Before You Jump In ... Quickly before you begin I just wanted to welcome you and thank you for taking the time to learn how to build an awesome studio for yourself. Being able to record what I want, when I want, has been the turning point for me and my music career. I hope to help you do the same. Who Should Read This Guide? This guide is for all ages, all skill levels, but best suited for audio beginners. I was a beginner once, and this is the guide I wish someone had written for me. By learning from my experience, you can avoid the countless mistakes I made getting started. Mistakes that undoubtedly cost me years of progress and thousands of dollars. A Little About Me How to Build Your Own Music Studio My name is Jamie and I have been doing this for over 10 years. I went to The Media Institute for my formal education, and been engineering and producing ever since. 1 I consider myself extremely lucky to be able to do what I love for a living. Even though I went to college, most of my learning has happened in the studio. Learning by doing has been one of the most important realizations I've made and that's why I always advise that anyone who is interested in music production to just start. Even if you don't know what you are doing. Today I will help you start! The Legal Notice While attempts have been made to verify information contained in this publication, in view of human errors or changes in technology in the future, neither the author nor the publisher assumes any responsibility for errors, omissions, interpretations or usage of the subject matter herein. This publication contains the opinions and ideas of its author and is intended for informational purposes only. The author and publisher shall in no event be held liable for any loss or other damages incurred from the usage of this publication. Every effort will be made to correct any incorrect or inaccurate information – and corrections can be emailed to: [email protected] Limit of Liability and Disclaimer of Warranty The authors and publishers of this book and the accompanying materials have used their best efforts in preparing this document. The authors and publisher make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy, applicability, fitness, or completeness of the contents of this document. They disclaim any warranties (expressed or implied), merchantability, or fitness for any particular purpose. The authors and publisher shall in no event be held liable for any loss or other damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. As always, the advice of a doctor or other professional should be sought. Compensation Disclaimer Please be aware that we may be promoting products or services in our emails, website or books where we may get paid a commission if you decide to purchase any of these products or services. This book is for Personal Use only and may NOT be sold, distributed, offered as a bonus in any way whatsoever. www.audioengineeringschool.net Copyright 2013 © Lake House Media How to Build Your Own Music Studio All links are for information purposes only and are not warranted for content, accuracy or any other implied or explicit purpose. This manual contains material protected under International and Federal Copyright Laws and Treaties. Any unauthorized use of this material is prohibited. Adobe, Adobe Acrobat and related names are the property of Adobe Systems Incorporated. 2 How to Build Your Own Music Studio Table of Contents 3 How to Build Your Own Music Studio 4 Getting Started With The Basics 4 How to Read This Guide 5 What I Am Working With 5 A Little Anecdotal History 6 Avoid My Mistakes 7 My System (An Outline For You) 10 A Note About Computers And Using DAWs 13 Which Operating System Is The Best For A Home Studio? 14 The Equipment You Will Need 15 How to Treat Your Home Studio 19 Monitor Placement 22 So What Kind of Microphone Should I Get? 33 Different Kinds of Plugins 35 Conclusion 39 Your Home Studio Checklist 40 How to Build Your Own Music Studio Building a home-based studio is a big project that takes planning, money for the necessary equipment, and the determination and persistence to see the project through. This guide was created to help those people looking to build a home based studio for fun or or to make money (or both). If you fit that description, sit down, get comfortable and take notes as I guide you through the process of building a great sounding studio, while teaching you the fundamentals of sound. Getting Started With The Basics Like you, I understand the need to save money. I’m going to help you build a quality studio for as little money as possible. Alternatively, if you just own a laptop or if your system is a bit dated, there are ways that you can get a decent system for cheap and then build it up from there. First off, I’m going to say that not every recommendation will apply to everyone. But for most people starting from scratch, you should expect to spend up to $1,000 or more. But if you’re lucky and resourceful, you can definitely find ways to save money. How to Build Your Own Music Studio There are plenty of ways to do this, and depending on whether you already own a computer or not, we’ll go into ways that you can turn