of “quality of life”. Experienced physicians, responsible pedagogues and
social scientists, forward-looking communal politicians, and all stakeholders in the world of sports
have underlined this.
The public interest in ice hockey, figure
skating, speed skating, curling and broomball that
has emerged in many countries has led to the
situation that ice sports today are no longer viewed
as a special or even exclusive kind of athletic
activity. However, all-weather facilities available
during 6-9 months of the year are usually in short
supply. Natural ice surfaces, with their dependence
on climatic conditions, are equally unsuitable for
continued, wide-scale recreational use as they
are for regular training, exciting competitions, or
charming figure skating events. Artificial ice rinks
have therefore become indispensable in today’s
increasingly sports-related recreational environment, whether to meet older people’s growing interest in ice-skating, the steadily growing demand
for competition venues, or quite simply, spectator
requirements.
During the ice-free remainder of the year,
these facilities also become an ideal site for inline
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Ice rinks are also attractive recreational facilities promoting health and social activity in the community.
skating, and other indoor sports activities. Socalled dry-floor events such as exhibitions, meetings, shows, music events and theatre are other
potential uses.
The possibility of year-round use is a necessary and valuable condition, as it were, for considering the construction of such a facility. High
capacity utilization can warrant the investment
and the recurring annual operational costs.
2.2 Activity programs and services
Ice hockey
Of course, youth and adult hockey programs
will provide the greatest number of users of a facility. It is vital to the success of the rink to program as
many hours of usage as possible. Scheduling youth
programs to utilize as many early evening, and
weekend hours, as possible will leave late night
times to be filled with adult hockey programs.
A typical youth hockey program will occupy
weeknight ice from 5 PM to 10 PM, the majority
of Saturday ice from the early morning to the
evening, and most of the day and evening also on
Sunday. Depending upon the country or the time
of the year, youth hockey players may also be able
to skate during a weekday or on holidays.
As previously mentioned, rinks need to
maximize their ice usage. Adult hockey should
be scheduled to fill late night hours throughout
the week. It is not uncommon for adult hockey
leagues to begin at 9 PM, and have games ending
as late at 1AM. Sunday evenings, depending on
availability, are also common times for adult hockey.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
10
Chapter 2
The rink is virtually never closed. Young hockey players arrive for
practise.
Another program that has gained prominence is recreational or open hockey. Ice time is
reserved and players register individually for each
session. Sessions are typically either one hour or
90 minutes in length. Scheduled times can vary
depending upon the community, but late Friday
and Saturday nights, weekday early morning or
”lunch time“ sessions and also Sunday mornings
have been found to be successful. It is also possible
to rent ice time to adult hockey groups, who may
fill odd hours at the facility. In any event, the pickup sessions should be scheduled to fill the less
desirable, or ”quiet hours“ in a facility.
Learn to Skate & Learn to Play Hockey programs
The Learn to Skate and Learn to Play
Hockey programs are the foundation of a successful facility. In these programs, casual participants
can be turned into more serious customers that
return to the facility three to four times a week. If
children can demonstrate a minimum proficiency
on the ice, it becomes more enjoyable to return to
the rink and develop as athletes.
These types of program are very important
to keep skaters coming back to the rink. The Learn
to Skate and Play programs, targeting the 5 to
12 year old children, will constantly provide new
skaters for your more advanced programs.
Classes can also be offered to very young
children, ages 3 to 5 years old. These classes can
be offered during weekday mornings when the
older children are in school. Again, this provides
the rink another program to fill those ”quiet hours“
when the rink is under-utilised. These Learn to
Skate classes will also provide a feeder program
to your classes for the older children. Similar programs may be offered during the “quiet hours”
that target the adult or senior community.
An advantage of the Learn to Skate and Play
programs is that during each session, as many as
8 different classes, with approximately 10 children
Practise makes perfect.
in each class, can be put on the ice at the same
time. Each class may be 30 to 45 minutes in
length. This scheduling will allow the facility to
schedule 3 to 4 class sessions during a 2 hour time
period. The financial benefits of maximizing your
ice utilization can be substantial for the rink.
For these programs, one weekday afternoon
session and a Saturday morning or afternoon session
should be offered as a minimum. The weekday session will serve as an after school activity, and could
be operated from 4 to 6 PM. Depending on the
community, this time frame could be very popular.
Saturday sessions provide the opportunity
for all family members to participate. Parents, and
even Grandparents, may have a better chance of
attending weekend sessions. This session should
be offered immediately before or after a public
skating session so that your customers may spend
more time at the facility.
Once a skater progresses through the Learn
to Skate and Learn to Play programs, they will
choose the sport that they will concentrate on,
either figure skating or hockey. It is important for
rinks to have a balance of both programs in order
to maximize the ice usage, and community participation, at the facility. In a single sheet facility, it is
difficult to accommodate the needs of all the user
groups, but it is important to create an environment where all can participate.
Public skating
In many areas, especially those regions
where hockey is not part of the culture, public
skating sessions are important in operating a successful ice facility. A public skating session is when
ice time is set aside so that any individual may, for
a fee, skate at the rink. A public skating session is
usually an inexpensive means to introducing customers to your facility.
Public skating also allows the rink management to introduce customers to other, structured
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
programs that are offered at the facility. Use the
consumer’s general interest in skating to entice
them into more visits to the rink. Public skating
will allow your entire community to enter your
facility, and give you an audience to market to.
Most public skating sessions average two
hours in length. In many communities, weekend
evening sessions on Friday or Saturday nights have
become traditional. Starting at 7 PM or 8 PM and
lasting until 10 PM or 11 PM, both youth and adults
can skate and socialize. As an added feature, a
“theme night” program might be instituted. Rock
or Popular music Fridays may attract a crowd.
Weekend afternoon sessions are popular
with families. Parents are able to skate with their
children, or group outings and events can become
part of the facilities programming options. Many
facilities now offer Birthday party programs that
are connected to afternoon public skating sessions.
It is best to start weekend afternoon sessions at
12 pm or 1 PM and finish at 3 PM or 4 PM.
These are the suggested minimum public
skating times. Every area has a different need and
this should be evaluated continuously. There are
other public sessions that work quite well in some
regions, including:
✔ Early Sunday evenings. This session, from 6 PM
to 8 PM, could become a family, or ”end of the
weekend“ event.
✔ Weekday mornings. Make these sessions available for school groups, adult or senior citizen
groups.
✔ Weekday afternoons. An after school skate,
from 3 PM to 5 PM with music that caters to
the 10 to 14-year-old crowd.
✔ A weeknight session. This session, 7 PM to
9 PM, will work around your learn to skate
classes, and may help bring more adults to the
facility.
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Chapter 2
Public skating is an inexpensive means of introducing
customers to your facility.
Figure skating
In a typical rink, figure skating programs fill
ice time that hockey programs cannot, or will not,
utilize. Early morning, mid- and late afternoon
hours have become standard for most figure
skaters. As an individual sport, it is easier to fill
these odd hours with 10 to 15 individuals, as
opposed to a team of 15 to 20 hockey players.
As figure skaters develop and become
more advanced, they spend more time on the ice.
It is common for advanced skaters to practice
twice per day, 5 or 6 times each week.
A new figure skating activity, synchronized
team skating, is gaining prominence around the
world. This program should be received with open
arms by the rink industry. A synchronized skating
team can put 15 to 20 skaters on the ice for a
practice session, incorporating more skaters into a
program.
Figure skating clubs operate to take care of
the skaters coming out of the Learn to Skate program. They can also take care of marketing and
promotion of figure skating programs and events
for the facility.
The serious skaters will not hesitate to
skate on weekday mornings before school, from
6 AM to 9 AM. If the demand is there, some
mornings can go longer or begin even earlier. The
rinks that can successfully fill these odd hours
with skating programs have a better chance for
success.
The advanced skater may begin as early as
1 PM during a weekday afternoon, depending
upon their school schedule. Otherwise, 3 PM to
6 or 7 PM, several days each week should be
made available for the figure skating programs.
Some nights go longer and some nights may end
Percentage of weekly
ice usage
Figure Skating
Learn to Skate
Learn to Play
Pickup Hockey
Youth Hockey
Adult Hockey
Public Skating
Private Rental
23 hrs
8 hrs
2 hrs
4 hrs
30 hrs
18 hrs
30 hrs
17 hrs
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
at 5 PM. It is also important to schedule your
figure skating afternoons around the Learn to
Skate and Learn to Play programs. This way, the
beginner skaters can view the more advanced
programs, and understand the next level of
participation at your facility.
Other ice sports
There are other ice sports that may or may
not fit with a particular facility or community.
Speed skating, curling and Broomball are three
activities that may complement a rink by filling
”quiet hours“ in the facility.
Chapter 2
12
Community programs
It is important to bring as many members
of the community to the facility as possible. With
this in mind, there are several programs which rink
management can use to bring the public to the
rink.
School field trips can be very popular. The
rink may create relationships where schools may
bring large groups to the facility during the facilities “quiet hours” throughout the school day. The
rink is selling ice time that it may normally not be
used, and it provides the rink with an opportunity
to market their programs to potential participants.
In a similar manner to school groups, companies and other community organisations such
as youth organisations and church groups may
also be interested in skating at the rink. It is important for the rink management to seek out as many
of these opportunities as possible. Private birthday
parties, as explained in the public skating section,
are becoming more popular events as well.
Sample weekly schedule
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
Time
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
AM
AM
Monday
Figure Skating
Figure Skating
Figure Skating
Private Rental
Private Rental
Private Rental
Public Skating
Public Skating
Private Rental
Private Rental
Figure Skating
Figure Skating
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Adult Hockey
Adult Hockey
Adult Hockey
Tuesday
Figure Skating
Figure Skating
Figure Skating
Adult Public Skate
Adult Public Skate
Adult Public Skate
Public Skating
Public Skating
Learn to Skate
Learn to Skate
Learn to Play
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Adult Hockey
Adult Hockey
Adult Hockey
Wednesday
Figure Skating
Figure Skating
Figure Skating
Private Rental
Learn to Skate
Learn to Skate
Pickup Hockey
Pickup Hockey
Private Rental
Private Rental
Figure Skating
Figure Skating
Learn to Skate
Public Skating
Public Skating
Youth Hockey
Adult Hockey
Adult Hockey
Adult Hockey
Thursday
Figure Skating
Figure Skating
Figure Skating
Adult Public Skate
Adult Public Skate
Adult Public Skate
Public Skating
Public Skating
Adult Learn to Skate
Figure Skating
Figure Skating
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Adult Hockey
Adult Hockey
Adult Hockey
Friday
Figure Skating
Figure Skating
Figure Skating
Private Rental
Private Rental
Private Rental
Pickup Hockey
Pickup Hockey
Private Rental
Private Rental
Public Skating
Public Skating
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Public Skating
Public Skating
Public Skating
Adult Hockey
Private Rental
Private Rental
Saturday
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Learn to Skate
Learn to Skate
Learn to Play
Public Skating
Public Skating
Public Skating
Public Skating
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Public Skating
Public Skating
Public Skating
Adult Hockey
Private Rental
Private Rental
Sunday
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Figure Skating
Figure Skating
Public Skating
Public Skating
Public Skating
Public Skating
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Youth Hockey
Adult Hockey
Adult Hockey
Adult Hockey
Adult Hockey
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
2.3 Ice rinks throughout the world
Latvia ................................ 4
Austria ............................ 24
Lithuania ........................... 2
Belarus ............................ 10
Luxembourg...................... 1
Belgium ........................... 12
Mexico ............................ 12
Bulgaria............................. 3
Namibia ............................ 2
Canada ....................... 2703
Netherlands .................... 20
China .............................. 15
New Zealand..................... 6
Chinese Taipei ................... 1
Norway ........................... 29
Croatia .............................. 2
Poland............................. 20
Czech Republic .............. 112
Portugal ............................ 1
Denmark ......................... 17
Romania............................ 4
DPR Korea......................... 2
Russia ............................ 84*
Estonia .............................. 3
Slovakia........................... 40
Finland .......................... 202
Slovenia ............................ 7
France ........................... 128
South Africa ...................... 6
Germany ....................... 149
Spain................................. 9
Great Britain.................... 58
Sweden......................... 285
Greece .............................. 2
Switzerland ..................... 82
Hong Kong ....................... 3
Thailand ............................ 1
Hungary ............................ 4
Turkey ............................... 5
Iceland .............................. 2
Ukraine ............................. 7
Israel ................................. 4
United Arab Emirates......... 3
Italy................................. 49
USA ............................ 2500
Japan .............................. 57
Yugoslavia......................... 2
Kazakstan.......................... 5
Korea .............................. 15
* Apart from the 84 indoor rinks, Russia also has
951 outdoor rinks.
13
Chapter 2
Australia.......................... 20
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Technical guidelines
of an ice rink
Chapter 3
Ice rink facilities share all the same concerns: energy usage, operating costs and indoor
climate. Ice rink design and operation are totally
unique and differ in many ways from standard
buildings. Thermal conditions vary from -5 ºC on
the ice surface to +10 ºC in the stand and +20 ºC
in the public areas like dressing rooms and offices.
High humidity of indoor air will bring on corroding
problems with steel structures, decay in wooden
structures and indoor air quality problems like
fungi and mould growth etc. Obviously there are
special needs to have technical building services
to control the indoor climate and energy use of an
ice-rink facility. Advanced technology can reduce
energy consumption by even 50 % and thus decrease operating costs in existing and proposed
ice rink facilities while improving the indoor climate.
