Earth
Remote Sensing for Global Environment Monitoring HARUO SAWADA, PHD. EMERITUS PROFESSOR , THE UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCY (JAXA) VISITING RESEARCH PROFESSOR, ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2015.3.21 Introduction North Japan, Siberia, United States and Argentina had their warmest year on record in 2012. The long-term trends we see in a changing climate are; carbon levels are climbing, sea levels are rising, Arctic sea ice is melting, and our planet is becoming a warmer place. Satellites reveal global warming 15 Mar.2008 15 Mar. 2011 Average 3.2mm／year Water level Increase NASA 3 Global Environment influences Society Climate change is affecting all the organisms in the world. Impacts of climate change are evident across regions and in many sectors —such as human health, agriculture and food security, water supply, transportation, energy, ecosystems, and others— and are expected to become increasingly disruptive throughout this century and beyond. Then, “Monitoring” for what? - to present roadmaps for sustainable development in better environment on the Earth Which action is better? Technology oriented or Object oriented : Global environment changes bring out issues that cannot be solved by only so-called advanced technologies Object oriented approach should be the start of discussion Think about the Earth environment: We can live out of the Earth ? We need spacesuits on the Earth? Why? Can you feel rotation of the Earth? Everyone of you knows that the Earth is rotating. How fast? We, humans, do not really feel the Earth environment. About 1,700 km/h at the equator Remember the Earth Environment Density: Earth: 5,520kg/m3 Saturn: 690kg/m3 Mass >Gravity Earth: 5.98×1024kg Mars: 1/10 times Jupiter: 3000 times Distance from the Sun >Energy Earth 149.6 million km (1AU) Pluto 49.3 Remember Earth environment temperature: Earth: 25 ℃ Venus: 480 ℃ Mars: -45 ℃ Rotation and Revolution Earth: 24 hours/ 365 days Mercury: 59 days/ 89 days Pluto: 6.4 days / 248 years Moon makes the Earth axis stable The Earth’s axis of rotation is stable (± 1.3 degrees) because there is the moon beside the Earth. Earth orbit Sun Moon orbit Moon Earth Axis: 23.43 Van Allen radiation belt avoid solar wind Van Allen belt is formed particles from cosmic rays and solar wind trapped in the Earth's magnetic field 2,700 million years ago, Earth's core made of iron and nickel was slowly flowing and they produced the magnetic field, which created the Van Allen belt. Miracles: The Earth exists in such extremely rare balances in the universe It forms the environments in which the organism can be present Earth history: Marin Life released Oxygen 4,000 million years ago Organisms were born in the sea Ultraviolet and charged particles interfered organisms to live on the land 3,200 million years ago: Cyanobacteria was born Photosynthetic bacteria, which creates organic matters by using the Sun light Cyanobacteria decomposes water and uses hydrogen and releases oxygen Earth history: Development of Ozone Layer Oxygen produced in the sea by the Cyanobacteria was activated at the Stratosphere and developed the ozone layer The Ozone layer absorbs the Harmful ultraviolet rays and developed the environment in which organisms could survive on the surface of the Earth 600 million years of earth surface temperature Earth wears spacesuit 0.1 million years ago Homo sapience Experiences of extinction of organisms on the Earth More than 95% organisms were disappeared 570 million years ago: (reason unknown) 440 million years ago:(reason unknown) 370 million years ago: (reason unknown) 250 million years ago : by volcanic gas release 65 million years ago: by collision of small celestial body End of the dinosaur era Present Earth Potential Environment of the Earth Climate Map To tackle with global environment issues We need integration of observation data, experts’ knowledge, and modeling in time and space as well as decision making to tackle with the problems for continuing these activities, remote sensing data are necessary This is monitoring ! Time and Scale in Monitoring Local LC changes influence Global Environment If we monitor natural vegetation with appropriate way, we may get the environmental information as well. CO2 Evaporation Global Environment influences local conditions Photosynthesis Deforestation Growth condition Biodiversity Satellite Observation Monitoring of land cover changes Yearly Seasonally Monitoring of seasonal changes Remote sensing is the best way and necessary tool to monitor these conditions. 