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because good research needs good data
How to Cite Datasets and Link to Publications
A Report of the Digital Curation Centre
Monica Duke
Alex Ball
DCC/UKOLN, University of Bath
30 October 2012
Except where otherwise stated, this work is licensed
under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Scotland:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/scotland/
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Funded by
Awareness Level
A Digital Curation Centre Briefing Paper
A Digital Curation Centre ‘working level’ guide
19th July 2011
Data Citation and Linking
By Alex Ball and Monica Duke, UKOLN, University of Bath
•Introduction
•Short-term Benefits and Long-term Value
•Perspectives on Data Citation
•Roles and Responsibilities
•Issues to be Considered
•Related Research
•Additional Resources
Introduction
On the surface, citing datasets is a trivially easy
thing to do. Style manuals such as the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association
and the Oxford Manual of Style have provided sample
citations for datasets since at least the early 2000s.
The process of making datasets citable, however, is
rather more difficult. In consequence of this and other
factors, a culture of citing datasets has been slow to
develop. Nevertheless, it is vital that researchers cite
the datasets they use, if datasets are to be regarded
as legitimate academic outputs in their own right.
• Data citations ensure that data contributors receive
proper credit when their work is reused by other
researchers.
• If a dataset links back to the paper that describes
its collection, a reader coming to the dataset
direct can use that link to put it in context and
understand the methodology used.
How to Cite Datasets
and Link to Publications
Alex Ball (DCC) and Monica Duke (DCC)
• If a dataset links to other papers that make use
of it, these links can be used by the contributors
and data publishers to demonstrate the impact of
the data. Potential reusers might use these links
to discover critiques of the data or to provide
inspiration for how to use them.
Once a culture of data citation has been established,
several other benefits are likely to become apparent.
• The publishing infrastructure that makes the data
citable will also help to ensure they are available
for reference and reuse long into the future.
• There will be less danger of rival researchers
‘stealing’ results from those who publish their data
openly, as failure to give due credit would amount
to plagiarism and thus be punishable.
• Services built around data citation will make
it easier for researchers to discover relevant
datasets.
Short-term Benefits
and Long-term Value
• Data citations could be used to measure the
impact of both individual datasets and their
contributors.
There are several short-term benefits to making
datasets citable, citing them in practice, and linking
datasets to papers that make use of the data.
• Researchers could gain professional recognition
and rewards for published data in the same way as
for more traditional publications.
• If the authors of a scientific publication properly
cite the data that underlies it, it is much easier for
the reader to locate that data. This in turn makes
it easier for the reader to validate and build on the
publication’s findings.
Taking these points together, there would likely be an
increase in the quantity and quality of data published,
with all the benefits this implies for the transparency
and rate of scientific research.
Digital Curation Centre, 2011.
Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Scotland:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/scotland/
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resources/how-guides/cite-datasets
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Outline
Motivation
Elements of a data citation
Issues and challenges
Guidance for researchers
Guidance for data repositories
Putting it into practice
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
What’s great about journal papers?
É
É
É
É
É
É
Awareness raising
Protection from plagiarism
Verification of results
Basis for future research
Reward models
Permanent access
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
What’s great about journal papers?
É
É
É
É
É
É
Awareness raising
Protection from plagiarism
Verification of results
Basis for future research
Reward models
Permanent access
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Data citations provide. . .
É
É
É
É
É
É
Visibility for data
Protection from plagiarism
Possibility for verification of results
Data on which to base future research
Possibility for reward models
Access
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Citation styles
Four data citation styles: which elements do they use?
Altman and King (2007): Dataverse
Lawrence et al. (2008): BADC
Green (2010): OECD
Starr and Gastl (2011): DataCite
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Citation styles
Author
Altman and King (2007): Dataverse
É
Sidney Verba.
NORC [Producer];
Lawrence et al. (2008): BADC
É
Iwi, A. and B. N. Lawrence
Green (2010): OECD
É
OECD
Starr and Gastl (2011): DataCite
É
Irino, T; Tada, R
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Citation styles
Publication date
Altman and King (2007): Dataverse
É
Sidney Verba. 1998.
NORC [Producer];
Lawrence et al. (2008): BADC
É
Iwi, A. and B. N. Lawrence (2004).
Green (2010): OECD
É
OECD (2009),
(Accessed on 14 September 2009)
Starr and Gastl (2011): DataCite
É
Irino, T; Tada, R (2009):
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Citation styles
Title
Altman and King (2007): Dataverse
É
Sidney Verba. 1998. “U.S. and Russian Social and Political Participation Data,”
NORC [Producer];
Lawrence et al. (2008): BADC
É
Iwi, A. and B. N. Lawrence (2004). A 500 year control run of HadCM3.
Green (2010): OECD
É
OECD (2009), “Key short-term indicators”, Main Economic Indicators
(Accessed on 14 September 2009)
Starr and Gastl (2011): DataCite
É
Irino, T; Tada, R (2009): Chemical and mineral compositions of sediments from ODP Site 127-797.
