BAM Berlin How to Make an Exposure Chart for Computed Radiography? Uwe Ewert, Uwe Zscherpel, Mirko Jechow, Bernhard Redmer t@b d [email protected] April 2012, Ewert et al. Essential Parameters in Radiology 1 Outline Basics Comparison of optical density and grey value in Computed Radiography Determination of required minimum Grey Value GVmin for CR via Contrast Sensitivity (EPS) Determination of required minimum Grey Value GVmin for CR via Signal-to Noise Ratio (SNR) ( ) Measurement procedure for exposure diagram Test exposures of IPs by new Draft of ASTM E 2033 and ISO/DIS 17636-2 EPS method SNR method Design of exposure diagram on basis of grey values Usage of exposure diagram Conclusions April 2012, Ewert et al. Exposure Chart for CR 2 Exposure Chart for Films ©2007 General Electric Company. GEIT-30158 GEIT 30158 (01/07) GE Inspection Technologies Industrial Radiography Image forming techniques April 2012, Ewert et al. Exposure Chart for CR The final graph shows the required mA▪minutes for exposure at a given tube kV under standard conditions for a given film system mA▪min Exposure Chart for Films Standard conditions are here: Material: steel Film Focus Distance: 700 mm Optical density: 2.0 Given film and exposure conditions Radiographers are trained, how to calculate the exposure values under modified conditions. ©2007 General Electric Company. GEIT 30158 (01/07) GE Inspection Technologies GEIT-30158 Industrial Radiography Image forming techniques April 2012, Ewert et al. Exposure Chart for CR mm Fe CR Response to Dose vs. Grey Values Operators want to define a minimum Grey Value as equivalent to the optical density in Film Radiography! But, the optical density and grey values of digital images cannot be compared without relation to the image quality The grey values depend on: Bit depth Scanner gain Photo multiplier voltage Imaging plate efficiency Scanning LASER intensity Exposure p conditions ((kV, mA▪min, distance, shielding, g filters). ) The image quality can be measured by IQIs,, as e.g. g wires,, step p holes,, plate p holes or byy Measurement of essential parameters as e.g. the normalized SNR. grey y The EPS and the normalized SNR can be converted to calibrated minimum g values GVmin which are required for CR exposure charts. April 2012, Ewert et al. Exposure Chart for CR Determination of the minimum Grey Value GVmin by the EPS method See ASTM E 2033 draft and the Draft on “Practice for the Use of … Computed Radiology for Aerospace Casting Inspections” (USA: MAI – group) - A smooth ¾ inch (19 mm) steel plate with a set of plate holes is radiographed at 200 kV in ≥ 1 m distance (ASTM E 746) - Other IQIs are on the plate to increase the information on image response. Th The exposure iis performed f d with different mA▪min settings A graph is generated, see next pages E 746 S EPS= equivalent penetrameter sensitivity ((see ASTM E 746, E 747, E 1025)) April 2012, Ewert et al. Essential Exposure Parameters Chart in forRadiology CR 6 Example: EPS test with DÜRR HD CR scanner at 20 µm pixel size Do you see the holes? ¾” (19 mm) steel plate, 200 kV 1 mm steel step for measurementt off µeff April 2012, Ewert et al. CNR 0.8 Exposure Chart for CR 7 EPS Method as Proposed by ASTM E 2033 Draft (Annex I) Use EPS test plates (E 746) as follows: - Expose the EPS plate set on ¾” (19 mm) of steel at conditions, as defined in ASTM E 746 746, about 12 times with doubling dose values (mA▪min) - Measure for each exposure the GV and EPS value - Plot a graph of EPS vs. Grey Value GV Qualification procedure! April 2012, Ewert et al. Exposure Chart for CR Determination of Minimum Grey Value GVmin: EPS test EPS measurement conditions: see ASTM E 746 ASTM 2033 Draft table A.2 Grey value EPS= equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (see ASTM E 746, E 747, E 1025) Plot a graph with measured EPS as function of grey value and determine from the graph the minimum required grey value GVmin for the required EPS value of the table A.2 of ASTM E 2033 (draft). April 2012, Ewert et al. Exposure Chart for CR 9 Determination of Minimum Grey Value GVmin: SNR Method The required minimum ´Grey Value’ Gvmin can also be determined by SNR measurements with available software. This Thi is i based b d on the th following f ll i equation: ti Depends p on Hardware: effective p pixel size Magnification Focal spot size, source