your system into a bangin’ studio-grade machine that you can use for recording right away. 4 How to Read This Guide To help you get the most out of this information, I will be showing you both what's recommended for beginners and an example of a working setup. Additionally, we will go over each piece of the studio in detail, explaining what it does, why you need it, and which brands are recommended. On the last page I have included a basic studio equipment checklist so you can keep track of what you already have and what you still need to save up for. If you follow this guide, you will be making and recording your own music in no time! What I Am Working With To start things off, I’ll walk you through a working setup, mine! This should help you see how everything fits together. Most audio engineers will tell beginners to first invest in; a computer, a pair of monitors, and some microphones (which I agree with in part). But honestly, the most important aspect of any home studio is your acoustic treatment, and monitor placement! How to Build Your Own Music Studio Read This – It's Important! 5 The reason room treatment is so important is quite simple. Standing waves, room reflections, and improper monitor placement (don’t worry; I’ll explain what these terms mean) will be your biggest obstacle to producing a quality recording or production of any kind. Additionally, it will prevent you from learning how to record, mix, and master properly. A Little Anecdotal History I can attest from personal experience that it doesn’t really matter over the long run how good you think your ears are or what kind of monitors or equipment you have. If your environment isn’t properly treated, your work will suffer. My Story – Some Things to Avoid I was once a proud owner of a pair of Mackie HR824’s. But back then, I didn't know much about audio engineering and acoustics. I just hooked up my speakers in the corner of my room and went to town making beats as I learned my way around my recording software. The biggest obstacle I had to face was working in an environment that was poorly designed for a pair of high-powered nearfield monitors. I had them set up in the corner of a room, and thanks to my huge bed, carpeted floor, and chair across the room, some of the room modes and frequency problems that I experienced created problems while recording. I wish someone would have told me how important this stuff was when I started! How to Build Your Own Music Studio I put myself in a position that hampered my ability to listen properly from the start. This drastically slowed my progress. 6 Avoid My Mistakes 1. Monitors Were Too Close My monitors were placed far too close to my central listening position. They were less than a foot away from each ear. Usually, the rule of thumb is that for nearfield monitors with woofer sizes between 6-9 inches, you’ll want to position them at least 2 ¾ to 3 feet away from your position and no farther than 9 ft. away. With the HR824’s so close (less than one foot!), I often had to lean back and forth to adjust for my “sweet” spot. As I found out much later, if you find yourself having to do this a lot, you’re way too close to your monitors. 2. I Was in The Wrong Place My location in the room was a corner on top of a built-in desk with just enough room for me to place the monitors. This arrangement created a ton of phasing and room mode problems. How to Build Your Own Music Studio 3. No Acoustic Treatment 7 I had no acoustic treatment in my room whatsoever! Eventually, I did buckle down and buy myself a pair of decouplers (a.k.a. isolation pads). But I hadn’t ever really gotten around to purchasing full-on acoustic treatment for the whole room until I moved into my apartment. 4. No Monitor Stands Not only were the monitors too close, but the low-end energy that they generated would often shake the desk that I had been working on at the time. I didn’t think anything of it, but I later learned that the improper dispersion of that low-end was affecting my ability to mix properly. This lead me to finally springing for monitor stands. However, you can build stands yourself if you want to. This article shows you how: (How to make your own stands) Proper Setup Makes a Huge Difference Needless to say, after getting some proper padding, bass traps installed, and placing my speakers at a proper distance, mixing and mastering became MUCH easier. Every sound I hear is crystal-clear and I can easily monitor various levels without having to constantly “move around” to figure out what’s going on with my mix! How to Build Your Own Music Studio On the next page I have some pics of my setup so you can see what I mean: 8 How to Build Your Own Music Studio My First Almost Complete System 9 My System (An Outline For You) All in all, my setup is fairly simple and consists of the following: Computer: My computer is a custom built PC running Macintosh Lion 10.7.5. (Also known as a Hackintosh) Specs: Quad-core 3.31 GHz processor 8 GB of DDR3 RAM 128 GB Crucial SSD 1 TB Hitachi SATA 500 GB Western Digital SATA 500 GB LaCie External Hard Drive Logic Studio (DAW) A simple MicroKorg coupled with an M-Audio Uno interface. However, I will be upgrading to a proper MIDI