Energy costs and concern about the environment sets high demands for the technical
solutions, without effective solutions the operational (energy, maintenance, replacement) costs
will increase and short service life time of such a
system is expected from the environmental point
of view. Potentially a lot of savings can be made if
the facilities are got operating as energy-efficiently
as possible. This will require investment in energysaving technology and in raising energy awareness
on the part of ice rink operators.
The basic technical elements of a well-working
facility are:
• Insulated walls and ceiling
• Efficient refrigeration plant
• Mechanical ventilation
• Efficient heating system
• Air dehumidification
1) Insulated walls and ceiling makes it possible
to control the indoor climate regardless of
the outdoor climate. In an open-air rink the
operation is conditional on the weather (sun,
rain, wind) and the running costs are high.
Depending of the surroundings there might
also be noise problems with the open-air rink –
traffic noise may trouble the training or the
slamming of the pucks against the boards may
cause noise nuisance to the neighbourhood.
Ceiling only construction helps to handle with
sun and rain problems but may bring about
maintenance problems in the form of ”indoor
rain“: humid air will condensate on the cold
inner surface of the ceiling and the dripping
starts. The ceiling is cold because of the radiant
heat transfer between the ice and the ceiling i.e.
the ice cools down the inner surface of the ceiling. Though there are technical solutions to minimize the indoor rain problem (low emissive coatings) the ceiling only solution is still subjected
to weather conditions and high running costs.
2) The refrigeration plant is needed to make
and maintain ice on the rink. Refrigeration
plant includes the compressor(s), the condenser(s), the evaporator(s), and rink pipes. The heat
from the rink is ”sucked“ by the compressor via
the rink pipes and the evaporator and then
released to the surrounding via the condenser.
The heat from the condenser can be used to
heat the ice rink facility and thus save considerably energy and money. Refrigeration plant is
the main energy consumer in the ice rink facility. Compressors, pumps and fans needed in
the refrigeration system are normally run by
electricity and their electricity use may cover
over 50 % of the total electricity use of an ice
rink facility.
3) Mechanical ventilation is necessary to be
able to control the indoor air quality and
thermal as well as humidity conditions inside the ice rink. Ventilation is needed both in
the public spaces (dressing rooms, cafeteria,
etc.) and in the hall. If you ever have visited a
dressing room when the ventilation is off you
will realize the necessity of the proper ventilation; the stink of the outfit of the hockey players
is unthinkable. Inadequate ventilation will cause
also health problems in the hall. To be energyefficient air renewal must be well controlled.
This means that the ice rink enclosure should
be airtight so that there are no uncontrollable
air infiltration through openings (doors etc.)
and roof-to-wall joints. Air infiltration will increase energy consumption during the warm
and humid seasons related to refrigeration and
dehumidification and during the cold seasons
this is associated with space heating. This leads
us to the fourth basic demand: the ice rink
facility must be heated. Unheated ice rink is
freezing cold even in warm climates and
humidity control of the air becomes difficult.
15
Chapter 3
3.1 General introduction
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Cooling coil
Rink piping
Coolant
pump
Heat recovery
Refrigeration
unit
Liquid
pump
Figure 1. Refrigeration plant, indirect cooling system.
Chapter 3
16
4) Ventilation offers also a means to heat the ice
rink. Heating the ice rink with air necessitates
the use of re-circulated air and that the ventilation unit is equipped with heating coil(s).
Remarkable energy-savings can be achieved
when using waste heat of the refrigeration
process to warm up the air.
5) The dehumidification plant is needed in wellworking facility to dry the rink air. Excess moisture in indoor air will cause corrosion of metal
structures, rotting of wooden structures, fungi
and mould growth, increased energy consumption and ice quality problems.
Insulated exterior envelope
• Enables to build an ice rink anywhere in
the world
• Air tight envelope to avoid moisture
problems
Energy consumption is in the key role when
speaking of the life cycle costs and above all the
environmental load of the facility during its life
cycle. The key to the effective utilization of the
energy resources in new as well as in retrofit and
refurbishment projects is in the consciousness of
the energy-sinks and the various parameters affecting the energy consumption.
The construction, plant system and operation define the energy consumption of an ice rink.
The construction characteristics are the heat and
moisture transfer properties of the roof and walls,
as well as air infiltration through cracks and openings in the building envelope. The structure of the
floor is also important from the energy point of
view. Plant characteristics include the refrigeration,
ventilation, dehumidification, heating, lighting and
ice maintenance systems. The operational characteristics are the length of the skating season, air
temperature and humidity, ice temperature, supply
air temperature and fresh air intake of the air-handling unit as well as the control- and adjustment
parameters of the appliances. Figure 3 shows the
energy spectrums of typical training rinks and
figure 4 illustrates the energy flows of a typical
small ice rink.
Heating
• Maintains acceptable thermal
conditions
• Use heat recovered from the
refrigeration plant (condenser heat)
as much as possible
Mechanical ventilation
• Provides good indoor
air conditions
• Demand-controlled ventilation
saves money and energy
Dehumidification
• Dehumidification prevents moisture
problems (fog, soft ice, damages to
the building)
• Dry ventilation air before entering the
building
Figure 2. The construction, plant system and operation define energy consumption of an ice rink.
Refrigeration plant
• Needed to make and maintain ice
• Pay attention to the energy
efficiency of the plant (high COP)
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Heat
Compressor
Brine pumps & condenser fans
Ice-surface lighting
Lighting
HVAC appliances (pumps, fans, controllers, etc.)
Other consumption
(cafe, cleaning, outdoor lights, etc.)
Dehumidification
47%
14%
12%
2%
9%
12%
4%
17
Space heating
Warm water
Melting the snow
67%
17%
16%
Figure 3. Main electricity and heat consumption components of a typical training facility.
In an ideal situation the heating demand of
the ice rink is totally covered with recovered heat
from the refrigeration process. In practice extra
heat is still needed to cover the needs of hot tap
water and heating peaks. Moreover a backup
Electricity
900 MWh
heating system is needed to meet the heating
demands when the compressors are not running
for example during dry floor events (concerts,
shows, meetings, etc.).
Energy losses
600 MWh
Heat 200 MWh
Recovered
heat 800 MWh
Cooling energy
1300 MWh
Surplus heat
1000 MWh
Figure 4. While producing cold, the ”ice plant“ provides heat that can be utilized in space heating and hot
water production. Still there is a great deal of extra heat that could be made good use of for example in a
nearby indoor swimming pool.
Chapter 3
Electricity
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
3.2 Sizing the ice rinks
There are several ways to classify ice sport
venues and in this manual the definition will be
done on the basis of fixed seating capacity, size of
the food service supply and multi-purpose possibilities.
Chapter 3
18
There fore the sizing of the ice sport venues are
divided into three categories as follow:
• Small ice rinks with seating capacity up to 2000
• Medium size ice arenas between 2000 and
6000 seats with some multi-purpose features
• Modern multi-purpose ice arenas with over
6000 fixed seats with a wide scale catering offer
and many possibilities for multi-purpose use
Small ice rinks can be done without any
fixed seating or any foodservice capability, although
the modern small ice rinks are without exception
also concentrating on getting additional revenues
through special hospitality programs.
It is strongly than recommended that the
first studies for a new ice rink will be done on a so
called modular base, which allows in later years
possibilities for optional enlargements. These later
modifications could be like an additional ice pad,
enlarged spectator stand or a restaurant.
In order to make the optional features possible for later realization, the designer team should
take into consideration some technical features like:
• Sizing of refrigeration unit
• Main structural support system, where for example the columns and foundations on one side
of the building are from beginning planned to
take later on extra load from additional structures
• Envelope structure, like external walls, should
be at least partly removable
In this manual we are only concentrating
on a small ice rink by defining an IIHF prototype
ice rink with about 500 fixed seating and a small
restaurant.
3.3 IIHF prototype definition
Minimum required space, IIHF prototype ice
rink
Figure 5. Small ice rink, capacity less than 2000 seats.
Figure 6. Multi-purpose arena, capacity over 8000 seats.
In a small ice rink there is a minimum space
needed for following use:
• at least one standard IIHF ice pad, size of 30 m x
60 m surrounded by a dasher board and glass
protection with 1,5 m minimum space outside
of the dasher board
• four dressing rooms incl. toilets, showers and
lockers for personal items
• two coach rooms
• referees and linesmen dressing room incl. toilet
and shower
• two drying rooms
• entrance hall, ticketing
• medical room
• equipment service room (skate sharpening, stick
storage etc.)
• storage space
• technical room for mechanical and electrical
system
• tribune for 500 spectators
• public toilets
• small restaurant
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Required minimum space for each type of room in a IIHF prototype ice rink:
Main hall - Dasher board with surrounding
Small restaurant
Players dressing room (4 x)
Referees and lines-men room
Drying room (2 x)
Medical room
Equipment service room
Technical room
Ice resurfacing machine
Coat-rack for public ice skating
Dressing rooms for public ice skating (2 x)
Entrance hall, ticketing
Office
Surface area
Typical surface texture
nett
Flooring (water proof)* Ceiling
2100 m2
Painted concrete slab
Metal sheet of roofing
132 m2
wooden surfacing
Wood lining
30 m2
8 mm rubber surfacing *
Wood lining
18 m2
8 mm rubber surfacing *
Wood lining
4 m2
Painted concrete slab
Concrete (underneath)
2
15 m
8 mm rubber surfacing *
Plasterboard
8 m2
Painted concrete slab
Concrete (underneath)
50 m2
Painted concrete slab *
Metal sheet of roofing
50 m2
Painted concrete slab *
Metal sheet of roofing
2
20 m
2 mm plastic surfacing
Metal sheet of roofing
10 m2
8 mm rubber surfacing *
Wood lining
70 m2
ceramic tile floor
Plasterboard
20 m2
2 mm plastic surfacing
Plasterboard
Wall finishing
Outside walls, painted
Painted brick walls or concrete
Painted brick walls or concrete
Painted brick walls or concrete
Painted brick walls or concrete
Painted brick walls or concrete
Painted brick walls or concrete
Plasterboard
Painted brick walls or concrete
Plasterboard
Painted brick walls or concrete
Plasterboard
Plasterboard
This requires a total building surface area of 3700 m2.
3.4 Materials and structural systems
for an ice rink
First of all, most important to know about
ice rinks and ice arenas are to understand their
different features compare to any other kind of
buildings. These special features are due to:
• High inside temperature differences in same
indoor climate from -4 °C to +24 °C, where at
the same time these internal climate zones must
be controlled and stay stable
• Differences in indoor climate also cause humidity
problems that must be under control
• Air tightness is more important feature of the
building envelope than thermal insulation
• Large glazing of the facade should be avoided
due to energy costs by operating the facility and
the most optimised ice rink could be done by a
fully closed casing
However, like in all other kind of buildings,
there are structural possibilities for almost all kinds
of systems with numerous materials. Main structural systems used for the ice rinks and arenas are
normally:
• Arched girders
• Grids with mast columns
• Frameworks
Mast-supported grid
Rigid frame
Arched frame
Mast-supported grid
Arched girder
Cable supporter
Figure 7. Structural systems.
19
Chapter 3
Room
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Below you will find existing examples of
small rinks with these different roof structures.
Hartwall Jaffa Arena Training Rink
Eura, Finland
Chapter 3
20
Facts
• Building year: 2000
• Building area: 2520 m2 (70 x 26 m)
• Ice pad size: 58 x 28 m
• Seats: 400
• Skating season: 8 months (August–March)
• Ice charge: 44–72 €/hour
• Personnel: 2
• Heating consumption: 710 MWh/year
• Electricity consumption: 710 MWh/year
• Water consumption: 2200 m3/year
Layout
The layout of the rink is simple, the stand
and the players boxes are on the opposite sides of
the rink, four dressing rooms are at the end of the
hall. On top of the dressing rooms there are office
rooms, lecture room and cafeteria. The space under
the spectator seat is used as storage. Technical
room is placed in a separate container outside of
the rink.
Structures
The rigid frame structure of the rink is
made of glue laminated timber. The roofing and
the walls are made of polyurethane elements. To
improve the energy efficiency of the rink the air
tight polyurethane elements are equipped with
low emissivity coating laminated on the indoor
surface of the elements. The elements have also
acoustic dressing which improves the acoustic
atmosphere of the rink. The facades are made of
bricks and profiled metal sheets.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Training Rink
Hämeenkyrö, Finland
Facts
• Building year: 1997
• Building area: 2590 m2 (68 x 38 m)
• Ice pad size: 58 x 28 m
• Seats: 600
Layout
The four dressing rooms with showers are
under the seat along the long side of the hall. At
the other end of the hall there is a cafeteria and a
training room.
Structures
The arched girder structure of the rink is
made of glue laminated timber. The roofing and
the walls are made of polyurethane elements. To
improve the energy efficiency of the rink the air
tight polyurethane elements are equipped with
low emissivity coating laminated on the indoor
surface of the elements. The elements have also
acoustic dressing which improves the acoustic atmosphere of the rink. The facades are made of
profiled metal sheets, clapboard and lime bricks.