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Citation styles
Version
Altman and King (2007): Dataverse
É
Sidney Verba. 1998. “U.S. and Russian Social and Political Participation Data,”
NORC [Producer];
Lawrence et al. (2008): BADC
É
Iwi, A. and B. N. Lawrence (2004). A 500 year control run of HadCM3.
Version 1.
Green (2010): OECD
É
OECD (2009), “Key short-term indicators”, Main Economic Indicators
(Accessed on 14 September 2009)
Starr and Gastl (2011): DataCite
É
Irino, T; Tada, R (2009): Chemical and mineral compositions of sediments from ODP Site 127-797. V.2.
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Citation styles
Feature
Altman and King (2007): Dataverse
É
Sidney Verba. 1998. “U.S. and Russian Social and Political Participation Data,”
NORC [Producer];
Lawrence et al. (2008): BADC
É
Iwi, A. and B. N. Lawrence (2004). A 500 year control run of HadCM3. [GridSeries,
http://ndg.nerc.ac.uk/csml2/GridSeries] Version 1.
Green (2010): OECD
É
OECD (2009), “Key short-term indicators”, Main Economic Indicators
(Accessed on 14 September 2009)
Starr and Gastl (2011): DataCite
É
Irino, T; Tada, R (2009): Chemical and mineral compositions of sediments from ODP Site 127-797. V.2.
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Citation styles
Resource type
Altman and King (2007): Dataverse
É
Sidney Verba. 1998. “U.S. and Russian Social and Political Participation Data,”
NORC [Producer]; data set [Type (DC)]
Lawrence et al. (2008): BADC
É
Iwi, A. and B. N. Lawrence (2004). A 500 year control run of HadCM3. [GridSeries,
http://ndg.nerc.ac.uk/csml2/GridSeries] Version 1.
Green (2010): OECD
É
OECD (2009), “Key short-term indicators”, Main Economic Indicators (database).
(Accessed on 14 September 2009)
Starr and Gastl (2011): DataCite
É
Irino, T; Tada, R (2009): Chemical and mineral compositions of sediments from ODP Site 127-797. V.2.
Dataset.
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Citation styles
Publisher
Altman and King (2007): Dataverse
É
Sidney Verba. 1998. “U.S. and Russian Social and Political Participation Data,”
NORC [Producer]; data set [Type (DC)] ICPSR [Distributor].
Lawrence et al. (2008): BADC
É
Iwi, A. and B. N. Lawrence (2004). A 500 year control run of HadCM3. [GridSeries,
http://ndg.nerc.ac.uk/csml2/GridSeries] Version 1. BADC.
Green (2010): OECD
É
OECD (2009), “Key short-term indicators”, Main Economic Indicators (database).
(Accessed on 14 September 2009)
Starr and Gastl (2011): DataCite
É
Irino, T; Tada, R (2009): Chemical and mineral compositions of sediments from ODP Site 127-797. V.2. Geological
Institute, University of Tokyo. Dataset.
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Citation styles
Identifier
Altman and King (2007): Dataverse
É
Sidney Verba. 1998. “U.S. and Russian Social and Political Participation Data,” hdl:1902.4/00754
NORC [Producer]; data set [Type (DC)] ICPSR [Distributor].
Lawrence et al. (2008): BADC
É
Iwi, A. and B. N. Lawrence (2004). A 500 year control run of HadCM3. [GridSeries,
http://ndg.nerc.ac.uk/csml2/GridSeries] Version 1. BADC. urn:badc.nerc.ac.uk_coapec500yr
Green (2010): OECD
É
OECD (2009), “Key short-term indicators”, Main Economic Indicators (database). doi: 10.1787/data-00039-en
(Accessed on 14 September 2009)
Starr and Gastl (2011): DataCite
É
Irino, T; Tada, R (2009): Chemical and mineral compositions of sediments from ODP Site 127-797. V.2. Geological
Institute, University of Tokyo. Dataset. doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.726855.
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Citation styles
Location
Altman and King (2007): Dataverse
É
Sidney Verba. 1998. “U.S. and Russian Social and Political Participation Data,” hdl:1902.4/00754
NORC [Producer]; data set [Type (DC)] ICPSR [Distributor].
Lawrence et al. (2008): BADC
É
Iwi, A. and B. N. Lawrence (2004). A 500 year control run of HadCM3. [GridSeries,
http://ndg.nerc.ac.uk/csml2/GridSeries] Version 1. BADC. urn:badc.nerc.ac.uk_coapec500yr [Available from
http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/coapec500yr].
Green (2010): OECD
É
OECD (2009), “Key short-term indicators”, Main Economic Indicators (database). doi: 10.1787/data-00039-en
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00039-en (Accessed on 14 September 2009)
Starr and Gastl (2011): DataCite
É
Irino, T; Tada, R (2009): Chemical and mineral compositions of sediments from ODP Site 127-797. V.2. Geological
Institute, University of Tokyo. Dataset. doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.726855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.726855
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Citation styles
Unique Numeric Fingerprint
Altman and King (2007): Dataverse
É
Sidney Verba. 1998. “U.S. and Russian Social and Political Participation Data,” hdl:1902.4/00754
NORC [Producer]; data set [Type (DC)] ICPSR [Distributor].