interface in the near future (the keyboard you see in the corner in one of the pictures is actually broken, unfortunately). I simply borrowed the MicroKorg from a friend (and he hasn’t asked me to return it yet..). The Uno interface cost me $40, which I bought brand-new at Amazon. How to Build Your Own Music Studio Basic MIDI: 10 Monitor Speakers: Two Dynaudio BM5a’s (an awesome pair of monitors with a very flat-frequency response and excellent imaging), for which I exchanged my Mackies (plus an extra $100) at Guitar Center. Microphone: A Shure Beta58 microphone. A fairly standard Mic. Preamp: A fantastic ART Tube MP Studio preamp, which cost me roughly $30 Acoustic Treatment: Roughly $350 of acoustic treatment, which include the basstraps, the panels, and the monitor decouplers. Furniture: A desk and two stands (highly recommended!), which cost roughly $100. How to Build Your Own Music Studio Be creative here. Ask friends, use craigslist, of discount stores. 11 Recording Tools: A PreSonus Audiobox, which I also bought used for around $100. Various commercial and freeware plugins and synths. The commercial plugins all roughly amount of up to $300-500 in terms of cost. (I collected them over a few years) Bottom Line If you were to duplicate my studio setup piece-by-piece, you’d end up paying somewhere in the ballpark of $2,500 for equipment. What's important to know is that you do not have to buy everything immediately. You can get a few things to start and build as you go. How to Build Your Own Music Studio Below is a picture of the some the plugins that I use in Logic and another of a track that I’m producing within Logic, which is a DAW that’s exclusively made for the OSX platform. 12 A Note About “Hackintoshing” And Using DAWs Before I go on any further, I do want to issue a fair warning to those of you considering using a Hackintosh as your main studio computer. (A Hackintosh is a Mac custom made with PC parts. Ideally to save money) First and foremost, the only real reason I am using a Hackintosh is because I own a copy of Logic 8 which I didn’t want to waste. Secondly, I couldn’t justify spending more than $2,000 on a Mac Pro when I could simply buy a custom system with the same exact specs for $700 and install a copy of OSX on that machine. If you’ve never used Logic 8 before, let alone a Mac, then I would suggest sticking with a Windows-based solution so you can save yourself some headaches along the way. For those of you who happen to be technically savvy or diehard Mac users who are looking to upgrade a bit with a custom-built system. Then “Hackintoshing” might just be the answer you’ve been looking for! High Quality DAW’s How to Build Your Own Music Studio Also, if you would prefer something besides Logic, there are plenty of amazing alternatives, such as: 13 Pro Tools Cubase Ableton Reason Fruityloops Which Operating System Is The Best? Honestly, it really depends on what your preferences are. Windows users typically cite greater compatibility with more VST plugins that are written and compiled as .dll files (you can read more about .dll files and VSTs by clicking on the respective links) and more flexibility when it comes to configuration. Whereas Mac users claim to enjoy greater stability, compatibility with Class-C audio and MIDI interfaces, with less latency issues. My Advice for Beginners That being said, my advice is to go with what you know best and what you’re most comfortable with. But keep in mind that eventually you will want to learn how to use both Windows and OSX. There’s nothing worse than dealing with an engineer or producer who simply can’t work on another platform because of some illconceived prejudice towards working with a Mac or working with a Windows-based PC. So suck it up! How to Build Your Own Music Studio One of the biggest strengths that you must develop as an audio engineer is being flexible enough to adapt to the needs of your client, and that ultimately involves keeping an open-mind and having the willingness to get the job done in both worlds. 14 The Equipment You Will Need How to Build Your Own Music Studio The Neve 8058 in Studio B at the MediaTech Institute. 15 Now that you have a general idea of the equipment you will be looking for. I'm going to go through each piece individually and make some suggestions to save you money. #1 - Buying a Computer I'm sure that a bunch of you know more about computers than I do, but for the purposes of this guide, I will assume that most of those reading this aren't computer experts. Before we begin, it should be noted that most computers purchased after 2010 will likely have all the resources you will need to handle your studio needs. Listed below are four excellent options for getting the right studio computer: 1. Buying A Pre-Built, Ready-To-Go, Computer: This is what most people will do. It's easy, most new computers can handle most of your recording. Plus, you can get started right away! Here are a couple decent options: ASUS Essentio CM6730-06 Desktop (Windows) 2. Building Your Own System From Scratch: If you are a computer whiz, this option will save you the most money. Building a computer by hand guarantee’s that you get exactly what you want, and