Chapter 3
• Skating season: 8.5 months
• Ice charge: 59–104 € / hour
• Personnel: 1–2
• Heating consumption: 395 MWh/year
• Electricity consumption: 490 MWh year
• Water consumption: 1100 m3/year
21
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Monrepos Arena Training Rink
Savonlinna, Finland
Facts
• Building year: 1999
• Building area: 2420 m2 (67 x 36 m)
• Ice pad size: 58 x 28 m
• Seats: 400
Chapter 3
22
• Skating season: 12 months
• Ice charge: – summer 59– 83 € / hour
– other time 38–73 € / hour
• Personnel: 3
• Heating consumption: 760 MWh/year
(76 m3 oil)
• Electricity consumption: 720 MWh/year
• Water consumption: 3500 m3/year
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Structures
The mast-supported grid constructure of
the rink is made of glue laminated timber. The
roofing and the walls are made of polyurethane
elements. To improve the energy efficiency of
the rink the air tight polyurethane elements are
equipped with low emissivity coating laminated
on the indoor surface of the elements. The elements have also acoustic dressing which improves
the acoustic atmosphere of the rink. The facades
are made of profiled metal sheets.
In this manual we will concentrate on a
structural system of a grid supported by columns
and the materials for this structural system can be
divided into four main categories:
• Steel structures
• Wood structures
• Reinforced concrete structures
• Mix material structures of steel, wood and/or
concrete
3.4.1 Structural system as used in the
IIHF prototype
The roof structure consists of steel trusses
supported each by two concrete columns. At
support points the bottom boom of the truss bears
on an elastomeric bearing pad bolted to the supporting concrete column. The whole roof structure
of steel (see roofing 3.3.2) is floating on top of the
concrete framework. The concrete columns are
mounted ridged to the concrete foundations.
Regarding to the region of the planned
new ice rink, the horizontal loads of the roof
structure, like snow are highly affecting when
choosing the most economical structural system.
If the snow loads are not remarkable, the steel
trusses could easily cost efficiently be spanned
over the spectator stand and the dashed board,
using the span length like 40 to 45 meters and
concrete column raster of 6 to 8 meters. A minimum free space between the ice surface and the
bottom of steel trusses should be at least 6 meters.
In order to avoid serious problems with
humidity, like corrosion etc. the mechanical and
electrical plant must be equipped with a dehumidification system.
3.4.2 Envelope, roofing
The main function of an ice rink envelope
is air tightness and not particularly thermal insulation. The envelope structure can be done most efficiently to fulfil only that one main characteristic.
Materials and structural system
Steel support
Wood support
Reinforced concrete
+ long span length
+ global availability
+ pre-fab system
+ cost
- corroding
- fire protection
- maintenance
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
long span length
non corroding
pre-fab system
fire protection
global availability
cost
maintenance
decaying
global availability
non corroding
pre-fab system
fire protection
cost
beam span length
acoustic feature
flexibility in use
Mix material
combinations
+
+
+
+
-
long span length
fire protection
pre-fab system
cost
corroding
decaying
cost
maintenance
Figure 5. Material features of main supporters.
If the idea of a modular system is found
possible and reasonable, the best flexibility in use
with either steel or wood frame structures. However through careful and skilled engineering the
later changes of the supporting structure are also
possible with all other materials and systems.
In the design phase all structural capabilities of the building for later enlargement should
be defined in combination with the size of the
plot, traffic situation and possible changes in the
surrounding.
By becoming aware of the special features
of an ice rink, there are several possibilities to
optimise the ice rink construction costs that will
also lower the later operational costs.
Most used roofing structures consist of following
layers:
• Profiled, load bearing steels sheets
• Vapour barrier
• Thermal insulation (10 cm to 15 cm rock wool)
• Water insulation
Cladding, external
metal sheet
Thermal insulation
Vapour barrier
Load bearing metal sheet
Figure 6. Typical roof structure.
23
Chapter 3
Layout
Four of the six dressing rooms with showers
are under the seat along the long side of the hall
and the other two dressing rooms at the end of
the hall. On top of these two dressing rooms there
are office rooms, lecture room, cafeteria, TV stand
and air conditioner. Technical room (refrigeration
unit) is placed in a separate container outside of
the rink.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Chapter 3
24
3.4.3 Envelope, walls
The outside wall structure of an ice rink is
commonly also based on the idea of air tightness
and the simplest walling is done by using different
metal sheet panels. These panels are simple, prefabricated sandwich elements, that have inside
a core of thermal insulation of rock wool or
polyurethane and both sides covered with metal
sheets.
These panels also allow later changes of
the envelope very easily and with rather low additional costs.
These metal sheet panels are delivered
with a long range of length up to 8 meters each,
in large scale of different colours and surface
treatment. A harmful aspect by using these metal
sheet panels is a rather poor resistance against
mechanical exertion like hits of the hockey pucks
inside or vandalism.
Therefore it is recommended to use in a
lower partition of outside wall sandwich elements
of concrete and replace them over 2.5 meter
height with metal sheet panels.
3.4.4 Ice pad structure
Perhaps the most special structure in an ice
rink is the ice pad. The ice pad consists of ground
layers below the pad, thermal insulation, piping
and pad itself. New technologies have made possible the use of new materials and technical solutions in these structures, where at the same time
the energy efficiency and construction costs could
be optimised.
The most common surfacing materials is:
• Concrete
However sand surface is cheapest and fairly
energy economical because of the good heat
transfer characteristics but the usability is limited
to ice sports. Asphalt surfaces are suitable for
some special needs, for example in the case that
the facility is used for tennis off the ice sport
season. Asphalt is cheaper than concrete but the
refrigeration energy requirement is higher.
metal sheet panel
100 mm
30 mm
Concrete
120 mm
Cooling pipes
Heating pipes
for ground
frost protection
Ice
30 mm
Insulation
100 mm
Gravel fill
500 mm
500 mm
Foundation soil
500 mm
Figure 9. Typical ice pad construction.
prefab concrete
sandwich concrete unit
Figure 8. Typical wall structure.
Rink pipe material (plastic/metal) and space
sizing are questions of optimisation of investments
vs. energy. The cooling pipes are mounted quite
near the surface, in a concrete slab the mounting
depth is normally 20–30 mm and the mounting
space between the pipes is 75–125 mm. The rink
pipes are connected to the distribution and collection mains, which are laid along the rink short
or long side outside the rink. Rink pipes are laid in
U-shape and they are mounted to the surfacing
layer by simply binding the pipes directly to the
concrete reinforcement or to special rails.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
U-shaped rink piping
U-shaped rink piping
Distribution and collection
mains along the short side
Distribution and collection
mains along the long side
Figure 10. Collectors along the short side of the ice rink.
Figure 11. Collectors along the long side of the ice rink.
Figure 12. Plastic rink piping connections to the distribution and the collection mains (thermally insulated).
3.5 Mechanical and electrical plant
The effective utilization of the energy resources has become an important aspect in the
design of new facilities. There are many different
energy conservation measures that can be incorporated in the planning stage. In planning the
hardware configuration and construction of an
ice rink, it is important to consider the types of
activities, special requirements and interest of the
various user groups in question. Table 1 summarise
the main indoor air design values, which can
be used in designing technical building services. It
is important to set these values already in the
pre-design stage in order to control the demands.
Action
Hockey
- game
- training
Figure
- competition
- training
Other
3.5.1 Refrigeration plant
Refrigeration plant is fundamental to the
ice-rink facility. Much used, but true, phrase is that
the refrigeration unit is the heart of the ice rink.
Almost all of the energy-flows are connected to
the refrigeration process in one way or another. It
is quite normal that the electricity consumption of
the refrigeration system accounts for over 50 % of
the total electricity consumption and the heat loss
of the ice can be over 60 % of the total heating
demand of an ice rink.
In the design stage, when choosing the refrigeration unit one has to consider the economics, energy usage, environment, operation, maintenance and safety.
The design of the refrigeration plant can be
either so-called direct or indirect system. In a direct
system the rink piping works as the evaporator,
whereas an indirect system is comprised of separate evaporator (heat exchanger) and the ice pad
is indirectly cooled by special coolant in closed
circulation loop. The energy efficiency of the direct
system is in general better than the efficiency of
the indirect system. On the other hand the first
cost of the direct system is higher than that of the
indirect system. Moreover indirect systems can’t
be used with for example ammonia in several
countries because of health risks in the case of
refrigerant leaks. Table 2 summarises the advantages and disadvantages of the different systems.
Air temperature of
Ice temperature, ºC
the rink space ºC
Rink (at 1.5 m Tribune
height)
(operative)
Max. relative humidity
of the rink space (%)
Min. fresh air intake
l/s/occupant
+6
+6
+10.+15
+6. +15
-5
-3
70
70
4...8 / spectator
12 / player
+12
+6
+18
+10.+15
+6. +15
+18
-4
-3
-
70
70
-
4...8 / spectator
12 / skater
8 / person
Indoor air design values for small ice rink (rink space).
Chapter 3
25
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Direct system
+ Energy efficiency
+ Simple
Indirect system
+ Use of factory made refrigeration units
+ Small refrigerant filling (environmentally positive)
+ Suitable to any refrigerant
- Lower energy efficiency than with direct system
- Not possible with certain refrigerants (ammonia)
- Installation costs
- Need of professional skills in design and in installing
Features of direct and indirect refrigeration plant.
Chapter 3
26
In most cases the refrigeration plant comprises the refrigerant circuit refrigerates an indirect
system i.e. the floor by a closed brine circuit rather
than directly. The refrigerant used in the compressor loop should be environmentally accepted, for
example natural substances like ammonia (NH3)
and carbon dioxide (CO2) or HFC refrigerants such
as R134a, R404A and R407A. The tendency is to
favour in natural substances of HFCs. In choosing
the refrigerant the country-specific regulations must
be taken into account. The operational aspect is
to equip the compressor with reasonable automation, which enables demand-controlled running
of the system. In addition, the safety factors should
be incorporated in the design of the machine
room.
From the energy point of view it is a matter
of course that the compressor unit should be as
efficient as possible, not only in the design point
but also under part-load conditions.
Indoor climate
• air temperature
• ceiling temperature and material
• air humidity
• ice temperature
Automation
QCO
Condenser
Compressor
Evaporator
QEV
Pad structure
• ice thickness
• slab thickness and thermal
properties
• pipe material and sizing
• cooling liquid properties
• frost insulation
• frost protection heating
Refrigeration unit
• evaporating and condensing
temperatures
• efficiency
• compressor type
• sizing
• refrigerant
Figure 12. Refrigeration unit and related energy flows.
QEL
When estimating the energy economy of
the system it is essential to focus on the entire
system and not only on one component alone.
The refrigeration plant is an integral part of the ice
rink, Figure 12.
Design and dimensioning aspects
The refrigeration plant is dimensioned according to cooling load and the required evaporation and condenser temperatures. For a standard
single ice rink approximately 300–350 kW of refrigeration capacity is adequate.
The refrigeration capacity is normally sized
according to the heat loads during the ice making
process. The dimensioning cooling load during
the freezing period is comprised of the following
components:
• Cooling the ice pad construction down to the
operating temperature in required time. Needed
cooling capacity depends on the temperature of
the structures at the beginning of the freezing and
the required freezing time (normally 48 hours).
• Cooling the temperature of the flooded water
to the freezing temperature (0 ºC) and then
freezing the water to form the ice and to cool
the temperature of the ice to the operating temperature. The freezing capacity depends on the
temperature of the water, the operating temperature of the ice and the required freezing
time (48 hours).
• Heat radiation between the rink surface and the
surrounding surfaces. Cooling capacity depends
on the surface temperatures during the freezing
period.
• Convective heat load between the rink surface
and the air. Cooling capacity depends on the air
and rink surface temperatures both the air
stream velocity along the rink surface during the
freezing period.
• Latent heat of the condensing water vapour
from the air to the rink surface. Cooling capacity
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
depends on the air humidity (water vapour pressure) and the surface temperature of the rink
during the freezing period.
• Radiation heat load on rink surface during the
freezing period (lights etc.).
• Pump-work of the coolant pump.
Chapter 3
27
3.5.1.1 Refrigeration unit
Refrigeration unit is comprised of many
components: compressor(s), evaporator, condenser,
and expansion valve and control system.
The function of the compressor is to keep
the pressure and temperature in the evaporator
low enough for the liquid refrigerant to boil off
at a temperature below that of the medium surrounding the evaporator so that heat is absorbed.
In the compressor the vapour is raised to high
pressure and high enough temperature to be
above that of the cooling medium so that heat
can be rejected in the condenser. After the condensation the liquid refrigerant is throttled in the
expansion valve back to the pressure of the evaporator. In other words the compressor ”pumps“
Figure 13. Two screw compressors.
Outdoor cooling coil
Ventilation unit
Refrigeration unit
Ice pad
Evaporator
Condenser
Floor heater
Cooling pipes
Compressor
cooling
Dehumidification
Hot water storage
Ground frost protection
Figure 14. Refrigeration plant with heat recovery: preheating of hot water, floor heating and air heating.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
heat from the rink to the surroundings, which is
similar process to a normal fridge.
There are different types of refrigeration
compressors on the market of which reciprocating compressors and screw compressors are
the most common types. In most cases the compressors are electric driven. The refrigeration unit
consists normally of at least 2 compressors to
guarantee flexible and economical use of the unit.