UNF:3:ZNQRI14053UZq389x0Bffg?==
Lawrence et al. (2008): BADC
É
Iwi, A. and B. N. Lawrence (2004). A 500 year control run of HadCM3. [GridSeries,
http://ndg.nerc.ac.uk/csml2/GridSeries] Version 1. BADC. urn:badc.nerc.ac.uk_coapec500yr [Available from
http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/coapec500yr].
Green (2010): OECD
É
OECD (2009), “Key short-term indicators”, Main Economic Indicators (database). doi: 10.1787/data-00039-en
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00039-en (Accessed on 14 September 2009)
Starr and Gastl (2011): DataCite
É
Irino, T; Tada, R (2009): Chemical and mineral compositions of sediments from ODP Site 127-797. V.2. Geological
Institute, University of Tokyo. Dataset. doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.726855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.726855
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Key citation elements
É
É
É
É
Author
Publication date
Title
Location
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Key citation elements
É
É
É
É
Author
Publication date
Title
Location (= identifier)
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Key citation elements
É
É
É
É
É
Author
Publication date
Title
Location (= identifier)
Publisher
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Attributing datasets to many contributors
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.785
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Granularity
1 11
É
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
Data points
30 October 2012
Granularity
1 11
2 44
3 99
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
É
Data points
É
Data tables
30 October 2012
Granularity
1 11
1 11
2 44
2 44
3 99
3 99
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
É
Data points
É
Data tables
É
Data files
30 October 2012
Granularity
1 11
1 11
2 44
2 44
3 99
3 99
1 11
1 11
2 44
2 44
3 99
3 99
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
É
Data points
É
Data tables
É
Data files
É
Datasets
30 October 2012
Granularity
1 11
1 11
2 44
2 44
3 99
3 99
É
Data points
É
Data tables
É
Data files
1 11
1 11
É
Datasets
2 44
2 44
É
Data collections
3 99
3 99
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Granularity
É
É
Cite datasets at the finest level that is appropriate
and for which an identifier is provided.
If that is not fine enough, provide details of the
subset of data you are using at the point in the
text where you make the citation.
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Placement of data citations
É
É
É
É
Special data resources section?
Acknowledgements?
Accession codes?
Reference list?
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Placement of data citations
É
É
É
É
É
Special data resources section?
Acknowledgements?
Accession codes?
Reference list?
Alongside or independent of a reference to the
related article?
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Placement of data citations
É
É
É
Include the citation in the reference list.
When your data collection paper is published,
notify the repository holding the dataset.
When you publish a paper in which you reuse a
prior dataset, notify the repository holding that
dataset.
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Dynamic datasets
Two types:
É
Revised datasets
É
Expanding datasets
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Dynamic datasets
Three strategies:
1. Differentiate versions by access date rather than ID
A
2. Take time slices
A
B
C
3. Take snapshots
A
B
C
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Guidance for researchers publishing a paper
É
Deposit any data you have collected and used as evidence.
É
Ask for a persistent ID/URL for your deposited data.
É
When your data collection paper is published, notify the
repository holding the dataset.
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Guidance for researchers citing a prior dataset
É
Use the data citation style required by the editor/publisher.
É
If no style is specified, use a standard data citation style, adapted
to match the style for textual publications.
É
Default to writing IDs in the form of URLs if possible.
É
Include the citation in the reference list.
É
Cite datasets at the finest level that is appropriate and for which
an identifier is provided.
É
If that is not fine enough, provide details of the subset of data you
are using at the point in the text where you make the citation.
É
Cite the exact version of the dataset you need.
É
When your paper is published, notify the repository holding the
dataset you used.
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Guidance for data repositories
É
Provide persistent IDs for the datasets you host.
É
É
É
É
The ID should remain unique.
The ID should always point to the same version.
The ID should resolve to a URL.
The URL should locate the dataset’s landing page.
É
The explanatory metadata should not change for a dataset with a
persistent ID.
É
IDs should only be assigned once no further changes are
expected.
É
With dynamic datasets, provide IDs for snapshots or time slices.
É
Provide sample citations on dataset landing pages.
É
Link from landing pages to publications citing the dataset.
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Putting it into practice
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CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Putting it into practice
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CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
Putting it into practice
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Sp
Open Ac
5:223
s 2012,
arch Note
0/5/223
BMC Rese om/1756-050
s et al.
dcentral.c
Edmund
w.biome
http://ww
Sneddon
et
http://ww al. GigaScien
ce 2012
w.gigasc
, 1:11
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rnal.com
/content
/1/1/11
EDITO
RIAL
GigaDB:
me
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AP) Tam P Sneddon, Pet announcing th
m geno
DENC
Open Ac
(RDating and
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n: sorghu
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23
CO
NT
EN
TS
CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012
because good research needs good data
Thank you for your attention
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CODATA 2012: Data Publication and Data Citation (2)
30 October 2012