21 Spatial scale and monitoring interval Global Long term： Annual changes Regional Semi-long term: Seasonal changes Local Short term： Daily changes Micro Very short term： Hourly changes Global to Local, Local to Global: They are all liked Necessity of Geoinformatics Time and environmental load : Time and debt with interest Debt 1 Baht/day Interest rate: 0.01%/day Dept 60,000 50,000 40,000 372 Baht/year 30,000 20,000 Baht/30year 52,000 Baht/50year 20,000 10,000 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 How we should manage our debt / global environment For debt of money 1) To stop / decrease the new debt 2) To repay the existing debt 3) To find a new job for better income How we should manage our debt / global environment For the environmental load 1) To stop / decrease the activities which causes global environment changes 2) To recover the environment conditions 3) To mitigate the impacts caused by global environment changes To find better land use Remote Sensing is useful for these actions Ozone hole success story Aug. 2014 CO2 increase works for global warming Increase of CO2 in atmosphere Land-Ocean Temperature Temperature in North and South Hemisphere 27 What is the main reasons of global warming? • CO2 emission from fossil fuel • Deforestation also emits CO2 : – 20% contribution http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/earth20120621.html 28 Energy balance of the Earth 100 The average annual global energy balance during 2000-2004 for the Earth-atmosphere system. *The numbers are percentages of the energy received from incoming solar radiation. 100 = 341W/m2 100 7 104 98 22 Cycles in biosphere Biosphere Carbon cycle Phosphorus cycle Nitrogen cycle Water cycle Oxygen cycle Heat in the environment Heat Heat Heat food chain and energy flow First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Producers (plants) Primary consumers (herbivores) Heat Third Trophic Level Secondary consumers (carnivores) Heat Fourth Trophic Level Tertiary consumers (top carnivores) Heat Solar energy Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat Detritivores (decomposers and detritus feeders) Sawada, 2014 3/23/2015 Carbon Cycle Sawada, 2014 Ref. Earth Observation of Global Change 3/23/2015 Reliable global data 33 Anthropogenic ecosystems of the world LC-LU changes influence climate Potential Map 34 FOREST COVER LOSS 2000-2005 In this region, the average annual forest loss between 2000 and 2005 was 0.5% of the total forest cover in 2000. Malaysia had the highest percent average annual loss expressed as a percent of forest cover in 2000 (1.1%), while Papua New Guinea had the lowest (0.1%). Water cycle / hydrologic cycle Condensation Rain clouds Transpiration Evaporation Precipitation to land Transpiration from plants Precipitation Runoff Surface runoff (rapid) Precipitation Evaporation from land Evaporation from ocean Precipitation to ocean Surface runoff (rapid) Infiltration and Percolation Groundwater movement (slow) Ocean storage Sawada, 2014 3/23/2015 Flood, Cambodia May 17, 2013/October 24, 2013 CO2 in the atmosphere GHG emissions influences climate By fossil fuels and deforestation Standardization for long term monitoring The impact of global environmental is shown as phenological changes of vegetated area. It is necessary to overcome the influences of cloud, noise and the sensitivity change of the sensor/satellite systems for comparing data in a long period of time. 39 Factors of Environmental Change Population growth: population density Urban Development: air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions Forest development: forest fires, biodiversity, biomass 3 Monitoring needs Detection of environmental changes : Detection of influences of environment changes: environmental parameters / temperature, humidity vegetation growth, soil erosion, disaster / flooding, wild fire Findings of reasons of global environmental changes; deforestation, urbanization Advantages of space technology worldwide data set: data sets are available for international actions Time series dataset: applicable to all over the world with spatial scales of each sensor Invisible information: making invisible information visible appropriate index for a long term global monitoring To find out the appropriate monitoring index NDVI is the best index? Index for Urban development? Urban development plan? Environment influences natural vegetation Time series environmental parameter by RS Remote sensing data offers some indices which help us understanding the situation of land covers and their environmental parameters. Cyclic observation Veget. Index Seasonal change Geographical condition Growing season NPP Surface Temp. Water Index warming ？ Temperature Snow Index warming ？ Water Sunshine Healthiness of ecosystem 44 Analysis of Time series dataset ex. Meteorological abnormality Meteorological abnormality Prediction of disasters cause by abnormal weather Flooding Drought Abnormalities of Seasonal Changes in 1997 Comparison with the average data of 1995 – 1999 Vegetation Condition Wet Dry Abnormality of the world in 1997 Needs of quality information Land cover Forest: forest type /density / height / biomass / species High accurate field data: species / clown closure / DBH Water Water area: water mass / runoff Land water quality Sea water quality The same forest cover ratio does not mean the same quality of forest 30% woodland cover 30% woodland cover 30% woodland cover all with 30% woodland cover Importance of the Spatial unit for modeling Spatial unit is important for operational use Pixel Site Community: sub-country / prefecture Country Regional: from upstream to downstream site World: climate, carbon cycle Geoinformatics: modeling in time and space Importance of field study Field data collection of biomass Super Forest Observation Site Integrated Ecosystem Study Site in the Lower Mekong 地 下 1 0 m か ら 地 上 6 0 m ま で を 観 測 Scientific monitoring of site environments Biodiversity ⇒Global change Remote Sensing ⇒Global change Flux Tower（60m) ⇒Daily～Annual Forest survey ⇒ annual change 10m土壌断 面 Soil⇒daily～annual change Forest ecosystem observation site Integration to landscape level Landscape Management Upland Lowland Regional Analysia for Asia monsoon area Studies of water cycle in regional scale is important in Asia monsoon area Vegetation environment map derived from satellite data (Indochina) “Site environment” creates forest ecosystem Elevation (SRTM) Terrain Analysis • Elevation • Plateau ratio Terrain Conditions 8-days composite MODIS data Forest Map (from INPE, 250m) Water coverage map Water Conditions Clustering results rainfall, etc… Temperature Conditions Cloud-free datasets Daytime & Nighttime temperature Environment Map 56 Site environment creates forest ecosystem [Meaning of clusters] Seasonal change High elevation No seasonal change High highest temp. High highest temp. Exceedingly dry Natural environment in Siberia: pixel base NDVI during growing season Permafrost Integration of various data Annual growth index Clear changes in permafrost area and west side Rainfall in Permafrost area: 200~300 mm Larix AGB：BGB＝１：１ Difference of ∑LAI＊(LST-５) since1981 Future Potential by modeling 59 Information to decrease the impact: for rehabilitation on global environment Urban development: To follow urban planning Forest: Early detection of forest development to decrease illegal logging Wild fire: Early warning and detection for fire management Water Monitoring of water quality integration of observation data, experts’ knowledge, and modeling in time and space as well as decision making REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Degradation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries Better to conserve forests rather than to rehabilitate after deforestation/forest degradation. • at national and international level to mitigate climate change • How to identify anthropogenic conversion and the definitions of "forest degradation" and the "plus" in REDD-plus are still under discussion. Carbon amount One of Countermeasures REDD+ Reduce CO2 emissions to prevent global warming RS plays very important role New Himawari-8 The most valuable function of meteorological satellites is their ability to monitor atmospheric phenomena globally and uniformly over various areas such as seas, deserts and mountains where surface-based observation is difficult. Full-color image! 