Chapter 3
28
3.5.1.2 Ice pad
Another interesting aspect in the energychain is the heat resistance between the ice and
the brine, which has effect on the energy consumption. The underlying energy-thinking in the
heat resistance is, the bigger the resistance is the
lower the brine and evaporation temperature of
the compressor should be in order to produce the
same cooling effect as with smaller resistance. The
lower the evaporation temperature is the bigger
the power need of the compressor. Heat resistance consists of five different parameters: (1) the
so-called surface resistance of the ice surface,
which is a combination of ceiling radiation and
convection as discussed earlier. (2) Heat resistance
of the ice, mainly dependent on the ice thickness.
(3) Likewise the ice, the concrete slab or any other
surfacing material constitutes heat resistance
based on the thickness of the layer and the
heat conductivity of the material involved. (4) Pipe
material and pipe spacing in the floor. (5) Surface
resistance between the pipe and fluid.
The function of secondary coolants is to
transfer heat from the rink to the evaporator in
the refrigeration unit. The profile of the perfect
coolant would be: environmentally friendly, nontoxic, low pumping costs, high efficiency (good
heat transfer characteristics), and non-corrosive,
Secondary coolant
Glycols
• Ethylene glycol
• Propylene glycol
Salts
• calcium chloride (CaCl2)
Formats
• Potassium formats
• Potassium acetates
Secondary coolants.
cheap and practical. Quite a variety of coolants
are in use, table 2 summarize the most common
of them.
In the construction of the ice pad the
ground frost insulation and in some cases ground
heating is necessary (condenser waste-heat can
be used for heating). Ground frost will build up
also in warm climates where frost normally is not
a problem. If the ground is frost-susceptible and
the frost may cause uneven frost heave of the ice
pad. The pad will be damaged by the frost and
frost heave makes it more difficult to maintain the
ice and will impede the utilisation of the facility
to other sports (tennis, basketball) over the icefree period. Moreover, un-insulated pad increases
energy consumption of the refrigeration.
3.5.2 Air conditioning
It is highly recommended to use mechanical
ventilation in ice rink facilities to ensure healthy
and safe indoor air conditions. The air-handling
unit(s) provides fresh air to the ice rink and other
premises and it is also used for heating purposes
and even to dehumidify the ice rink air. Fresh air
intake is necessary to maintain good air quality.
Air quality is affected by the emissions of the
people, the building materials and the ice resurfacer especially when the resurfacer is run by combustion engine (gas or gasoline).
The building is divided into two thermal
zones: the ice rink and the public areas. The simplest and safe way is to equip the facility with two
ventilation units, one for the rink area and one for
the public areas.
The energy-saving factor in ventilation can
be found in the demand-controlled fresh-air intake
and in optimising the airflow rates according to
the needs for minimizing the fan power.
Remarks
High pumping costs, low efficiency, easy to handle
Low pumping costs, high efficiency, unpractical
Low pumping costs, high efficiency, corrosive, expensive
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Damper
Fan
Filter
Ice Rink
T
= + 10°C
= + 60%
CO2 = 1000 ppm
Damper
Filter
Cooling/
Heat recovery
dehumidification
coil
coil
Heating
coil
Fan
Figure 15. Schematic diagram of an ice rink air-conditioning system with dehumidification and heat recovery coils.
3.5.3 Dehumidification
The moisture loads are due to the occupants (skaters, audience), outdoor air moisture,
evaporating floodwater of the ice resurfacing and
combustion driven ice resurfacer. The biggest
moisture load is the water content of the outdoor
air which enters the ice rink through ventilation
and as uncontrolled air infiltration leakage through
openings (doors, windows), cracks and interstices
in constructions caused by pressure effects during
operation.
Excess air humidity increases the risk of rot
growth on wooden structures and corrosion risk
of metals thus shortening the service lifetime of
the construction components and materials, which
means increased maintenance costs. High humidity
levels cause also indoor air problems by enabling
the growth of mould and fungus on the surfaces
of the building structures. In the following tables
maximum allowable ice rink air humidity rates
are presented to avoid indoor air problems and
depraving of constructions.
There are two primary ways to remove
moisture from the air: cool the air below its dew
point to condense the water vapour, or pass the
air over a material that absorbs (chemical dehumidification) water.
Ice rink air
temperature, °C
5
10
15
20
Maximum relative air
humidity, %
90
80
70
60
Air temperature and humidity criteria to avoid fog.
Rot
Mould
Temperature, °C
50–5
55–0
Relative humidity, %
>90–95
>75–95
Air temperature and humidity criteria for rot and
mould damages of wooden structures.
Temperature, °C
>0
Relative humidity, %
>80
Corrosion criteria for metals.
Systems that cool the air below its dew
point use normally mechanical refrigeration. Air is
passed over a cooling coil causing a portion of the
moisture in the air to condense on the coils' surface and drop out of the airflow. Cooling coil can
also be integrated in the ventilation unit and in the
ice refrigeration circuit.
Chapter 3
29
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Cooling system
Cooling coil
Supply fan
Humid air
from ice rink
Dry air to
ice rink
30
Chapter 3
Figure 16. Condensing dehumidification process.
Chemical dehumidification is carried out
through the use of absorbent materials, which are
either solids or liquids that can extract moisture
from the air and hold it.
Desiccant dehumidification system, figure
14, consists of a slowly rotating disk, drum or
wheel that is coated or filled with an absorbent
(often silica gel). Moist air is drawn into the facility
and passed across one portion of the wheel
where the desiccant absorbs moisture from the
air. As the wheel slowly rotates, it passes through
a second heated air stream. Moisture that was
absorbed by the desiccant is released into the
heated air, reactivating the desiccant. The warm
moist air is then exhausted from the facility.
3.5.4 Heating
Heating system is needed to maintain
comfortable thermal conditions for both the players and the audience. Heating is also advantageous in controlling the humidity of the ice rink in
Exhaust fan
Hot moist air out
Electric or
gas heater
Regeneration
air in
DESICCANT
Desiccant
WHEEL
wheel
Humid air
from ice rink
Supply fan
Warm dry air
to ice rink
Motor
Figure 17. Desiccant dehumidification process.
order to avoid fog and ceiling dripping problems.
Moreover heat is needed for hot water production (ice resurfacing, showers), and in some cases
for melting waste-ice that is the consequence of
the ice resurfacing process.
Waste-heat recovery
Compressor waste-heat recovery can cover
almost all of the heating demand of a training rink
in most operating situations. When designing the
heat recovery system, the relatively low temperature level should be taken into account. The
temperature level of the waste heat is normally
around 30–35 °C, small portion of the waste heat,
so-called super heat, can be utilized at a higher
temperature level. Waste heat can be utilized in
the heating of the resurfacing water, in the heating of the rink, heating the fresh air, to pre-heat
the tap water and to melt the snow and ice slush
of the resurfacing process.
3.5.5 Electric system
Electricity is needed to run the facility: in
the refrigeration, in lighting, in air conditioning, in
cafeteria etc. Electrical installation comprises a
distribution and transformer central. Emergency
lighting and guide lights must work also on occasions of power cuts. Emergency power can be
supplied by diesel-fuelled generators or by battery
back-up system. In most cases it is worthwhile
avoiding the reactive power by capacitive compensation.
Lighting
Lights are traditionally grouped according
to their operational principle to incandescence
and burst illuminates. In general incandescent lamps
are suitable only to general lighting (except maybe
the halogen lamps). Characteristics to incandescent lamps are high demand for electricity compared to the illumination, short service lifetime,
good colour rendering and good controllability.
Burst illuminates feature high efficiency, long service lifetime but poor controllability.
Recently, many products have been developed that may be incorporated at the design
stage. One such a product is the compact fluorescent lamp, which can be used instead of incandescent lamps. The superiority of the fluorescent
lamps is a result of high-luminous efficacy (more
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Type
Compact fluorescent lamps
Standard fluorescent lamps
Metal halide lamps
High pressure sodium lamps
Induction lamps
Halogen lamps
Applicability
General lighting
General lighting
Rink lighting
Rink lighting
Rink lighting
Rink lighting
Special lighting
Power range
5–55 W
30–80 W
Life
8000–12 000 h
20 000 h
35–2000
50–400
55–165
20–2000
6000–20 000 h
14 000–24 000 h
60 000 h
2000–4000 h
W
W
W
W
Good energy efficiency
Good energy efficiency
Good for rink lighting
Poor colour rendering
Long life, expensive (so far)
Excellent colour rendering,
good dimming capabilities
31
Available lamps for ice rink facility.
3.5.6 Acoustics and noise control
Minimum acoustical quality of an ice rink
should enable clear and understandable speaking
even amplified spoken words and music. Therefore
environmental acoustics must also be included in
the design process. The importance of the acoustics
is emphasized in multi purpose rinks. The most
significant acoustical parameter is the reverberation time, which should be low enough (< 3 s).
Too high background noise level caused by ventilation and compressors (inside) or traffic (outside)
has also negative effects on the acoustical indoor
environment. In some cases it is also necessary to
take into account the noise caused by the ice rink
facility to its surroundings. Outdoor condenser
fans and even the sounds of an ice hockey game
may cause disturbing noise.
that can be emphasized such as information and
security systems, Figure 7.
Chapter 3
light per watt) and long life expectancy compared
with the standard incandescent lamps. The electronic ballast connected with the standard fluorescent lamp technology will decrease the operating cost 25 % compared with standard systems.
The use of occupancy sensors to automatically
shut lights off and on is a sure way of reducing
electrical use. The ice-surface lighting system is
advantageous to design such that the illumination
can be changed flexibly according to the need.
3.5.8 Water and sewer system
Water is needed in showers, toilets, and
cafeterias, cleaning and as flood and ice resurfacing water etc. Warm water system must be
equipped with re-circulation to ensure short waiting times of warm water and to prohibit the risk
of bacterial growth. Because of the legion Ella risk
Property
Facility
management management
Booking
Safety and
supervision
Information
system
Alerts
Audio - Visual
Maintenance
Server
Web browser
user interface
Internet
È Mobile
user interface
Server
3.5.7 Building automation and information
systems
Modern automation systems enable demand-controlled operation of different systems,
such as ventilation rates, ice rink air temperature
and humidity, ice temperature, etc. An automation system enables functional and economical
use of the different systems of the ice rink. Besides
these traditional benefits of the building energy
management system, there are other functions
Wireless connection
Bus connection
Refrigeration
Lights
Pumps
&
fans
MeasControls
urements
Lights
Figure 18. Advanced information and automation systems of an
ice rink.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Chapter 3
32
the hot water must be heated at least up to
+55 ºC. Waste-heat from the refrigeration plant
can be utilized to lower the energy consumption
of hot water for example to heat the resurfacing
water and to pre-heat the hot water.
In the sewer system of an ice rink there are
two special systems to be taken care of, namely
the rink melted water drainage and the melting
pit of waste-ice. Surface water drains for melted
water from ice defrosting is required outside and
around the rink.
3.6 Energy consumption optimisation
Energy consumption of the refrigeration
unit is subjected to the heat loads of the ice. Ceiling radiation is generally the largest single component of the heat loads. Other ice heat-load components are: the convective heat load of the ice rink
air temperature, lighting, ice maintenance, ground
heat, humidity condensing from the air onto the
ice, and pump-work of the cooling pipe network.
The amount of heat radiated to the ice is
controlled by the temperatures of the ceiling and
ice surface and by proportionality factor called
emissive. Materials that are perfect radiators of
heat would have an emissive of 1, while materials
that radiate no heat would have an emissive of 0.
In new facilities, using low-emissive material in
the surface of the ceiling can reduce the ceiling
radiation. Most building materials have an emissive
rate near 0.9. The most common low-emissive
material used in ice rinks is aluminium foil. It is the
low emissive property (emissive as low as 0.05) of
the aluminium foil facing the ice that makes this
system so effective. Moreover, the low-emissive
surface reduces heating demand and improves
the lighting conditions of the rink.
The temperature level of the ice rink air
has a significant effect on both the electricity consumption of the refrigeration unit and on the
heating energy need. The higher the air temperature is, the warmer the ceiling is, which increases
the ceiling radiation as well as the convective heat
load of the ice. The convective heat load is relative
to the temperature difference between the air
temperature and ice-surface temperature and the
air velocity above the ice. The most effective way
to reduce convective heat load is to keep the ice
temperature as high as possible and the air temperature as low as possible.
The other operational parameters, besides
the ice rink air temperature, which affects the
electricity consumption of the compressor and
the heating energy consumption is the ice temperature and ice thickness. Rising of 1°C of the ice
temperature gives 40-60 MWh savings in electricity and 70-90 MWh savings in heating per year in
year-round operation. The thickness of the ice
tends to increase in use. Increasing ice thickness
brings about higher electricity consumption of the
refrigeration unit and makes the maintenance of
the ice more difficult. Recommended ice thickness
is about 3 centimetres. The thickness of the ice must
be controlled weekly in order to maintain the
optimal thickness.
Ice resurfacing is one of the highest heat
loads of the ice after the ceiling radiation and convection. This load, imposed by the resurfacing of
ice with flood water in the range of 30 °C to 60 °C
and 0.4 to 0.8 m3 of water per one operation, can
account for as much as 15 % of the total refrigeration requirements. A lower floodwater volume
and temperature should be used so reducing the
refrigeration electrical use and the cost of heating
the water.
The humidity of the ice rink air tends to
condense on the cold ice surface. This phenomenon
is mainly dependent on the outdoor air conditions
and can be overcome by dehumidification of the
ice rink air. Condensation is normally not so important from the energy consumption point of
view. Instead, humidity problems may occur from
a dripping ceiling or as fog above the ice. Humidity
problems are one indication of the possible moisture damage in the structures and thus must be
taken seriously.