nothing you don't. Plus, when you buy the individual parts by themselves, you end up spending less money. For more detailed information about building your own computer, you can refer to this excellently written article on Lifehacker. How to Build Your Own Music Studio Apple I-Mac 27 Inch Desktop (Macintosh) 16 3. Buying a Custom-Built PC From A Company: There are a few sites out there that do sell custom-build media rigs at varying price levels. These include: Primal PC IBUYPOWER Outlet PC Of these three sites, Outlet PC seems to have the most competitive prices for machines that come well-equipped with power and the latest software. #2 - Monitor Speakers How to Build Your Own Music Studio Throughout this guide, I've used the term “nearfield monitors”. For those asking; “What the heck is a nearfield monitor?” 17 A nearfield monitor (or reference speaker) is a audio device that’s designed to output a signal as evenly as possible across the entire frequency spectrum without any sort of distortion, coloration, or enhancement to the signal itself. Essentially, what you hear is what you get; there’s no fluff, no flam, and no hype of any kind. Why? When recording or doing a mixdown, you want to know exactly what you’re doing at all times. The only way for you to do that properly is by constantly listening to a signal that is uncolored, clear, and evenly balanced from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. So, what would an example of a good pair of monitors be? Monitor Recommendations The Dynaudio BM5a’s that I own are an excellent example of nearfield monitors that deliver warm, crystal clear sound that’s consistent, accurate, and pleasing to listen to. But they are pretty expensive. If you aren't willing to fork over this month's rent for studio speakers, here are some quality and budget friendly alternatives. Other great, low-budget monitors include: KRK Rokit Powered 5 Generation 2 Powered Studio Monitor Alesis Monitor1 MKII Channel Studio Monitors Both of these are extremely popular and highly rated. As someone who made just about every mistake in the book when it comes to proper home studio setup, I can’t stress enough how important it is for you to get it right from the start when it comes to monitor placement and room treatment. In his incredibly in-depth and detailed article, Paul White walks readers through the importance of proper monitoring and how to address acoustic problems in your environment that are holding you back from putting out a great mix. How to Build Your Own Music Studio Back To Monitor Placement And Room Treatment 18 What I’m going to do now is walk you through a short-and-sweet version of how you can get your studio treated as quickly as possible without having to tear down any walls. First things first, I do not believe you need to go overboard and treat your entire room. I was able to achieve outstanding results using nothing but several acoustic absorbent panels, a few well-placed bass traps, and a handful of pins. That’s it! How to Treat Your Home Studio Here are my hard-and-fast rules on how to get your home studio treated as quickly as possible: Kill Room Modes Using Bass Traps How to Build Your Own Music Studio 1. Room modes are pockets of sound that accumulate mainly in corners (as well as other areas) as sound travels throughout a room and are most often made up of low-frequency material, which exists in instruments such as bass, rumbles, kicks, toms, etc. 19 The reason you want to reduce room modes in particular is that the accumulation of those room modes decay at a slower rate than what is produced by your monitoring system. This will result in partial phase cancellation and create a sort of “muddiness” that can make it exceedingly difficult to understand what exactly is happening with your low end. When I first put up my bass traps, every single problem that I had with bass had simply disappeared and I didn’t have to perform quite as many soundchecks in my car by burning my bounced files onto countless CDs. So if you’re wondering how you should treat your room; just go get yourself a bunch of bass traps and treat the corners of your room first! Do-It-Yourself Bass Traps In regard to cost, you’re going to end up spending a fair bit if you’re looking to get acoustic bass traps, but there are DIY options that you can consider if you’re willing to put in the time to acquire all the necessary materials and know a little about carpentry. As building bass traps is something that I don’t have much experience with, I’ll refer to you to a couple of awesome guides that I found, each of which you can read and download as .pdf files for your own convenience by clicking here and here. How to Build Your Own Music Studio Additionally, here’s another great article about bass traps by Ethan Winer that contains quite a bit of detailed information about the different types of materials that you can use to build great bass traps and how they should be applied for the best results possible. 