63 Advanced Himawari Imagers (AHIs) • Every 10 minutes for the hemisphere • 16 observation bands – 3 for visible – 3 for near-infrared and – 10 for infrared • 500 meters of the horizontal resolution : – This resolution enables precise monitoring of tropical cyclones and clouds that bring heavy local rain. 64 MODIS for Environment Monitoring (Moderate Resolution Imaging spectroradiometer) • MODIS is a key instrument aboard on two satellites, the Terra (EOS AM) and Aqua (EOS PM) . • viewing the entire Earth's surface every 1 to 2 days • acquiring data in 36 spectral bands. These data will improve our understanding of global dynamics and processes occurring on the land, in the oceans, and in the lower atmosphere. Orbit 10:30 a.m. descending node (Terra) 1:30 p.m. ascending node (Aqua), sun-synchronous, near-polar, circular Spatial resolution 250 m (bands 1-2) 500 m (bands 3-7) 1000 m (bands 8-36) 65 Sea surface and land surface temperature Landsat-8 Free highest resolution satellite data • New band 1 (ultra-blue) is useful for coastal and aerosol studies. • New band 9 is useful for cirrus cloud detection. • The resolution for band 8 (panchromatic) is 15 meters. • Thermal bands 10 and 11 are useful in providing more accurate surface temperatures and are collected at 100 meters. 67 Satellites recorded more than 40 years Natural resources As peaceful utilization •1972： Landsat-1 （ERTS1） then, continues earth observation for 40 years •Launch up to 8 •Data is freely available •About 60% of its use have been for forestry, agriculture and land use Fire Water Terrain 6.3 6.7 Forestry 5.8 17.9 7.7 14.3 9.3 Education 9.8 Ecosystem 11.1 11 Climate Agriculture Land use change http://landsat.usgs.gov/index.php 68 3D information by satellite Mesh: 30m Elevation: 6-10m Mesh: 8m Elevation: 3m Mesh: 12m Elevation: 2m • © Airbus Defence and Space 2015. 70 PRISM / ALOS • high-resolution stereo data (pixel size of 2.5 m) for cartographic applications • The instrument is a "three-line imager" with three independent catoptric systems for nadir, forward and backward-looking • Each of the three telescopes employs a three mirror type optics design (30 cm aperture diameter and 2 m focal length) and several CCD detectors for pushbroom scanning. 71 Historical Data 72 Forest Height Measurement by LiDAR 73 Introduction of LiDAR on UAV for up-scaling field data Aerial photo by UAV LiDAR data by UAV LiDAR expands field data to surroundings Lidar data of several inventory sites were obtained. Lidar data provide 3D information of forest stands and it makes us possible to collect forest parameters, such as the stand height, crown size and density. The forest parameters obtained from Lidar and field inventories are mapped and used as evaluation data for stand volume estimation which shall be derived from satellite data. 75 Forest height map by GLAS (RH100 and RH50) RH100 RH50 5 40~ Results of Biomass modeling 201401 Mapping of Carbon Dynamics in Amazon Forest Approx. Total AGB(t) Ensemble Mean 1.02E+11 SD 2.27E+09 P05 9.85E+10 P95 1.06E+11 Confidence Intervals 7.46E+09 AGB (t/ha) 0 (Uncertainty: 7.3%) 450~ Literature: Ensemble Mean AGB 0 Confidence Intervals 1.02E+11 Nogueira(2008), Estimates of forest biomass in the Brazilian Amazon: New allometric equations and adjustments to biomass from wood-volume inventories, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.022 100 uncertainty(%) 0 40 77 Green House Gas Observation :GOSAT project 78 A train: Satellites within a few minutes Doctor for Health of the Earth In local to global •To check the health •To find problems •To care the problem •To suggest keeping in good conditions Examination Tool: Remote Sensing Record on: GIS Importance of health check in community level [Human beings] • • • • • • Health of Individual Face Weight Height disease Blood investigation Blood Pressure • • • • • • [Natural Vegetation] Green leaves Biomass Height disease Water flow Evapotranspiration Health of community level • Equipment • Analysis technology • weather • soil, terrain 81 How we make diagnosis of environment health Diagnosis: • To evaluate land cover changes from the point of ecosystem services (functions). Ex. In case of converting natural vegetation to rubber plantation. 82 Automatic Deforestation Detection system using MODIS ADD-MODIS Google Map MODIS GEOTIFF 83 Remarks: What we should monitor Monitor cycles in natural environment, such as carbon cycle, water cycle, nitrogen cycle as well as energy budget. Monitor actions of societies /community which influence Earth environment. Develop roadmaps to contribute to better global environment and monitor the way
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