Lighting forms a radioactive heat load on
the ice, which is relative to the luminous efficacy
of the lamps.
Warm soil under the floor is a minor heat
load on the refrigeration, which can be dealt with
sufficient insulation between the soil and the
cooling pipes.
The system pump-work is a heat load on
the refrigeration system due to the friction in the
cooling pipes and in the evaporator. Pump-work
is affected by the cooling liquid used (there are
several alternatives), pipe material and hydraulic
sizing of the pipe network and the evaporator.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Helsinki
Miami
München
33
3.6.1 Case studies of energy consumption
Energy consumption of a standard small
ice rink depends mainly on the thermal conditions
both inside (air and ice temperature) and outside
(climate). In the following the effect of climatic
conditions on the energy consumption of a standard ice rink facility is studied. The differences
of the energy consumption, both electricity and
heating, between the same prototype ice rink
is studied in three locations: Helsinki (Finland),
Munich (Germany) and Miami (USA). The technical description of the prototype ice rink is given in
the previous section.
Miami
1. Electric energy consumption
The electric energy consumption of the ice rink
consists of ice refrigeration, rink lighting, air
conditioning and heating systems (fans and
pumps), public space lighting, different appliances, cleaning etc. The refrigeration process
consumes some half of the total electricity use
of a small ice rink. In warm and humid conditions the dehumidification of the rink air plays
also a big role in the energy consumption. The
electricity consumption of the dehumidification
system depends on the selected system: desiccant dehumidifiers consume mainly heat energy,
Munich
Helsinki
ELECTRIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION, MWh
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
r
be
m
ve
m
De
ce
be
r
r
No
Oc
to
be
r
be
em
pt
Se
Au
gu
st
y
Ju
l
ne
Ju
M
ay
ril
Ap
M
ar
ch
y
ar
ru
Fe
b
Ja
nu
ar
y
0
Figure 20. Electric energy consumption of the ice rink facility with (dashed lines) and without dehumidification.
In the case of the dehumidification the ice refrigeration system is supposed to be used for the dehumidification.
Chapter 3
Figure 19. Studied ice rink locations: Helsinki (Finland), Munich (Germany) and Miami (USA).
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Electricity spectrum
Refrigeration plant
Rink lighting
Rink ventilation
Dehumidifier (condensing)
Other
Public areas
57%
9%
6%
6%
8%
14%
34
which can be produced with gas or some other
fuel but also electricity is possible, mechanical
dehumidifiers (separate heat pump or ice refrigeration system) use usually electricity.
2. Heating energy consumption
Heating energy need is the sum of the heating
need of the ventilation and infiltration air as
well as the cooling effect of the ice and the
conductive heat flows through the exterior envelope. The heat loads of the occupants, lights
and other equipment are taken into account
when determining the heating energy need of
the ice arena. In many cases the waste ice
(slush) of the ice resurfacing process must be
Miami
melted in a special melting pit before draining
it and melting requires also heating. In some
cases the waste ice can be just driven outside
or even be re-used for example to build ski tracks.
Depending of the climatic conditions the heat
flows can be either negative or positive. For example in Miami the outdoor climate is so hot all
around the year that the ventilation, air infiltration and conductive heat flows heat the ice rink
space and actually the only cooling load is the
Munich
Helsinki
180
160
Condenser
heat
140
HEAT ENERGY, MWh
120
100
Heating
need
80
60
40
20
r
ce
m
be
r
De
ve
m
be
be
r
No
m
pt
e
Se
Oc
to
r
be
st
gu
Au
Ju
ly
ne
Ju
M
ay
ril
Ap
M
ar
ch
ry
ua
Fe
br
nu
ar
y
0
Ja
Chapter 3
Figure 21. Electric consumption spectrum of the prototype ice rink in Munich. Annual electricity consumption is
960 MWh with mechanical dehumidification (900 MWh without dehumidification).
Figure 22. Heating energy need of the ice rink and heat from the refrigeration condensers (dashed lines) in different
climates (Miami, Munich and Helsinki).
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Energy spectrum of heating need
Space heating
Air leakage
Dehumidification
Slush melting
Public areas
Hot water
Rink ventilation
57%
3%
11%
10%
10%
7%
2%
35
ice. The cooling effect of the ice is still bigger
than the heat loads and thus the rink must be
heated even in Miami.
The ice refrigeration produces continuously
large amount of heat and this heat can be utilized in heating: directly to space heating and
supply air heating, pre-heating of hot water for
ice resurfacing and showers, slush melting,
ground heating (frost protection) under the
ice pad and in the dehumidification processes.
Condenser energy can save a great portion of
the annual heating costs.
Miami
3. Dehumidification
The local weather conditions determine the
dehumidification need and this affects also the
energy use of the facility. This can be seen in
figure x, where the moisture removal need is
much higher in Miami where the climate is
hot and humid compared to the colder and
drier climates in Munich and in Helsinki. The
dehumidification need is also affected by the
ventilation need, air tightness of the building
envelope and moisture load of the occupants.
Munich
Helsinki
60
MOISTURE REMOVAL, kg/h
50
40
30
20
10
be
r
De
ce
m
be
r
m
ve
No
Oc
to
be
r
em
be
r
st
Se
pt
gu
Au
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
ay
M
ril
Ap
ar
ch
M
y
ru
ar
Fe
b
Ja
nu
ar
y
0
Figure 24. Moisture removal of the dehumidification system in order to maintain the required indoor air conditions
(temperature +10º and relative humidity 65 %).
Chapter 3
Figure 23. Spectrum of heating energy need of the prototype ice rink in Munich. Annual heating need is 1100 MWh.
Most of the heating need can be covered by free condenser heat of the ice refrigeration.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
4. Water consumption
Water consumption is formed of the ice resurfacing water and sanitary water. Shower and
toilet use dominate sanitary water consumption.
In some cases treated water is used for cooling
the condensers of the ice refrigeration plant. This
is the case especially during the summer operation even in cold climates. Direct use of treated
water should be avoided as far as possible for
this purpose because of high operation costs.
Acidifying emissions
g/m2, CO2 esq
7500
Environmental loads of an ice rink in Finland based by
life cycle analysis (LCA) of the rink (50 years) excluding
transport.1
3.7 Environmental effects
Most of the environmental loads and impacts of an ice rink during its life cycle are due to
the transport and the energy (electricity and heat)
and water use. It is impossible to give exact or
general figures of the loads for example because
of the variety of energy production profiles in
each case. In the following some results of the environmental load calculations in Finland are given.
Miami
Munich
Helsinki
250
WATER CONSUMPTION, m3
200
150
100
50
r
ce
m
be
r
De
ve
m
be
r
No
to
be
r
Oc
em
be
st
Se
pt
gu
Au
Ju
ly
ne
Ju
M
ay
il
Ap
r
M
ar
ch
ry
ua
Fe
br
nu
a
ry
0
Ja
Chapter 3
36
Greenhouse gas emissions
g/m2, CO2 esq
3 000 000
Figure 25. Water consumption including the ice resurfacing water and sanitary water without the possible condenser flush water of the ice refrigeration. Water consumption rate is the same for all the studied three cases.
Annual water consumption is 2500 m3.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Transport by cars
65%
Energy and water
30%
Construction
4%
Equipment of the players 1%
In the analysed case 91% of the greenhouse gas emissions and 74% of the acidifying
emissions were due to energy usage during the
life cycle (50 years).1
The ecology of an ice rink can be improved by
• Using reusable and renewable materials and
components in construction
• Minimizing the energy use (heat recovery, efficient appliances, renewable energy sources)
• Minimizing the distance between the rink and
the users (town planning)
• Enabling public transport (storerooms for the
equipment by the rink)
1
Vaahterus T., Saari A. Environmental Loads of a Finnish indoor training
ice-skating rink in the Context of LCA. Helsinki University of Technology,
Publications 194, Espoo 2001. ISBN 951-22-5465-4, ISSN 1456-9329.
(In Finnish).
2
Kiekko-Nikkarit Ry.
Chapter 3
Figure 26. An example of the use of the natural
resources of a junior ice hockey team in Finland based
on MIPS calculation. MIPS - material input per service,
kg/active skating hour.2
37
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Economic profile of the
IIHF ice rink prototype
Chapter 4
4.1 Introduction
Chapter 4
38
There are a lot of construction projects for
new buildings of any use running all around the
world continuously. The operation of these coming facilities is based on earlier experience of the
investors. From this point of view, the decisionmaking is rather simple, even if the decision makers
are not professionals in the construction business.
Ice rinks are special type of buildings and
should be treated as such. Unfortunately, there
are still plenty of new ice rinks and arenas being
developed without the input of specialists. In these
projects, there is the potential for major problems
during the process of construction and operation.
In order to have a proper cost and operation
structure for a new ice rink project, the special
features of an ice rink must be known, understood and taking care of.
A modern ice rink needs special tools to
control the indoor climate, especially the temperature and humidity factors. These features are not
comparable to common buildings. If one does not
take these elements into into consideration they
might cause remarkable problems in a very short
time. This means within 2 to 3 years. Too high
humidity of the indoor climate can easily cause
serious corroding problems in steel structures and
decay in wooden structures.
Saving costs in the wrong area will lead to
serious damage in a short period of time. Even in
a country like Finland, where some hundred ice
rinks have been built in last thirty years, some
wood framed ice rinks have major decay damage
only 4 years after the completion, due to ignoring
the humidification issue in the mechanical plant.
The continuous increasing demand of the
public is resulting in a higher requirement for
the quality of the ice rink indoor climate. To have
the temperature just above the ice surface on - 4
degrees centigrade, but +18 degrees centigrade
only a few meters behind the dasher board on the
first seating row are common requirements in
many ice rinks and arenas.
Technical solutions that are too simple can
cause extremely high operational costs. Advanced
technology can reduce energy consumption and
operating costs by up to 50 per cent in existing
and proposed arena facilities, while also improving the indoor climate for the customers.
Energy costs make it necessary to strive for
energy efficiency. This element plays a key role in
the decision to invest in a new ice rink. The later
success with respect to the operational costs is
made in the design phase. A clever design in combination, with the right technical features and
skilled maintenance personnel will have a considerable effect on the level of operating costs.
The idea of this manual is to offer technical
and financial guidelines for a ”small“, modern ice
rink, which is not the most low-priced and simple
facility. This prototype is a customer-based facility
that gives operators and investors the opportunity
to operate an economically successful facility, while
providing the customer with high-level service and
wide range of activities.
The IIHF prototype ice rink provides a
palette of services for on ice and dry floor possibilities as mentioned in Chapter 2. Like in major
multi-purpose arenas, it will be rather easy to
change the ice surface quickly into a dry-floor
facility.
4.2 Construction costs
Public skating and equipment rental are good ways to boost your
income.
The different structural solutions, materials
and equipment for building services have a great
impact on the construction costs. The IIHF working group has made the decision to design an IIHF
ice rink prototype. The result of this decision is
that the technical features are chosen, and also
the structure, layout and volume of the facility.
The technical features are described more detailed
in chapters 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 of this manual.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
IIHF prototype ice rink
Lemminkäinen Construction Ltd.
31.1.2002
Cost groups according to DIN 276
Preliminary cost estimate
%
100 Site costs
200 Utilities
123,855
265,825
118,220
138,240
110,325
193,400
366,232
25,000
400 Mechanical and electrical works
410 Sewage, plumbing
420 Heating
430 Ventilation, Dehumidification
440 Electricity, high voltage
450 Telefommunication, data network, etc.
460 Elevators
470 Refrigeration unit
480 Building automation
490 Other M&E works
79,200
35,200
118,800
110,000
17,600
0
79,200
30,800
8,800
500 Site finishing
510 Yard works
520 Yard finishing
530 External construction works
540 External M&E works
550 External fittings
590 Other external works
1,341,097
57.84
39
479,600
20.68
100,000
4.31
165,000
7.12
233,000
10.05
100.00
25,000
25,000
40,000
10,000
0
0
600 Equipment
610 Equipment (ice resurfacer, dasher board, score board etc.)
165,000
700 Design, project management
710 Project supervisor
720 Project preliminary costs
730 Architect design and engineering
740 Inspection fees etc.
750 Art works
760 Financing
770 General project costs
790 Other costs
35,000
10,000
150,000
8,000
0
0
25,000
5,000
Cost groups 100-700 total
€
2,318,697
General project development costs (8%)
€
197,089
Total project costs (netto)
€
2,515,786
Some special notes:
1) Cost structure finally depends on the operational construction realization (MC, CM, DMC...), calculation for location Munich, Germany
2) Cost groups 100 and 200 must be defined separately based on the site characteristics
Chapter 4
300 Construction costs
310 Earth works
320 Foundation (incl. ice pad)
330 External walls
340 Internal walls
350 Ceilings
360 Roofing
370 Fittings
390 Other construction works
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Chapter 4
40
This is a turn-key cost estimate for IIHF
prototype ice rink. The IIHF working group would
like to underline that this cost calculation is not
a cost guarantee in any form. This calculation
merely gives you as an investor, developer or sports
enthusiast, a good indication of the total cost
when you have decided to build a small ice rink.
Between continents and countries the construction costs are going to vary, even when we
use the same technical definitions. The cost estimate shown in the manual is based on the location in the city of Munich, Germany.