size New Formula d visible image b SR PT eff SN SNR } { Material, keV, Source type Scattered radiation Screens and filters April 2012, Ewert et al. SNR - Signal to noise ratio µeff – specific contrast, effective attenuation coefficient SRb – effective ff ti pixel i l size i iin th the iimage, basic spatial resolution of image p time Exposure Tube current, Activity Detector efficiency Source-to-Detector Distance Exposure Chart for CR Determination of Minimum Grey Value GVmin: SNR Method (ISO/DIS 17636-2) Annex C: Determination of basic spatial resolution SRb Annex D: Determination of normalized SNRN from SNRmeasured April 2012, Ewert et al. Essential Exposure Parameters Chart in forRadiology CR 11 Step Wedge Method: April 2012, Ewert et al. Linear and logarithmic g step p wedge g 8 mm Cu filter Exposure Chart for CR How to determine the minimum gray values GVmin: (E 2033, Annex 1) Use sstep ep wedge edge method e od o of ASTM S E 2446 6o or ISO SO 16371-1 63 as follows: o o s - Expose the step wedge - Measure in each step p the g gray y value and SNR value - Plot a graph and determine the minimum gray value for the required normalized SNR, corresponding to the required ISO testing class or ASTM level. level Calibration procedure! April 2012, Ewert et al. Exposure Chart for CR Determination of Minimum Grey Value GVmin: SNR Method - The measurement is based on the fixed correlation of SNR and Grey Values of a CR system (IP and scanner) with fixed scanner settings. ISO/DIS 17636-2 requires for Class A: SNRN ≥ 70 and for Class B: SNRN ≥ 100 ASTM E 2033 (Draft) requires for Level I: SNR ≥ 80 (@SRb = 70 µm) Level II: SNR ≥ 56 (@SRb = 70 µm) Scanner parameters as gain scan speed gain, speed, laser intensity, scan pixel resolution and others shall not be modified for qualification and usage in the field. GV GV Measure the SNR and mean grey value in all steps Grey value Grey value April 2012, Ewert et al. Exposure Chart for CR SNRnorm = SNR * 88,6µm/SR µ b How to Plot an Exposure Graph on the basis of minimum gray values GVmin: Determine the minimum grey value GVmin for the specific SR system and its parameter setting D t Determine i diff differentt GVmin values l ffor diff differentt IP types t and d scanner settings tti Determine different GVmin values for testing class A and testing class B of ISO/DIS SO/ S 17636-2 636 or for ASTM S E 2033 033 ((Draft)) level I and level II Define a reference value GVreference for the exposure chart. Plot the required q mA▪minutes as function of the material thickness, which is required to achieve the GVreference under standard conditions. The operator may define the required GVmin value depending on the testing requirements. requirements April 2012, Ewert et al. Exposure Chart for CR Exposure Chart for Computed-Radiography B (mA xmin) min) B (mA▪m 100 • • • • • • • 10 • 1 FDDref = 1000 mm GVref = 26000 SNRN = 100 Material = Fe IP = ST VI DÜRR CR35 NDT BAM BAM-certified tifi d scanparameter No lead screens 600 kV 450 kV Bw 300 kV B GVmin FDD 2 2 GVref FDDref 01 0,1 GVmin_B = 26000 w Fe(mm) (mm) GVmin_A = 10000 w Fe Exposure chart, chart based on a qualified minimum grey value GVreferenz 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 - Measurement of the exposure value (mA min) for different tube voltages, which are required to obtain the qualified GVreferenz . - Half logarithmic presentation with system parameters. April 2012, Ewert et al. Exposure Chart for CR Conclusions Exposure charts for CR can be designed in analogy to film radiography on the basis of grey values in the digital images It is required to determine for each Imaging Plate type and scanner and its parameter setting a required minimum Grey Value GVmin. Two equivalent methods were developed: The EPS method is based on the visual determination of EPS values l under d standardized t d di d conditions diti b by visual i l evaluation l ti off di digital it l images and measured Grey Values The SNR method is based on measured normalized SNR values and measured Grey Values Different GVmin values apply for testing ISO class A and B or ASTM level I and d II The relative exposure times between CR and film radiography are different for class A and B or level I and II. April 2012, Ewert et al. Exposure Chart for CR End [email protected] April 2012, Ewert et al. Essential Parameters in Radiology 18
© Copyright 2024