20 Buying Bass Traps Of course, if you’d rather not put in all that work or simply don’t have the time to build your own bass traps, then my best advice would be to simply save your money and look for bass trap kits on Amazon or Guitarcenter.com. In regards to size and dimension, the bare minimum size that you’ll want for a bass trap (for an average-sized apartment) is 12x12x17, which is fairly standard. Acoustic Treatment 101 2. After the room modes have all been taken care of, the next order of business will be toning down all those annoying flutter echoes that occur from reflections off your front, side, and back walls. How to Build Your Own Music Studio If you’re not sure just how bad it really is, try clapping your hands once really hard and listen to the “ring out” that is produced afterwards. 21 The best way to treat those is by purchasing acoustic panels (like this one) and lining them up around your room. However, as I'm sure you have noticed, those panels aren't cheap. But don't worry, if you are willing to learn, you can build your own. For all of you DIY types, here’s a guide that will help you build great homemade acoustic panels! A Final Note About Treatment Many of you may be thinking that the primary purpose of acoustic treatment is to kill as many reflections as possible. The actual goal is to reduce reflections so that they don’t interfere with the direct sound. Leaving you with only sound coming from your monitors and not the rest of your room. For more detailed information on acoustic treatment, check out Paul White's article on the subject: here. Monitor Placement Phew! Now that we’ve got all the acoustic treatment out of the way, let’s move onto monitor placement. Without getting into any obscure theory or physics, I’m going to give you some more hard-and-fast rules on where you can place your monitors for the best results. Rectangle vs Square Rooms If your personal home studio doesn’t happen to be set up in a rectangular shaped room, that’s not necessarily a problem, but if you can move into a room that is more rectangular, I’d highly recommend it! The reason that rectangular rooms are superior to square rooms for setting up a studio is that, in a square-shaped room, all the resonant How to Build Your Own Music Studio Rooms come in varying shapes and sizes, but more often than not, most rooms tend to be rectangular in shape. 22 room modes in the room will more or less be in the same frequency range. This will only exacerbate the acoustic problems and monitoring issues that I described earlier. Nonetheless, with sufficient and properly installed treatment, a studio can sound just as good in a square room as it could in a rectangular room. Placing Your Monitors Depending on the size of the room in question, your monitors should ideally be placed in either one of the narrow sides of the rectangular room. Why? Well, as I alluded to earlier in the guide, low frequency bass energy tends to build up in “pockets,” and most of the time, these pockets tend to be located in corners or very small, enclosed spaces. How to Build Your Own Music Studio Even with treatment applied, those reflections won’t disappear completely, but will be better absorbed and distributed. 23 By placing your monitor closer to the corners, you will hear a more even low-end response than if you were to place the monitors closer to the middle of the room. The Importance of Your Monitors The type of monitor you’re using will determine the best placement. If you happen to be using a pair of DynAudio BM6a’s, then you would want to place them a little bit farther from the corner than say, a pair of BM5a’s. This is because the BM6a’s are better equipped to reproduce sounds in the lower frequency spectrum. A Tip for Placing Any Type of Speaker Position your monitors about a foot and a half from the wall, hook them up to your laptop or iPhone (via an eighth to a dual-quarterinch splitter that will allow you to hook up both monitors) and play some of your favorite reference songs that you know by heart and listen to how they sound on the monitors. If something doesn’t sound right or if one of the songs you know has great low-end detail that isn’t coming out right for some reason. Then scoot the monitors back until things start sounding full. Find The Sweet Spot I’ve provided a diagram below that will give you a pretty good idea of what I’m talking about. How to Build Your Own Music Studio Additionally, you’ll also want to make sure that both monitors are facing towards your “sweet” spot, which will more or less be located wherever you prefer to sit while mixing. 24 How to Build Your Own Music Studio #3 - Audio Interfaces 25 Okay, so now that we’ve got acoustic treatment on our walls and our monitors in place, it's time to figure out exactly how we're going to hook up the computer to the monitors. This is where an audio interface comes in. There are several audio interfaces that you can choose from, but picking the one that's best for you will depend upon your specific needs. If your goal is a simple setup that’ll allow you to record no more than two sources at a time, then you can't go wrong with a PreSonus Audiobox USB, which is one of the best audio interfaces that you can get on a budget. The controls for the interface are all easily accessible and the sound is crystal clear. If you are a pro, you will be looking for something a little more advanced, such as the Babyface RME or the Apogee Duet (which is for Mac users only). Why Do I Need An Audio Interface? Given the advances that we’ve made with computers and technology, I wouldn’t be surprised if you actually could run a DAW session without a problem using nothing but your computer’s builtin soundcard. However, there are plenty of issues that you will likely run into if you choose to go this route: 1. Not Enough Inputs: Good luck if all you’ve got to start with is the interface that your motherboard came with. Most consumer-grade soundcards will come with two basic RCA outputs and often aren’t made with pro audio applications in mind that are designed for recording, mixing, and mastering. How to Build Your Own Music Studio Looking to record a band with your in-house setup? 