Please be aware that lower labour costs in
some countries in comparison with the cost level
in Germany automatically lead to notable savings.
In many cases the lower labour cost level is balanced by paying extra on import taxes of technical
equipment or by the increasing number of employees because of the lack of machines.
The model of the cost calculation is based
on the German DIN 276 – form, which is widely
been used in Central Europe. On the other hand it
is rather easy to transform this cost estimate into
another calculation form.
The costs of the site and the utilities are not
included in the total summary. These are also the
items of the costs in order to have neutrality in the
cost estimate.
4.3 Operational budget
4.3.1 Expenses
The major utilities required in an ice rink
operation are electricity, gas, and water. Also
monthly fees related to the external financing (see
chapter 5), mortgage payments, should be looked
at on a case-by-case basis.
Maintaining a sheet of ice is a 24-hour
commitment. The owners cannot simply turn off
the electricity to the refrigeration plant when the
building is closed. There are proven methods to
efficiently operate an ice rink.
It is also important to work with the local
utility companies to establish favourable agreements for the facility. A common way to reduce
the fixed costs is to negotiate partner agreements with a local telephone company or a local
garbage disposal company or other similar companies.
When making the budget for the operational costs one should take into consideration
the tasks that could be fulfilled by volunteers. This
possibility would improve cost reduction. The tasks
could be:
• Maintenance of the facility
• Cleaning
• Ice resurfacer maintenance
Also mechanical service contracts have
to be included. Specialised work that has to be
done by experts, which could include maintenance
of the refrigeration plant and the ice resurfacer.
List of monthly expenses
✔ Financing costs
✔ Utilities – electricity
✔ Utilities – gas
✔ Utilities – water, sewer
✔ Insurance - Liability and Property
✔ Real estate taxes
✔ Other taxes licenses and fees
✔ Telephone
✔ Office expenses
✔ Cleaning supplies
✔ Trash removal
✔ Facility maintenance
✔ Personnel costs
Personnel
All ice facilities require a competent, welltrained staff to help the rink succeed. As previously noted, the cost to open an ice facility is
substantial. It is important to have a staff that
understands the ice business and can operate the
facility at maximum efficiency and profitability.
Due to the fact that a single sheet facility may
operate for 18 hours a day, 7 days a week, the
facility will need related man-hours to cover the
operation.
In some countries, it is possible to utilize
volunteer staff to cover many of the hours. However one should be aware that volunteer work
ethics and expertise might be lacking. For a successful operation, the total number of staff can be
adjusted. With larger public sessions or special
events, a bigger staff will be necessary.
The rink manager is the key to a successful operation. The manager must oversee the
whole spectrum of activities and services and
should operate a customer-based operation. The
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
✔ Personnel Administration
✔ Human Resource Management
✔ Ice Scheduling
✔ Ice Contracts
✔ Marketing
✔ Facility Maintenance
✔ Budgeting
It is necessary to have at least two assistant rink managers (rink technicians). The assistant rink managers typically take care of the
evenings and weekends at the facility. It is their
responsibility to schedule part time staff, maintain
the facility, and serve as the main customer
service person for the public. They are also responsible for ice maintenance and resurfacing the ice.
A facility should also have one full time,
multitalented secretary. The secretary fills a variety
of roles, including receptionist, registrar, and accountant. This person must also have knowledge
of all the programs offered at the rink, to immediately answer questions from the general public.
In addition to this staff, a single sheet facility may have 2 to 3 additional part time operations staff that can drive the ice resurfacer, work
evening or weekend shifts, maintain the building
and keep it clean.
As the ice rink industry evolves and
changes, it is important to keep staff up to date
on the latest advancements in the industry. With a
plan for staff training and education, rink operators will have the opportunity to learn more
efficient and cost effective methods to running an
ice rink. A budget should be created to cover
training course registrations and expenses.
In many areas of the world, the user
groups such as the hockey or figure skating clubs
will take responsibility for the programs on the ice.
In other parts of the world, depending on the type
of rink operation and the region, there are several
other positions that may be added to the full time
staff. A skating director would handle all Learn to
Skate and figure skating programs in the facility.
This person would serve, as a teaching professional in the Learn to Skate program, would hire
other skating coaches, and coordinate all skating
programs. A hockey director would operate in a
similar manner to manage the hockey operations
at the facility. If necessary, a marketing director
may be hired to promote the facility and the
many diverse programs that are offered to the
community.
If the rink expands to include a concession
stand or a pro shop, both a concession manager
and a pro shop manager would be required.
Personnel list
✔ Rink Manager
✔ Technical Staff (2)
✔ Office Secretary
✔ Part-time operations staff (2-3)
✔ Part time maintenance staff
It is also to be noticed, that an ice rink
with two ice pads can be operated with the
same amount of staff as the single ice surface
rinks. Other expenses, such as energy, can be
reduced in comparison with the doubled user
capacity of the facility.
Percentage of expenses
Water
4%
Sewage
3%
Electricity (energy cost) 27%
Staff
50%
Other costs
8%
Maintenance
8%
For an ice rink like the IIHF prototype,
an average annual level of expenses in 2001 in
Europe is between 300,000 € and 400,000 €.
41
Chapter 4
rink manager should be the driving force behind
the facility.
The duties of the manager in a single sheet
operation include, but are not limited to, the
following areas:
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Percentage of incomes
Chapter 4
42
4.3.2 Income
In order to operate successfully, ice rink
facilities must offer activities and programs for
everyone in the community. The more potential
users the facility has, the greater the chances of
success for the facility. There are many programming ideas that help rinks to prosper, but actual
income may vary greatly due to the local community, area or environment.
Another key to success is to offer programming that will allow your customers to stay with
your facility for a lifetime. A lifetime customer
would enter your facility as someone interested in
skating, start in learn to skate lessons, decide to
concentrate on hockey or figure skating, compete
as youth participants in their chosen sport, then
remain with your facility in adult recreational
hockey or figure skating programs.
Income categories
✔ Youth Hockey Programs
✔ Adult Hockey Programs
✔ Group Skating Lessons
✔ Public Skating
✔ Schools
✔ Contract Ice Rental
✔ Figure Skating
✔ Camps/Clinics
✔ Parties/Special Events
✔ Fairs, exhibitions
✔ Advertising
Youth Hockey Programs
Adult Hockey Programs
Group Skating Lessons
Public Skating
Contract Ice Rental
Freestyle Figure Skating
Pick Up Hockey Sessions
Other Programs
29%
25%
10%
13%
12%
6%
2%
3%
It is also important to schedule your ice
usage for success. There are several “best practices”
to be followed, and suggested time frames are
noted with each programming option.
For an ice rink like IIHF prototype an average annual level of incomes in 2001 in Europe
is between 250,000 € and 350,000 €. Naming
right, advertisements inside the ice rink and selling
rights can also be a great source of additional
incomes.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Financing
Chapter 5
5.1 Construction costs /
Investment costs
As mentioned in the introduction, the construction of ice sports facilities in countries with
an ice sports tradition used to be financed by
local authority institutions. These institutions were
frequently supported with construction grants from
the regional governments or central government.
In its entirety, this investment money came solely
or mainly from tax revenue, and in some cases
also from the surpluses of national or regional
sports or other lotteries.
In the meantime, the economic situation
of the public sector in most countries has changed
dramatically. It started in the 1970’s due to the
industrial decline and the heavy burden of unemployment on society. Later the role of the government was debated and tasks that were usually
appointed to these governments were now put
in the hands of private organisations. The process
of privatisation had started. The shifting from
governmental financing and operation to commercial organisations changed the management
philosophy of sports facilities greatly as will be
discussed in 5.2.
In many places, the private sector has
emerged as a provider of ice sports. Investors have
been found as a source of finance whom, rather
than having their profits skimmed off by the tax
authorities, have enjoyed high tax write-offs (loss
allocation). This kind of financial participation takes
a weight off the investment budget. Due to low
interest and loan repayment instalments, this has
yielded a lower burden on the current budget for
facility operation.
New ice sports facilities these days make
use of entirely different forms of financing, many
of which fall within the concept of public-private
partnership (PPP). This is where the public sector
and commercial industry search jointly for sources
of finance. In this context, sports clubs can also
act as private partners, by providing either funding or manpower for construction and equipping
activities. There are nevertheless limits to the
latter, because work performed by the sports club
on a building with sophisticated engineering like
an ice sports facility is generally only feasible for a
small number of construction and technical tasks.
On PPP projects, the private side is put in a
more profitable position than was possible in the
past through the free provision of building land by
the local authority (or by the payment of a token
fee). If the design and construction of the building
is controlled by a commercial operator, certain
legal obstacles can be evaded, e.g. the guidelines
(regulations) for State-awarded contracts. If the
construction and engineering services are correctly
designed and specified, construction costs can be
reduced without any diminution of quality. This
reduces overall project expenditure, the interest
and repayment instalments are lower, and the
operating costs are less heavily burdened year
after year.
The preparation of a public-private construction project does not differ qualitatively from
earlier forms of project financing and realisation
at all. The analyses of demand for such a facility,
and of the required space and rooms are the same
as before. The design and tendering procedure
require the same care (see above) and the companies for construction and interior finish must be
selected according to the same criteria as in the
past. For the public partner it is important to reach
user-friendly agreements early on with the private
partner concerning opening hours and socially
acceptable pricing. Of course, the private partner
will not enter into agreements that put at risk the
achievement of a surplus in facility operation.
A special form of PPP is the leasing of a
property for a period of, say, 20 years with an
option of renewing the agreement or buying back
the property. Given favourable terms and reliable
partners, a leasing agreement also ensures that
the ice sports facility remains in immaculate structural and technical condition throughout the term
of the leasing.
5.2 Operational costs
Chapter 4.2 and 4.3 described the main
construction and annual costs of the IIHF Prototype Ice Rink with a standard 30 x 60 m ice pad
and a program of operational and other ancillary
rooms, which is not too lavish but fully meets the
needs of a modern facility. The possible but locally
divergent initial position there is clearly indicated
by the span of the different figures in the expenditure and income positions. The expenditure side
depends on the structural and technical quality of
the facility, the level of staff costs, and the various
energy, water and disposal charges. The income
side is affected by such factors as the location,
43
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Chapter 5
44
population density, awareness rating and interest
in ice sports, admission pricing, opening hours
and numbers of users.
The successful operation of the facility in
the long term can only be ensured if the revenue
surplus covers the interest and repayment instalments as well as sufficient upkeep of the building
and its installations. Although the latter will be
negligible in the first few years, initially low
reserves should be set aside from the outset.
A continuous theme is that of the quality
of the work performed by the various trades. At
this point, it is important to highlight the effect
that appropriate (not excessive) quality can have
on a building’s life cycle. Usually it can be assumed
that 20 % of costs arise by construction and 80 %
by operation and maintenance – from the start of
construction through disposal. If, instead, only 4 %
more is spent on the initial investment, operating
and maintenance costs are reduced to 70 %. This
represents an appreciable cut in annually recurring costs.
The possibility of intense year-round use
is a necessary condition for considering the construction of such a facility. Only high capacity
utilisation rates can warrant the investment and
recurring annual overhead and maintenance costs
associated with an adequately staffed, state-ofthe-art facility of this type.
The construction of an ice rink should be
considered wherever the following basic prerequisites are met: In moderate climate zones, such as
Central Europe, indoor ice rinks with artificial
ice should be sited in communities with between
20,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, depending on the
tradition of ice sports in that particular region. The
population density per square kilometre should be
at least 150 within a 12-kilometer radius.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
IIHF Rules
for Ice Rinks
Ice Rink
Width = 2600 to 3000
1500
700
Dimensions of the Rink
Maximum size: 61 m long by 30 m wide.
Minimum size: 56 m long by 26 m wide.
Goal Judge
400
550
min. 400
Penalty Bench
Team B
min. 150
1000
Scorekeepers Bench
Referee Crease
Face Off Spot
Neutral Zone
Blue Line, 30 cm wide
Protective Glass Height 80 cm to 120 cm
Protective Glass Height 160 cm to 200 cm
Kick Plate
At the lower part of the boards will be fixed a
“KICK PLATE”, yellow in colour, 15 to 25 cm
in height.
Players Bench Team A
150
Center Line, red, 30 cm wide
– The gaps between the panels shall be minimized
to 3 mm.
– The gaps between the door and the board shall
be minimized to 8 mm.
Blue Line, 30 cm wide
Center Ice Spot
and Circle
Length = 5600 to 6100
min. 1000
– They shall be not less than 1.17 m and not
more than 1.22 m in height above the level of
the ice surface.
Players Bench Team B
min. 150
Goal Line, red, 5 cm wide
Goal Crease
Goal Judge
min. 400
Endzone Face Off
Circle and Spot
Boards
– The rink shall be surrounded by a wooden or
plastic wall known as the “BOARDS”, which
shall be white in colour.
Doors
– All doors giving access to the ice surface must
swing away from the ice surface.
All measurements in this diagram are in cm
and based on an ice rink size of 6000 cm length
and 3000 cm width.
400
For IIHF competitions the size will be 60 to
61 m long by 29 to 30 m wide.
45
s
iu cm
ad 0
dr 85
ar to
Bo 00
7
Goal Crease
Goal Line, red, 5 cm wide
Penalty Bench
Team A
The corners shall be rounded in the arc of a circle
with a radius of 7 to 8.5 m.
– The boards shall be constructed in such a
manner that the surface facing the ice shall be
smooth and free of any obstruction that could
cause injury to the players, and the protective
screens and gear used to hold the boards in
position shall be mounted on the side away
from the playing surface.
800
s
iu cm
ad 0
dr 85
ar to
Bo 00
7
Definition of the Rink
The game of ice hockey shall be played on a white
ice surface known as a RINK.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Protective Glass
– The protective glass located above the boards
shall be 160 cm to 200 cm in height on the
ends and shall extend 4 m from the goal line towards the neutral zone, and 80 cm to 120 cm
in height along the sides, except in front of the
players benches.
– At any interruption of the protective glass there
shall be protective padding to prevent the injury
of the players.
Division and Marking of the Ice Surface
The ice surface will be divided in its length by five
lines marked on the ice and extending completely across the rink and continuing vertically up the
side of the boards.
Goal Lines
Lines shall be marked 4 m from each end of
the rink, 5 cm wide and red in colour, known as
the:
GOAL LINES
Blue Lines
The ice area between the two goal lines shall be
divided in three equal parts by lines 30 cm wide
and blue in colour known as the:
BLUE LINES
Protective Padding
80 – 120
End Zone Nets
Protective nets must be suspended above the end
zone boards and glass.
s
160 – 200
IIHF Rules for Ice Rinks
– The gaps between the glass panels shall be minimized to 8 mm.
Protective Glass and Boards
All measurements in cm.
s
Gla
ive
ect nds
t
o
Pr the e
on
ss
Gla
tive es
tec he sid
o
r
P gt
n
alo
ds
ar
Bo
117 – 122 *
* above ice level
15 – 25 *
46
Center Line
A line known as the CENTER LINE shall be
located in the middle of the rink. It shall be 30 cm
wide and red in colour.
k
Kic
Ice
te
Pla
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Center Ice Spot and Circle
All measurements in cm
Center Face-Off Spot and Circle
A circular blue spot, 30 cm in diameter, shall
be marked exactly in the center of the rink.
With this spot as a center, a circle with a radius
of 4.5 m shall be marked with a blue line
5 cm wide.
47
Face-Off Spots in Neutral Zone
Two red spots, 60 cm in diameter, shall be
marked in the neutral zone, 1.5 m from each blue
line as illustrated on this page.
End Zone Face-Off Spots and Circles
Face-off spots and circles shall be marked on the
ice in both end zones and on both sides of each
goal as illustrated on this page.
End Zone Face-Off
Circle and Spot
All measurements in cm
The face-off spots will be 60 cm in diameter,
red in colour, as illustrated on this page.
On opposite sides of the end zone face-off spots
shall be marked double “L”, as illustrated on this
page.
The circles will have a radius of 4.5 m from
the center of the face-off spots and marked
with a red line, 5 cm wide.
Detail of Face-Off Spot
All measurements in cm
IIHF Rules for Ice Rinks
Face-Off Spots and Circles
All spots and circles are marked on the ice surface
in order to position the players for a face-off as
ordered by the officials at the beginning of the
game, at the beginning of each period and after
each stoppage of play.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Referee Crease
All measurements in cm
Referee Crease
An area known as the REFEREE CREASE shall be
marked on the ice in a semi-circle by a red line,
5 cm wide, and with a radius of 3 m, immediately in front of the Scorekeeper Bench, as illustrated on this page.
Goal Crease
In front of each goal a GOAL CREASE area shall
be marked by a red line, 5 cm wide, as illustrated on this page.
The goal crease area shall be painted light blue.
IIHF Rules for Ice Rinks
48
Goal Crease
All measurements in cm
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
2. The players benches must be protected from
access by persons other than the players and
the six team officials.
49
Penalty Benches
– Each rink shall be provided with two benches to
be known as the penalty benches for a minimum of:
– 5 players each.
– They will be located on both sides of the Scorekeeper’s desk and opposite to the players benches and will have a minimum length of 4 m and
a minimum width of 1.50 m.
Goal Judges Benches
Properly protected cages to eliminate interference
with the Goal Judge’s activities shall be placed at
each end of the rink behind the board and glass in
the area of the goal.
Scorekeeper Bench
Between the penalty benches will be located the
Scorekeeper bench, which will have a length of
5.50 m to accomodate 6 people.
Players Benches and Penalty Benches
All measurements in cm
min. 1000
Players Bench Team A
Players Bench Team B
min. 150
min. 150
Goals
– The goals shall be located in the center of the
goal lines.
– The goals posts shall extend vertically 1.22 m
above the ice surface and be 1.83 m apart
(internal measurements). The horizontal crossbar
binding the posts shall be of approved design
and material with an external diameter of 5 cm.
The posts and crossbar will be painted red.
– The goals will be completed by a frame supporting the nets, the deepest point of which
shall not be more than 1.12 m or less than
0.60 m. It will be painted white, except for the
exterior part of the base plate, which shall be
painted red.
– A net shall be attached to the back of the goal
frame, constructed to keep the puck within the
confines of the goal.
– The inside parts of the supports, other than the
goal posts and the crossbar, will be covered by
white padding. The padding of the base plate will
start not less than 10 cm from the goal post.
Players Benches
– Each rink shall be provided with two identical
benches, exclusively for the use of players in uniform and officials of both teams.
– The benches will be on the same side of the rink,
immediately along the ice but opposite to the
penalty benches, separated by a substantial distance or by other facilities, and convenient to
the dressing rooms.
– Each bench shall begin 2 m from the center line
with a minimum length of 10 m and a minimum width of 1.50 m.
– Each bench shall accommodate:
– 16 players and 6 team officials.
IIHF Rules for Ice Rinks
1. Each players bench must have two doors,
one of which must be in the NEUTRAL ZONE.
Goal Judge Bench
2. For Olympic Games, IIHF World Senior A
Men and Women, Division 1, Junior Under 20,
Junior Under 18 championships, flexible goal
pegs are mandatory and are strongly recommended for other competitions.
Goal Judge Bench
1. Goal posts and nets shall be set in such manner as to remain stationary during the progress
of the game.
Penalty Bench
Team A
Scorekeepers Bench
Penalty Bench
Team B
min. 400
550
min. 400
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Signal and Timing Devices
Siren
Each rink shall be provided with a siren or other
suitable sound device to be used by the Timekeeper.
Clock
Each rink shall have an electric clock (scoreboard) in order to provide spectators, players and
officials with accurately information concerning:
– names of both teams,
– time played in any period, counting up in
minutes and seconds from 0.00 to 20.00,
IIHF Rules for Ice Rinks
50
– penalty time remaining to be served for at
least two players on each team, counting
down from the total number of minutes to 0,
– score,
– time-outs, counting down from 30
to 0 seconds,
– intermission time, counting down from 15
to 0 minutes.
Red and Green Lights
Behind each goal there shall be:
– a red light to be lit by the Goal Judge when a
goal is scored,
– a green light to be lit automatically by the
electric clock when the Timekeeper stops the
clock and at the end of each period.
Players Dressing Rooms
Each team shall be provided with a suitable room
with sufficient space for 25 team officials and
players and their equipment, equipped with
benches, sanitary toilet and showers.
Referees and Linesmen Dressing Room
A separate dressing room equipped with chairs or
benches, sanitary toilet and shower must be provided for the exclusive use of the Referees and
Linesmen.
Rink Lighting
All rinks shall be sufficiently well illuminated so
that the players, officials and spectators may conveniently follow the play at all times.
Smoking in the Arena
In enclosed rinks, smoking shall be prohibited in
the playing and spectator areas, as well as in the
dressing rooms and all the facilities where the
players are involved.
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
List of
equipment
Arena
• dasher board with plexiglas
• safety nets
• water hose(s)
• ice resurfacer
• edger
• snow scrapers
• equipment trolley for tools
• tools (drilling machine, pipe tongs, adjustable
spanners, screwdrivers etc.)
• goals (4)
• lifter (to change bulbs)
• timer + scoreboard
• clock
• sound system
• stretcher + first aid supplies
• benches (players boxes, penalty boxes,
timers box)
• ice coverings (for off-ice events)
• rubber mattings
51
Ice resurfacer
Locker rooms
• benches
• lockers/clothes hooks or rails
• stick stands
• mirrors
• waste baskets
• rubber mattings
Public skate
• rental skates + shelving
• lockers
• racks
• rubber mattings
• skate-sharpening machine
Cleaning
• brushes
• floor mops
• pressure cleaner
• vacuum cleaner
• floor washing machine
• waxing machine
• laundry machine
Cafeteria
• oven
• refrigerator freezer
• microwave oven
• counter
• tables
• seats
• sets (plates, forks, spoons etc.)
Edger
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
12 000
002
006
3
009
013
027
014
017
026
016
025
005
004
008
012
011
015
010
003
007
001
IIHF Ice rink prototype, ground floor
023
e
028
045c
030
046
042
044
d
a
047c
043
029
78 600
66 600
036
a
037
035
031
038
041
048
049
6000
6000
Rooms, Ground Floor
m2
001 Entrance
15.00
002 Lobby
40.00
003 Ticketing
40.00
004 Office
17.00
005 Security/First Aid
30.00
006 Locker room, staff
31.50
007 Rest room
13.00
008 Dressing room, public (M)
6.50
009 Dressing room, public (F)
6.50
010 WC (M)
1.50
011 Bath room (M)
1.50
012 WC (F)
1.50
013 Bath room (F)
1.50
014 Athletes lobby
74.00
015 Cleaning room
12.00
016 Skate service
4.00
017 Skate rental
23.50
018 Dressing room, referee
8.00
019 Dressing room, referee
10.00
020 WC, referee
1.50
021 Bathroom, referee
1.50
022 Bathroom, referee
1.50
023 WC, referee
1.50
024 Entrance
3.00
025 Catering staff room
4.00
026 Catering
12.50
027 Hockey bar
30.00
028 Main hall, ice rink
2’195.00
029 Storage
28.50
030 Corridor
76.50
031 Dressing room
30.00
032 Dressing room
30.00
033 Bath room
8.00
034 Bath room
8.00
035 WC
1.50
036 WC
1.50
037 Cleaning room
8.50
038 Dressing room
30.00
039 Dressing room
30.00
040 Bath room
8.00
041 Bath room
8.00
042 WC
1.50
043 WC
1.50
044 Laundry
8.50
045 Team equipment rooms (6x) 5.00
046 Coat-racks
23.00
047 Drying room (6x)
5.00
048 Ice resurfacer
48.00
049 Mechanical and
electrical room
58.00
Summe (netto)
3’006.50
f
024
19
022
021
020
52
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
IIHF Ice rink prototype, first floor
47 000
800
18 600
2400
12 000
106
107
109
113
116
6000
1
6000
114
6000
6000
6000
78 600
6000
66 600
114
6000
6000
1
101
6000
112
6000
111
108
110
6000
102
103
104
6000
105
115
25 200
53
Rooms, First Floor
Lobby
Cafe
Catering
Kitchen
Bath room, staff
Storage kitchen
Bath room (F)
WC (F)
Bath room (M)
WC (M)
Cleaning room
WC (for disabled)
Entrance cafe
Spectator stand
Terrace
Mechanical,
electrical room
Summe (netto)
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
m2
160.00
132.00
19.50
22.00
6.00
4.50
7.00
15.00
7.00
15.00
6.00
5.00
41.00
305.00
26.50
58.00
829.50
4200
6000
6000
6000
6000
6000
9000
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
IIHF Member
National Associations
Federaciò Andorrana
d’Esports de Gel (AND)
Casa Tonet 2° 2a
Canillo, Principat d’Andorra
Phone: +376-85 26 66
Fax:
+376-85 26 67
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.faeg.org
54
Asociaciòn Argentina
de Hockey sobre Hielo y
En Línea (ARG)
Daniel Schiller
Haiti 1536
1640 Martinez
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Phone: +54-11-4836 2360 (office)
Phone: +54-11-4745 2837 (home)
e-mail: [email protected]
Ice Hockey Federation
of Armenia (ARM)
Gaydar Str. 97
Apt. 46
375033 Yerevan RA
Phone: +374-1-264 788
Fax:
+374-1-264 788
e-mail: [email protected]
Australian Ice Hockey
Federation (AUS)
Sportshouse, 100 Maitland
Street
Hackett, ACT, 2602
Australia
Postal:
PO Box 173
Canberra, ACT, 2601
Australia
Phone: +61-2-6248 8077
Fax:
+61-2-6248 8177
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.aihf.org
Österreichischer Eishockey
Verband (AUT)
Prinz Eugen-Strasse 12
1040 Wien
Austria
Phone: +43-1-505 73 47
Fax:
+43-1-503 16 48
e-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
Internet: www.eishockey.at
Ice Hockey Federation
of the Republic of
Azerbaijan (AZE)
Litemiy Pereulok 2
370603 Baku
Azerbaijan
Phone: +994-1-294 4000 / 295 4000
Fax:
+994-1-298 5352
Belarus Ice Hockey
Federation (BLR)
4, Masherov ave.