26 2. Latency Issues: Latency is usually an issue when using lower grade audio equipment. But, first what is latency? Latency is the amount of time that a signal is delayed due to a series of processes and calculations that occur between the input and the output of said signal. In other words, every time you plug in your favorite hardware synth or guitar to try and record it. There will be a certain amount of latency (delay) that’s generated as your CPU processes all the instructions necessary to detect, convert, and route the signal to its final destination. Latency and Recording Latency isn’t exclusive to recording. Every time you insert a plugin or synth, your CPU has to process a new set of instructions in order to accommodate all those synths and plugins. So, the more plugins you add, the more latency that can occur. How to Build Your Own Music Studio The latency you’ll experience with most consumer grade audio will range from really bad to absolutely abysmal. 27 For this reason it’s always better to use a product that is actually designed to manage latency without interfering with your mixing or mastering. So, you owe it to yourself to get a decent audio interface that can get the job done right from the start! 3. Sound Quality: Unless your native soundcard is fully capable of performing AD/DA conversion at the highest fidelity level possible, then you need an audio interface that can provide you with consistently clean, distortion-free audio. Remember the rule I shared with you regarding nearfield monitors? It applies here as well! Having a proper interface will allow you to concentrate on recording and mixing and less on constantly having to tweak menu preferences in order to dial in the right sound. There are also three different port types that audio interfaces use: I. USB - As one of the most common connection ports to date. USB (which is short for Universal Serial Bus) is widely supported by many audio interface manufacturers. However, as USB does rely on a shared network bus, any additional USB devices that you hook up will also consume resources. How to Build Your Own Music Studio But if all you’re using are devices like thumb drives or a keyboard and mouse, then you’ll be fine. 28 II. Firewire - Officially known as IEEE 1349, Firewire is a proprietary connection interface developed by Apple during the late 1980's and the early 1990's. It has become a popular choice for users desiring greater transfer speeds between devices. If you’re curious about how Firewire stacks up against USB 2.0 overall, a detailed article written by James Galbraith walks you through a series of benchmark tests that he performed using USB, Firewire 400, and Firewire 800. III. PCI Express - Short for Peripheral Component Interconnect Express, most users who use their PCI Express bus report far faster speeds and lower latency than when using either USB or Firewire. #4 – Microphones For a proper home studio setup, microphones are usually considered the most important pieces of equipment. How to Build Your Own Music Studio They are the very first link in the signal chain and by default, the determining factor in the quality of a recorded song. 29 I would suggest that you take your time when choosing a microphone. Making a mistake and saving $20 now can significantly diminish the quality of recording you do going forward. There are Three Different Kinds of Studio Microphones 1. Dynamic Microphones: These microphones are ideal for those on a smaller budget. They work based on the electromagnetic principle. This means that they generate sound by transmitting vibrations through a magnetic field via a metal coil. As the metal coil responds to the vibrations that pass through the diaphragm (the outer covering), it will displace the magnetic field in proportion to the overall amplitude and frequency of the sound wave, which will then be transmitted to the output leads. Popular options include: Shure SM57 Shure SM58 Electrovoice RE20 Up next, condenser mic’s. How to Build Your Own Music Studio Shure Beta 58 30 2. Condenser Microphones: These are slightly more expensive than their dynamic counterparts. Condenser microphones are well-known and long-revered by veteran audio engineers. Condensor Mic's are popular for the warm, full tones, color, and character that are naturally imbued onto each instrument and voice that pass through them. How They Work (Technical Stuff) The way they work is slightly different, as the main force that governs the functioning of any condenser (also known as a ‘capacitor’ mic in the U.K.) is called the electrostatic principle. Inside of a condenser microphone such as the Neumann U87, there are two plates, a movable diaphragm and a fixed backplate. These plates are charged positively and negatively in a respective fashion in order to create a capacitor. Whenever the movable plate vibrates because of an incoming sound, the capacitance changes by increasing and decreasing as the plate moves back and forth. Which causes the voltage to change inversely. How to Build Your Own Music Studio In order to transfer this change to the output line, a high-value resistor is placed within the circuit that will again invert the voltage as it passes through from the capacitor. 31 The resulting signal will need to be processed by an impedance conversion amplifier in order to preserve the characteristics of the signal. Naturally, in order for this process to occur and for the signal to pass at all, the movable plate, the backplate, and the resistor all need to be fed a constant electrical charge. If that seems like a lot of information for your brain to swallow; don’t sweat it! What you need to understand about condenser microphones is that they tend to pick up a lot more sound than dynamic mics. This is because they produce such a high impedance signal (for more info on impedance, read this article). This isn’t to say that condenser mics are better than dynamic mics (there are many excellent dynamic mics), but they are often the best choices for adding a sort of “warmth” or even-harmonic distortion that can make an otherwise dull recording sound pleasing and rich in terms of timbre and tone. Popular options include: AKG C214 Large Diaphragm Condenser Mic MXL V63M Condenser Studio Microphone Neumann TLM 102 Condenser Microphone 3. Ribbon Microphones This tends to be thinner in older models and, therefore, outputs a lower-level signal. Because of this, older ribbon mics often need to be powered by a step-up transformer, but newer models have undergone various advances and no longer require the use of external power during a recording session. How to Build Your Own Music Studio Ribbon microphones are built on the electromagnetic principle like dynamic microphones. But where they differ is in the design of the coil itself. 32 Popular options include: MXL 990 Ribbon Microphone MXL R144 Ribbon Microphone MXL R40 Ribbon Microphone So What Kind of Microphone Should I Get? When deciding what type of microphones you should pick up, the first thing you should ask yourself is, “What am I going to record?” It may seem like an obvious question, but if you’re only going to be recording guitar and vocals in a small studio setup, then there’s no point in purchasing high end pro mic's for the whole band. How to Build Your Own Music Studio In terms of cost, dynamics tend to be cheaper than condensers, but if you’re going for high-quality results and a full sound, then including a couple of nice condensers in your setup would be a great choice! 33 #5 - Plugins & Hardware Processors Now that you’ve got all the essential ingredients you need to cook up some hot tunes (and make a little money from your efforts), we can start delving into some of the plugins you can use to spice up your recordings and mixes. Before I go any further, however, I’ll briefly explain what a “plugin” is and why plugins are essential. What Is a Plugin? In the ubiquitously digitized audio and music industries, effect plugins are as essential to an audio engineer as tools are to a mechanic. They allow adjustments and processing to be made to recorded audio files. This way they can be localized within the context of a mix in a way that is both technically satisfactory and aesthetically enjoyable. In other words, they allow you to intelligently strip down, tighten up, fatten up, spread out, and literally transform the elements in your mix so that you end up with a product that sounds as superbly creative and professional as possible! Of course, plugins can't make you a better audio engineer or instantly turn a bad track into a good one. However, in the right hands, plugins can make good tracks great. How to Build Your Own Music Studio Long Story Short … 34 Different Kinds of Plugins 1. EQ How to Build Your Own Music Studio EQ is shorthand for equalizer, which basically allows you to manipulate the frequencies and amplitude of a signal by shaping it using a number of different curves and filters, as seen on the next page: 35 EQ’s are very important tools for audio engineers because they allow you to scoop out unwanted frequencies that would otherwise clutter up and muddy your mix. They can also boost desired frequencies in order to enhance the overall tone and character of a particular sound. If you’re not sure where to get started, here’s a link to a whole suite of EQ plugins for you to get your hands on. Most standard EQs (like the stock EQ you’ll find in your DAW) will allow you to make very precise cuts and boosts. Whereas other EQ types will work much like older analog EQ’s and make “broad-stroke” changes to your audio for more of a dramatic effect. If you want to move beyond freeware and stock EQ options, then I would suggest checking out sites like Universal Audio and FabFilter, which feature great plugins to choose from! 2. Compressors Aside from EQs, compressors are the second most commonly used plugin in the audio industry. But what are compressors for? The difference between all these peaks is called dynamic range. What compressors do is decrease dynamic range so that the overall amplitude of a signal is more consistent. How to Build Your Own Music Studio If you look at the image below, you’ll see that there are several peaks and dips at various levels in the waveform. 