Rooms 204, 202
220004 Minsk
Belarus
Phone: +375-172-23 63 69
Fax:
+375-172-27 64 84
e-mail: [email protected]
Koninklijke Belgische
Ijshockey Federatie (BEL)
Barbarastraat 80
3120 Tremelo
Belgium
Phone: +32-16-53 78 94
Fax:
+32-16-52 00 98
e-mail: [email protected]
Savez Hokeja na Ledu
Bosne i Hercegovine (BIH)
Pehlivanusa 6
71000 Sarajevo
Bosna i Hercegovina
Phone: +387-33-217 702
Fax:
+387-33-217 701
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.shlbih.com.ba
Confederação Brasileira
de Hóquei no Gelo (BRA)
Rua Padre Domingos Giovanini
596 Campinas/SP
CEP 13087310
Brazil
Phone: +55-19-324 22 063
Fax:
+55-19-321 23 079
e-mail: [email protected]
Bulgarian Ice Hockey
Federation (BUL)
75, Vassil Levski blvd
1040 Sofia
Bulgaria
Phone: +359-2-980 2880 or 930 0610
Fax:
+359-2-981 5728 or 980 2880
e-mail: [email protected]
Canadian Hockey
Association (CAN)
2424 University Drive N.W.
Calgary, Alberta T2N 3Y9
Canada
Phone: +1-403-777 36 36
Fax:
+1-403-777 36 35
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.canadianhockey.ca
Asociación Nacional
de Hockey en Hielo y en
Línea (CHI)
Cali # 715 – Parad. 20 La Florida
Santiago
Chile
Phone: +56-2-314 03 87 (M. Arias Home)
Phone: +56-2-211 64 53 (N. Gomez Home)
Fax: +56-2-341 36 12
e-mail: [email protected] (M. Arias)
e-mail: [email protected] (N. Gomez)
Chinese Ice Hockey
Association (CHN)
56 Zhongguancun South Street
Haidian Dsitrict
100044 Beijing
China
Phone: +86-10-683 32 576
Fax:
+86-10-683 58 083
e-mail: [email protected]
Chinese Taipei Skating
Union (TPE)
Room 610, 6 Fl.
20, Chu Lun St.
Taipei
Taiwan ROC
Phone: +88-6-227 75 87 22
or 277 58 723
Fax:
+88-6-227 782 778
e-mail: [email protected]
Hrvatski Savez Hokeja
Na Ledu (CRO)
11 Trg sportova
10000 Zagreb
Croatia
Phone/Fax: +385-1-365 02 22
e-mail: [email protected]
Cesky Svaz Ledniho
Hokeje (CZE)
Paegas Arena
Za elektrarnou 419
170 00 Praha 7
Czech Republic
Phone: +420-2-333 79 248
Fax:
+420-2-333 36 096
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.hokej.cz
Danmarks Ishockey
Union (DEN)
Idraettens Hus
Bröndby Stadion 20
2605 Bröndby
Denmark
Phone: +45-43-26 26 26
Fax:
+45-43-26 21 23
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.ishockey.dk
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Ice Hockey Association
of the DPR Korea (PRK)
Kumsondong 2
Mangyongdae District
Pyongyang
DPR Korea
Phone: +85-2-381 4403
Fax:
+85-2-18 111 81 64
Eesti
Jäähokiföderatsioon (EST)
Regati pst. 1
11911 Tallinn
Estonia
Phone: +372-639 86 89
Fax:
+372-639 86 49
e-mail: [email protected]
Suomen Jääkiekkoliitto
(FIN)
Mäkelänkatu 91
00610 Helsinki
Finland
Phone: +358-9-756 750
Fax:
+358-9-756 755 75
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.finhockey.fi
Fédération Française
des Sports de Glace (FRA)
35, Rue Félicien David
75016 Paris
France
Phone: +33-1-539 281 81
Fax:
+33-1-539 281 58
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.ffsg.org
Deutscher Eishockey
Bund e.V. (GER)
Betzenweg 34
D-81247 München
Germany
Phone: +49-89-81 82 0
Fax:
+49-89-81 82 36
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.deb-online.de
Ice Hockey UK (GBR)
47 Westminster Buildings
Theatre Square
Nottingham, NG1 6LG
Great Britain
Phone: +44-115-9241441
Fax:
+44-115-9243443
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.icehockeyuk.co.uk
Hellenic Ice Sports
Federation (GRE)
52 Akakion Str.
GR-151 25 Polydroso Amarousiou
Athens
Greece
Phone: +30-1-684 93 24
Fax:
+30-1-685 82 81
e-mail: [email protected]
Hong Kong Ice Hockey
Association (HKG)
Room 1023, Sports House
1 Stadium Path
Sokonpo
Causeway Bay
Hong Kong
China
Phone: +852-28 27 26 98
Fax:
+852-25 04 81 91
e-mail: [email protected]
Magyar Jégkorong
Szövetség (HUN)
Kisstadion, Istvànmezei ùt 1-3
Budapest H-1146
Hungary
Phone: +361-220 2939
or 25 11 222/ext. 1185
Fax:
+361-221 4663
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.icehockey.hu
Ice Hockey Iceland (ISL)
Sport Center Laugardal
104 Reykjavik
Iceland
Phone: +354-892 12 77
Fax:
+354-588 52 78
e-mail: [email protected]
Ice Hockey Association
of India (IND)
D-502, Som Vihar
R.K. Puram
New Dehli-110002
India
Phone: +91-11-619 3632
Fax:
+91-11-619 6082
e-mail: [email protected]
Irish Ice Hockey
Federation (IRL)
13 Raleigh Square
Crumlin, Dublin 12
Ireland
Phone: +353-1-455 02 22
Fax:
+353-1-494 70 38 or 455 20 22
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.iiha.org
The Ice Hockey
Federation of Israel (ISR)
20 Yordei-Hasira Street
Tel-Aviv 63508
Israel
Phone/Fax: +972-3-604 0722
e-mail: [email protected]
Federazione Italiana
Sport Ghiaccio (ITA)
Via G.B. Piranesi, 44/b
20137 Milano
Italy
Phone: +39-02-70 141 322/323
Fax:
+39-02-761 0839
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.fisg.it
Japan Ice Hockey
Federation (JPN)
Kishi Memorial Hall
1-1-1 Jinnan, Shibuya-ku
Tokyo 150-8050
Japan
Phone: +81-3-3481 2404
Fax:
+81-3-3481 2407
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.jihf.or.jp
Kazakstan Ice Hockey
Federation (KAZ)
12/1 Kosmitcheskaya Str.
P.O. Box 2712
492022 Ust-Kamenogorsk
Kazakstan
Phone: +7-323-2-475 428
Fax:
+7-323-2-475 934
e-mail: [email protected]
Korean Ice Hockey
Federation (KOR)
902 Olympic Center
88 Oryun-dong
138-749 Songpa-Ku
Seoul
Korea
Phone: +82-2-420 4291
Fax:
+82-2-420 4160
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.kiha.or.kr
Latvian Ice Hockey
Federation (LAT)
Raunas Str. 23
LV 1039 Riga
Latvia
Phone: +371-7-568 279 or 563 921
Fax:
+371-7-515 850
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.hockey.lv
Liechtensteiner Eishockey
und In-Line Verband
Allmeindstr. 83
9486 Schaanwald
Liechtenstein
Phone: +423-777 81 71
Fax:
+423-373 81 73
e-mail: [email protected]
Lietuvos Ledo Ritulio
Federacija (LTU)
Zemaites str. 6
2600 Vilnius
Lithuania
Phone/Fax: +370-2-33 45 87
e-mail: [email protected]
Fédération
Luxembourgeoise de
Hockey sur Glace (LUX)
Boite postale 1632
1016 Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Phone: +352-49 21 98
Fax:
+352-40 22 28
e-mail: [email protected]
Ice Hockey Association
of Macedonia
Jordan Hadzikonstantinov
Dzinot 12a
1000 Skopje
Macedonia
Phone/Fax: +389-2-228 624
e-mail: [email protected]
Federaciòn Mexicana
de Deportes Invernales,
AC (MEX)
Via Lactea 351
Jardins de Satelite
Naucalpan
Estado de Mexico 53129
Mexico
Phone/Fax: +52-555-343 08 55
e-mail: [email protected]
55
INTERNATIONAL ICE HOCKEY FEDERATION
Mongolian Ice Hockey
Federation (MON)
Ulaanbaatar-36
P.O. Box-162
Mongolia
Phone: +976-99 19 8996 or 99 18 0200
Fax:
+976-11-34 5051 or 34 1524
e-mail: [email protected]
IIHF Member National Associations
56
Ice Hockey Federation
of Russia (RUS)
Luzhnetskaia Naberezhnaia 8
119992 Moscow
Russia
Phone: +7-095-201 08 20 or 201 19 73
Fax:
+7-095-248 03 22
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.fhr.ru
Namibia In-Line
Skating Association (NAM)
P.O. Box 830
Swakopmund
Namibia
Phone: +264-64-404 178
Fax:
+264-64-402 780
e-mail: [email protected]
Skating Federation
of Singapore (SIN)
153 West Coast Park
Singapore 127720
Singapore
Phone: +65-561 1329 or 896 1201
Fax.
+65-896 12 02
Nederlandse Ijshockey
Bond (NED)
P.O. Box 292
2700 AG Zoetermeer
Netherlands
Phone: +31-79-330 5050
Fax:
+31-79-330 5051
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.nijb.nl
Slovensky Zvaz
Ladoveho Hokeja (SVK)
Junàcka 6
832 80 Bratislava
Phone: +421-2-492 49 178 (secretariat)
+421-2-492 49 237 (int. dept)
Fax:
+421-2-442 58 344
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.hokej.sk
New Zealand Ice
Hockey Federation (NZL)
P.O. Box 488
Christchurch
New Zealand
Phone: +64-3-442 8921
Fax:
+64-3-442 8924
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.nzicehockey.co.nz
Hokejska Zveza
Slovenije (SLO)
Celovska 25
1000 Ljubljana
Slovenia
Phone/Fax: +386-1-2313 121
Phone: +386-1-430 64 80
Fax:
+386-1-430 64 81
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.hokejska-zveza.si
Norges
Ishockeyförbund (NOR)
Sognsveien 75 J
Serviceboks 1, Ulleval Stadion
0840 Oslo
Norway
Phone: +47 2102 9000
Fax:
+47 2102 9631
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.hockey.no
South African Ice
Hockey Association (RSA)
P.O. Box 926
Parklands 2121
South Africa
Phone: +27-11-472 4325
Fax:
+27-11-472 7473
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.saicehockey.org.za
Polski Zwiazek Hokeja
na Lodzie (POL)
M. Konopnickiej Str. 3, Apt. 2
00-491 Warszawa, Poland
Phone: +48-22-628 8063
Fax:
+48-22-629 3754
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.pzhl.org.pl
Real Federaciòn Española
Deportes de Invierno (ESP)
C/ Arroyofresno, no. 3-A
28035 Madrid
Spain
Phone: +34-91-376 99 30
Fax:
+34-91-376 99 31
e-mail: [email protected]
Associação Nacional de
Desportos no Gelo,
A.P.D. (POR)
Largo Marechal Carmona nº3-1º Esq
2675-318 Odivelas
Portugal
Phone: +351-96-416 08 15
Fax:
+351-269 860 110
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.planeta.clix.pt/andg
Svenska
Ishockeyförbundet (SWE)
Box 5204, Bolidenvägen 22
121 16 Johanneshov
Sweden
Phone: +46-8-449 04 00
Fax:
+46-8-91 00 35
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.swehockey.se
Romanian Ice Hockey
Federation (ROM)
Bdul. Basarabia 35-37
73403 Bucuresti, sectorul 2
Romania
Phone: +40-21-324 68 71
Phone/Fax: +40-21-324 77 13
Mobile: +40-722-533 337
(Mr Eduard Pana)
Mobile: +40-722-533 339
(Mr Marian Negoita)
Schweizerischer
Eishockeyverband (SUI)
Postfach
Hagenholzstr. 81
8062 Zürich
Switzerland
Phone: +41-1-306 50 50
Fax:
+41-1-306 50 51
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.sehv.ch
Thailand Ice Skating
Association (THA)
Room 238, Zone W,
Rajamangalal National Stadium
The Sports Authority of Thailand
2088 Ramkhamhaeng Road
Hua Mark Bangkok 10240
Thailand
Phone: +66.2.369 1517
or 3180940 ext. 1468
Fax:
+66.2.369 1517
Türkiye Buz Sparlari
Federasyonu (TUR)
Gençlik ve Spor genel
Müdürlügü
Ulns IS Hani A Blok Kat 5
06050 Ulus/Ankara
Turkey
Phone: +90-312-467 10 10
Fax:
+90-312-467 10 10
e-mail: [email protected]
Ice Hockey Federation
of Ukraine (UKR)
11A Sichnevogo
Povstannaya Str.
252010 Kiev
Ukraine
Phone: +380-44-226 33 92 or 220 11 30
Fax:
+380-44-220 11 30
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.hockey.binet.com.ua
United Arab
Emirates (UAE)
Box 2892
Dubai
United Arab Emirates
Phone: +971-50-623 4999
Fax:
+971-43-420 851
e-mail: [email protected]
USA Hockey (USA)
1775 Bob Johnson Drive
Colorado Springs, CO. 80906
USA
Phone: +1-719-576-8724
Fax:
+1-719-538-1160
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.usahockey.com
Yugoslav Ice Hockey
Federation (YUG)
Carli Caplina 39 (Hala Pionir)
11000 Belgrade
Yugoslavia
Phone: +381-11-764 479
Fax:
+381-11-764 976
e-mail: [email protected]
International
Ice Hockey Federation
Brandschenkestrasse 50
8002 Zürich
Switzerland
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.iihf.com
International Ice Hockey Federation