36 As you can see in the second image I’ve applied an extreme (ratio set to 100:1; attack set to 7.6 ms, release set to 122 ms; gain reduction of up to -21 dB) dose of compression to the signal. How Can Compressors Help My Sound? Compressors are not only used to reduce the dynamic range of a signal but also to enhance the “punch” or fullness of a sound. As the transients of a signal are squashed down, the content within that signal that was previously less audible becomes more audible. As a result, the sound becomes tighter and more focused. How to Build Your Own Music Studio Certain types of compressors can impart a certain sense of warmth and harmonic distortion to a signal. 37 Which many engineers and musicians find to be pleasing, especially when applied to low-frequency material like basses, synthesized bass lines, or drums. Free Compressor Plugins In regards to freeware compressor plugins, there are tons of cool sites that you’ll stumble upon with a Google search, but if you really don’t know where to start, I recommend that you check out this fine list of freeware compressors. Other Plug-Ins And Effects If you dig through some of these freeware sites, you’ll find all kinds of plugins you can choose from, such as: Delays Reverbs Choruses Flangers Distortion units Bit-crushers Filters There are tons of plugins available when you do a little searching! Should you download all of them at once? If you have ample space on your hard drive, go for it! Pick the plugins that suit your style or fit your needs the best. Then experiment with them as much as possible. Find Some Plugins Here With that being said, here’s a great plugin website you can start with. How to Build Your Own Music Studio My personal suggestion would be to limit yourself to one or two to start off with so you can familiarize yourself with all the things those plugins can do. Then add more later. 38 Conclusion Now that you have all of your tools in place, it’s time to start recording! This guide was designed to show everyone who wants to make music that you don't need to be rich to create great sound. You just need to be passionate and be willing to spend some money to get started. I was hesitant about getting started myself, but now I can say it was the best decision I ever made. Want More Information? If you are looking for some more info, you can check out these articles: How to Become and Audio Engineer What is a DAW? Entry Level Audio Engineering Jobs How to Build Your Own Music Studio Stock Music 101 39 Or, If you can shoot me an email: [email protected] Congratulations! If you have made it this far, it's pretty clear that you really care about this stuff. If that’s the case, you owe it to yourself to at least try. Who knows, you may end up doing what you love for a living! Your Home Studio Checklist Below I've put together a little checklist to help you as you build your home studio. I've included the most important pieces of equipment you should target to get started. In each category I've listed a couple of options. Some are more budget friendly than others, but all the items listed are high quality and very popular for beginners in the industry. How to Build Your Own Music Studio I like to buy my equipment from Amazon. You can find this same gear on different websites and in some stores, but I always find the best prices on Amazon. Plus, I trust them and they have a great return policy. 40 Studio Equipment Checklist Price Link Fruityloops 10 $288.99 Amazon Propellerhead Reason 6 $399.99 Amazon Pro Tools 10 $548.99 Amazon Alesis Monitor1 MKII Channel Studio Monitors $186.99 Amazon KRK Rokit 5 Studio Speakers with Two 18ft XLR Cables $299.99 Amazon Shure Beta 58 Dynamic Mic $144.99 Amazon AKG C214 Large Diaphragm Condenser Mic $310.99 Amazon Audio-Technica ATH-M50 $101.99 Amazon Beyerdynamic DT 770 PRO $179.99 Amazon PreSonus AudioBox USB 2x2 USB $149.99 Amazon Focusrite Scarlett 2i4 USB $199.99 Amazon Alesis QX25 25-Key Advanced USB/MIDI $84.41 Amazon M-Audio Oxygen 25 25-Key USB MIDI $139.99 Amazon Thick Pyramid Style Acoustic Foam 2" $65.00 Amazon Auralex Studiofoam Designer Kit $108.99 Amazon $27.99 Amazon $84.95 Amazon $559.99 Amazon $1,699.98 Amazon DAW Monitor Speakers Microphone(s) Headphones Audio Interface MIDI Controller/Keyboard How to Build Your Own Music Studio Acoustic Treatment 41 Monitor Pads Auralex Monitor Isolation Pads (decouplers) Bass Trap 4 Corner Bass Trap Computer (If you don't have one already) ASUS Essentio CM6730-06 Desktop Apple iMac 27-Inch Desktop 42 How to Build Your Own Music Studio
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